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Nunivak Island Subsistence Cod, Red Salmon and Grayling Fisheries – Past and Present

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Nunivak Island Subsistence Cod, Red Salmon and Grayling Fisheries – Past and Present NUNIVAK ISLAND SUBSISTENCE COD, RED SALMON AND GRAYLING FISHERIES – PAST AND PRESENT Item Type Report Authors Drozda, Robert M. Publisher U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Subsistence Management, Fisheries Resource Monitoring Program Download date 09/10/2021 20:37:57 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/3660 NUNIVAK ISLAND SUBSISTENCE COD, RED SALMON AND GRAYLING FISHERIES – PAST AND PRESENT Final Report for Study 05-353 Robert M. Drozda 1125 Powellite Drive Fairbanks, Alaska 99712 Cup’ig transcription and translation by Howard T. Amos Nuniwarmiut Piciryarata Tamaryalkuti, Inc. P.O. Box 26, Mekoryuk, Alaska 99630 December 2010 The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Subsistence Management conducts all programs and activities free from discrimination on the basis of sex, color, race, religion, national origin, age, marital status, pregnancy, parenthood, or disability. For information on alternative formats available for this publication please contact the Office of Subsistence Management to make necessary arrangements. Any person who believes she or he has been discriminated against should write to: Office of Subsistence Management, 3601 C Street, Suite 1030, Anchorage, Alaska 99503; or O.E.O., U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................................i ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................................v I. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 Geographic and Cultural Setting..........................................................................................................5 Land Status...........................................................................................................................................6 Subsistence Fishery..............................................................................................................................7 Project Objectives and Summary Results ..........................................................................................10 Schedule Modifications......................................................................................................................11 Place Names and Cup’ig Orthography...............................................................................................11 Taxonomy...........................................................................................................................................12 II. METHODS...................................................................................................................................12 Field Surveys of Traditional and Contemporary Fishing Grounds ....................................................13 Literature Review...............................................................................................................................15 Cup’ig Terminology...........................................................................................................................16 Museum Collections...........................................................................................................................16 Traditional Knowledge Interviews.....................................................................................................16 Interview Techniques .....................................................................................................................17 Interviewee Methods......................................................................................................................20 Issues of Translation and Transcription .............................................................................................22 Interview Method Examples ..............................................................................................................23 III. RESULTS - SURVEYS ..............................................................................................................25 Commercial Halibut Fishers Survey – 2005 ......................................................................................25 Household Survey – 2006 ..................................................................................................................27 Field Surveys......................................................................................................................................28 Environmental Changes .....................................................................................................................29 IV. INCONSISTENCIES IN THE FISH LEXICON........................................................................31 V. RESULTS – LITERATURE........................................................................................................32 19th Century........................................................................................................................................32 20th Century........................................................................................................................................34 i Material Culture .................................................................................................................................38 Modern Period ....................................................................................................................................39 Archeological Record.........................................................................................................................41 Fisheries Research..............................................................................................................................43 VI. RESULTS – TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE...........................................................................48 Presentation and Organization of Traditional Knowledge.................................................................49 Interviewees .......................................................................................................................................50 Nan Kiokun Car’er ........................................................................................................................50 George Williams, Sr. Can'irralzria and Helen Williams Ukayir..Error! Bookmark not defined. Susie Shavings Apurin ...................................................................................................................53 Ida Wesley Icaran’in......................................................................................................................55 Nancy Edwards Laakautarkar .......................................................................................................57 Joe David Tanqeralzria..................................................................................................................58 Hilma Shavings Apurin and Henry Shavings Qiuran ....................................................................59 Geographically Based Narratives.......................................................................................................60 Availability, Seasonality, Habitat and Harvests.................................................................................70 Methods and Gear ..............................................................................................................................75 Processing and Storage.......................................................................................................................80 Culinary Aspects ................................................................................................................................89 Disappearance of Pacific Cod ............................................................................................................91 Reappearance of Pacific Cod .............................................................................................................94 Sockeye Salmon, Cayag.....................................................................................................................96 Arctic Grayling, Culugpaugar ...........................................................................................................99 VII. DISCUSSION............................................................................................................................99 Language Issues and Taxonomy ......................................................................................................100 Literature ..........................................................................................................................................102 Survey...............................................................................................................................................104 Red Salmon and Arctic Grayling .....................................................................................................104 Other Species....................................................................................................................................105 Traditional Knowledge.....................................................................................................................106 Processing Interview Tapes..........................................................................................................106
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