A Nemzeti Identitás Kérdése a Brit Filmben És Filmtörténetírásban Az 1970-80-As Évek Változásainak Tükrében

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A Nemzeti Identitás Kérdése a Brit Filmben És Filmtörténetírásban Az 1970-80-As Évek Változásainak Tükrében A nemzeti identitás kérdése a brit filmben és filmtörténetírásban az 1970-80-as évek változásainak tükrében Váró Kata Anna 2015. Témavezető: Dr. Báron György Színház- és Filmművészeti Egyetem 1 Köszönetnyilvánítás Ezúton szeretnék köszönetet mondani témavezetőmnek, Dr. Báron Györgynek, hogy segítette szakmai fejlődésemet, felbecsülhetetlen támogatást, bátorítást és segítséget nyújtott a doktori tanulmányaim során, valamint a dolgozat elkészültében. Szeretnék köszönetet mondani a szigorlat és a házi védés bizottságának: Dr. Schulze Évának, Dr. Varga Balázsnak, Dr. Stőhr Lórántnak és Dr. Miklauzič Bencének a dolgozattal kapcsolatos értékes észrevételeikért és inspiráló javaslataikért. Köszönet illeti Dr. Győri Zsoltot, aki évekkel ezelőtt segített a kutatás elindításában. Szeretnék továbbá köszönetet mondani Dr. Szűcs Editnek, Dr. Bujalos Istvánnak, Dr. Silye Magdolnának és Dr. Szíjártó Imrének, akik hosszú évek óta egyengetik utamat és segítik szakmai előmenetelemet. Indulásomkor nagyon sok segítséget kaptam Dr. Vajdovich Györgyitől, Csantavéri Júliától és Urbán Máriától, aki sajnos nem érhette ezt meg. Köszönöm Molnár-Mills Eszternek és a külföldi szakirodalom beszerzésében nyújtott segítségét és baráti támogatását. 2 Tartalom Bevezetés ............................................................................................................................ 5 Egyetemes filmtörténetírás az 1960-as évek előtt ............................................................ 10 Az empirista módszer megújulása .................................................................................... 14 A brit filmtörténetírás iskolái: a „régi iskola” ................................................................. 15 A filmtörténetírás első revizionistái: az „empiristák” ...................................................... 16 A kulturális emlékezet hordozói: a nemzeti filmkánon revíziója..................................... 21 Az filmtörténetírás revíziójának második hulláma: az „elméleti alapokon nyugvó revizionista filmtörténetírás” ............................................................................................ 24 Az identitás és a nemzet fogalma ..................................................................................... 31 A nemzeti film fogalma .................................................................................................... 37 A nemzeti karakter ........................................................................................................... 39 A nemzetkép megjelenése a filmekben ............................................................................ 40 Az Egyesült Királyság a hetvenes években ...................................................................... 42 Gazdasági és politikai helyzet .......................................................................................... 42 Edward Heath és Észak-Írország ...................................................................................... 43 A gazdaság válsága .......................................................................................................... 45 A brit filmgyártás és a televízió viszonya a hetvenes években ........................................ 49 A brit filmgyártás a hetvenes években ............................................................................. 52 A hetvenes évek egyik túlélési stratégiája: az avantgárd filmkészítés ............................. 56 A nagyközönség helyébe rétegközönség lép .................................................................... 58 A hetvenes évek másik túlélési stratégiája: a televízió .................................................... 60 A Play for Today előfutárai; az ötvenes-hatvanas évek drámasorozatai ......................... 62 Politikai állásfoglalás és nemzeti sokszínűség: The Wednesday Play ............................. 67 Drámasorozat a nemzeti sokszínűség jegyében: English Regions Drama ....................... 68 A nemzeti film első igazi megnyilvánulása: Play for Today ........................................... 72 Realizmus kontra romanticizmus; Play for Today kontra heritage .................................. 81 „Hivatalos mozi”/ „nem hivatalos mozi” ......................................................................... 86 Miért éppen a kosztümös filmek? .................................................................................... 88 A nyolcvanas évek: az örökségkultúra megjelenése ........................................................ 90 A heritage filmek előfutárai ............................................................................................. 91 Honnan ered a heritage elnevezés? .................................................................................. 95 A heritage film jellemzői és meghatározásai ................................................................... 97 A heritage műfaj, alműfaj, stílus, ciklus vagy kánon? ................................................... 104 Heritage-listák ................................................................................................................ 107 Ki örökli Angliát? ........................................................................................................... 110 A heritage-vita alappillérei: a heritage és a társadalomkritika ....................................... 111 3 A heritage és a Thatcher-kormányzat ............................................................................. 112 A heritage és az eszképizmus, a múlt és a nosztalgia .................................................... 114 A heritage-kánon írói ..................................................................................................... 118 A heritage és az íróközpontúság ..................................................................................... 120 Elemzés .......................................................................................................................... 121 Penda’s Fen (írta: David Rudkin, rendezte: Alan Clarke, 1974) Play for Today .......... 122 Abigail’s Party (írta/rendezte: Mike Leigh, 1977) Play for Today ................................ 132 Tűzszekerek (Chariots of Fire, Hugh Hudson, 1981) ..................................................... 143 Maurice (James Ivory, 1987) ......................................................................................... 157 Szoba kilátással (A Room with a View, James Ivory, 1985) .......................................... 170 Elemzés – Összefoglalás ................................................................................................ 188 Összefoglalás .................................................................................................................. 193 Bibliográfia .................................................................................................................. 199 Filmográfia ................................................................................................................... 211 4 Bevezetés Általánosan elfogadott nézet, hogy a hetvenes évek a brit film és a politika színterén is az átmenet időszakának számít, éppen ezért a mai napig, különösen ami a filmgyártást illeti, viszonylag kevés figyelmet kap. A dolgozat egyik fő célkitűzése, hogy megmutassa, a szóban forgó évtized éppen átmeneti jellegénél és az ekkoriban lezajló változásoknál fogva bír kiemelkedő jelentőséggel. Az ebben az évtizedben végbemenő átalakulások nemcsak a szigetország politikáját és filmiparát, de filmtörténetírását is érintették, ekkor indultak el ugyanis olyan folyamatok, melyek később alapjaiban változtatták meg a filmtörténetírás korábbi gyakorlatát és ennek következtében a nemzeti filmről való gondolkodást. A filmtörténészek a korábban magától értetődőnek vett koncepciók, mint például a nemzet és a nemzeti film nehezen definiálható és még nehezebben behatárolható voltára hívták fel a figyelmet, de a mainstream, sőt a kifejezetten rétegfilmes alkotásokat is beemelték a diskurzusba, új színekkel árnyalva a brit film nemzeti identitásának problematikáját. A dolgozat első fejezetében a filmtörténetírás korábban érvényben lévő gyakorlatát idézem fel kiindulópontként, hogy bemutassam az ekkoriban akadémikus diszciplínaként is megjelenő filmtörténetírás – leginkább a huszadik század második felének filmtörténetével foglalkozó művek − legfőbb kihívásait. Nagy-Britanniában a filmtörténetírás, illetve a filmtörténeti kutatások megélénkülése jól köthető az 1970-es évekhez, ekkor váltak ugyanis elérhetővé a Ministry of Information (MOI) Films Divison archívumának a második világháború előtt és alatt keletkezett, majd harminc évre titkosított anyagai. A titkosítás feloldása nyomán megélénkülő, elsősorban empirikus alapokon nyugvó filmtörténeti kutatások hívták életre az első empirista revizionista iskolát, melyet a nyolcvanas évek elején egy másik, elméleti alapokon nyugvó revizionista iskola követett. Ez utóbbi iskola sikeresen közelítette egymáshoz a filmtörténetírást és a filmelméletet. Számtalan erénye mellett a két iskola működésének legfőbb hozadéka azonban mégis az lett, hogy a második világháború alatt készült filmek és a hozzájuk kapcsolódó, a MOI által őrzött anyagok vizsgálatának kapcsán reflektorfénybe került a nemzeti identitás kérdése, leginkább abban a tekintetben, hogy az miként is rajzolódik ki az említett időszak alkotásaiból. A nemzeti film, a filmekből kiolvasható nemzetkép, valamint az, hogy miként ölt nemzeti jelleget egy ország 5 filmgyártása, különösen fontos lett a hetvenes évek fokozódó gazdasági,
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