DIPLOMATIC ACADEMY OF UKRAINE MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE Lyudmyla D. Chekalenko FOREIGN POLICY OF UKRAINE “LAT&K” Kyiv – 2016 1 LYUDMYLA D. CHEKALENKO Foreign Policy of Ukraine Editor in Chief: Vyacheslav Tsivaty, Rector of the Diplomatic Academy of Ukraine under the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Editors: Mykhaylo Kirsenko, Doctor of Historic Sciences, Professor Iryna Pohorska, Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor Andriy Kudryachenko, Doctor of Historic Sciences, Professor Line editor, Eng.: Mariia Vasylieva, PhD. ISBN 978-617-7061-13-6 Published by “LAT&K” Kyiv, 2016 Copyright © Lyudmyla D. Chekalenko, 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the author. Ukrainian Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Chekalenko L.D. Foreign policy of Ukraine. Ed. by Tsivaty V.G. – K: LAT&K, 2016. – 294 p., 8 p. pic. 2 Contents Acknowledgments 5 Foreword 6 Introduction 7 Part I. Origins of the foreign policy of Ukraine 1.1. Origins of the Ukrainian state 9 1.2. Kyievan Rus and the world 15 1.3. Foreign policy of Halych-Volyn State 30 1.4. Diplomacy of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytskyi 33 1.5. Foreign policy of Ukrainian hetmans in the 17th–18th centuries 48 1.6. Foreign policy of the Ukrainian People’s Republic 57 1.7. Role of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic in the foreign policy of the Soviet Union 66 1.8. Process of reunification of Ukrainian lands 70 1.9. Ukrainian Soviet Republic in the United Nations 73 Part II. Formation of the independent foreign policy of Ukraine 2.1. Foundations and principles of the foreign policy of Ukraine 79 2.2. Process of formation of the foreign policy of Ukraine 82 2.3. Functions of the foreign policy of Ukraine 90 Part III. Modern foreign policy challenges 3.1. Territorial integrity and inviolability of the borders 94 3.2. International guarantees of the non-nuclear status 106 3.3. Appropriation of Ukrainian cultural, historic and material heritage by Russia 115 3.4. Protection of Ukrainian citizens abroad 118 3 3.5. Formation of the positive international image of Ukraine 121 Part IV. Bilateral relations of Ukraine 4.1. Relations with the neighboring EU states 123 4.2. Leading world powers in the Ukrainian policy 139 4.3. Russia and “new independent states” in the Ukrainian foreign policy 175 4.4. Cooperation with the countries of Latin America, Asian- Pacific region and Africa 197 Part V. Ukraine in international organizations 5.1. Universal international organizations 221 5.2. Regional, transregional and subregional organizations 242 5.3. Ukrainian initiatives: GUAM 262 5.4. Cooperation with other international organizations 268 Conclusion 287 Bibliography 289 4 For the future of Ukraine For my children Acknowledgments The author hereby expresses her sincere gratitude to all the people who assisted with the publication of this book and hopes it will contribute to the further development of Ukrainian foreign policy and diplomacy, which establishes Ukraine’s present and determines its future. “I would like to thank my family, friends and colleagues for all their support. My special thanks for the idea and support of this publication are owed to the person who has always been deeply concerned about the matters of Ukraine – to the well-known economist, great individual and true patriot of Ukraine Mr. Bohdan Hawrylyshyn”. Lyudmyla D. Chekalenko 5 Foreword Ukraine has won its European identity through its heroic actions, history and individuals. The European identity of Ukraine opens doors to the future – a wide range of possibilities for economic development, social and intellectual progress, as well as the strengthening of our positions in the system of international coordinates. European integration, as chosen by Ukraine, is viewed as a key priority of our foreign policy and our strategic goals. The policies of modern Ukraine are based on the principles of international law, human rights protection, as well as European values of dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, law and solidarity. The aspiration of Ukraine to be fully integrated into European institutions, as stated in a number of Ukrainian government documents, is construed as a practical support for a stable and unified Europe. It is a strategic task for the Ukrainian state to actively participate in the process of the formation of a European economic and political space, a space of freedom, security and justice. Professor Lyudmyla D. Chekalenko introduces the readers to her vision of the turbulent events of the history and modern developments of Ukraine, as well as directs their attention to the challenges for Ukrainian security that call forth the European choice of Ukraine. I have no doubt that this book will be of benefit to all people who care about our future, true patriots of Ukraine, and all those who strive to build the Ukrainian state in order for it to be worthy of its history and its European future. Bohdan Hawrylyshyn, Honored Scientist of Ukraine, economic advisor to the Ukrainian government, full member of the Club of Rome, long-time director of Switzerland’s International Management Institute 6 Introduction The purpose of writing this book is to provide a self-contained primer on the foreign policy of Ukraine in its historic perspective – from ancient to contemporary times. The design of this work is twofold. In the first place, it is to render knowledge of the Ukrainian foreign policy accessible in the English language to students and professors of higher educational institutions. Secondly, it is to serve as an introduction on the subject matter to all those interested in Ukrainian political history outside of Ukraine. This book is devoted to the analysis of the formation and development of the foreign policy of Ukraine. It examines the historic stages of this process, as well as the main directions and tasks of the modern Ukrainian state in the field of foreign policy, the mechanisms for the protection of its interests, modes for further development and economic growth. The goal of Ukraine’s foreign policy is to strengthen international peace and stability through the protection of its national interests and security. The basis for this are the principles of international law, such as respect of sovereignty and equality, non-intervention into internal affairs, recognition of territorial integrity and inviolability of borders, development of cooperation, abstention from the use of force, as well as protection of human rights. The foundational concept of the author’s vision of the formation and development of the Ukrainian foreign policy paradigm is based on the historic origins of the Ukrainian state. These roots date back to the Trypillian culture present as early as the 6000-3500 BCE, the Scythian era spanning the 11th century BCE to the 2nd century CE, and the powerful Kyievan Rus that was flourishing in the 9th-12th centuries. Those were the times when the general concept of the place of Ukraine in the world, as well as its identity based on the principals of peaceful coexistence, humanism, tolerance and diplomacy were formed. 7 The next important historic period is the Ukrainian national renaissance – the Cossack State of the 16th-18th centuries. It laid the foundation for the Ukrainian state that continued to struggle for its independence for several centuries up to the turbulent period between 1917 and the early 1920s, which ended by a complete integration of Ukraine into the Soviet Union. During the Soviet period of 1922-1991, the Ukrainian Soviet Republic, deprived of independent foreign policy instruments, still managed to continue its international participation as a member of the United Nations. Every historic period of the development of the Ukrainian state was marked by a specific position of Ukraine or its regions that existed either independently or within other states. Due to historic reasons, Ukraine was an object rather than a subject of the foreign policy in the above-mentioned time periods when the destiny of the Ukrainian lands depended on other more powerful nations. On 24 August 1991, the Ukrainian Parliament adopted the Act of Independence of Ukraine that opened a new chapter of the Ukrainian state history. Ukraine gained its sovereignty and started to develop its independent foreign policy in order to assert its worthy place on the international arena. Currently, Ukraine tries to provide for its state interests through the realization of strategic, political, economic, legal and ideological goals in the complex political and economic conditions of the globalized era. For the last two years, Ukraine has faced the difficult challenge of protecting its territorial integrity in the face of aggression from the neighboring Russian Federation and internal turmoil. The book is based on a wide range of sources relevant to the political history of Ukraine, such as historic chronicles, archive documents, governmental decrees, as well as wide historiography sources developed by well-known Ukrainian historians, such as M. Hrushevskyi, V. Antonovych, O. Apanovych, M. Braychevskyi, V. Holobutskyi, D. Doroshenko, O. Yefymenko, M. Kotliar, I. Krypyakevych, N. Polonska-Vasylenko, O. Subtelnyi, O. Shulhin, D. Yavornytskyi and many others. 8 PART I ORIGINS OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF UKRAINE 1.1. Origins of the Ukrainian state In order to give an answer to the question “what are the origins of the Ukrainian state”, we should turn to our roots – Trypillian civilization (c.6000–3000 BCE), which triggered the development of many European and Asian nations. The Trypillian civilization spread throughout Europe and reached as far as the lands of China and India. This civilization planted historic roots of the Ukrainian people into the favorable soil. It was during the Trypillia period that we observe formation of certain features of the ethnographic component of the Ukrainian people which they still possess nowadays.