• Christian Identity in the Graeco-Roman World • Christliche Ldentitat in Der Griechisch-Romischen Welt • L'ldentite Chretienne Dans Le Monde Greco-Romain

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• Christian Identity in the Graeco-Roman World • Christliche Ldentitat in Der Griechisch-Romischen Welt • L'ldentite Chretienne Dans Le Monde Greco-Romain EuroJTh (1993) 2:2, 119-132 0960-2720 • Christian Identity in the Graeco-Roman World • Christliche ldentitat in der Griechisch-Romischen Welt • L'ldentite chretienne dans le monde greco-romain Oskar Skarsaune, Oslo RESUME Dans le de bat theologique recent, l a souvent ete desapprouve. Ace propos, que ces religions soutenu que les affirmations traditionnelles du pafennes aient ete l'une des anciennes caractere absolu du christianisme etaient religions nationales ( animistes pour la devenues nulles ou denuees de sens, tout plupart) ou le culte officiel rendu aux dieux simplement par le fait du pluralisme religieux. greco-romains, ou encore l'une des nouvelles Ceci semble supposer que ['affirmation d'un religions a mystere ne faisait aucune caractere absolu avait son sens dans un difference signi{tcative. Toutes ces religions contexte ou le christianisme exercait un etaient elles-memes plutot tolerantes et monopole religieux et culturel, mais qu'elle pouvaient s'accommoder d'autres croyances perd son sens en dehors de ce context. On peut qui n'etaient pas exclusives, tout comme elles repondre a cela en avancant la these opposee: n'etaient pas elles-memes exclusives. C'est le des son origine, le christianisme a affirme son refus 'juif des chretiens d'avoir quoi que ce soit caractere absolu, alors qu'il est ne au sein de la a faire avec les autres religions qui les a mis situation pluraliste de l'empire romain. en marge et a fait d'eux un probleme pour Autrement dit, c'est precisement une situation leurs voisins et pour les autorites romaines. de pluralisme religieux et culturel qui a Pour les autorites romaines, le refus des constitue le milieu d'origine de cette affirmation chretiens de participer a la religion officielle d'un caractere absolu. Ainsi, une etude plus etait le seul et unique probleme. Ceci explique approfondie du processus par lequel le la politique adoptee par Rome a l'egard des christianisme s'est defini dans le monde greco­ chretiens. En meme temps, ce refus explique le romain prend tout son sens au vu de la secret de la victoire de l'Eglise sur l'un des plus situation actuelle. puissants empires que le monde ait jamais Les non-Juifs qui ont cru en Christ attiraient connu. l'attention de leurs voisins par leur attitude En ce qui concerne les religions a mystere la intolerante vis-a-vis de tout culte rendu au non participation des chretiens ne posait pas le genie de l'empereur ou aux dieux romains. meme probleme. C'etait meme l'inverse: le Seuls les Juifs avaient le privilege legal de christianisme pouvait etre considere comme refuser de participer a ce culte. Quand les tres semblable aux religions a mystere et chretiens d'origine pafenne ont commence a se pouvait etre inclus parmi elles comme la comporter comme des Juifs sur ce point, sans 'version a mystere' du judafsme. Les etre Juifs eux-memes, ils ne disposaient apologetes chretiens reconnaissent quelques d'aucun fondementjuridique pour justifier leur similitudes entre les sacrements chretiens et refus de prendre part a la religion officielle. les rites des religions a mystere, mais il Deux noms que l'on a des l'origine attribues l'expliquent par la theorie de l'imitation aux chretiens, christianoi et 'le troisieme demoniaque. Le defile plus subtil que dut peuple (nijuifs, ni grecs), nous montrent que relever le christianisme vint du gnosticisme les chretiens devaient definir leur identite par qui, souvent, ne se presentait pas comme une rapport a deux entites: le judafsme et le autre voie que le christianisme, mais comme le paganisme. En ce qui concerne le paganisme, christianisme meme. Le gnosticisme etait les chretiens d'origine palenne partageaient la compatible avec la religion offtcielle et avec conviction fondamentale des Juifs selon d'autres religions. Ainsi, il n'a pas produit de laquelle tout culte pafen constituait de martyrs. En refusant la voie gnostique, l'idolatrie et devait par consequent etre l'Eglise disait non a une approche facile, et tres EuroJTh 2:2 • 119 • Oskar Skarsaune • seduisante, du pluralisme. Elle disait voulait rendre ses lecteurs pa'iens conscients egalement non a une approche qui pouvait du fait que les chretiens n'etaient pas les seuls entrainer l'extinction du christianisme en tant a refuser le culte officiel. Parmi leurs grands que tel, avec son identite propre, et la hommes les plus eminents, plusieurs avaient disparition des chretiens comme un peuple fait de meme. L'un d'eux, Socrate, etait meme different. devenu un martyr pour cette raison. Ainsi, en L'idee, emise par Justin, Clement l'un des grands heros de la culture grecque, le d'Alexandrie et d'autres parmi les premiers plus grand des philosophes, Justin trouve un peres de l'Eglise, d'une revelation exterieure a allie, un porte parole, precisement pour cet l'Ecriture n'attenue en aucune maniere cette element qui semblait le plus anti-culturel dans approche sans compromis des religions la foi chretienne: le rejet de la religion paiennes. St. Justin, l'auteur de l'idee du Logos offzcielle. spermatikos, ne pensait pas du tout que Christ Par consequent, ce n'est absolument pas etait la realite cachee derriere les religions dans la religion non-chretienne que Justin voit paiennes. Ce n'etait pas non plus la pensee de le Logos spermatikos a l'oeuvre, mais dans le Clement d'Alexandrie, ni d'aucun autre pere rejet par des non chretiens de la religion non de l':Eglise primitive. Justin partageait la chretienne. La meme idee se retrouve chez conviction courante parmi les chretiens que Clement d'Alexandrie et meme chez cette realite cachee n'etait pas Christ mais les Tertullien. Les tentatives modernes de faire demons. Il savait aussi que ce rejet de la des premiers peres de l'Eglise les porte parole religion officielle etait considere comme un de l'idee d'un 'Christ cache' dans les religions outrage et qu'il conduisait au martyre. Mais il pa'iennes sont done sans fondement. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In der modernen theologischen Debatte ist oft einem Begriff, wederJuden noch Griechen. Mit behauptet warden, daP traditionelle den Juden teilten sie sich den Glauben, dap Bestiitigungen uber die absolute Natur des die Anbetung der Heiden Gotzendienst war­ Christentums mit der einfachen Tatsache des egal ob es die Form der altertumlichen religiOsen Pluralismus' zunichte gemacht nationalen Religionen annahm; oder die wurden. Das deutet an, daP solch ein Gedanke offuielle Anbetung, die den Griechisch­ nur in einem Kontext sinnvoll ist, in dem das Romischen Gottern angeboten wurden; oder Christentum ein kulturelles und religioses eine der neuen Mysteriumreligionen. Diese Monopol ausubt. Das Gegenteil kann jedoch waren alle 'tolerant', es war die 'judische' behauptet werden: von Anfang an hat das Intoleranz der Christen, die sie fur ihre Christentum seinen absoluten Charakter Nachbarn unertriiglich machten. bestiitigt, obwohl es im Herzen des Fur die r6mischen Behorden war die pluralistischen Romischen Reiches entstanden Verweigerung der Christen, an dem offuiellen ist. Daher ist ein Studium daruber, wie das Kult teilzunehmen, das einzige Problem, und Christentum sich selbst in der Griechisch­ das erkliirt ihre Feindseligkeit. Dies war jedoch Romischen Welt zu verstehen bekam, relevant auch der Schlussel zu dem Sieg der Kirche zu der modernen Situation. uber eines der miichtigsten Reiche in der Nicht-judische Christen zogen die Geschichte. Aufmerksamkeit ihrer Nachbarn auf sich, in Das Problem im Fall der dem sie sich weigerten, an der Anbetung des Mysteriumreligionen, und besonders in der Kaisers oder r6mischer Gotter teilzunehmen. Gnostik, war die Versuc!J:ung sich wegen Nur Juden hatten vom Gesetz her das Privileg einigen oberfliichlichen Ahnlichkeiten solche Anbetung zu verweigern. Christen, die anzugleichen. Die Gnostik war 'umfassend'. ursprunglich Heiden waren, begannen sich in Mit der Ablehnung dieses Weges lehnte das dieser Hinsicht wie Juden zu benehmen, hatten Christentum eine Moglichkeit ab, die seine aber keine gesetzliche Grundlage dafur. Identitiit zerstort hiitte. Christen wurden als 'das dritte Volk' zu Und zuletzt, es gibt in den Schriften 120 • EuroJTh 2:2 • Christian Identity In the Graec<Hloman world • bestimmter Kirchenviiter ( insbesondere daher das Logos Spermatikos nicht als mittatig Justin's Logos Spermatikos keine an in anderen Religionen, sondern nur in der Rechtfertigung fur die Annahme, da/3 Christus . Verweigerung von einigen Nicht-Christen bei die versteckte Realitat in heidnischen nicht-christlichen Religionen. Daher sind Religionen war. Justin, im Bezug auf moderne Versuche, eine Basis fur die Annahme Sokrates und andere, wollte nur aufweisen, da/3 des versteckten Christus' in nicht-christlichen Christen micht die Einzigen waren, die eine Religionen in den Schriften der Kirchenviiter offizielle Religion verweigerten. Justin sieht zu finden, ohne Grundlage. I only religion of Christian Europe, they may have been credible in other periods and he present-day relevance of my theme areas when Christianity was the dominant T could be indicated by a slight reformula­ element in a certain culture, they may even tion of the title: Christian identity in a have been credible when there were realistic religiously pluralistic world. As is well prospects of Christianity becoming the only known, Christians in general and theo­ or dominant religion of a certain area. But logians in particular are not in agreement now, with the prospect of increasing religious concerning the question how Christians pluralism, and Christianity losing its should respond to the reality of religious cultural monopoly in the 'old world', the pluralism. Christian claims of absoluteness become less Paul Rajashekar, the leader of the LWF and less credible. The context in which they office for the Church and People of Other gave meaning is vanishing. Faiths, once said the following: 1 'While we I must confess that as an historian of the hold our allegiance to the universal Lordship early Church I find it rather surprising that of Jesus Christ, Christianity itself is a par­ anyone should hold this view.
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