JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT,

THE STUDY ON GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN CENTRAL CAMBODIA

FINAL REPORT

SUMMARY REPORT

MAY 2002

KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

PREFACE

In response to a request from the Government of Kingdom of Cambodia, the Government of Japan decided to conduct a study on Groundwater Development in Central Cambodia and entrusted to the study to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

JICA selected and dispatched a study team headed by Dr. Kamata Akira of Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd. to Cambodia, three times between December 2000 and March 2002.

The team held discussions with the officials concerned of the Government of Cambodia and conducted field surveys at the study area. Upon returning to Japan, the team conducted further studies and prepared this final report.

I hope that this report will contribute to the promotion of this project and to the enhancement of friendly relationship between our two countries.

Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the Government of Cambodia for their close cooperation extended to the study.

May 2002

------Kawakami Takao President Japan International Cooperation Agency

Mr. Kawakami Takao President Japan International Cooperation Agency Tokyo, Japan

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Dear Sir:

We are pleased to officially submit herewith the final report of "The Study on Groundwater Development in Central Cambodia".

This report compiles the results of the study which was undertaken in the Kingdom of Cambodia, from December 2000 to March 2002 by the Study Team, organized by Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd.

We would like to express our deep appreciation and sincere gratitude to all those who extended their kind assistance and cooperation to the Study Team, particularly the officials concerned of Department of Rural Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development, and other members of the Cambodian Counterpart Team.

We also acknowledge and appreciate greatly the excellent support given by your agency, the JICA Advisory Committee and the Embassy of Japan in the Kingdom of Cambodia.

We sincerely hope that this report will be of help for the socio-economic development of the country as a whole. This report would be able to contribute really to Cambodian people and socio-economic development in the future.

Very truly yours,

------Kamata Akira Team Leader The Study Team for the Study on Groundwater Development in Central Cambodia

SUMMARY REPORT EXCHANGE RATE AND ABBREVIATION

Exchange Rate (February 2002)

US$ 1.00 = 3,910 Riel = 133 Yen 1 Riel = 0.034 Yen = US$ 0.00026 1 Yen = US$ 0.0075 = 29.40 Riel

List of Abbreviation

ADB: Asian Development Bank ATP: Affordability to Pay CCC: Cooperation Committee for Cambodia CNHE: National Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology C/P: Counterpart Personnel CWS: Central Water Base DCD: Department of Community Development DPWS: Department of Provincial Water Supply DRWS: Department of Rural Water Supply EC: Electric Conductivity FHH: Female –headed household GDP: Gross Domestic Product IC/R: Inception Report IEE: Initial Environmental Examination IRC: International Rescue Committe JICA: Japan International Cooperation Agency KAFC: Khmer Asian Friendship Community Kg. Chhnang: Kampong Chhnang Kg. Cham: LWS: Lutheran World Federation MAFF: Ministry of Agriculture， Forestry and Fisheries The Study on Groundwater Development in Central Cambodia

MIME: Ministry of Industries, Mining and Energy MOH: Ministry of Health MRD: Ministry of Rural Development NIS: National Institute of Statistics NGO: Non-governmental Organization OJT: On the Job Training ORP: Oxidation-Reduction Potential PDRD: Provincial Department of Rural Development PRA: Participatory Rapid Appraisal PRASAC: Program de Rehabilitation et Aqqui au Secteur Agricole du Cambodge RGC: Royal Government of Cambodia RWSS: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector S/W: Scope of Work TRT: Trainer’s Training UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Education Fund UNPA: United Nations Population Fund VDC: Village Development Committee VWC: Village Water Committee WATSAN: Water and Sanitation WHO: World Health Organization WID: Women in Development WPC: Water Point Committee WTP: Willingness to Pay WUHE: Water Use and Hygiene Education WVIC: World Vision International Cambodia

SUMMARY REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Study on Groundwater Development in Central Cambodia Final Report Executive Summary

Study Period : December 2000 to May 2002 Counterpart Agency : Department of Rural Water Supply of the Ministry of Rural Development

1. Background

The provinces of Kampong Cham and Kampong Chhnang, the study area, are rural regions in central Cambodia where there are hardly no water supply facilities and the residents rely on dug wells, rivers and ponds etc for water supply. Since most of these water sources get depleted in the dry season, only about 13% of the total population have access to stable drinking water supply. In addition, the groundwater resources are contaminated by man-made activities. Recently, iron, fluoride, nitrate and arsenic exceeding the WHO guide line value were also reported at several wells. These conditions underscore the importance of a steady supply of safe drinking water to majority of the population in the study area.

2. Study Objectives

The Study aims to achieve the following objectives; (1) To evaluate potential of groundwater resources (2) To formulate a groundwater development plan for the study area. (3) To transfer skills and technology of groundwater development method and management to the counterparts of the MRD in the course of the study.

3. Study Area

The study area covers the following two (2) provinces (1) (Area:5,521km2, Population:417,693 in 1998) (2) (Area:9,799km2, Population:1,608,914 in 1998)

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4. Study Results

The results obtained from the survey conducted from December 2000 to March 2002 are summarized below:

(1) Natural Environment

The study area semiannually experiences dry season (from November to April) and wet season (from May to October). The annual rainfall is 1,200 to 1,900mm in the lowland along Tonle Sap River and River, and 2,000 to 3,000mm in the western mountain area and eastern plateau area. The 80% of the annual rainfall concentrates in wet season.

Topographically, the study area divided into the following three zones: western mountain zone, central lowland zone and eastern plateau zone.

The basement rocks including Mesozoic-Paleozoic sedimentary units and intrusive units are distributed widely in the western mountain zone. Basalt lavas erupted in Plio-Pleistocene and middle-upper Pleistocene are widely distributed in the eastern plateau zone. Holocene and recent sediments thickly deposit in the central lowland zone.

(2) Socio-economy and Water Supply

Farming is the main activity of the people in the study area. Most villagers (about 85 %) are engaged in rain-fed rice cultivation in small plots of land. The principal crops grown are rice, cassava, maize, beans, and vegetables. Apart from this, some of the target villages have natural forests that are rich in trees harvested for various uses such as timber, poles, fuel and charcoal. In addition, seven huge rubber plantations are being operated and produce annually 45,000 tons of raw rubber. Other sectors regarded as productive are inland fishery, and small industries.

Social services and infrastructure are very poor in the study area. For example, only 40% of the total villages have primary school, number of health center per 10,000 persons is less than one and road condition is very bad. Shortage of clean water eventually impedes the development of active rural communities. In order to overcome such conditions, the Government has been implementing rural water supply program since 1983. The responsible organization for this program is the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD). The Department of Rural Water Supply (DRWS) under the MRD is the main implementation agency and the Provincial Development of Rural Development

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(PDRD) supervises the projects relating to water supply and primary health care in each province.

The Second Five-Year Socio-Economic Development Plan (2001-2005) of MRD aims to access clean water supply from 29 % to 40 % by the end of year 2005. However, the Plan relies on external sources of financing and technical expertise provided by external agencies.

The Ministry of Health (MOH), the responsible organization for health service in Cambodia is going to establish the network of health centers and referral hospitals as operational districts (OD). In addition, PDRD has primary health care office.

(3) Geophysical Survey

Vertical electric sounding using Schlumberger electrode array was implemented at 102 points in the 34 priority villages, 129 points in Kg. Cham and 57 points in Kg. Chhnang to estimate the depth of aquifer and to understand hydro-geological structure. In addition, two dimensional electric survey was conducted at 8 measuring lines in Kg. Chhnang and 13 measuring lines in Kg. Cham. The prospecting depth was 100-200m.

In Kg Chhnang, low resitivity layer of less than 100Ωm exists at depth of 10 to 40m. The relatively high resistivity layer of more than 100Ωm is distributed in deeper place. This layer is thought to be basement rocks. The top of the basement rocks becomes deep toward the east. On the other hand, the low resistivity layer of less than 100Ωm widely distributes at deep depth in Kg. Cham. However, the resistivity structure becomes more complicated toward the east. The resistivity strucure may be reflected by complicated geology which is composed of Plio-Pleistocene sediments (low resistivity) and basalt (high resisitivity) in Kg. Cham.

Based on the results of two dimensional electric survey, horizontal resistivity change was detected in Kg.Chhnang. The drilling locations were then placed at low resistivity zone, which indicates the fracture of the basement rock containing groundwater.

(4) Groundwater Levels and Water Quality

In order to examine distribution of water levels and water quality, simultaneous observation was carried out 4 times from January to February, May to June and July to August and November to December 2001 at around 250 wells (dug well, tube well and combined well).

Water level, water temperature, pH, ORP, EC were measured on-site. Arsenic, fluoride, iron,

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nitrate, ammonium, coliform group and bacteria were also examined on-site using field test kit.

In Kg.Chhnang, groundwater level was 1 to 2 m below ground level. In Kg. Cham, however, groundwater level is deeper than those in Kg. Chhnang in general. Particularly, groundwater level is deeper than 5m in Cham Kar Leu and Memot districts. Groundwater level declines to its lowest level in May and goes up in wet season. Maximum water level change was 2.5m in Kg. Chhnang and 1.5m in Kg. Cham, respectively.

EC and pH values of existing wells (both dug wells and borehole wells) are lower in eastern and western parts of the study area, and higher in central part lying between Tongle Sap River and Mekong River. However, high values were locally observed at the eastern part. On the other hand, ORP values show higher in eastern and western parts and lower in central part.

Arsenic more than 0.01mg/l was detected at the tube wells in the lowland along the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap River. Highest arsenic level (more than 0.05mg/l and less than 0.1mg/l) was detected from tube well near the Mekong River. Iron shows high concentration in the central area, however, it is low in the eastern and western area. Slightly high fluoride groundwater is sporadically distributed in the central and western areas. Nitrate and ammonium contamination was also found at several existing wells.

Coliforms were detected at almost all dug wells and almost half of the tube wells and combined wells. It was recognized that man-made contamination spreads over the existing wells.

(5) Test Well Drilling

In order to examine underground geology, distribution of aquifers and their characteristics, 39 bore holes were drilled at 32 priority villages. Total drilling depth was 2,100m (average depth: 54m). Out of 39 bore holes, 30 bore holes were successful, however, 9 holes were dry. Total length of casing was 1,313m (average casing depth : 44m). Number of the successful well was 10 in Kg. Chhnang and 20 in Kg. Cham, respectively. After pumping test, hand pump was installed and platform was constructed at the successful well. Iron removal device was installed where groundwater contains high iron content.

(6) Village Survey

303 target villages for village survey were selected from the requested 572 villages examining

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“1998 Census Village Level Data”. The criteria for selection were dug well depending ratio, village accessibility and urgency of water demand. A village survey was conducted using village questionnaire sheet and household questionnaire sheet on socio-economy, water use and hygiene conditions. In addition, a detailed village socio-economic survey was conducted at the 34 priority villages.

1) Results of 303 Village Survey

The average village population of the 302 villages is 855 and household number is 5. Female headed house hold occupies 17% of total households. Khmer lives in 80% of the villages and Cham, Vietnamese, Chinese and their mixture occupy 20%. Population growth rate is estimated at 2.2%.

Farm land per household shows 1.2 ha in average, 7 ha in maximum and 0.04 ha in minimum. Landless household exists 12% of the total households. The primary school exists within 5km from the village. The villages less than 60% of the literacy rate counts 70% of the total villages. According to recent government policy, Village Development Committee (VDC) is established in 159 villages. Of the 159 villages, 69 villages have Village Water Committee (VWC) and Water Point Committee (WPC).

Number of the shallow dug wells is large. It occupies 90 % of the water sources in the 303 villages. On the other hand, the tube well is 5% and the river and pond are less than 2%. Number of the shallow well is 41 per village in average which is utilized by 11 to 30 persons. Number of the tube well with hand pump per village is 2.4 which is utilized by 151 to 200 persons. However, no hand pump well exist in half of the surveyed villages. Rain water is used as a main water source in the wet season. Several villages located along the Mekong River and Tonle Sap River purchase drinking water at 5 to 10 Riel per litter.

The water sources are located within 500m from the residence. Most of them are located within 30m. Number of times for water fetching counts 3.7 time in the wet season and 4.4 times in the dry season. As for the number of water fetching, men is little bit higher than that of women. Children younger than 10 years old fetch water, however, it is 4% of the total. Water fetching is a role of the adult.

The diseases generally occurred in the villages are typhoid, skin disease, diarrhea and fevers. They are mainly caused by the lack of clean water and bad sanitary conditions.

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2) Results of the Priority Village Survey

The socio-economic survey was conducted for 34 priority villages to understand the socio-economic situation, water use and needs, health and hygiene status and economy.

VDC is established at 5 villages, however, VWC and WPC not yet established. 15 villages out of 34 villages do not have primary school. Medical facilities do not exist in almost all villages. The resident have to access health center which is located 5 to 13km away from their home.

Agriculture farming is main activities in these villages and an annual cash income per household is 800,000 Riel (about US$ 200) in Kg. Chhnang and 1,160,000 Riel (US$ 290) in Kg. Cham.

Main water source in the priority village is hand dug (shallow) well. 39 dug wells exist per village in average in Kg Chhnang. Only 4 villages have tube wells. The amount of water use per family per day is 40-100 l and each house hold has a water jar. The capacity of the jar is 200 to 250 l.

Main water source in Kg. Cham is also hand dug well and 38 dug wells per village exits in average. The tube well exists in 8 villages only. The amount of water use is 20-180 l/day per family. The average amount is 60 l/day.

3) Social Survey/ Gender Analysis

About 17% of the surveyed households are the Female Headed Household. Most of the villages are Khmer. About 12% of the surveyed villages are Cham and 10% is mixed with both tribes. As far as private owned agricultural land, economic difference between poor and rich cannot be neglected. About 12% of the villagers are landless farmers. Traditional community activities are weak. VDC and VWC have already been established in 160 villages and 69 villages, respectively.

In the villages where international organizations and NGOs constructed the tube wells with hand pumps, about 30% of the surveyed households is utilizing them. There are no clear social and economical difference among the households, however, there is a tendency that the number of hand pump users decreases in proportion to the increasing distance from the tube well to their residence.

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Gender gap still remains as seen in the adult literacy rate. However, gender division is generally small in terms of productive and reproductive activities. Women have opportunities to participate in the decision making for the community and also have various roles in socio- economy in the village life. Women’s are responsible for water related matters such as cooking, washing, gardening and family health care etc. They are not only beneficiaries of the water supply project but also play an important role in maximization of the project benefits .

(7) Community Participation Program

The community participation program for water supply facility operation and maintenance (O&M) entails: a) activities that would make the villagers fully understand the importance of O&M activities, b) guidance in village water supply management methods, c) training in hand pump repair, d) hygiene education programs, and e) the development of the villagers’ O&M skills (empowerment of villagers). This program also aims to decentralize O&M responsibilities and authority, and the transfer of skills, along with the TRT (Trainer’s Training) program for the PDRD and MRD staff. The program was implemented in the 30 priority villages. The VWC and the WPC were established and the guidance for the O&M of water supply facilities were conducted by the counterpart personnel and the study team. The hygiene education programs and training of O&M skill were also conducted after installation of the hand pump.

(8) Groundwater Resource Evaluation

Based on the geological survey and groundwater investigation, a hydrogeological map at a scale of 1:200,000 was prepared. The map legend was decided by the International Hydrogeological Society in order to utilize for future groundwater development planning. The map represents the specifics of the study area as well.

Considering the hydrogeological settings presented in the hydrogeological map, the pumping test and water quality test conducted on the sites, the groundwater potential of the study area is tentatively evaluated and summarized as the following table.

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Evaluation of Groundwater Potential Province District Main Aquifer Specific Water Groundwater Capacity Quality Potential (m2/day) Kampong Kg.Tralaach Fissure and 0.2-11.1 Locally high Low groundwater Chhnang Rolea Bier Weathered Iron and potential except Saamakki Mean Basement Rocks Fluoride fissure of the Chey content basement rocks. Baribour Kampong Memot Fissure and 2.9-52.0 Low Iron High groundwater Cham weathered Basalt content potential Fissure and 18.7-115.8 Same as the Same as the above weathered Sand above Stone Ponhea Kraek Plio-Pleistocene 15.6-303.2 Locally high Sandy aquifer is Steung Trang Sand Iron content excellent and Tboung Khmum productive. Yield Ou Reang Ov is high. Locally Chamkar Leu flowing well. Cheung Prey

5. Groundwater Development

Groundwater potential is high in the left bank side of Kg. Cham Province, where Plio- Pleistocene sediments and basalt form excellent aquifers. The tube well of 4 inches in diameter and 50m depth at a screen openings of 3% yields 180～230 m3/day from Plio- Pleistocene aquifers and 60～90 m3/day from basalt aquifer. On the other hand, groundwater potential is low and water quality is inferior in the alluvial lowland along the Mekong River and Tonle Sap River of Kg.Cham and Kg.Chhnang Provinces .In the basement rocks of Kg. Chhnang Province, groundwater potential varies place to place. It is necessary to conduct a detailed geological and geophysical surveys to evaluate groundwater potential of the target village.

6. Water Supply Plan

From the 303 surveyed villages , 131 villages were selected as the target villages for water supply plan considering groundwater potential, needs of tube well and access to the village.

Target Year： Year-2005 Number of Village and Population： 131Villages 118,320 population Facility： Deep tube well with hand pump 526points

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Soft component： Education on O&M and Hygiene

The cost of the proposed project is as follows:

（Unit：1,000US$） Condition/Construction Contractors Foreign and Cambodia 11,913

7. Hygiene Education Plan

A hygiene education program, which is concurrently implemented with the water supply plan, was prepared. The plan proposes an implementation system consisting of VDC and VWC as a core assisted by the central and provincial governments. It is expected that the plan will ultimately improve the hygiene environment of the village and construct an active and productive rural society.

8. Project Evaluation

The implementation of the project is not only expected to fulfill the Basic Human Needs but also save the water fetching time and improve hygiene and health conditions in the 131 villages of the central Cambodia. In addition, it will qualitatively improve the living conditions and increase the villager’s participation in the community development.

9. Social Consideration and WID

The proposed plan should be implemented under the VDC, which will be established in the target village, in order to allocate project benefits fairly and minimize the negative impact of the project. Since the villagers have little experience in VDC management system, the plan should provide a training of VDC members in operation and management of the organization. VDC should be established in collaboration with NGOs in the target village where it has not been established.

The plan also has a component of hygiene education, which will be implemented for maximizing the project benefits, sustainable O&M and improvement of hygiene practice. It is

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indispensable for the villagers to recognize the value of sanitary safe water in order to increase the hand pump users. The water supply facility will be sustained along with the increase of the users. There are various and important roles for women‘ s participation in the water supply from planning stage to operation stage.

10. Environmental Assessment

The implementation of this project is assessed to have very little impact on the groundwater basin environment.

11. Recommendations

(1) Early Implementation of the Project

Through the development of groundwater resources, the water supply plan will improve water supply conditions in 131 villages in the central Cambodia. Being one of the basic human needs, the supply of clean water will improve public health and environmental sanitation - the basis of socio-economic development - and bring about further benefits in the long run. Cambodia is currently enjoying stable political conditions. The nation’s economic and social conditions are expected to develop at a fast pace with assistance from international organizations and donor countries. A new bridge was built across the Mekong River in Kg. Cham Province. As these foreseen socio-economic changes could radically alter village environmental conditions of the proposed area, the project should be implemented as soon as possible.

(2) Water Supply Plan Coupled with Sanitation Plan

The water supply plan ultimately aims at realization of lively and healthy rural community through improvement of sanitary environment by supplying the resident clean and safe water sufficiently all the year round. As a part of the plan, a hygiene education program is proposed to improve hygiene practice of the rural people. However, the hygiene education becomes effective if it is implemented concurrently with the water supply plan. It is therefore recommended that the water supply plan should be coupled with the sanitation plan. The sanitation plan should have a component of sanitation facility construction and hygiene education to be implemented together with the O&M education of the water supply facility.

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(3) Water Quality Survey, Measures and Management

Groundwater quality of some wells in the Study area exceeds the WHO guideline in terms of chloride, iron, manganese, arsenic, fluoride and nitrate. Although arsenic and fluoride slightly exceed the guideline, they are still in the level that does not affect human’s health directly. However, considering the present rural water supply situation, a nation wide comprehensive measures and management of water quality should be undertaken.

(4) Promotion of Village Development with Emphasis on Water Supply

The VLOM and hygiene education assistance (soft component) proposed herein refers to helping out the villagers in facility operation and maintenance and hygiene improvement. This is foreseen to develop the villagers awareness of facility operation and maintenance, and will also be absolutely relevant to the development of the village as a whole. It is most desirable, therefore, that the PDRD actively promotes the establishment of the VDC. The zealous conduct of the activities of the VWC and WPC established under VDC would highly likely lead to additional improvements in the living environment (e.g, village roads, education, public health and sanitation), and further activate agricultural production.

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The Study on Groundwater Development in Central Cambodia Final Report

Summary Report

LOCATION MAP EXCHANGE RATE AND LIST OF ABBREVIATION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...... 1-1

1.1 Background...... 1-1

1.2 Objectives and Scope ...... 1-2 1.2.1 Objectives ...... 1-2 1.2.2 Scope ...... 1-2

1.3 Study Area ...... 1-3

CHAPTER 2 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 2-1

2.1 Climate ...... 2-1

2.2 Topography and Geology...... 2-1

2.3 Hydrology...... 2-2

CHAPTER 3 SOCIO-ECONOMY AND WATER SUPPLY ...... 3-1

3.1 National Socio-Economic Conditions...... 3-1 3.1.1 Population & Area...... 3-1 3.1.2 Administrative System ...... 3-2 3.1.3 Economy...... 3-2

3.2 Socio-economy of the Study area ...... 3-2 3.2.1 Economic Activities ...... 3-2 3.2.2 School and Hospital...... 3-3 3.2.3 Water Supply ...... 3-3 3.2.4 Road...... 3-3 3.2.5 Village Development Committee：VDC...... 3-4

3.3 Rural Water Supply...... 3-4 3.3.1 Rural Water Supply System...... 3-4

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3.3.2 Rural Water Supply Budget ...... 3-5 3.3.3 Rural Water Supply Achievement ...... 3-6 3.3.4 Five Year Rural Water Supply Plan ...... 3-7

3.4 Health and Sanitary Conditions...... 3-7

CHAPTER 4 GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION ...... 4-1

4.1 Hydrogeology...... 4-1 4.1.1 Hydrogeologic Conditions ...... 4-1 4.1.2 Hydrogeologic Unit ...... 4-2 4.1.3 Test Well Drilling...... 4-2 4.1.4 Aquifer Constant...... 4-3

4.2 Groundwater Levels ...... 4-10

4.3 Groundwater Quality ...... 4-19

4.4 Groundwater Resource Evaluation...... 4-46 4.4.1 Hydrogeological Map ...... 4-46 4.4.2 Quantitative Evaluation...... 4-46 4.4.3 Qualitative Evaluation ...... 4-46

4.5 Water Balance Analysis...... 4-47

CHAPTER 5 VILLAGE SURVEY ...... 5-1

5.1 Selection of Target Village ...... 5-1 5.1.1 Requested Villages ...... 5-1 5.1.2 Selection Process and Criteria for the Target Villages...... 5-1

5.2 Survey of the 303 target villages...... 5-6 5.2.1 Objectives and Methodology...... 5-6 5.2.2 Socio-Economic Conditions...... 5-7 5.2.3 Water Supply Conditions ...... 5-9 5.2.4 Operation and Maintenance of Hand Pump ...... 5-11 5.2.5 Information about Groundwater Development ...... 5-11 5.2.6 Health and Hygiene Conditions...... 5-12

5.3 SURVEY OF PRIORITY VILLAGES ...... 5-13 5.3.1 Methodology Used...... 5-13 5.3.2 Popuation and Settlement Characteristics...... 5-13 5.3.3 Organization, Public Service and Road ...... 5-14 5.3.4 Economic Activities in the Village...... 5-14

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5.3.5 Household Income...... 5-15 5.3.6 Rural Water Supply Situation ...... 5-15

5.4 Analysis on Hand Pump Well Utilization ...... 5-16 5.4.1 Objectives and Methodology...... 5-16 5.4.2 Results of Survey ...... 5-17

5.5 Gender Analysis...... 5-19 5.5.1 Overview of Women’s Situation in Cambodia...... 5-19 5.5.2 Gender Analysis...... 5-21

CHAPTER 6 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION PROGRAM...... 6-1

6.1 Objectives and Policy...... 6-1 6.1.1 Objectives ...... 6-1 6.1.2 Community Participation Policy...... 6-1

6.2 Water Supply Facility ...... 6-1

6.3 Establishment of VWC and WPC...... 6-2 6.3.1 Central and Provincial Level Activities ...... 6-2 6.3.2 Village Level Activities...... 6-3

6.4 OM and Hygiene Education ...... 6-4 6.4.1 Education Program...... 6-4

CHAPTER 7 GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT PLANNING...... 7-1

7.1 Groundwater Development Policy...... 7-1 7.1.1 Area distinction by groundwater potential ...... 7-1 7.1.2 Development policy ...... 7-2

7.2 Target Aquifers...... 7-3 7.2.1 Aquifers and Drilling Depth ...... 7-3 7.2.2 Development Scale...... 7-4

7.3 Standard Well Design ...... 7-5 7.3.1 Target Depth ...... 7-5 7.3.2 Drilling Method...... 7-5 7.3.3 Well Completion ...... 7-5

CHAPTER 8 WATER SUPPLY PLAN...... 8-1

8.1 Water Supply Plan Policy...... 8-1

8.2 Project Area and Village Selection...... 8-2

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8.2.1 Target Project Area...... 8-2 8.2.2 Classification of 303 Villages ...... 8-3 8.2.3 Target Village Selection...... 8-3 8.2.4 Alternative Water Source...... 8-4

8.3 Design Standards...... 8-5 8.3.1 Standard Amount for Water Consumption ...... 8-5 8.3.2 Water Demand Projection...... 8-6 8.3.3 Hand Pump Selection...... 8-6 8.3.4 Number of Hand Pumps Required...... 8-6

8.4 Water Supply Facility...... 8-8

8.5 Project Cost...... 8-10 8.5.1 Condition of Estimate ...... 8-10

8.6 Project Implementation...... 8-13 8.6.1 Implementing Body ...... 8-13 8.6.2 Implementation Schedule...... 8-13

8.7 Operation & Maintenance and Monitoring Program...... 8-13 8.7.1 O&M Policy ...... 8-13 8.7.2 Operation & Maintenance System...... 8-14 8.7.3 Operation and Maintenance Cost ...... 8-15 8.7.4 Monitoring Program ...... 8-16

8.8 Guidance in O&M & Sanitation Campaign...... 8-17

CHAPTER 9 HYGIENE EDUCATION PLAN...... 9-1

9.1 Present State of Hygiene in the Village...... 9-1

9.2 Present State of Hygiene Education ...... 9-1 9.2.1 Hygiene Education in School...... 9-1 9.2.2 State of Main Relevant Project...... 9-2

9.3 Hygiene Education Plan...... 9-2 9.3.1 Necessity of Hygiene Education and Its Effects to Projects...... 9-2 9.3.2 Hygiene Education Policy...... 9-3 9.3.3 Proposed Method of Hygiene Education ...... 9-3 9.3.4 Implementation System...... 9-4

CHAPTER 10 PROJECT EVALUATION...... 10-1

10.1 Consideration for Evaluation ...... 10-1

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10.1.1 Overview...... 10-1 10.1.2 Increased Beneficiaries in the Target Villages ...... 10-1 10.1.3 Improvement in Health Conditions ...... 10-1 10.1.4 Time Saving Effect of Water Collection ...... 10-2

10.2 Financial Analysis...... 10-2 10.2.1 Financial Project Cost...... 10-2 10.2.2 Financial Sources ...... 10-2 10.2.3 Recovery of Recurrent Cost...... 10-3

10.3 Economic Evaluation ...... 10-3 10.3.1 Basic Assumptions ...... 10-3 10.3.2 Economic Project Costs...... 10-3 10.3.3 Economic Benefits ...... 10-3 10.3.4 Cost and Benefit Analysis...... 10-4

10.4 Organizational and Institutional Evaluation...... 10-4

10.5 Social Evaluation and WID ...... 10-5

10.6 Initial Environmental Evaluation...... 10-6 10.6.1 Screening ...... 10-6 10.6.2 Scoping ...... 10-6 10.6.3 Result of IEE...... 10-7

CHAPTER 11 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 11-1

11.1 Conclusions...... 11-1 11.1.1 Groundwater Development...... 11-1 11.1.2 Water Supply Plan...... 11-2 11.1.3 Project Evaluation ...... 11-2 11.1.4 Social Cosideration/WID and IEE ...... 11-3

11.2 Recommendations...... 11-3 11.2.1 Early Implementation of the Project ...... 11-3 11.2.2 Water Supply Plan Coupled with Sanitation Plan...... 11-3 11.2.3 Water Quality Survey, Measures and Management...... 11-4 11.2.4 Promotion of Village Development with Emphasis on Water Supply...... 11-5

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION SUMMARY REPORT CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Cambodia covers a total of approximately 180 thousand km2 and holds a population of about 11,440 thousand with a per capita GDP of about US$300 (all figures are for 1998). The civil war that began in 1965 and continued for 25 years devastated the nation’s socio-economy. After the signing of the peace treaty in Paris, France, in 1991, assistance from international agencies and other donor countries flowed in, helping reconstruct national socio-economic state. Despite all this, other developments, e.g. improvement of the living environment of 85% of the national population, which resides in the rural area, and infrastructure development, are far behind. The provinces of Kampong Cham and Kampong Chhnang, the study area, are rural regions in central Cambodia where there are hardly any water supply facilities and the residents rely on rivers, ponds (including irrigation pond), lakes and shallow wells for water supply. Since most of these water sources get depleted in the dry season, only about 13% of the total population has access to stable drinking water supply. In addition, the groundwater resources are also high in iron and observed to be contaminated by man-made activities. The groundwater quality survey carried out in 2000 by the MRD (Ministry of Rural Development) and MIME (Ministry of Industries, Mining and Energy), under the assistance of the WHO, confirmed the existence fluoride, nitrate and arsenic in some wells exceeding the WHO guide line value. These conditions underscore the importance of a steady supply of safe drinking water to majority of the population in the study area.

Given these circumstances, the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) requested assistance to the Government of Japan (GOJ) for the conduct of a groundwater development study in two (2) provinces of Central Cambodia to supply water in rural areas. In response to this request, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) sent a preliminary study team in August 2000 to clarify the background and specifics of the request. The S/W for the implementation of the study was concluded on August 24, 2000 by representatives of the said two (2) agencies and, as stipulated in the S/W, the study team was dispatched to undertake the study on December 18, 2000.

1-1 The Study on Groundwater Development in Central Cambodia

1.2 Objectives and Scope

1.2.1 Objectives

The study on the groundwater resources of the two (2) provinces in Central Cambodia is a coordinated program on the groundwater resources potential in the lower Mekong area. The study will finally contribute to the construction of groundwater supply systems in the villages located in the study area. Specifically, the study aims to achieve the following objectives. (1) To evaluate potential of groundwater resources (2) To formulate a groundwater development plan for the study area. (3) To transfer skills and technology of groundwater development method and management to the counterparts of the MRD in the course of the study.

1.2.2 Scope

The study was carried out from December 2000 to March 2002. The study period was divided into three (3) phases covering all the major subjects of the study.

Phase I: Basic Study

Based on the requested 572 villages from the government of Cambodia, the target villages and priority villages were selected. The filed survey was conducted for: Aerial photo interpretation, geophysical prospecting at priority villages, groundwater level measurement at existing wells, planning of community involvement program and preparation and discussion of the Progress Report (P/R)

Phase II: Analysis and Evaluation of Groundwater Resources

Following the Phase I, a workshop on the study was carried out at PDRDs in Kg.Chhnang and Kg. Cham Te field survey conducted are: Detailed village survey, geophysical prospecting for the whole study area, water quality analysis, social/ WID analysis, community involvement activities in the priority vullages, water balance analysis, preparation of hydrogeological map, evaluation of groundwater resources and preparation /explanation of the Interim Report (IT/R)

Phase III: Formulation of Groundwater Development Plan

Based on the survey results, a groundwater development and water supply plan was formulated and an implementation plan was proposed. Draft Final Report was prepared,

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explained and discussed at the technical transfer seminar.

1.3 Study Area Located on the southwestern region of Indochina, Cambodia lies between 10°44’ and 14° 44’ of north latitude and 102° and 107 °of east longitude. It covers 181,035 km2 and is bordered by Thailand and Laos to the west and north, by Vietnam on the east and south, and the Gulf of Thailand on the southwest. From north to south, it is about 470km long and has a width of 570 km.

Mekong River flows southward through the country from the border of Laos to Kratie Province, then westward through to join the Tonle Sap River. The Mekong and Bassac Rivers flow southward from Phnom Penh to the border of Vietnam, passing the Mekong Delta on its way to the South China Sea.

The Study was carried out in the central region of Cambodia, within the provinces of Kampong Cham and Kampong Chhnang. It is located in the central alluvial and basaltic plains along the Mekong and Tonle Sap Rivers. It comprises an area of bout 16 thousand km2 with a total population of about 2 million and lies between 11°40’ and 12°40’ of the north latitude, and between 104°and 106°of the east longitude. (Figure 1.1).

1-3 104.0 104.2 104.4 104.6 104.8 105.0 105.2 105.4 105.6 105.8 106.0 106.2 106.4

Tongle Sap Lake 12.6 12.6

Kampong Leng Baribo 12.4 Stung Trang 12.4

Kampong Chamkar Chhnang Leu (PT) 12.2 Chul Kroch Chma 12.2 Rolear Kiri Phiear Cheng Tuk Phos Batheay Kampong Prey Prey Chhor Siem Dambe

Lati. (deg-N) Lati. Kampong Kampong Tbong Khmum

1-4 12.0 12.0 Tralach Cham Kang Meas (PT) Koh Sotin Samaki Srei Memot Meanchey Santhor O Reang Ov 11.8 Ponhea Krek 11.8

KAMPONG CHHNANG KAMPONG CHAM

11.6 11.6 0 50 km VIETNAM Phnom Penh

104.0 104.2 104.4 104.6 104.8 105.0 105.2 105.4 105.6 105.8 106.0 106.2 106.4 Long. (deg-E) Study Area District Boundary RoadRail River

Figure 1.1 Districts in the Study Area

CHAPTER 2

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT SUMMARY REPORT CHAPTER 2 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER 2 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

2.1 Climate

The climate in the Study area is tropical, dominated by seasonal winds of monsoons. It semiannually experiences dry season (November - April) and wet season (May - November).

The annual rainfall is 1,000 to 1,600mm in the lowland area around Tonle Sap River and Mekong River. On the other hand, it is more than 1,800mm in the western mountainous area and eastern plateau area. The 80% of the annual rainfall concentrates in wet season. It increases from May and continue to August at monthly rainfall of about 150mm. Most rainy months are September and October. It ranges from 300mm to 400mm per month (Figure 2.1).

2.2 Topography and Geology

The topographic and geological features of Cambodia can be largely classified into: the northern mountain region, eastern plateau, southwestern mountains, and central plains. The northern mountain region connects with the Korat Plateau of Thailand, with the upper strata geologically made up of the Indosinian consolidated sandstone rich in iron. The eastern plateau mainly consists of sandstone from the Mesozoic era overlain by basalt in some areas. The Elephant and Cardamon mountains that range from 500 to 1,700 m in elevation can be found in the southwestern mountain zone, mainly made up of sedimentary rocks (i.e., sandstone, schist, limestone) from the Mesozoic era. The central plain is surrounded by these mountains and highlands, and form the low-lying area of Cambodia, which is divided into the Mekong River basin and the basin of Tonle Sap River - Tonle Sap River joins Mekong River at the southern section of Phnom Penh. The low-lying area developed from a collapse resulting from tectonic movement, and consists of thick deposits of sand, clay, and gravel of the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs (see Figure 2.2).

Kg. Chhnang Province is composed of the slope, which is contiguous to the southwestern mountain zone and the lowland along the Tone Sap River. Kg. Cham Province is composed of the alluvial lowland along the Mekong River and the hill and plateau contiguous to the eastern plateau. Basalt is widely distributed in the area.

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2.3 Hydrology

The Tonle Sap River flows through Kg. Chhnang Province to the south. The Mekong River, on the other hand, flows to the southwest in Kg. Cham and joins the Tonle Sap river at Phnom Penh. When the water level of the Mekong River rises, floodwaters flow backward all the way into Tonle Sap Lake which is the natural reservoir. The Mekong River has a monthly maximum flow of 38,719 m3/sec as recorded at the Kampong Cham station in September. Difference between the dry and wet season reaches to 10m in Kg. Chhnang gauging station.

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Figure 2.1 Monthly Mean Rainfall from 1994 to 2000

2-3 138000

136000 ) m (

N 134000 - M T U

132000 2 - 4

130000

42000 44000 46000 48000 50000 52000 54000 56000 58000 60000 62000 64000 66000 UTM-E (m)

Water area Alluvial clay (Lake or swamp deposits) Alluvial sand Residual sand (Eluvial sand) Laterite Figure 2.2 Geological Map of Cambodia Basalt (Pleistocene volcanics)

Plio-Pleistocene sediments THE STUDY ON GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT Basement rocks (Pre-Tertiary) IN CENTRAL CAMBODIA JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)

CHAPTER 3

SOCIO-ECONOMY AND WATER SUPPLY SUMMARY REPORT CHAPTER 3 SOCIO-ECONOMY AND WATER SUPPLY

CHAPTER 3 SOCIO-ECONOMY AND WATER SUPPLY

3.1 National Socio-Economic Conditions

3.1.1 Population & Area

According to the 1998 National Census, Cambodia has a population of 11.4 million and a population density of 63.0 persons/km2. Extensive civil strife has diminished the male population to 93 % for every 100 females. By age, for every one-hundred (100) 24 year old females, the male ratio was estimated at 70 to 80 %. Female-headed households have also increased to approximately 1/4 of the total number of households (see Table 3.1).

Table 3.1 Total Population of Cambodia by Province in 1998 No. Name of the Province No. of Population Total Households Male Female 01 Banteay Mean Chey 111,856 283,358 294,414 577,772 02 Bat Dambang 148,356 388,599 404,530 793,129 03 Kampong Cham 312,841 775,796 833,118 1,608,914 04 Kampong Chhnang 82,638 197,691 220,002 417,693 05 Kampong Spueu 115,728 287,392 311,490 598,882 06 Kampong Thum 106,908 272,844 296,216 569,060 07 Kampot 104,993 253,085 275,320 528,405 08 Kandal 206,189 515,996 559,129 1,075,125 09 Kaoh Kong 24,964 67,700 64,406 132,106 10 Kracheh 49,326 130,254 132,921 263,175 11 Mondol Kiri 5,657 16,380 16,027 32,407 12 Phnom Penh 173,678 481,911 517,893 999,804 13 Preah Vihear 21,491 59,333 59,928 119,261 14 Prey Veaeng 194,185 445,140 500,902 946,042 15 Pousat 68,235 172,890 187,555 360,445 16 Rotanak Kiri 16,758 46,396 47,847 94,243 17 Siem Reab 127,215 336,685 359,479 696,164 18 Krong Preah Sihanouk 28,015 76,940 78,750 155,690 19 Stueng Traeng 14,323 40,124 40,950 81,074 20 Svay Rieng 98,244 225,105 253,147 478,252 21 Takaev 155,030 376,911 413,257 790,168 22 Otdar Mean Chey 12,531 34,472 33,807 68,279 23 Krong Kaeb 5,369 14,014 14,646 28,660 24 Krong Pailin 4,133 12,392 10,514 22,906 Cambodia Total 2,188,663 5,511,408 5,926,248 11,437,656

Source: General Population Census of Cambodia 1998

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3.1.2 Administrative System

Cambodia is administratively divided into 21 provinces and 3 municipalities such as city of Phnom Penh etc. The provinces consist of a total of 172 districts, which are made up of 1,566 communes. Every commune consists of eight (8) villages in average. The local administration does not function efficiently, however, due to insufficient human and financial resources, and poor communication between districts and communes.

3.1.3 Economy

The civil strife that lasted 20 years has resulted in economic recession. With a per capita income of only US$ 260.00, Cambodia is one of the poorest countries in the world. To counter-act these conditions, national economic reconstruction was gradually implemented from the end of the 1980s and rapid progress has been observed in the economic and public sectors after the induction of the new administration in 1993.

The 1999 GDP showed a 2.7 % growth at 372.1 billion Riel. Since the beginning of 1999, the rate of inflation began to decelerate gradually, dropping from 12.6% in December 1998 to – 0.03% in December 1999. Industry sector and services sector recorded higher rates than agriculture sector in recent 5 years. The economy, however, still regressed and suffered a serious blow in 1997 due to the economic crisis that hit the whole of Asia.

On the other hand, growth in the rural agricultural sector has been extremely sluggish, thereby widening the gap between urban and rural socio-economic conditions.

Cambodia’s fiscal situation is characterized by its high dependence on foreign aid. The total amount of tax and non-tax revenues is even less than current expenditures. This means that Cambodia relies on virtually all of its capital expenditures on foreign aid flows. The Government of Cambodia aims to reform its tax collection system to increase revenue from taxes (e.g., income tax) and promote an economic development plan that aims for sustainable growth.

3.2 Socio-economy of the Study area

3.2.1 Economic Activities

Farming is the main activity of Kg. Cham Province. The principal crops grown are rice,

3-2 SUMMARY REPORT CHAPTER 3 SOCIO-ECONOMY AND WATER SUPPLY

cassava, maize, beans, and vegetables. Rice production was ranked the third among 22 provinces, the province is the biggest producer of cassava and peanut in the country. The province is also famous for its rubber production. There are seven rubber plantation companies in the province. Tapping area of these companies was 39,719 ha in 1999. Exploitation of dry rubber was 45,262 tons in the same year.

Kampong Chhnang province mainly produces rice, cassava, maize, sweet potato and other crops as well as Kg. Cham Province. Since the Province is located along the Tonle Sap river, it exploited inland capture fish with the largest share (25 % of the total capture fish in the country) among the provinces.

3.2.2 School and Hospital

In Kampong Cham province, only 723 villages (41 % of the total villages) have primary schools. In Kampong Chhnang province, only 217 villages (39.7 % of the total villages) have primary schools. Medical facilities are inadequate and poorly distributed at village level.

3.2.3 Water Supply

According to 1998 Census, in Kampong Cham province, more than 64 % of the households rely on the dug wells as the main source of drinking water. About 14 % use water from pond, river and stream. Only 9 % of the households get water from tube/pipe wells.

Table 3.2 Distribution of Households by Main Source of Drinking Water Tube/Ppe Spring, river Piped water Dug well Bought Other well stream 4.4 % 9.0 % 64.5 % 13.9 % 6.0 % 2.2 %

Source: General Population Census of Cambodia 1998

In Kampong Chhnang province, more than 52 % of the households rely on the dug wells as the main source of drinking water. About 24 % use water from pond, river stream and rain. About 17 % of the households get water from tube/pipe wells. Piped water accounts only for 0.8 %.

3.2.4 Road

National roads Nos. 5, 6 and 7 are connecting Phnom Penh to Kampong Cham provincial headquarters. The roads are well maintained and are in good conditions. However, national

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road No. 7 in the eastern part of the Mekong, provincial road No. 11 and other roads in the province are not well maintained and in poor conditions although some parts of the roads are being rehabilitated under the ADB project.

National road No. 5 is connecting Phnom Penh to Kampong Chhnang provincial headquarters. The road is well maintained and is in good conditions. However, national road No. 5 in the northern part of the province, provincial road No. 53 and other roads in the province are not well maintained and are in poor conditions.

3.2.5 Village Development Committee：VDC

Each VDC is composed of a President, a Vice-President, a Secretary, a Treasurer, three to five general members and one or two advisers.To undertake water use management including domestic water supply and irrigation water use, the village water committees (VWCs) are established under VDC. In the villages where some water facilities exist, water point committees (WPCs) are established per each water source.

The roles and responsibilities assigned by MRD to VDC are as follows:

Identify and analyze village problems and needs

Priority ranking of problems based on importance and urgency

Study possible solutions and options

Propose suggestions to government agencies on prevailing needs and problems

Allocation of responsibilities with regard to the work involve

Monitoring and evaluating village development

Transfer information and experiences to neighboring villages

Operation and maintenance of village development funds

Present ratio in establishment of VDC is 58 % in Kg. Chhnang Province（317 villages） and 13.8%(242 villages) in Kg. Cham. They were established under support from various agencies and organizations such as PDRD, PRASAC, LWS, WVIC, CESVI, and VATANAKS.

3.3 Rural Water Supply

3.3.1 Rural Water Supply System

The government agencies in charge of water supply in Cambodia are the Ministry of Industry

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(MOI), Mining and Energy (MIME), Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), and the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD). MIME is the agency in charge of urban water supply in regional cities. Water supply services in Phnom Penh is provided by the Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PWSA). MAFF, on the other hand, develops groundwater and surface water for irrigation.

Water supply in rural villages falls under the jurisdiction of MRD through the DRWS. Prior to 1993, the Central Water Base (CWB) under the Ministry of Health (MOH) was implementing rural water supply services with the assistance of UNICEF. With the establishment of MRD, however, the CWB staff and resources were transferred to DRWS.

DRWS has a staff of 120 and is made up of five (5) divisions: General Affairs, Procurement & Finance, Planning & Design, Potable Water, Small Scale Irrigation & Energy (Figure 3.1). The responsibilities of DRWS are as follows:

Overall planning, design, and coordination [transport, storage, and distribution (to every province) of equipment and materials] of rural water supply services

Deep well drilling in accordance with the villagers’ request

Technical training in water supply facility design and construction

The majority of the staff belong to the technical section which is involved in well drilling and hand pump installation and repair. DRWS owns 18 drilling rigs, most of which are leased to the rural water supply section of every PDRD.

The PDRD has 120 to 160 employees and consists of five (5) sections: Administration, Finance & Planning, Rural Water Supply, Primary Health Care, Village Development, Rural Economic Development (Figure 3.2). Of the number of employees, 15 to 30 are assigned to the Rural Water Supply Section. The department rents the drilling machinery of DRWS, but does not constantly store the necessary spare parts.

3.3.2 Rural Water Supply Budget

The budget (actual expenses) in 2000 increased to R 12, 539 million including R 483 million for salary and compensation, R 2,982 million for administration, and R 9,075 for public works. In December 1996, DRWS paid an average of only 40,833 Riel/employee/month (about US$ 16.00). Although DRWS receives financial assistance from UNICEF for stationery and machinery repair, it still is not financially capable of independently implementing projects

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When drilling wells in accordance with the villagers’ request, DRWS collects 150,000 Riel/50 households (3,000 Riel/household). Since the well casing and hand pumps are granted by UNICEF, most of the money collected is used to cover expenses for the operation of the drilling machinery and the daily allowance of the workers.

3.3.3 Rural Water Supply Achievement

Rural water supply services in Cambodia has begun in earnest after UNICEF implemented the Clean Water Supply Program in 1983. UNICEF dispatches instructors to supervise the well construction works which is carried out by the employees of MOH and every provincial health and sanitation section. This system was later, in 1987, changed to the aforementioned CWB, and a total of 7,172 boreholes were constructed in 15 villages by 1993.

In 1994, CWB was transferred under MRD. DRWS continued to carry out the services, making full use of equipment and materials granted by UNICEF. According to DRWS, a total of 10,512 wells have been drilled nationwide (excluding Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville) by the end of 1999 by MRD/UNICEF (Table 3.3).

Targeting a service population of 180 persons/well, the wells drilled by MRD is estimated to service a water supply rate of 29%.

Table 3.3 Wells constructed by MRD/UNICEF 1983-1999 Year Mechanical Rig Manual Rig Well Total Rehabilitation 1983 to 1995 5,335 4,335 190 9,880 1996 142 0 30 172 1997 167 0 10 177 1998 98 0 44 142 1999 141 0 0 141 Total 5,883 4,335 274 10,512

Various NGOs have been working in the filed of water supply in this country. In order to promote cooperation and avoid possible duplication of projects among NGOs, Water Supply and Sanitation Sectoral Working Group Meeting (WATSAN) is held on monthly basis at MRD. The following table presents NGOs activities in Kampong Chhnang Province.

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Table 3.4 NGOs Activities in Rural Water Supply Sector, Kampong Chhnang Province NGOs Hand Pump Combined Well Hand Dug Activity Status Well Well IRC 47 0 80 completed CONCERN 0 0 232 completed CESVI 93 13 0 completed LWS 71 0 68 continuing WVS 0 0 367 continuing KAFC 20 0 0 completed

Source: PDRD, Kampong Chhnang

3.3.4 Five Year Rural Water Supply Plan

The Second Five-Year Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Plan of MRD (2001-2005) will set up a development of rural water supplies to access clean water for 40 % (3.8 million rural people) by the end of year 2005.

It is estimated by MRD that 44,700 water point sources consisting of hand-dug well, dug/drilled well, hand pump shallow well and hand pump deep well will be constructed. A capital investment of nearly US$ 30.5 million, or an average of about US$ 6.1 million per year, will be required to achieve the target. The cost will be met from multiple sources, including the RGC, international organizations, NGOs as well as the communities themselves through labor and material contributions.

3.4 Health and Sanitary Conditions

With the outpouring of help from UNICEF and NGOs from the 1980s in terms of human and technical resources, health and sanitary conditions in Cambodia have gradually improved. The supply of medicine and medical instruments, and the rehabilitation of medical institutions and health centers have extended the average life span, reduced the death ratio, and improved nutrition. However, as clean and safe water supply services do not cover regional areas, sanitation and health conditions in this part of the country are still poor.

Villages without water supply facilities save rainwater in the rainy season in vases and use it for drinking. In the dry season, water is collected from shallow wells, rivers, and ponds without any protective structure. However, since the households have no toilets as well as proper drainage facilities, these sources are contaminated with human and animal excrement. This type of environment is particularly detrimental to children’s health and causes epidemics.

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The most common ailment among children is dysentery, followed by various contagious water borne diseases, e.g. dengue fever, skin diseases, eye diseases, parasitic diseases, etc.

Table 3.5 Major Diseases in Cambodia Health problems Number of Number of Case Cases Deaths Fatality Rate (%) Others 85,744 3,285 3.83 Tuberculosis (TB) 30,793 335 1.09 Malaria 26,529 836 3.15 Acute Respiratory Infection 20,351 454 2.23 (ARI) Road Accidents 10,206 45 0.44 Diarrhea 8,701 103 1.18 Gyneco Obstetric 8,304 232 2.79 Dysentery 2,266 7 0.31 Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever 1,175 50 4.26 Meningitis 824 117 14.20 Mine Accidents 376 6 1.60 Measles 261 1 0.38 Other Tetanus 139 36 25.90 Neonatal Tetanus 94 43 45.74 Acute Flaccid Paralysis 27 1 3.70 Total 195,790 5,551 HIV 7,726

Source: National Health Statistics Report (1999), MOH

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Small Scale Irrigation Small Scale Deputy Irrigation & Small Scale Director Energy Energy

Survey & Design Design and Planning Training Planning & Statistics

Accounting

DIRECTOR Deputy Supply and Store Director Finance Workshop Port Clearing

Transport

Drilling Well Drinking Water Hand Dug Well

Deputy Pump Installation & Repair Director Water Analysis

Personnel Administration General Correspondence

Figure 3.1 Organization Chart of DRWS

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Director

Deputy Director Deputy Director Deputy Director

Office of Office of Office of Office of Offices Offices of Credit Water Administration Primary of Community Supply Health Care Training Development

(11 staffs) (9 staffs) (8 staffs) (7 staffs) (6 staffs) (13 staffs)

Batheay District (1 chief 1 deputy chief 5 staffs) (1 chief 1 deputy chief 4 staffs) (1 chief 1 deputy chief 5 staffs) District Rural Dam Ber District (1 chief 1 deputy chief 3 staffs) Kampong Cham District (1 chief 1 deputy chief 5 staffs) Development (1 chief 1 deputy chief 6 staffs) (DRD) office (1 chief 1 deputy chief 5 staffs) Koh Sotin District (1 chief 1 deputy chief 4 staffs) Kroch Chmar District (1 chief 1 deputy chief 2 staffs) (1 chief 1 deputy chief 3 staffs) O Reang Ov District (1 chief 1 deputy chief 3 staffs)

Ponhea Krek District (1 chief 1 deputy chief 6 staffs) (1 chief 1 deputy chief 6 staffs) Srei Santhor District (1 chief 1 deputy chief 4 staffs) Stung Trang District (1 chief 1 deputy chief 4 staffs) Tbong Khmum District (1 chief 1 deputy chief 6 staffs)

Figure 3.2 Organization Chart of Provincial Department of Rural Development (PDRD) in Kampong Cham

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