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The Origin of the Greek Minuscule Hand Author(S): T The Origin of the Greek Minuscule Hand Author(s): T. W. Allen Source: The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 40, Part 1 (1920), pp. 1-12 Published by: Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/625427 Accessed: 01-02-2016 17:44 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies and Cambridge University Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Hellenic Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 202.28.191.34 on Mon, 01 Feb 2016 17:44:35 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE ORIGIN OF THE GREEK MINUSCULE HAND. [PLATESI.-III.] I PROPOUND a question which I cannot answer. The period at which the Greek minuscule hand came into the world withdraws itself from direct evidence, and can only be approached by induction from dates apparently considerably distant. I have, however, facts to detail which do not seem to have been combined elsewhere, and which admit of a conclusion which I believe has not been drawn. And though the conclusion may not be right, the subject is of enough importance to justify a guess. With all the discoveries of papyrus and the survivals of uncial, the minuscule hand of the ninth to the sixteenth centuries is that in which we read nearly all our Greek classics, and imitated by the first printers has given us our present-day Greek type and modern Greek writing. No tradition remained in Greece of the place, manner, or date of the origin of this hand. Of late a mistranscription of a sentence in the fourteenth century MS. Canonici graec. 23 by Cramer (An. Ox. iv. 400. 5) has given rise to some singular speculations (Gardthausen, Gr. Pal.2, p. 205). The TOV sentence runs (f. 218 v.): 7'T7 cvpo elppv79 "6' /3aoaetXeta, cKal eivp~8rlaav" References have been seen 7ypa/tara TcexcoXa?Lva Xpvao( p~'Xav(p'). here to the invention ?of minuscule,(r) or of stenography. It has even been proposed to alter KeKoXabL(j)6vva. But KoX'TrTEw and YE7OXirTeLvare common in Byzantine writers and practically synonymous with Xapdaaeetv, Bell. y7Xapadoatvw, e.g. Procopius, Goth. iv. 14, dTyecdXawrrat on the stone at ypd•t/aqaa ship Corcyra (= ?vaO&vTrabelow); i. 15, eld6va XitcpdEy/croXab/- gEv7vv; Bell. Vand. ii. 10, -c7lato 8o . .. e'yKeKoXXai'nva ypd/I[qara•aIDotvKuciKc e'ovorat ; Amecd. 44. 19, F~X &paXet dytoXolravraVTvTre9 1opk7v Twva rerrdpeOv, i.e. a elpryaot:"rvstamp; Theophanes, 704. 14 (A.D. 773) a ypa/amdTrovwas sarcophagus discovered and aroo-/erraav evpev divpa ala e rlel•evov 7pd/L/_aTa,KeKoXa/L/Leva 6v 7" Xapvalt TreptEXovTaTa .7T.X.; Leo Gramm. a iara 270-273, coffin,)'Xovo-a OepV y pd KEloXalzte'va oi'Vw; id. 198. 'vo ypafv'ra 17, dfrtlypa"fa e To'r7rpo~owrov aVTrov /LeXave ; 226. 18 KEVTr•, (= Georgius Mon. 807) Ka rTa KaTaKevrT1o'as GelTTXOVR J.H.S.-VOL. XL. E~yoXo5fa • 'TOi' E•9B This content downloaded from 202.28.191.34 on Mon, 01 Feb 2016 17:44:35 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 2 T. W. ALLEN oblrL abTr&v. Compare Du Cange in KeVT7rTv. The word means the cutting of incised letters on stone or wood, or tattooing the human skin. The invention ascribed to the reign of Irene by the writer in Canonici 23 consisted in the filling of these letters with an alloy of gold and lead. For = uLXav lead see Du Cange in v., 'apud pictores ,/&Xav dicitur Encaustum nigrum vel subnigrum, ex plumbo et argento confectum, quo cavitas scrip- turae repletur. The Curopalates was presumably Michael, who let Plato, Theodore, and Joseph out of prison: Theophanes, 769. 20. The passage continues, 7T?, Ical 7 vtKata driL aTv 8ao-tXetla•••?'oY'ero oaYLvo`pO,aro' 7yo' v 7O' Kaoro' VV6o eXpLypc6/wq XpovoL o' S (?) ovqlo KrX(Ip(to'av rapao'iov T70OaYOTdrov warpidpXov. This council met A.D. 787. I begin therefore with the oldest known minuscule MS., the Uspensky Gospels of 835; MS. No. 219 in the Petrograd Library, of which, after several poor specimens,2 a good facsimile (Plate I.) has been published by Zereteli and Sobolevsky in their Exempla.3 I owe most of my information to the letterpress of this collection and to Zereteli's article in a Russian called translated in the for 1900. journal -r&?avo?c, Byzantische Zeitschrift (Zereteli quotes his compatriot Melioranski in a publication inaccessible to me.) This hand is small and upright, elegant but not remarkably regular. It is not angular, like the next minuscule book of 861 (to judge from the tracing in Bees's article, Revue des Etudes grecques, 1913, 53 sqq.), nor massive like the Euclid, Aristotle, and Plato which we find at Patrae from 888 to 895.4 The writer used an elegant hand and wrote it at his ease; the impression of ease is increased by the omission of mute iota. Ligatures combine consecutive letters and, what is more striking, many separate words v. ,uedzos v. v. v. (e.g. 3, oretXav,; 5, dXXaroept; 6, Trauleavv; 7, ro*o0aertv). Two peculiarities are noticeable: (1) kappa has a perceptible tail which projects below the rest of the letter; (2) the ligature ic7 (e.g. col. 2, lines 7 and 8) resembles the usual (and hence does not recur). ligature oer probably In the notes (Kco/.'o-ets) at the end of the book the writing is freer, and some ligatures and strokes recall papyrus (e.g. eta, iota, XX). Such a hand, though not as rapid as later minuscule, and of course much less rapid than tachygraphy, might, compared to the contemporary uncial, be thought 'wonderfully swift.' It is as it stands perfect, no essay; much minuscule must have preceded it. This book very fortunately bears a signature, which gives us its date 1 Cf. also Cinnamus 256. 10, hLors yKo- orum. Vol. alt. Petropolitani : Mosquae, hada .rv Nicetas Chon. 41. 1, 1913. ,oa'Ae •ypac~v, . h5A 4 Nor does it particularly resemble the rrauph, Avu•Y,'rip 2 Gardthausen, BeitrdgeKE.oAa!/,'YOV. zur gr. Pal. 1877, later ninth century products of the house of Taf. 2, repeated by WVattenbach and von Studius, Mosq. 117 (a. 880), Paris grec 1470 Velsen Exempla, 1878, Plate 1, Zereteli, (a. 890), Mosq. 184 (a. 899), or Vat. 1669 of Byz. Zeitschrift, 1900, p. 649. a. 916. s Exempla codicum graecorum litteris minus- These will be found in a photograph in ctLli.sscriptorumn annorumque notis instruct- Zereteli's article. This content downloaded from 202.28.191.34 on Mon, 01 Feb 2016 17:44:35 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE ORIGIN OF THE GREEK MINUSCULE HAND 3 and the name of its scribe, not, however, the place where it was written: f. 344v. 7eT6Xet(0Bl ;)dpI L7epia;VT? Kal XapaKro9 /1/0o9 OV 'eo'l7vr S paltO Iv&8tKT1WevoO••o ~ y XaP0eove KIGO 7/1Y 8tz~'o)7~rw rc•vraV TO v7Ty-. 5oo •vT Xyvovraq ,tov To70 rpa'avT7ov vteoXaLov aCapTOXov IovYaxofr tuvtov 7roteitc•at oroW e6pot/Pt 'XEoq9ev /Iepa ptoEw,le EVOITO CVpte aCrjuv. The scribe was identified by Melioranski with Nicolaus second [later] abbot of the Studium, of whom we have a life in Migne, vol. 105, on the ground that the MS. also contains the of three ecclesiastics who are connected with the cot4io`.-qt ,roV68tov. The Kotqzl'Et are:- (a) 7TEXEMOl 6eE IC 0o orto0 ECatOeo6opo9 fp- ryuov 7rXaTroV o Tov Xv o /Ieya T70ot o0tLK0U/LEV117/o.r)lp V o0oJ0XoyrlTrrf" fyrlvt arrptXXto• tV0o 3evrepa. No year is given for Plato's death, but it is computed to havelTtpepa occurred in 813. (b) o ev aytot 0o o 757p7olv )Kat XVG e6TeX•Lo•ter qEeo8•po0 Kotvo vVeo6 ov ooXoyrloTrl 7roXXov9qpoyovq tcat aywova 8tavot[ = v]oa-Ea autwOyrTOiCatC TirI aXrlOtvw TOl)V XptrTtavov rtaTEOt7rXXro* (oO7tcTa TE iEat o l ea eLv e7rlevortlv evae/e3taq at aptav /rqvov /ap[T]tcWI ta t1v 6 ry'pa d e70TOV e aTro TXE KTLE609 KO/UOU V5 [826]. X (c) eTfXletEoO'o E ayttotLFr T/oLlv tol 7y o ayt(oTaTo9 ap E7rtCKOeTa- Xovtruct, Kat OV60 TOY X5U E'V KEaXf 0/OXO•/OVEl6vo9 otLoyXoytatItau t apTrvpta Oavolv 7TF [?] EeTov9 8be T [831]. ,rep aXy•aeta9q/LvLt Vm8t LI The three persons named coincide with threeoL.OV saints of the orthodox Church: Plato, abbot of Saccudion, a monastery on Olympus, and resident in the monastery of Studius; Theodore a more celebrated polemist and hymno- grapher, abbot of Studius; and Joseph who, as described, was archbishop of Thessalonica and perished under Theophilus. These people were connected: Plato was the uncle of Theodore and Joseph, who were brothers. Seeing then that these three entries concern one a resident in the house of Studius, the next the celebrated abbot thereof, and the third his brother, there can be no doubt that the Gospel itself belonged to the Studium, was written there, and that Nicolaus, the scribe, was the second of the later abbots of Studium of that name.
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