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Dead Wood and Fungi: Detection, Diversity and Conservation in Boreal Forests JYU DISSERTATIONS 42

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Dead Wood and Fungi: Detection, Diversity and Conservation in Boreal Forests JYU DISSERTATIONS 42 JYU DISSERTATIONS 42 Jenna Purhonen Dead Wood and Fungi: Detection, Diversity and Conservation in Boreal Forests JYU DISSERTATIONS 42 Jenna Purhonen Dead Wood and Fungi: Detection, Diversity and Conservation in Boreal Forests Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston matemaattis-luonnontieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston Ambiotica-rakennuksen salissa YAA303 joulukuun 14. päivänä 2018 kello 12. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Mathematics and Science of the University of Jyväskylä, in building Ambiotica, hall YAA303, on December 14, 2018 at 12 o’clock noon. JYVÄSKYLÄ 2018 Editors Jari Haimi Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä Ville Korkiakangas Open Science Centre, University of Jyväskylä Cover photo by Panu Halme. Copyright © 2018, by University of Jyväskylä Permanent link to this publication: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-39-7620-0 ISBN 978-951-39-7620-0 (PDF) URN:ISBN:978-951-39-7620-0 ISSN 2489-9003 ABSTRACT Purhonen, Jenna Dead wood and fungi: detection, diversity and conservation in boreal forests Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2018, 49 p. (JYU Dissertations ISSN 2489-9003; 42) ISBN 978-951-39-7620-0 (PDF) Yhteenveto: Lahopuu ja sienet: havaitseminen, monimuotoisuus ja suojelu boreaalisissa metsissä Diss. Dead wood and associated fungal communities are a crucial part of boreal forest ecosystems, and severely affected and threatened by human actions like commercial timber harvesting. Despite their importance for forest functioning, most wood-inhabiting fungal species, especially those producing small fruit bodies, are still ecologically and taxonomically poorly known. In addition, studies on dead wood profiles have neglected fine woody debris. This thesis includes detailed investigations of fruiting phenology of different morphological groups and complete dead wood profile of one semi-natural boreal forest. In addition, the diversity patterns of wood-inhabiting fungal communities according forest continuity and naturalness as well as dead wood quality were studied in 14 semi-natural forests. In addition to species richness the relationship between species traits and substrate quality was explored. The fruiting phenologies and dead wood profiles differed between fungal groups and dead wood tree species, respectively. Forest continuity and naturalness had a positive but weak effect on species richness, substrate continuity being important for Micarea lichens. Tree species had strong influence on fungal community composition. Broadleaved dead wood hosted the highest species richness, especially discomycetoid and pyrenomycetoid fungi specializing on it. Pileate fungi were found specializing on spruce and were the only group having positive response to forest naturalness at the substrate level. Especially discomycetoid and pyrenomycetoid fungi inhabiting pine had positive relationship with forest naturalness at the site level. Species had on the average larger spores on broadleaved than conifer dead wood, and the spore size increased with log size. In conserving dead wood and its fungal inhabitants, the tree species- and fungal group-specific responses need to be taken into account. Standing and downed dead pine is a special case as considering species inhabiting it in management planning requires time scale of a millennium rather than centuries. Keywords: Community; forest management; fruit body; habitat quality; species richness; spore; functional trait. Jenna Purhonen, University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland Author’s address Jenna Purhonen Department of Biological and Environmental Science P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä Finland [email protected] Supervisors Docent Panu Halme Department of Biological and Environmental Science P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä Finland Docent Atte Komonen Department of Biological and Environmental Science P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä Finland Docent Seppo Huhtinen Herbarium, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku FI-20014 Turku Finland Reviewers Professor Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Høgskoleveien 12, N-1433 Ås Norway Docent Olli-Pekka Tikkanen School of Forest Sciences University of Eastern Finland P.O. Box 111 FI-80101 Joensuu Finland Opponent Associate Professor Mari T. Jönsson ArtDatabanken P.O. Box 7007 75007 Uppsala Sweden TIIVISTELMÄ Purhonen, Jenna Lahopuu ja sienet: havaitseminen, monimuotoisuus ja suojelu boreaalisissa metsissä Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2018, 49 p. (JYU Dissertations ISSN 2489-9003; 42) ISBN 978-951-39-7620-0 (PDF) Yhteenveto: Lahopuu ja sienet: havaitseminen, monimuotoisuus ja suojelu boreaalisissa metsissä Diss. Lahopuu ja sen sieniyhteisöt ovat olennainen osa boreaalisten metsien ekosysteemiä ja jatkuvasti ihmisen vaikutuksen alaisina muun muassa metsienkäsittelyn takia. Vaikka lahopuiden sienet ovat elintärkeitä metsien toiminnalle, useimmat niistä ovat ekologisesti ja taksonomisesti huonosti tunnettuja. Lisäksi metsien lahopuuprofiilitutkimuksissa ei ole otettu juuri pienikokoista lahopuuta huomioon. Tämä väitöskirja sisältää yksityiskohtaisen selvityksen erilaisten lahopuun sieniryhmien itiöemien muodostamisen fenologiasta yhdessä luonnontilaisen kaltaisessa boreaalisessa metsässä ja tämän metsän lahopuuprofiilista. Lahopuun sieniyhteisöjen monimuotoisuutta selvitettiin suhteessa metsän jatkuvuuteen, luonnontilaisuuteen ja lahopuiden laatuun 14:ssa luonnontilaisen kaltaisessa metsässä. Lajirikkauden lisäksi tutkittiin lajien ominaisuuksien ja lahopuun laadun välisiä yhteyksiä. Eri sieniryhmien itiöemäfenologiat ja puulajien lahopuuprofiilit erosivat toisistaan. Metsän jatkuvuudella ja luonnontilaisuudella oli positiivinen, mutta heikko yhteys sienten lajirikkauteen, rungon jatkuvuuden ollessa tärkeä Micarea-jäkälille. Puulajilla oli voimakas vaikutus sieniyhteisöjen koostumukseen. Lehtipuilla oli korkeampi lajirikkaus kuin havupuilla, ja erityisesti maljamaiset ja pullomaiset lajit olivat erikoistuneet sille. Lakilliset sienet olivat erikoistuneet kuusen lahopuulle, ja ne olivat ainoa ryhmä, jonka lajirikkaudella oli positiivinen yhteys metsän luonnontilaisuuteen runkotasolla. Kohdetasolla männyn maljamaisten ja pullomaisten ryhmien vaste luonnontilaisuuteen oli positiivinen. Lehtipuulla esiintyvillä lajeilla oli keskimäärin suuremmat itiöt, kun havupuulla, ja itiökoko kasvoi myös rungon koon kasvaessa. Väitöskirjani tulokset osoittavat, että lahopuun ja sen sienilajien suojelussa puulaji- ja sieniryhmäkohtaiset vasteet on otettava huomioon. Pystyyn kuolleet ja maapuumännyt ovat erityistapaus, sillä niiden lajiston huomioonottaminen metsienkäsittelyn suunnittelussa vaatii aikajaksoja, jotka ovat ennemmin vuosituhansien kuin vuosisatojen mittaisia. Avainsanat: Elinympäristön laatu; itiö; itiöemä; lajirikkaus; metsänkäsittely; toiminnallinen ominaisuus; yhteisö. Jenna Purhonen, University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland CONTENTS LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Looking at the big picture ............................................................................... 8 1.2 Dead wood and its fungal inhabitants .......................................................... 8 1.3 Methodological issues and detection problems ......................................... 10 1.4 Drivers of species diversity in communities ............................................... 11 1.5 Boreal forests and forest management ........................................................ 12 1.5.1 Forest stand .......................................................................................... 12 1.5.2 Dead wood ............................................................................................ 14 1.6 Traits - beyond species richness and composition ..................................... 16 1.7 The aims and importance of the thesis ........................................................ 18 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................ 19 2.1 Study sites ........................................................................................................ 19 2.2 Study logs for fungal surveys ....................................................................... 20 2.3 Fungal surveys, nomenclature and traits .................................................... 20 2.4 Analyses ........................................................................................................... 22 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................. 23 3.1 Fruiting phenology of wood-inhabiting fungal groups (I) ....................... 23 3.2 Dead wood in semi-natural boreal forest (II) ............................................. 24 3.3 Forest continuity and naturalness (III and IV) ........................................... 25 3.4 Host tree species (IV and V) .......................................................................... 27 3.5 Methodological insights ................................................................................ 28 3.5.1 Poorly-known fungi (I, III, IV and V) ..............................................
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