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Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Barry Bolton Entomology series Vol 54 No 3 25 June 1987 The Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), instituted in 1949, is issued in four scientific series, Botany, Entomology, Geology (incorporating Mineralogy) and Zoology, and an Historical series. Papers in the Bulletin are primarily the results of research carried out on the unique and ever-growing collections of the Museum, both by the scientific staff of the Museum and by specialists from elsewhere who make use of the Museum's resources. Many of the papers are works of reference that will remain indispensable for years to come. Parts are published at irregular intervals as they become ready, each is complete in itself, available separately, and individually priced. Volumes contain about 300 pages and several volumes may appear within a calendar year. Subscriptions may be placed for one or more of the series on either an Annual or Per Volume basis. Prices vary according to the contents of the individual parts. Orders and enquiries should be sent to: Publications Sales, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, England. World List abbreviation: Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) ©British Museum (Natural History), 1987 The Entomology series is produced under the general editorship of the Keeper of Entomology: Laurence A. Mound Assistant Editor: W. Gerald Tremewan ISBN 565 06026 ISSN 0524-6431 Entomology series Vol 54 No 3 pp 263-452 British Museum (Natural History) Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD Issued 25 June 1987 1 A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Barry Bolton Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD Contents Synopsis 263 Introduction and history 264 Measurements and indices 268 Depositories 269 The Solenopsis-group 269 Key to Solenopsis-group genera (workers) 271 Anillomyrma Emery 273 Bondroitia Forel 275 Diplomorium Mayr 278 Epelysidris gen. n 279 Phacota Roger 281 Allomerus Mayr 282 Antichthonidris Snelling 283 Nothidris Ettershank 284 Megalomyrmex Forel 285 Solenopsis Westwood 285 Oxyepoecus Santschi 286 Carebarella Emery 286 Monomorium Mayr 287 The Afrotropical fauna of Monomorium 301 Key to Afrotropical species-groups (workers) 302 Synonymic list of Afrotropical species 302 Key to Afrotropical species (workers) 307 The scabriceps-group 320 The destructor-group 322 The salomonis-group 329 The setuliferum-group 365 The monomorium-group 37 The fossulatum-group 420 The hanneli-group 425 The latinode-group 429 Acknowledgements 430 References 430 Index 450 Synopsis A review is presented of the 13 genera currently taken to constitute the Solenopsis-group, which is redefined here. The genus-group in the sense of this paper includes three former groups, the Monomor- ium-, Megalomyrmex-, and Solenopsis-groups, combined. Extensive modifications to the genera formerly included in the first of these are proposed, including the new synonymy of Syllophopsis Santschi and Chelaner Emery under Monomorium Mayr, the reinstatement of Phacota Roger and Bondroitia Forel as Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 54 (3): 263-452 Issued 25 June 1987 264 B. BOLTON valid genera, and the exclusion of Hagioxenus Forel from the group. The genera Tranopelta Mayr and Ochetomyrmex Mayr (= Brownidris Kusnezov) are newly excluded from the group and the previous provisional synonym of Monomorium, Xenoaphaenogaster Baroni Urbani, is transferred out of the group and newly synonymized with Pheidole Westwood. One new genus, Epelysidris, is described from Borneo. The status of Diplorhoptrum Mayr as a separate genus is considered and rejected and a key to recognized genera is presented. Treatment of individual genera varies from a short review of current knowledge to a redefinition and revision of some smaller genera (Anillomyrma Emery, Bondroitia Forel, Diplomorium Mayr). The very large genus Monomorium is reviewed and redefined on a world-wide basis and its extensive genus-level synonymy is discussed in detail. The former genera and subgenera now synonymized with Monomorium are fitted into a system of informal species-groups which are defined and discussed on a world-wide basis. A new name is proposed for the type-species of Monomorium, which is preoccupied, and the authorship and publication date of M. antarcticum (Smith) is investigated. The large Afrotropical fauna of Monomorium is fully revised and keyed, and contains 145 species in 8 species-groups. The latter are keyed separately and only two species-groups are confined to the Afrotropical region. Of the 145 species currently recognized as valid, 46 are described as new in this paper and 35 are newly elevated to species-rank from former infraspecific status; 43 new species-level synonyms are proposed, mostly of former infraspecific forms. Introduction and history This survey began as a taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of the large genus Monomorium Mayr. However, whilst examining the world fauna of this genus and its relatives prior to commencing the revision, it became apparent that much remained to be done, both at genus and genus-group level, with all the taxa related to Monomorium and Solenopsis Westwood. It is hoped that the results discussed here will help to dispel at least a little of the taxonomic and nomenclatural fog which still surrounds many genera, and perhaps clear the way for more detail systematic or phylogenetic work. The study presented here gives an historical review of the genus-level taxonomy of the group, redefines the group as I currently view it, and goes on to discuss each included genus in greater or lesser detail. For several genera this review amounts to little more than a short synopsis of recent developments, but several smaller genera are treated in greater detail and are redefined. The large genus Monomorium has received most attention and a summary and discussion of the genus and its synonyms on a world-wide basis is given prior to the formal revision of the large Afrotropical fauna. This last section is a continuation of the series aimed towards a revision of the Afrotropical Myrmicinae. Previous parts include Bolton 1976, 1980, 1981a, 19816, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986a. As conceived here, for the reasons discussed in detail below, the Solenopsis genus-group contains 13 genera, most of which are relatively small and of limited zoogeographical distribu- tion. Two genera are however very large and of world-wide occurrence, and include a number of extremely successful tramp-species. An idea of the sizes and rangs of the genera, in terms of endemic species, may be gleaned from the following table. The number of species in the larger genera is very much an approximation as their species-level taxonomy remains utterly uninvesti- gated over the greater part of their ranges. Genus Distribution Number of species Monomorium Mayr World wide (mainly Old World tropics) ca 300 Solenopsis Westwood World wide (mainly New World tropics) ca 200 Megalomyrmex Forel Neotropical 25-30 Oxyepoecus Santschi Neotropical 11 Allomerus Mayr Neotropical 4 Carebarella Emery Neotropical 4 Nothidris Ettershank Neotropical 3 Anillomyrma Emery Oriental & Indo-Australian 2 Bondroitia Forel Afrotropical 2 Antichthonidris Snelling Neotropical 2 Diplomorium Mayr Afrotropical 1 SOLENOPSIS GENUS-GROUP 265 Epelysidris Bolton Indo-Australian 1 Phacota Roger Palaearctic 1 Earlier attempts at a classification of the myrmicine ants by Emery (1895<i, 1915), Wheeler (1910), and Forel (1917) culminated in the classical systems proposed by Emery (1922) and Wheeler (1922). The last author included Solenopsis and all its supposed relatives in a single tribe, the Solenopsidini. Emery (1922) basically recognised all the same genus-level names as Wheeler, but divided the mass of genera into two tribes, Pheidologetini plus Solenopsidini, and further created a number of subtribes within each of these. The situation rested there without change until 1966, except for the addition of new genera and subgenera by various authors in the intervening years. Both of the 1922 classifications were unsatisfactory because of their vagueness of tribal-level definition. To some extent this was brought about by the inclusion of a number of disparate genera whose resemblances to Solenopsis or Monomorium were superficial and whose real affinities lay elsewhere. Also the problem of definition of the group was exacerbated by the fact that it was extensively used as a catch-all, to hold genera not obviously fitting anywhere else in the Myrmicinae. In his genus-level study of the ants related to Solenopsis and Pheidologeton Mayr, Ettershank (1966) gave a synopsis of the earlier attempts to formulate a classification for these difficult taxa. He tabulated a summary up to 1966 of all genera and subgenera applied to the groups in these previous surveys, and set his own revised classification alongside. In short, where earlier authors had recognized one or two tribes, namely Solenopsidini or Solenopsidini and Pheidologetini, he recognized four genus-groups. One of these, the Pheidologeton-group, corresponded almost exactly with the old tribe Pheidologetini in the sense of Emery (1922), except that Ettershank (1966) included Anisopheidole Forel in the group (transferring it from the Pheidolini) and excluded Trigonogaster Forel and Dyomorium Donisthorpe, rightly synonymizing the
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