DOCSLIB.ORG

Lyudmyla D. Chekalenko FOREIGN POLICY of UKRAINE

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lyudmyla D. Chekalenko FOREIGN POLICY of UKRAINE DIPLOMATIC ACADEMY OF UKRAINE MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE Lyudmyla D. Chekalenko FOREIGN POLICY OF UKRAINE “LAT&K” Kyiv – 2016 1 LYUDMYLA D. CHEKALENKO Foreign Policy of Ukraine Editor in Chief: Vyacheslav Tsivaty, Rector of the Diplomatic Academy of Ukraine under the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Editors: Mykhaylo Kirsenko, Doctor of Historic Sciences, Professor Iryna Pohorska, Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor Andriy Kudryachenko, Doctor of Historic Sciences, Professor Line editor, Eng.: Mariia Vasylieva, PhD. ISBN 978-617-7061-13-6 Published by “LAT&K” Kyiv, 2016 Copyright © Lyudmyla D. Chekalenko, 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the author. Ukrainian Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Chekalenko L.D. Foreign policy of Ukraine. Ed. by Tsivaty V.G. – K: LAT&K, 2016. – 294 p., 8 p. pic. 2 Contents Acknowledgments 5 Foreword 6 Introduction 7 Part I. Origins of the foreign policy of Ukraine 1.1. Origins of the Ukrainian state 9 1.2. Kyievan Rus and the world 15 1.3. Foreign policy of Halych-Volyn State 30 1.4. Diplomacy of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytskyi 33 1.5. Foreign policy of Ukrainian hetmans in the 17th–18th centuries 48 1.6. Foreign policy of the Ukrainian People’s Republic 57 1.7. Role of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic in the foreign policy of the Soviet Union 66 1.8. Process of reunification of Ukrainian lands 70 1.9. Ukrainian Soviet Republic in the United Nations 73 Part II. Formation of the independent foreign policy of Ukraine 2.1. Foundations and principles of the foreign policy of Ukraine 79 2.2. Process of formation of the foreign policy of Ukraine 82 2.3. Functions of the foreign policy of Ukraine 90 Part III. Modern foreign policy challenges 3.1. Territorial integrity and inviolability of the borders 94 3.2. International guarantees of the non-nuclear status 106 3.3. Appropriation of Ukrainian cultural, historic and material heritage by Russia 115 3.4. Protection of Ukrainian citizens abroad 118 3 3.5. Formation of the positive international image of Ukraine 121 Part IV. Bilateral relations of Ukraine 4.1. Relations with the neighboring EU states 123 4.2. Leading world powers in the Ukrainian policy 139 4.3. Russia and “new independent states” in the Ukrainian foreign policy 175 4.4. Cooperation with the countries of Latin America, Asian- Pacific region and Africa 197 Part V. Ukraine in international organizations 5.1. Universal international organizations 221 5.2. Regional, transregional and subregional organizations 242 5.3. Ukrainian initiatives: GUAM 262 5.4. Cooperation with other international organizations 268 Conclusion 287 Bibliography 289 4 For the future of Ukraine For my children Acknowledgments The author hereby expresses her sincere gratitude to all the people who assisted with the publication of this book and hopes it will contribute to the further development of Ukrainian foreign policy and diplomacy, which establishes Ukraine’s present and determines its future. “I would like to thank my family, friends and colleagues for all their support. My special thanks for the idea and support of this publication are owed to the person who has always been deeply concerned about the matters of Ukraine – to the well-known economist, great individual and true patriot of Ukraine Mr. Bohdan Hawrylyshyn”. Lyudmyla D. Chekalenko 5 Foreword Ukraine has won its European identity through its heroic actions, history and individuals. The European identity of Ukraine opens doors to the future – a wide range of possibilities for economic development, social and intellectual progress, as well as the strengthening of our positions in the system of international coordinates. European integration, as chosen by Ukraine, is viewed as a key priority of our foreign policy and our strategic goals. The policies of modern Ukraine are based on the principles of international law, human rights protection, as well as European values of dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, law and solidarity. The aspiration of Ukraine to be fully integrated into European institutions, as stated in a number of Ukrainian government documents, is construed as a practical support for a stable and unified Europe. It is a strategic task for the Ukrainian state to actively participate in the process of the formation of a European economic and political space, a space of freedom, security and justice. Professor Lyudmyla D. Chekalenko introduces the readers to her vision of the turbulent events of the history and modern developments of Ukraine, as well as directs their attention to the challenges for Ukrainian security that call forth the European choice of Ukraine. I have no doubt that this book will be of benefit to all people who care about our future, true patriots of Ukraine, and all those who strive to build the Ukrainian state in order for it to be worthy of its history and its European future. Bohdan Hawrylyshyn, Honored Scientist of Ukraine, economic advisor to the Ukrainian government, full member of the Club of Rome, long-time director of Switzerland’s International Management Institute 6 Introduction The purpose of writing this book is to provide a self-contained primer on the foreign policy of Ukraine in its historic perspective – from ancient to contemporary times. The design of this work is twofold. In the first place, it is to render knowledge of the Ukrainian foreign policy accessible in the English language to students and professors of higher educational institutions. Secondly, it is to serve as an introduction on the subject matter to all those interested in Ukrainian political history outside of Ukraine. This book is devoted to the analysis of the formation and development of the foreign policy of Ukraine. It examines the historic stages of this process, as well as the main directions and tasks of the modern Ukrainian state in the field of foreign policy, the mechanisms for the protection of its interests, modes for further development and economic growth. The goal of Ukraine’s foreign policy is to strengthen international peace and stability through the protection of its national interests and security. The basis for this are the principles of international law, such as respect of sovereignty and equality, non-intervention into internal affairs, recognition of territorial integrity and inviolability of borders, development of cooperation, abstention from the use of force, as well as protection of human rights. The foundational concept of the author’s vision of the formation and development of the Ukrainian foreign policy paradigm is based on the historic origins of the Ukrainian state. These roots date back to the Trypillian culture present as early as the 6000-3500 BCE, the Scythian era spanning the 11th century BCE to the 2nd century CE, and the powerful Kyievan Rus that was flourishing in the 9th-12th centuries. Those were the times when the general concept of the place of Ukraine in the world, as well as its identity based on the principals of peaceful coexistence, humanism, tolerance and diplomacy were formed. 7 The next important historic period is the Ukrainian national renaissance – the Cossack State of the 16th-18th centuries. It laid the foundation for the Ukrainian state that continued to struggle for its independence for several centuries up to the turbulent period between 1917 and the early 1920s, which ended by a complete integration of Ukraine into the Soviet Union. During the Soviet period of 1922-1991, the Ukrainian Soviet Republic, deprived of independent foreign policy instruments, still managed to continue its international participation as a member of the United Nations. Every historic period of the development of the Ukrainian state was marked by a specific position of Ukraine or its regions that existed either independently or within other states. Due to historic reasons, Ukraine was an object rather than a subject of the foreign policy in the above-mentioned time periods when the destiny of the Ukrainian lands depended on other more powerful nations. On 24 August 1991, the Ukrainian Parliament adopted the Act of Independence of Ukraine that opened a new chapter of the Ukrainian state history. Ukraine gained its sovereignty and started to develop its independent foreign policy in order to assert its worthy place on the international arena. Currently, Ukraine tries to provide for its state interests through the realization of strategic, political, economic, legal and ideological goals in the complex political and economic conditions of the globalized era. For the last two years, Ukraine has faced the difficult challenge of protecting its territorial integrity in the face of aggression from the neighboring Russian Federation and internal turmoil. The book is based on a wide range of sources relevant to the political history of Ukraine, such as historic chronicles, archive documents, governmental decrees, as well as wide historiography sources developed by well-known Ukrainian historians, such as M. Hrushevskyi, V. Antonovych, O. Apanovych, M. Braychevskyi, V. Holobutskyi, D. Doroshenko, O. Yefymenko, M. Kotliar, I. Krypyakevych, N. Polonska-Vasylenko, O. Subtelnyi, O. Shulhin, D. Yavornytskyi and many others. 8 PART I ORIGINS OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF UKRAINE 1.1. Origins of the Ukrainian state In order to give an answer to the question “what are the origins of the Ukrainian state”, we should turn to our roots – Trypillian civilization (c.6000–3000 BCE), which triggered the development of many European and Asian nations. The Trypillian civilization spread throughout Europe and reached as far as the lands of China and India. This civilization planted historic roots of the Ukrainian people into the favorable soil. It was during the Trypillia period that we observe formation of certain features of the ethnographic component of the Ukrainian people which they still possess nowadays.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Making of the Poetic Subject in Vasyl Stus's
    ‘A FRAGMENT OF WHOLENESS’: THE MAKING OF THE POETIC SUBJECT IN VASYL STUS’S PALIMPSESTS Bohdan Tokarskyi St John’s College University of Cambridge The dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2019 PREFACE This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit of 80,000 words. ii ABSTRACT Bohdan Tokarskyi ‘A Fragment of Wholeness’: The Making of the Poetic Subject in Vasyl Stus’s Palimpsests My PhD thesis investigates the exploration of the self and the innovative poetical language in the works of the Ukrainian dissident poet and Gulag prisoner Vasyl Stus (1938-1985). Focusing on Stus’s magnum opus collection Palimpsests (1971-1979), where the poet casts the inhuman conditions of his incarceration to the periphery and instead engages in radical introspection, I show how Stus’s poetry foregrounds the very making of the subject as the constant pursuit of the authentic self. Through my examination of unpublished archival materials, analysis of Stus’s underexplored poems, and the contextualisation of the poet’s works within the tradition of the philosophy of becoming, I propose a new reading of Palimpsests, one that redirects scholarly attention from the historical and political to the psychological and philosophical.
    [Show full text]
  • The Khmelnytsky Uprising Was a Cossack Rebellion in Ukraine Between the Years 1648–1657 Which Turned Into a Ukrainian War of Liberation from Poland
    The Khmelnytsky Uprising was a Cossack rebellion in Ukraine between the years 1648–1657 which turned into a Ukrainian war of liberation from Poland. Under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky , the Cossacks [warrior caste] allied with the Crimean Tatars, and the local peasantry, fought several battles against forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The result was an eradication of the control of the Polish and their Jewish intermediaries. Between 1648 and 1656, tens of thousands of Jews—given the lack of reliable data, it is impossible to establish more accurate figures—were killed by the rebels, and to this day the Khmelnytsky uprising is considered by Jews to be one of the most traumatic events in their history . The losses inflicted on the Jews of Poland during the fatal decade 1648-1658 were appalling. In the reports of the chroniclers, the number of Jewish victims varies between one hundred thousand and five hundred thousand…even exceeding the catastrophes of the Crusades and the Black Death in Western Europe. Some seven hundred Jewish communities in Poland had suffered massacre and pillage . In the Ukrainian cities situated on the left banks of the Dnieper, the region populated by Cossacks... the Jewish communities had disappeared almost completely . In 1 the localities on the right shore of the Dneiper or in the Polish part of the Ukraine as well as those of Volhynia and Podolia, wherever Cossacks had made their appearance, only about one tenth of the Jewish population survived . http://www.holocaust-history.org/questions/ukrainians.shtml Our research shows that a significant portion of the Ukrainian population voluntarily cooperated with the invaders of their country and voluntarily assisted in the Holocaust.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ukrainian Weekly 1999, No.36
    www.ukrweekly.com INSIDE:• Forced/slave labor compensation negotiations — page 2. •A look at student life in the capital of Ukraine — page 4. • Canada’s professionals/businesspersons convene — pages 10-13. Published by the Ukrainian National Association Inc., a fraternal non-profit association Vol. LXVII HE No.KRAINIAN 36 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 1999 EEKLY$1.25/$2 in Ukraine U.S.T continues aidU to Kharkiv region W Pustovoitenko meets in Moscow with $16.5 million medical shipment by Roman Woronowycz the region and improve the life of Kharkiv’s withby RomanRussia’s Woronowycz new increasingprime Ukrainian minister debt for Russian oil Kyiv Press Bureau residents, which until now had produced Kyiv Press Bureau and gas. The disagreements have cen- few tangible results. tered on the method of payment and the KYIV – The United States government “This is the first real investment in terms KYIV – Ukraine’s Prime Minister amount. continued to expand its involvement in the of money,” said Olha Myrtsal, an informa- Valerii Pustovoitenko flew to Moscow on Ukraine has stated that it owes $1 bil- Kharkiv region of Ukraine on August 25 tion officer at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv. August 27 to meet with the latest Russian lion, while Russia claims that the costs when it delivered $16.5 million in medical Sponsored by the Department of State, the prime minister, Vladimir Putin, and to should include money owed by private equipment and medicines to the area’s hos- humanitarian assistance program called discuss current relations and, more Ukrainian enterprises, which raises the pitals and clinics.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadio-Byzantina a Newsletter Published by the Canadian Committee of No.32, January 2021 Byzantinists
    Canadio-Byzantina A Newsletter published by the Canadian Committee of No.32, January 2021 Byzantinists St Saviour in Chora (Kariye Camii) the last judgement (14th century); the church, having been a museum, is now being reconverted to a mosque Contents: Book Review (S. Moffat) 26 Activities of Member 3 Obituaries 28 Reports & Articles AIEB business 30 Report on Baturyn (V. Mezentsev) 13 Short notices 33 The Perpetual Conquest (O. Heilo) 18 Disputatio Virtualis 34 Crisis at the Border CIBS 1990s lecture links 35 of Byzantium (p. boudreau) 22 Essay Competition 35 2 A Newsletter published by the Canadian Committee of Byzantinists No.32, January 2021 Introductory remarks Welcome to the ninth bulletin that I have put I have repeated some information from an earlier together, incorporating, as usual, reports on our issue here to do with the lectures given in the members’ activities, reports on conferences and 1990s, originally organised by the Canadian articles, a book review, and announcements on Institute for Balkan Studies; among the authors forthcoming activities or material or events of the papers are Speros Vyronis, Jr., Ihor relevant to Byzantinists. Ševèenko and Warren Treadgold. I alluded to them in passing last year, but I thought it sensible Readers will note that this issue is rather less to give full details here: see p.35 below. handsomely produced than than the last few, for which I can only apologise. Chris Dickert, who There is no need for me to comment here on the had polished the latest issues so well, is no problems all have faced this year; many longer available to help, so that I must fall back colleagues mention them in their annual reports.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi and the Kozaks in the Rusin Struggle for Independence from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1648--1649
    University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 1-1-1967 The role of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi and the Kozaks in the Rusin struggle for independence from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1648--1649. Andrew B. Pernal University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Pernal, Andrew B., "The role of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi and the Kozaks in the Rusin struggle for independence from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1648--1649." (1967). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 6490. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/6490 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. THE ROLE OF BOHDAN KHMELNYTSKYI AND OF THE KOZAKS IN THE RUSIN STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE FROM THE POLISH-LI'THUANIAN COMMONWEALTH: 1648-1649 by A ‘n d r e w B. Pernal, B. A. A Thesis Submitted to the Department of History of the University of Windsor in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Faculty of Graduate Studies 1967 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr.: General 27 September 2019
    United Nations A/74/461 General Assembly Distr.: General 27 September 2019 Original: English . Seventy-fourth session Agenda item 71 (d) Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian and disaster relief assistance of the United Nations, including special economic assistance: strengthening of international cooperation and coordination of efforts to study, mitigate and minimize the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster Persistent legacy of the Chernobyl disaster Report of the Secretary-General Summary The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 71/125 on the persistent legacy of the Chernobyl disaster and provides an update on the progress made in the implementation of all aspects of the resolution. The report provides an overview of the recovery and development activities undertaken by the agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations system and other international actors to address the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster. The United Nations system remains committed to promoting the principle of leaving no one behind and ensuring that the governmental efforts to support the affected regions are aimed at achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals. 19-16688 (E) 041019 151019 *1916688* A/74/461 I. General situation 1. Since the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident on 26 April 1986, the United Nations, along with the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, has been leading the recovery and development efforts to support the affected regions. While extensive humanitarian work was conducted immediately after the accident, additional recovery and rehabilitation activities were conducted in the following years to secure the area, limit the exposure of the population, provide medical follow-up to those affected and study the health consequences of the incident.
    [Show full text]
  • The Annals of UVAN, Vol . V-VI, 1957, No. 4 (18)
    THE ANNALS of the UKRAINIAN ACADEMY of Arts and Sciences in the U. S. V o l . V-VI 1957 No. 4 (18) -1, 2 (19-20) Special Issue A SURVEY OF UKRAINIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY by Dmytro Doroshenko Ukrainian Historiography 1917-1956 by Olexander Ohloblyn Published by THE UKRAINIAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES IN THE U.S., Inc. New York 1957 EDITORIAL COMMITTEE DMITRY CIZEVSKY Heidelberg University OLEKSANDER GRANOVSKY University of Minnesota ROMAN SMAL STOCKI Marquette University VOLODYMYR P. TIM OSHENKO Stanford University EDITOR MICHAEL VETUKHIV Columbia University The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S. are published quarterly by the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S., Inc. A Special issue will take place of 2 issues. All correspondence, orders, and remittances should be sent to The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S. ПУ2 W est 26th Street, New York 10, N . Y. PRICE OF THIS ISSUE: $6.00 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $6.00 A special rate is offered to libraries and graduate and undergraduate students in the fields of Slavic studies. Copyright 1957, by the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S.} Inc. THE ANNALS OF THE UKRAINIAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES IN THE U.S., INC. S p e c i a l I s s u e CONTENTS Page P r e f a c e .......................................................................................... 9 A SURVEY OF UKRAINIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY by Dmytro Doroshenko In tr o d u c tio n ...............................................................................13 Ukrainian Chronicles; Chronicles from XI-XIII Centuries 21 “Lithuanian” or West Rus’ C h ro n ic le s................................31 Synodyky or Pom yannyky..........................................................34 National Movement in XVI-XVII Centuries and the Revival of Historical Tradition in Literature .........................
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Ukraine Advisory Board
    THE HISTORY OF UKRAINE ADVISORY BOARD John T. Alexander Professor of History and Russian and European Studies, University of Kansas Robert A. Divine George W. Littlefield Professor in American History Emeritus, University of Texas at Austin John V. Lombardi Professor of History, University of Florida THE HISTORY OF UKRAINE Paul Kubicek The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Findling, Series Editors Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kubicek, Paul. The history of Ukraine / Paul Kubicek. p. cm. — (The Greenwood histories of the modern nations, ISSN 1096 –2095) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978 – 0 –313 – 34920 –1 (alk. paper) 1. Ukraine —History. I. Title. DK508.51.K825 2008 947.7— dc22 2008026717 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2008 by Paul Kubicek All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008026717 ISBN: 978– 0– 313 – 34920 –1 ISSN: 1096 –2905 First published in 2008 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48 –1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Every reasonable effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright materials in this book, but in some instances this has proven impossible.
    [Show full text]
  • Parliamentary Coalition Collapses
    INSIDE:• Profile: Oleksii Ivchenko, chair of Naftohaz — page 3. • Donetsk teen among winners of ballet competition — page 9. • A conversation with historian Roman Serbyn — page 13. Published by the Ukrainian National Association Inc., a fraternal non-profit association Vol. LXXIVTHE UKRAINIANNo. 28 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, JULY 9,W 2006 EEKLY$1/$2 in Ukraine World Cup soccer action Parliamentary coalition collapses Moroz and Azarov are candidates for Rada chair unites people of Ukraine by Zenon Zawada The Our Ukraine bloc had refused to Kyiv Press Bureau give the Socialists the Parliament chair- manship, which it wanted Mr. KYIV – Just two weeks after signing a Poroshenko to occupy in order to coun- parliamentary coalition pact with the Our terbalance Ms. Tymoshenko’s influence Ukraine and Yulia Tymoshenko blocs, as prime minister. Socialist Party of Ukraine leader Eventually, Mr. Moroz publicly relin- Oleksander Moroz betrayed his Orange quished his claim to the post. Revolution partners and formed a de His July 6 turnaround caused a schism facto union with the Party of the Regions within the ranks of his own party as and the Communist Party. National Deputy Yosyp Vinskyi Recognizing that he lacked enough announced he was resigning as the first votes, Our Ukraine National Deputy secretary of the party’s political council. Petro Poroshenko withdrew his candida- Mr. Moroz’s betrayal ruins the demo- cy for the Verkhovna Rada chair during cratic coalition and reveals his intention the Parliament’s July 6 session. to unite with the Party of the Regions, The Socialists then nominated Mr. Mr. Vinskyi alleged.
    [Show full text]
  • Construction of the Protective Shelter for the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Faces Schedule Delays, Potential Cost Increases, and Technical Uncertainties
    United States Government Accountability Office Report to the Ranking Member, GAO Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives July 2007 NUCLEAR SAFETY Construction of the Protective Shelter for the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Faces Schedule Delays, Potential Cost Increases, and Technical Uncertainties GAO-07-923 July 2007 NUCLEAR SAFETY Accountability Integrity Reliability Highlights Construction of the Protective Shelter for Highlights of GAO-07-923, a report to the the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Faces Ranking Member, Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs, Schedule Delays, Potential Cost Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives Increases, and Technical Uncertainties Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found In 1986, an explosion at the Although two of three construction components—site preparation and Chernobyl nuclear power plant in stabilization of the existing shelter—are nearly finished, construction of the Ukraine destroyed the reactor new shelter has fallen about 7 years behind schedule. Over the past couple building and released massive of years, the main reason for schedule slippage has been the failure to award amounts of radioactive a construction contract. The lack of a contract is partly the result of a contamination. A temporary lengthy disagreement between Ukraine and the European Bank for shelter was built over the damaged reactor to prevent further Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). In late 2006, the Chernobyl contamination. The United States nuclear power plant director told GAO that the donors should not make any is a major donor to an international additional contributions to the project until contracting issues were project to build a new shelter to resolved.
    [Show full text]
  • The Golden Grail of the Polish Historiography
    7 WSCHODNI ROCZNIK HUMANISTYCZNY TOM XVI (2019), No 3 s. 7-20 doi: 10.36121/mbartnicki.16.2019.3.007 Mariusz Bartnicki (Maria Curie-Sklodowska University) ORCID 0000-0002-9021-359X Czerwień – the golden grail of the Polish historiography Annotation: The article focus on the problem of shaping the Polish-Russian borderland in the early Middle Ages, especially the role played by the border town Czerwen in the political competition between of both neighboring authorities. The analysis of source concerning the aforementioned city and the so-called „Czerwienian Gorod” and their confrontation with the latest archaeological research, leads to the conclusion, that Czerwien did not play a key role in the Polish Ruthenian relations, as believed historians, of the end of the 10th and the first decade of the 11th century. The relation of the Tale of Bygone Years about achievements Volodimir I, should be considered not, as the sequence of events that took place during the reign of this ruler, but as a manifestation of historical memory, functioning in Ruthenia on the eleventh and twelfth centuries, achievements which were a kind of certificate justifying the right to rule over given territory of the successors of the mention ruler. Keywords: Ruthenia, Tale of Bygone Years, Galician–Volhynian Chronicle, Vladimir I, Czerwen, Cherven Cities (Cherven Grods) Czerwień – złoty graal polskiej historiografii Streszczenie: Artykuł podejmuje problematykę kształtowania się pogranicza polsko-ruskie- go we wczesnym średniowieczu, a zwłaszcza roli, jaką odgrywał pograniczny gród Czer- wień w rozgrywkach politycznych obu sąsiadujących władztw. Analiza przekazów źródło- wych dotyczących wspomnianego grodu jak oraz tzw. obszaru „Grodów Czetrwieńskich” i konfrontacja ich z najnowszymi badaniami archeologicznymi, prowadzi do wniosku, że wbrew opinii historiografii nie pełnił on kluczowej roli w relacjach polsko ruskich końca X i pierwszej dekady XI w.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Beginning of the Church
    Excerpts from the “The Historical Road of Eastern Orthodoxy” By Alexander Schmemann Translated by Lynda W. Kesich (Please get the full version of this book at your bookstore) Content: 1. The Beginning of the Church. Acts of the Apostles. Community in Jerusalem — The First Church. Early Church Organization. Life of Christians. Break with Judaism. The Apostle Paul. The Church and the Greco-Roman World. People of the Early Church. Basis of Persecution by Rome. Blood of Martyrs. Struggle of Christianity to Keep its Own Meaning. The New Testament. Sin and Repentance in the Church. Beginnings of Theology. The Last Great Persecutions. 2. The Triumph Of Christianity. Conversion of Constantine. Relations between Church and State. The Arian Disturbance. Council of Nicaea — First Ecumenical Council. After Constantine. The Roman Position. Countermeasures in the East. End of Arianism. New Relation of Christianity to the World. The Visible Church. Rise of Monasticism. State Religion — Second Ecumenical Council. St. John Chrysostom. 3. The Age Of The Ecumenical Councils. Development of Church Regional Structure. The Byzantine Idea of Church and State Constantinople vs. Alexandria The Christological Controversy — Nestorius and Cyril. Third Ecumenical Council. The Monophysite Heresy. Council of Chalcedon (Fourth Ecumenical Council). Reaction to Chalcedon — the Road to Division. Last Dream of Rome. Justinian and the Church. Two Communities. Symphony. Reconciliation with Rome — Break with the East. Recurrence of Origenism. Fifth Ecumenical Council. Underlying Gains. Breakup of the Empire — Rise of Islam. Decay of the Universal Church Last Efforts: Monothelitism. Sixth Ecumenical Council. Changing Church Structure. Byzantine Theology. Quality of Life in the New Age. Development of the Liturgy.
    [Show full text]