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The Coexistence Myrmecological News 13 19-27 2009, Online Earlier Worldwide spread of the flower ant, Monomorium floricola (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) James K. WETTERER Abstract The flower ant, Monomorium floricola (JERDON, 1851), is one of the most widely distributed ants of the tropics and subtropics. Occasionally, it is also found in temperate areas in greenhouses and other heated buildings. To evaluate the worldwide spread of M. floricola, I compiled published and unpublished specimen records from > 1100 sites. I docu- mented the earliest known M. floricola records for 119 geographic areas (countries, island groups, major Caribbean is- lands, US states, and Canadian provinces), including many locales for which I found no previously published records: Alaska, Anguilla, Antigua, Barbados, Barbuda, Bermuda, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Congo, Curaçao, Dominica, Nevis, New Zealand, Phoenix Islands, Quebec, St Kitts, St Martin, and Washington DC. Most records of M. floricola from latitudes above 30°, and all records above 35°, appear to come from inside greenhouses or other heated buildings. Although widespread, M. floricola is rarely considered a serious pest. However, because this species is very small, slow moving, cryptically colored, and primarily arboreal, I believe that it is probably often overlooked and its abundance and ecological importance is underappreciated. Monomorium floricola may be particularly significant in flooded man- grove habitats, where competition with non-arboreal ants is much reduced. Key words: Arboreal, biological invasion, exotic species, invasive species, mangrove. Myrmecol. News 13: 19-27 (online xxx 2008) ISSN 1994-4136 (print), ISSN 1997-3500 (online) Received 16 April 2009; revision received 14 September 2009; accepted 16 September 2009 Prof. Dr. James K. Wetterer, Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Introduction FOREL (1911) listed 15 cosmopolitan ant species spread by Identification and taxonomy. Monomorium floricola human commerce that had attained, or were in the pro- has small and slender monomorphic workers (1.7 - 2.0 mm cess of attaining, broad worldwide distributions. Many of total length) that are relatively simple to identify. They are these "tramp" ants have become major ecological, agricul- distinguished by their minute size and distinctive bicolor tural, and / or household pests, e.g., Pheidole megacephala appearance, with the pale mesosoma, petiole, and post- (FABRICIUS, 1793) and Linepithema humile (MAYR, 1868). petiole contrasting with the uniformly dark brown head and Others have not, as yet, developed into major problem spe- gaster (Figs. 1 - 4). Workers of most similarly tiny Mono- cies, e.g., Tetramorium bicarinatum (NYLANDER, 1846) and morium species are either entirely uniform in color (e.g., Tetramorium lanuginosum MAYR, 1870. One of FOREL's Monomorium ebeninum FOREL, 1891, Monomorium mono- (1911) cosmopolitan ants that is rarely considered a major morium BOLTON, 1987) or have the head and mesosoma pest is the flower ant, Monomorium floricola (JERDON, 1851). paler than the gaster (e.g., Monomorium pharaonis (LIN- WILSON & TAYLOR (1967) wrote: "M. floricola is one of NAEUS, 1758)). HETERICK (2006) noted that some particu- the most abundant and widespread of all pantropical ant larly dark-headed specimens of the highly variable Mono- species ... It is almost wholly arboreal, forming large col- morium termitobium FOREL, 1892, a species from Mada- onies in trees and bushes in habitats of various degrees of gascar, closely resemble M. floricola in appearance. But disturbance. It is a prominent urban species in most trop- M. floricola "can be distinguished by the combination of a ical countries." On our campus here in Jupiter, Florida, uniformly dark brown or chocolate head and gaster. In M. M. floricola is inconspicuous and difficult to find in visual termitobium the gaster is not uniformly dark brown or black, searches, yet this tiny species commonly recruits in large although it may be a dingy brownish-yellow or yellow with numbers to bait placed in trees. Even when found, M. flori- dark infuscation" (HETERICK 2006). cola workers can be difficult to capture. When collecting Junior synonyms of M. floricola include: Monomorium M. floricola using an aspirator, I find workers often cling angusticlava DONISTHORPE, 1947 from New Guinea (syno- tenaciously to tree trunks and branches and must be scraped nymized by BOLTON 1987), Monomorium cinnabari RO- off the surface. On bark, M. floricola workers can disappear GER, 1863 from Cuba (synonymized by WHEELER 1913), into the smallest crevice. Because this species is minute, Monomorium floreanum STITZ, 1932 from the Galapagos slow moving, cryptically colored, and primarily arboreal, I Islands (synonymized by W. Brown in LINSLEY & USINGER believe that M. floricola is probably often overlooked, and 1966), Monomorium impressum SMITH, 1876 from Rodri- its abundance and ecological importance is largely under- guez Island (synonymized by BOLTON 1987), Monomorium appreciated. Here, I take a closer look at this tiny ant. poecilum ROGER, 1863 from Cuba (synonymized by EME- Figs. 1 - 4: Monomorium floricola. (1) Head of worker from Lautoka, Fiji; (2) lateral view of the same worker; (3) dorsal view of the same worker; (4) two workers tending a mealybug on Isla Contadora, Panama (photos 1 - 3 by Eli Sarnat, 4 by Alex Wild). RY 1894), and Monomorium specularis MAYR, 1866 from ed trailing ant," with "trailing ant" the common name de- Samoa (synonymized by MAYR 1879). HETERICK (2001, signated for the genus Monomorium. Although M. floricola 2006) synonymized the two remaining subspecies of M. is distinctly bicolored, so are many other Monomorium spe- floricola: Monomorium floricola furinum FOREL, 1911 from cies (usually with the head and mesosoma paler than the Sri Lanka and Monomorium floricola philippinense FOREL, gaster, e.g., M. pharaonis). In addition, the common name 1910 from the Philippines, though HETERICK (2001, 2006) "bicolored trailing ant" would seem more appropriate for did not examine the types of either. Monomorium bicolor EMERY, 1877. BOLTON (1987) placed M. floricola in the Monomorium I have used the common name "flower ant" for M. flo- monomorium species-group, a predominantly Afrotropical ricola, based on its Latin name. This simple common name group with 69 known species from tropical Africa and "an is distinctive and should not be confused with that of any unknown but quite large number" of species in other zoo- other ant. Also, this common name fits well with the incon- geographical regions (BOLTON 1987). Within the M. mono- spicuous and unappreciated "wall flower" nature of this spe- morium group, BOLTON (1987) defined nine Afrotropical cies. In addition, M. floricola is known to feed on the nec- species-complexes, but M. floricola did not belong to any tar of flowers (e.g., GUERRANT & FIEDLER 1981, HABER of these. Instead, BOLTON (1987) placed M. floricola in the & al. 1981, JUNKER & al. 2007). M. boerorum FOREL, 1910 complex, "a large complex of Methods 21 species comprising all those forms which do not fit any of the above complexes, and hence merely lumped here for I documented the worldwide range of M. floricola using convenience." both published and unpublished records. Unlike some other Common name. JERDON (1851) named this species tramp ant species, M. floricola is relatively easy to identify floricola (Latin for flower or floral), having observed the correctly, and therefore identifications in the literature gen- ant "in small numbers on flowers and leaves." Few authors erally appear to be reliable. I obtained unpublished site re- have used any common name for M. floricola. BARTH cords from museum specimens in the collections of the (1953) and SELLENSCHLO (1991a, b, 1994) used the Ger- American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), the Arch- man common name Braunrote Blütenameise (= brown-red bold Biological Station (ABS), the British Natural History flower ant) for M. floricola. Similarly, NAUMANN (1993) Museum (BMNH), the Museum of Comparative Zoology listed brownish-red flower ant as a common name for M. (MCZ), the Oxford University Natural History Museum floricola in Australia. Recently, DEYRUP & al. (2000) pro- (ONHM), and the Smithsonian Institution's National Mu- posed a new common name for M. floricola: the "bicolor- seum of Natural History (SI). Stefan Cover confirmed iden- 20 Fig. 5: Worldwide distribution of Monomorium floricola. tifications of all MCZ specimens. In addition, I used on-line countries except Bangladesh and Cambodia (Tab. 1). In databases with specimen records from the Australian Na- tropical Oceania, M. floricola has been found in all island tional Insect Collection (ANIC), California Academy of groups except Nauru and Tuvalu (Tab. 2). In my recent col- Science (CAS), and Essig Museum at UC Berkeley (UCB). lections in the West Indies, I collected this species on vir- I also received unpublished site records from J. Woinarski tually every island I visited (Tab. 4). The only major West (Australia), B. Guénard (Quebec), J. Fellowes (Hong Kong, Indian island group remaining without M. floricola records Hainan), D. Ward (Phoenix Islands), and G. Dlussky (Sa- is the Turk and Caicos Islands, a group that I have not yet moa). Finally, I collected M. floricola specimens on num- surveyed. A lack of records from these few tropical Asian, erous Pacific, Atlantic, and Caribbean Islands, and in Flo- Oceania, and West Indian countries almost certainly re- rida (e.g., WETTERER 2002, WETTERER & VARGO 2003). flects poor sampling rather than absence of M. floricola. I obtained geographic coordinates for collection sites There are no records of M. floricola from West Asia, from published references, specimen labels, maps, or geo- and very few from continental Africa (Fig. 5), though again, graphy web sites (e.g., earth.google.com, www.tageo.com, this may be due to poor sampling. It seems likely that thor- and www.fallingrain.com). If a site record listed a geo- ough surveys of many port cities in tropical Africa would graphic region rather than a "point locale," and I had no find M. floricola.
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