An Abstract of the Dissertation Of

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An Abstract of the Dissertation Of AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Somrudee Meprasert for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography presented on September 19, 2006. Title: The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami: Tourism Impacts and Recovery Progress in Thailand’s Marine National Parks Abstract approved: ______________________________ ______________________________ James W. Good Gordon E. Matzke The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami raised concern among marine park managers and hazard mitigation professionals about the significant impact of major coastal hazards on marine park natural resources and ecosystems. The main reason for this concern is the strong linkage of marine parks and their rich assortment of ecosystem services to coastal community social and economic well-being, particularly as it relates to park tourism. This relationship was examined for marine national parks (MNPs) along Thailand’s Andaman coast in the aftermath of the devastating 2004 tsunami. Four principal issues were examined: the impacts of the tsunami on marine parks and how they affected the tourism economy; the recovery efforts undertaken and their effectiveness; other actions that, if taken, might have improved preparedness and made recovery efforts more effective; and how marine parks might be made more resilient to natural disasters in the future. The principal method used to address these issues was a Delphi expert opinion process, supplemented by field investigations, interviews, and spatial data collection and analysis. Four specific parks with different degrees of tsunami impacts were selected as a basis for this study. Direct and indirect tsunami impacts to the business community were judged to have the most significant effects on tourism, followed by the direct impacts of the tsunami on the built environment and associated infrastructure. Social, health and safety impacts and impacts to natural resources and ecosystems were of lesser importance to the park tourism. However, recovery actions taken to rebuild infrastructure and park-serving facilities inside and outside park boundaries were judged most effective at helping to get park tourism back on its feet; tourism recovery actions associated with natural resources, the business community, and social services were judged to be only moderately effective. Numerous barriers and constraints to marine park tourism recovery were identified, some natural, but most human-caused. An idealized set of preparedness, response, and recovery actions were also identified and prioritized. These proved useful in designing planning guidelines that will help marine parks evaluate their vulnerability, set priorities for mitigation and preparedness, and become more resilient to hazards in the future. © Copyright by Somrudee Meprasert September 19, 2006 All Rights Reserved The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami: Tourism Impacts and Recovery Progress in Thailand’s Marine National Parks by Somrudee Meprasert A DISSERTATION submitted to Oregon State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Presented September 19, 2006 Commencement June 2007 Doctor of Philosophy dissertation of Somrudee Meprasert presented on September 19, 2006. APPROVED: ___________________________________________________________________ Co-Major Professor, representing Geography ____________________________________________________________________ Co-Major Professor, representing Geography _____________________________________________________________________ Chair of the Department of Geosciences _____________________________________________________________________ Dean of the Graduate School I understand that my dissertation will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes releases of my dissertation to any reader upon request. _____________________________________________________________________ Somrudee Meprasert, Author ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to first thank Dr. Jim Good for his kind support and guidance throughout my studies here at Oregon State University. I cannot thank him enough for his tremendous patience and encouragement in helping me go through my own tsunami disaster and finish this dissertation. This work could not have been possible without him. I am also indebted to my co-advisor, Dr. Gordon Matzke, and to my committee members: Dr. A. Jon Kimerling, Dr. Jan Auyong, and Dr. Larry Lev who have given me their time and effort throughout. Sincere thanks go to all faculty and staff that make up the “Geosciences Family”, especially Joanne, Melinda, Marion and Kathy, for their caring support. I also thank Dr. Vicki Burton for her summer writing ‘boot camp’ that changed my life. I am very grateful for Janet Morlan for her kind encouragement ‘behind the scenes’. Thanks also to Geosciences Research Grant and Larry Anderson Student Travel Assistance Award Program for providing grant money for field work and a paper presentation. I also would like to thank the Thailand National Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management for providing four years of financial support during my Ph.D. program. Thanks to Wannee Puttitavorn who has given continual help. Thanks also to Dr. Charoen Nitithamyong, Dr. Thavivong Sriburi, Dr. Anond Snidvongs, Dr. Supichai Tangjaitrong, Dr. Ekawan Luepromchai, and other faculty, researchers, and staff at the Institute of Environmental Research and Marine Science Department, at Chulalongkorn University who have provided much kind support throughout my years of graduate studies. Thanks also to the Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training Regional Center (START RC), the Geoinformatics Thailand (GISTHAI), and Earthstar Geographics LLC for providing me satellite images and aerial photos of the tsunami affected areas. My sincere appreciation goes to all my Delphi expert panel members who took time and patient effort to complete the 20-page long questionnaires for three rounds. Thanks to Prapaporn Ployyod for being my remote GIS technical support and thanks to Narumitr Sawangphol for providing satellite image technical help. I would like to express gratitude to the individuals who made special contributions to my research: Dr. Cherdchinda Chotiyaputta and Dr. Pinsak Suraswadi at the Department of Marine and Coastal Resources; Hatairat Nukool at the National Park Research Division, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department; Dr. Thamasak Yeemin, Rattika Pettongma, and the graduate students at Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Ramkhamhaeng University; Dr. Srisuda Jarayabhand of the UNEP; Jame Comley, head of marine science research, Coral Cay Conservation; Dr. Narumon Arunotai of the Chulalongkorn University Social Research Institute; Dr. Deborah Brosnan, president of the Sustainable Ecosystems Institute and Tsunami Reef Action Fund; Nattasuda Taephant in the Counseling Psychology Program, at Chulalongkorn University; Jay Wilson of the Earthquake, Tsunami & Volcano Programs, Oregon Emergency Management; Dr. George Moore of the Geosciences Department, OSU; Sakanan Plathong of the Prince of Songkla University; and Dr. Mark and Dr. Meredith Giordano. Sincere thanks to my loving Grandma Carol and Grandpa Rex Parnell, my beloved-forever friend—Patty Parnell, my Ghanaian friends—Vivian & Sam, Diana & Kweku, Dr. Dale Myers, Grandma Dee and Grandpa Ray and Marion and Dick Anderson. Thanks also to Laurie Jodice who has given me caring support. Truly thanks are due to my family--mom, dad, sister, aunts, uncles, cousins— who have given me enduring care and encouragement. Thanks also to the Jitpraphai family. My heartfelt appreciation goes to “Jimmy Bear”—Siros Jitpraphai for his continuing love and support. Many many thanks for being my driving force and my ‘home’ as I worked toward finishing this task. I am sincerely grateful. I express my great appreciation to my beloved Mater Dei School that made me the way I am today. Finally, thanks to my friends in the USA and in Thailand who expressed their caring concerns by asking questions about how the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami impacted my dissertation and how I coped with it. Thanks to you all. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1. Introduction…………………………………………………….. 1 Chapter 2. Background and Literature Review…………………………...... 6 2.1 Importance of Tourism in Thailand……………………………………….. 6 2.1.1 Coastal and Marine Tourism on the Malay Peninsula………………… 9 2.1.2 Role of Marine National Parks (MNPs) in Malay Peninsula Tourism... 10 2.1.3 Tourism’s Contribution to Marine National Park Revenues………….. 18 2.2 The 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami………………………... 22 2.2.1 Characteristics of the 2004 Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake……. 25 2.2.2 Will Tsunamis Happen in the Gulf of Thailand? .……………………. 28 2.2.3 Nature of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami……………………………. 30 2.2.4 Tsunami Damages…………………………………………………….. 36 2.3 Natural Disaster Impacts Assessment…………………………………….. 42 2.3.1 Risk and Impact Assessment of Natural disasters…………………….. 42 2.3.2 Vulnerability Assessment Methods for Marine Parks………………… 47 2.4 Delphi Technique…………………………………………………………. 50 2.4.1 What Is the Delphi Technique? ............................................................. 50 2.4.2 Why Is the Delphi Technique Applicable to This Study? ...………….. 51 2.4.3 Strengths of the Delphi………………………………………………... 52 2.4.4 Weakness of the Delphi……………………………………………….. 53 Chapter 3. Methods…...……………………………………………………. 54 3.1 Purpose……………………………………………………………………. 54 3.2 Selection of MNPs for Tourism Impact Evaluation………………………. 55 3.3 Methods and
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