The Oxford Companion to English Literature, 6Th
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R RABAN, Jonathan (1942- ), travel writer, sailor, and academics, is without rival. His command of the novelist, born in Norfolk, the son of an Anglican vernacular, sustained by an encyclopaedic vocabulary clergyman, and educated at the University of Hull; he and a virtuoso's rhetorical repertoire, and extending subsequently lectured at the universities of Aberyst beyond French and its dialects to a dozen contem wyth and East Anglia. His works include Soft City porary languages, remains unique in French literature. (1974), a study of London life; Arabia through the His realism recognizes the physical functions of Looking Glass (1979); and Old Glory (1982), an account mankind, affirms its uncorrupted origins, trusts in of a voyage down the Mississippi. Coasting (1986) is an the effectiveness of virtuous action, and urges gaiety of account of a 1982 journey by ketch round the British mind as a supreme good. Although he was known to G. Isles, which combines autobiography, marine schol *Harvey and F. *Bacon, he was not translated into arship, and sharp political commentary. Foreign Land English until *Urquhart's magisterial version of 1653 (1985) is a novel which also returns to England, seen (Books I and II) and 1693-4 (Book III together with through the eyes of a returning exile. For Love and *Motteux's translation of Books IV and V). Thereafter Money (1987) combines essays and autobiography. his influence on English literature was widespread, Hunting Mister Heartbreak (1990) is a journey explor though particularly marked on S. *Butler, * Swift, ing American emigration and identity, and Bad Land: *Sterne, *Peacock, and *Joyce. An American Romance (1996) is an account of the RACINE, Jean (1639-99), French tragic dramatist. He settling of Montana by aspiring immigrant farmers was informally educated by the Jansenists of Port- and homesteaders, and of the disillusionment that Royal, but was estranged from them between 1666 and overcame so many of them when beset by drought. 1677, during which time he wrote the majority of his Both are characteristic mixtures of a first-hand ex plays. His tragedies derive from various sources: from ploration and reading of the landscape, interviews, Greek and Roman literature, Andromaque (1667), personal encounters, and imaginative interpretation Iphigénie (1674), and Phèdre (1677); from Roman of documentary sources: they manifest Raban's under history, Britannicus (1669), Bérénice (1670), and Mi- standing of adventurers and loners, pitted against thridate (1673); from recent Turkish history, Bajazet powerful natural forces. Raban edited The Oxford Book (1672); and from the Bible, Esther (1689) and Athalie of the Sea (1992). ( 1691 ). He also wrote one comedy, Les Plaideurs ( 1668), drawn from *Aristophanes. Central to the majority of RABELAIS, François (C.1494-C.1553), French phys the tragedies is a perception of the blind folly of human ician, humanist, and satirist. The son of a Touraine passion, continually enslaved to the pursuit of its lawyer, he became successively a Franciscan monk, the object and destined always to be unsatisfied. The plays secretary of the bishop of Maillezais (c.1524), and a were extensively translated into English from the bachelor of medicine from Montpellier (1530). He 1670s, but differences in national tastes and dramatic published various works on archaeology and medicine conventions have rendered most English versions in Latin, and in French the satirical entertainments wildly unfaithful to their originals. The most famous with the popular giants *Gargantua and Pantagruel for of these versions was The Distrest Mother, an adap which he is remembered. He travelled regularly in tation of Andromaque by A. *Philips, which ran to France and Italy, and acquired a widespread reputation many editions between 1712 and the 1820s. There are for his erudition and medical skill. For much of his life modern versions oï Phèdre by R. *Lowell (1961) andT he enjoyed the patronage of Cardinal Jean du Bellay *Harrison (1975). and the protection of Francis I, but he was subject to frequent proscriptions and condemnations. Rabelais' RACKHAM, Arthur (1867-1939), children's book il great prose work is a unique expression of Renaissance lustrator. Amongst his most successful works are Fairy energy and plenitude. His comic inventiveness, ran Tales of the Brothers Grimm (1900), Rip Van Winkle ging from obscenity, wit, and jokes to parody, invec (1905), which established him as the fashionable tive, and fantasy, is inexhaustible. His intellectual illustrator of his time, and Peter Pan in Kensington curiosity, which encompasses virtually all the sciences Gardens ( 1906). Rackham's vein of fantasy is Nordic— and techniques of his age—theology, law, medicine, he created a sinister world, full of the twisting roots and natural science, politics, military art, navigation, bot tendrils of gnarled trees with gnome-like faces, and any, Hebrew, Basque, etc.—is insatiable. His know peopled by goblins, birds, mice, and monsters. Rack- ledge of contemporary life and society, from rustics, ham believed passionately in 'the stimulating and artisans, and monks to merchants, landowners, and educative power of fantastic and playful pictures and RADCLIFFE | RAINE 834 writings for children in their impressionable years'. bursts, and Ursula grows close to her grandmother See also FAIRY STORIES. Lydia at the Marsh, intrigued by her Polish heritage; her interest is reinforced when she meets Anton, son of RADCLIFFE, Mrs Ann (1764-1823), daughter of a a Polish émigré friend of Lydia's, Baron Skrebensky, London tradesman, William Ward; she married in who had married an English girl late in life. Ursula and 1786 William Radcliffe, manager of the English Chron Anton fall in love, but he, a subaltern, departs for the icle. In the next twelve years she published five novels, Boer War, leaving her to finish school. She has a brief The Castles ofAthlin and Dunbayne (1789), A Sicilian but intense relationship with a schoolmistress (Wini Romance (17 90), The Romance of the Forest (1 y 91) ,* The fred, who marries her uncle, colliery manager Tom Mysteries of Udolpho (1794), and The Italian (1797), Brangwen), then matriculates, and resolves to earn her and a description of journeys to Holland, Germany, and living as a teacher, somewhat against her parents' the Lake District. A further romance, Gaston de wishes. Her struggles at a poor school in Ilkeston are Blondeville, and her journals of travels in southern based on Lawrence's own teaching experience there England were published after her death. She and her (1902-6). Will Brangwen is appointed Art and Hand husband led such a retired life that unfounded ru work Instructor for the county of Nottingham, and the mours that she was already dead or insane circulated whole family move to Beldover, Ursula embarking on a towards the end of her life. She suffered much from three-year BA course and Gudrun on studies at the Art asthma, and died of pneumonia. School. Anton returns, and they renew their relation She was the leading exponent of the *Gothic novel, ship, become engaged, and plan to go out to India which relates terrifying adventures in lonely castles. together, but Ursula breaks away, and Anton abruptly On human relationships she was unconvincing, but marries his colonel's daughter. The novel ends with her portrayals of the raptures and terrors of her Ursula emerging from a spell of illness and suffering characters' imagination in solitude are compelling, (and an implied miscarriage) to contemplate a rainbow and she was one of the first novelists to include vivid arching symbolically over the ugly industrial land descriptions of landscape, weather, and effects of light. scape. The book is remarkable for its study of the Her plots were wild and improbable, but she was 'recurrence of love and conflict' within the marriages it expert at maintaining suspense and devising striking describes; for its attempt to capture the flux of human incidents. Her novels were immensely popular personality; and for its sense of a mystic procreative throughout Europe, and were much imitated. The continuity within the 'rhythm of eternity' both of the £500 advance which she received for Udolpho was then seasons and the Christian year. unprecedented for a novel. See Memoir by T. N. *Talfourd, in Posthumous Works of Ann Radcliffe RAINE, Craig Anthony ( 1944- ), poet, born in Bishop (1833); Aline Grant, Ann Radcliffe (1951). Auckland, Co. Durham, educated at Barnard Castle Radigund, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene (v. iv-vii), a School and Exeter College, Oxford, where he became a queen of the Amazons, who subdues *Artegall and lecturer. He subsequently lectured at Lincoln College forces him to spin flax and tow until he is rescued by and at Christ Church, Oxford. In 1981 he became *Britomart. poetry editor at Faber & Faber, returning to Oxford in 1991 as a fellow of New College. From 1971 to 1981 he Raffles, see HORNUNG. combined his career as a don with journalism, writing Ragged Trousered Philanthropists, The, see TRES- and reviewing for the *New Review, Quarto, and the *New Statesman. A collection of his critical work from SELL. this period, together with later pieces, was published as Rainbow, The, a novel by D. H. * Lawrence, published Haydn and the Valve Trumpet (1990). In 1972 he 1915. married Ann Pasternak Slater. His first collection of It opens as a family chronicle relating the history of poetry, The Onion, Memory, was published in 1978 and the long-established Brangwen family of Marsh Farm, attracted a good deal of critical attention, as did his on the Derbyshire-Nottinghamshire border. Tom second volume, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home Brangwen marries the vicar's housekeeper, a Polish (1979). In both books he displayed great metaphoric widow who already has a daughter, Anna, by her first vitality and individuality and as a result of his invent marriage. Tom takes the child to his heart.