University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons
University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations Graduate School
1957
The rabbit : an illustrated anatomical guide
Edwin Chin Jr. University of the Pacific
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Recommended Citation Chin, Edwin Jr.. (1957). The rabbit : an illustrated anatomical guide. University of the Pacific, Thesis. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/1366
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·I I\ '''
THE RABBIT
AN ILLUS'I'RA'l1EO ANATOMICAL GUIDE
A Thesis .Pr•esE!mted to the Faculty of the Department of Zoology College of the Pacific
In Partial F'ulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree ',Master of Arts
by
Edwin Chin, Jr. ------.. , June 1957 CHAPTE:R PAGE
1 I. IN'1 RODUCTI ON • • . •. . . . • • • • • • • • • • • !J 1 Preparation of Materials • • • • • • • • • • • • J Killixlg the specimen • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3
Embali'\ling the specimen • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 Injection of, the circulatory system • • • • • 6 Skeletal preparation • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7
!I, EX'I1 ERNAI.~ FEA~'URES • • • , • • • • • • • • • • , • 8
III. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10
IV. rJIUSCULAR SYS'I'EM • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 45 Superficial f1uscles • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4.?
' . Subcutaneous Muscles • • • • • • • • • • • . . ~ 45 Muscles of the Neck and Back • • • • • • • • • •
f1us<~les of the 'rhroat and Chest • • • • • 0 • • .?1
Muscles of the Arm and Shoulder • • • • • • • • 52 Muscles of the I~'o:t'~arm • • • • • • • • • • • • • 57 £1uscles of the 'rh1gh and Leg • • • .. • • • • • .. 60
r1uscles of the Lo't';er Leg • • • • • • • • • 0 • • 66 v. !N'l'ERNAL ORGANS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 68 VI. RESPIRATOHY SYS'l'Er1 • • • • • • • • • • • . .. . • • 70 VII. HEART AND MAJOR VESSELS ...... •. . . . . 73
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • It ?3 The Major Vessels • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 75 iii CHAPTER PAGE VIII. AR.TERIAIJ CIRCULATION • • • • • • • • • • • " . . 80 Anterior Arteries ...... 80 'l'hora.cio Arteries • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 82
Abdominal Arteries • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 82 Mtv.jor ~ymphatic Ves~-;els • • • • . . " • • • • 8.5 IX. \f""ENOUS CIRCULATION • • • .. • • • • • • 0 • • • • 87
An.terlor Veins • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 87
Posterior Veins • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 88
x. • • • • • • 8 • • • 91 XI. • • • • • 0 • • • • * 16 • 93 XII. UROGENITAL SYSTEM ...... 100 U:rinary Organs • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 100
Male Reproductive Organs • • • • • • • • • • • 101
Female Reproduot:l.ve Organs • • • • • • • • • • 103 XIII~ CENTHAL NE:HVOUS SYSTEN • • • • • • • • • • • • • 105
Meninges • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • 105
Late:t•al Aspect of the Brain • • • • • • • • • 105 Medlan Sag it tal Section of the Br·ain. • • • • • 107 Po:t1sal Aspect of the B:r·a.5.n • • • • • • • • • • J.lO
Ventral Aspe<:~t of the Drain • • • • • • ,. • • 112 Spinal COl"d...... • • • . •. . . lll~ XIV. BIBI..IOOHAPHY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 116 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAQS
1. Lateral View of a Mounted Skeleton • • • • • • • • 11 2. Lateral View of' the Skull • .. • • • • • • • • • • 13
3. Medial View of a Sagitt-9.1 Section of the Skull il • 14 4 .. Dorsal View of the Skull • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15 5· Ventral View of the Skull • • • • • • • • • • • • 16 6. Lateral View of the Mandible • • • • • • • • • • • 19 7. r"iedtal View of t;he Mandible! • • • • • • .. • • • • 20 a. Anterior View of the Sternal Apparatus • • • • • • 22
9. .Medial View of the Scapula • • • • • e • • • • • • 23 10. Lateral View of the Scapula • • • • • • • • • • • 24 11. Anterior and. Posterl.or Views of the Humerus • • • 26 12. Antero... lateral View of the Hadius and Ulna • • • • 27 1:}. Dors£tl View of the Bones of the Hand • • • • • .. . 29 14. Inferior View of the Atlas (1st Cervical) • • • • Jl 1.5. Lateral Viow of the Axis (2nd Cervical) • • • • • 31 16. Superior View of a Typical Cervical Vertebra • • • 33 17. Lateral V1e"~<1' of' a Typical 1l'horacio Vertebra • • • 33 18. Later•al View of a Typical Lumbar Vertebra • • • • 34 19. Superior View of _a Typical Lumbar Vertebra • • • • 34 ;w. Ventre.l V:i,ew of the Sacrum • • • • • • • • • • • • 36 21. Dorsal View of the Sa.orum ...... •. ' )6 Lateral Sux•face of the Innom:l.nate • • • • • 38 Medial Surface of the Innominate • • • • • • . . ' 39 v FIGURE PAGE
24. Anterior and. Pos teri o:t' View of the Femur • • • • • 41 • • • • • • • • 43 26. Dor•sal View of the Bones o1' t.he li'oot • • • • • • • 44 27. Latere.l Vie~'! of the Sup(~rficial f•iuseles • •• • • • 46 28. Muscles of the Neck and Baok • • • • • • • • • • • 47 29. Muscles of the Throat and Chest • • • • • • • • • 50 30. Late:r8.1 V18w of tbe tvtusc,les of the Arm a.:r1d
Shoulder • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • :n. t1edial View of the Muscles of the iu.,.m and
Shoulder •• • • • • • e· • • • • I • .t • . .. . . 32. Cross Sect ton Through the r116.1Jl.le of the Humerus
33. Dorsal View of the Tend.o~(ls of the Forearm • • • • 59 34. Lateral Vie'tl>.r of· the Supsrficial P1uscles of the Thigh and Lag • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 62
35. Lateral Vtr~t'i of the Deep ~1uscles of the Thigh and Leg • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •. • 63
Me.dlal ViE~W of the Muscles of the Thigh • • • • • 64 Cross Section Through the Middle of the Femur .. . 65 J8. Cross Section Through the l\liddle of the
Ti.bic-Jil1 bula • • • • • • • • • • • .. . • • • • • 67 39. Anterior Vie-;.J of the Internal Organs • • • • • • • 69
40. Anterior View of the Thoracic .Organs • • • 0 • • • 72 i 41. Anterlor View of the He :art • • • • • • • • • • • • 77 ------
42. Dorsal Vi~w of the Heart • If • • • • • • • • • • • 78 43 .. Vessels of the Neck and Thorax • • • • • • • • • • 79 vi FIGURE PAGE Branches of the Aorta • • • • • • • • • . . . ' . ... 86 Tribut:a.r1es of the Venae Cavae •••••••••.• 90 46. Semi-Diagramatie View of the Hepatio-l?ortal System • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •. • • • • • 92
47. Anterior View of the Liver • • • • • • • • • • • • 98 48. Sem1~D1agramat1c Vielti of the lleoceoal Junction • • 99
49. The Male Urogenital. System • • • • • • • • • • • • 102 50. ~he :tt,ema.H~ urogeiti tal System • • • • • • • • • • • 104 51. Lateral View of the Brain • • • • • • • • • • • • • 106 SZ. Medial View of a Sagittal Section of the Brain •• 109 Dorsal View of the Brain ...... • 111 Ventra.l View of the Brain • • • • • • • • • .• • • ·.• 115 I. INTRODUCTION
While asslst;ing in a la bora. tory cou:r•se in mammalian anatomy at the College of the Pacific in the fall of 19.55,
1 t became necessary to utilize domestic rabbits, I.t!pus
caniculus:~ as a replacement for cats as dissecting material. As a result of this, it was noted that anatomically the rabbit was in many ways more desirable as a dissect1..ng mammal than the cat. Some notable advantages over the oat were (1) a more typical hyoid apparatus; (2} possession of
twelve pairs of r1.bs; (3) persistent right azygos vein; (4) three main branches from the aortic arch; and external and internal iliac arteries arising from the common iliac artery. rrhese adve,nced mammalis,n oharaoteristj_cs, as
observed in the preU.minary dissections, resembled so much the human anatomical condition that an investigation of the possible use of the rabbit for dissection in an introductory anatomy or mammalian anatomy course was initiated. An added advantage in the use of the rabbit for dls :>ection would be the lack of personal attachment for 1st bora tory ar11rnals such as the rabbitt whereas certain societies and groups of individuals often react negatively to the dissection of oats in the laboratory. The low cost and. earf:!ot' embalming and injecting is an added inducement for the use of :t•abbi ts as dissecting material. 2 This study on the anatomy of the rabbit was based on d.isseoted mt.tterial from the biological laboratories of the
College of the Pacific. Beo~use of existing errors in many of the present. references to rabbit anatomy, the gutde was prepared to meet the expressed need for a concise, illus trated outline of basic anatomy of the rabi;Jit which might be used by students in an introductory course in mammalian or human anatomy. Since it is assumed that the guide would be supplemented by a dlsseotion manual, syllabus, or textbook, textural material of such an outllne is he:r•e presented in outline form.
I wish to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Alden E• Noble, chairman of the Department of Zoology, College of the Pacific, whose 1nspir8.tion and guldanoe has made this study possible. I would also like to thank Dr. Donald L. Lehmann of the College of the Pacific and Miss Ecli th Grider, refer ence librarian of the College of the Pacific, for their generous donation of time and advice ln helping to make this study possible. PREPARATION OF MATEIHALS
. Most of the larger biological supply houses supply embalmed. rabbits; singly • doubly$ or triply injected. The cost of these preserved rabbits is about the same as for the cat,. .':'£!he following procedures were used tn'the prepara'!"' tion of' mc1.terials for this study; and they are recommended for those who 'fl~ish to use the more readily obtainable live rabbits.
KILLING THE SPECIMEN
The animal should be starved a day or two prior to embalming. This allows for evacuation of the digestive tract. Also, the dissection T1vill progress taore easj.ly. with a minimum of visceral and subcutaneous fat deposits. A large crock or garbage pail lATi th a tightly fi tti:ng cover is ideal as a killing chamber. A cotton wad soaked with ether or chloroform is dropped into the cha.mber and allowed to remain for at least 20 minutes. The animal should be dead and ready for emba.lrni:ng.
\IJhile. smaller mammals can be preserved. by simply open... ing tne body cavity and immersing them in a solution of formalin or alcohol• larger animals should be embalmed intravenously to insure adequate brain and visceral prese~vation. The embalming solution should be prepared ahead of' time and stored in a large 8-10 liter bottle w:ith a two hole rubber stopper.· ~f.lhe following solution, which is a modification of Keller's embalming fluid for the preparation of human cadavers in ana.tomi.ca.l study, was found to'be satisfactory for the rabbit.
' Commercial Formalin • • • • • • • 5 Parts Melted Carbolic f1,c1d Crystals • • 5 Parts Glycerin • • • • • • • . • • • • 5 Parts Distilled Water • • • • • • . .. • 8.5 Parts
The formalin acts as preservative and also gives firm~ hess to the muscles. rrhe glycerin prevents desiccation and hardening of the organs. The carbolic ac1d helps to I"etain color of the tissue and to improve the oc,ior of the specimen.
The animal should be placed on an embalming boa:rd and tied into the des1r~.1d position prior to hardening. The sites of injection for the embalming fluid are the common carotid and femoral arteries. The common carotid artery is located by a small incision in the neck region lateral to the trachea and anterior to the anterior border of the sternomastoid muscle. This artery lies in close :relation ship with the vagus nerve and internal jugular vein. The femoral artery is exposed by an incision on the medial sur face of the thigh in the region of the femoral triangle. Palpation of this area will reveal the course of the femoral artery. Expose the arteries from the surroundlr.ig connective 5
'~;;issue and slip ,a length of thread around them with a loose knot at th~ end. Cover the incisions with a. cotton wad d.ampened. w:tth distilled water to prevent the area from dry ... ing out. 'I'he gravity bottle should be placed about three feet .above ·the specimen containing the embalming fluid. The opening from the bottle should be equ',.pped with a rubber tube ancl a glass T. 11he terminal ends of the rubber tubing from the ..· glass T should be equipped with a glass c.ammla. approxi mately the same diameter or slightly larger than the diameter of the arteries to be cannulated. The arteries are incised.. half-way through with a V-sl1aped cut pointing towards the heart. •rhe glass cannula is carefully inserted into the artery and the cannula tied securely into place with Number
8 nylon thread.. Tying the loose ends of the thread a few times around the leg or neck region wlll prevent accidental removal of the cannula during the embalming process. TP.e flow of the fluid into the cannula can be controlled by two screw-type clamps on the rubber tubing. The embalming pro ... cess shou.ld be· c<;>m1)leted in about two hours. An average sized rabbit requires about 1~· to 2 liters of fluid. The embalming process is complete when the animal appears com ... pletely bloated. rhe limbs and nead should be immovable with the eyes bulging. If fluid is visible flowing from the nasal or oral passages, a cotton plug.should be forced into the aperture to prevent loss of fluid. 6
A v1etting sol uti em should be prepared and l{ept on hand 1 f----- for use as the d:lssect1on progresses. The following formula is recommended, L - ----
Melted Carbolic Acid Crystals... • • )0 grams. Glycerin •••• ~ • • • • • • • • • 250 oo. Distilled \vater • • • • • • • • • • • 1000 co.
INJECT! ON OF TIE CIBCDLATORY SYSTEM
The identification and dissection of blood vessels can be made easier with the aid of colored injection mass •. The following starch m Whlch :l.s 1r1expensi ve. L_atex injection rna. teri~:tls, however, are preferable because they impart elasticity to the vessels. Corn Starch • • • • • • • • • • • . 1 lb. Formalin • e • • • • • •••••• 100 co. Glycerin ••••••••••••• 100 co. Distilled water •••••••••• 500 co. Colored Dye Ca:rmine • • • • • • • • • • • • • Red Berlin Blue • • • • • • • • • • • Blu$ Lead Chromate ••• , •• o ••• Yellow '!'he injection of the circulatory system should not b~ started 1mmed1a tely after embalming. Tt through the carotid and femoral arteries. Injection ,___ ------should be directed toward the heart with considerable pressure. Venous injection (blue) is made through the '1 external jugular veln :tn the neok and the femoral vein in the thigh. The h~patio-portal system (yellow) is injected i;hrot1gh a:n ·1ntenst1na.1 branch of the hepatlc-portal vein, An incision into the abdominal cavity will locate the intestinal veins within the abdominal mesentery. SKELETAL PREPARNriON Freshly killed specimen are better suited for the prepar•t:l.tion of skeletal structures tht:m are embalmed ones. After removing as much of the soft flesh as possible; the ske.letal elements can be boiled in the follo~.;ing soluti on, Hard Soap .• , • • • • • • • • • • • • 25 grams Potassium.Nitrate • • • • ... • • • 12 gx•ams Strong Ammonia • • • • • • • • • • 150 co • Distil.led Water • • ~ • • • • • • • 2000 co • On$ part of the above stock soap solution should be diluted with J-4 parts water. Boiling should proceed, with freque:rl't examination. until the remaining flesh falls off or becomes soft enough ·to scrape off easily. For a disarticulated. skull, a young specimen is preferable because of the incom plete ossification of the sutures. Continual boiling in the solution will loosen the sutures suffloiently so that the bones may be easily separated. ll • EX'l'ERNAL li'EATtmES (No Figures) GENERAL BODY SHAPE Head., neck• thCJra.x, abdomen, recurved tail. anterior limbs • pos1;erior limbs. SKIN Hair - Making up the furry coat. Vibrissae ~ Enlarged tactile hair in the head region. l' Thigh, lower leg, :toot (with!~ digits), claws. SE.NSOHY ORGANS External Nares - Paired openings anteriorly located and. close together on the nose. Eyes - Prominent and antero ... laterally located. Movable upper and lower eyelids and third nicitating membrane at medial corner of. the eye. Ears • Large external ears (pinna) at the base of which is the external auditory meatus which leads to the tympanic membrane. 9 OTHER APERTURES Mouth - Anterior, bounded by fleshy lips. Upper li'p divided and undivided. lower lip. Anus - External opening of digestive tract. Urogenital openings - Male - Urogenital opening at the tip of the penis. Female ~ Urogenital qpen1ng into the vulva. EX'J.11U1NAL GENITAI~:tA Male ... Penis ~- Hi th .urogenital opening at the tip of the glans penis. Scrotum -Ventral and anterior to the anus. Prepuce - Skin fold surrounding the glans penis. Female ""' Vulva -External urogenital sinus. Clitoris • Female homologue of the male penis. SI~ELETAL sr.rRUCTURES Head Heglon ... ltngle of mandible t zygoma..tio arch, e:xter·nal occipital protuberance, hyoid bone. Trunk Region - Sternum with manubrium and xiphoid process. Iliac crest. Appendages ... Anterior extremity - Olecranon process. Posterior extremity .... Patella ana. oaloaneus• ! ) III~ SKELETAl. SYS'XIEM ENTIRE SKELETON - (Fig. 1) The labels o~ figure one are repeated on the appropriate portions of figures of the disarticulated skeleton. SKULL .~ (Figs. 2, :3 1 4, 5) Occipital .Bone - Surrounding fo:r•amen magnume opening through t-thioh the spinal cord passes. Basioccipital ... Basi-ventral portion of this bone. Exooolpi tal ""' Paired lateral regions bearing the occipital condyles • elevations for the articulation t Parietal ... Large paired bone~s forming posterior portion of the cranial vault. Frontal - Paired larger tht2l.n parietals and anterior to them. Each extending ventrally into the orbit. Na.se,l - Patred. 1 broad and. flat·t~emed bones. Anterior to the fronta.ls. Vomer - Single bone forming a portion of the nasal cavity and contributing to the nasal septum formation. CdLLda.l Sacral lu.mba~ Thc\l'aC.ic. Cervical .ManaA..bri~tm. Me+act"'mion Process. lsch\u.W\ Tibioti bll\;~ ,y,r= Ulnd ·' He'\-aca~?a L~ Calcanel.l~-~-~~~~~~ Phalanqes Ca~Pal~ 3~~~ F1s.l ~~'. SKEL~TON -\ -._.....__,_, i ! ! 12 Sphenoid. Bo:n.e .. Ventrally located. BasiSphenoid - Anterior and mediad to basioccipital. Containing sella turcica. on dorsal surface. Presphenoi~ - Slender and anterior to basisphenoid. Orbitosphenoid - Ventral portion of orbit, poster5,or to optic foramen. Alisphenoid ... Extends dorsally from basisphenoid. Temporal Bone - Lateral large flattened bones. Squamosal ""' Rectangular plate-l:pce paired bones forming the lateral wall of the cranium. Be€:\:dng the posterior root of the sygomatic aroh. Petromastoid ... Oblox:tg • p-aired bones with ven"i..ro I I later-al swellings (tympanic bulla) •. ,. I l_ ___ Also containing the external andit;ory meatus and mastoid process. Auditory Ossioles .... lVIalleus - Hammer. Incus - Anvtl. Stapes ..,. Stirrup. Mala.r Bone - Forming the mid portion of the zygomatic arch. Major Foramina of the Skull - Optic Foramen • Oval-shaped within the orbit. Transmits the optic nerve {II). SuPra.or-b-.1-al tronfal Pv-ocesc.:t lae~imal Nasat Proeess 0~ H··emaxi llar'i frenuz~i llarv ~ "Klerna l 't\,: \: ·· ·. :. r o., AudiforY Infra orbital Me.atu.s fora MeV\ 'Mcalal" ) t"S.r Mola~s Alvealal'" Proces~ ~a ramen Pa\ahne. .Maqnu.m Fts. 2 O~iPifa\. Condvle. 'Sfvloid ~oeess SKULL Latev-a.L V1ew OPiit Fotan\en Pari~tat ResPhenaid IOrbi{o_ fthrnoid 1 SPhenoid Triqemina\. ~?J Et h.O\o_ Turbi r\al Petro\lS TemPoral Maxi lfarv _Turbinal Para flocc\llar toss a. I Nasal Exoc~i {)tat E.xi:e.rna l Oc.c.iPital Prot11berance E.'iternal Nasal- APe.rtllre Fo\"ameru - Md lneisive Forame.n TYmPaV\\c.l - Btllla J:rt+erna.l ALlditnrY F1e.3 Meatus SKULL 5as\occi Pi tat Saqittdl ~ect\on E.'JCternal--,_ ':·+---- Prema"illa~Y No res Maxi l\arv \\46---- Nds ~~~~J.~--lY~oma{i c. 'Process ~~~~+----Su.btllfaneous f..oce$S ~n-T--- ~roV\-\- al ;..._~'irl---A~te"'ot- SIAf'raorbital frocess lYGo~atiC Arc.h. -+---...... ,..-- Po:>fet-1ot- 9uPtdGt-bital Process ~~.,__ __lYe:,ornatic. H·oces.~ ·H-t-~~~~~--~H--- 3a 9i-\-t a L <3 uttA \"e .~rJ'Irfl'~~~~~..::_--- Coronal ~Llhu·e. -~~--- SG.u.amou..s. TernPordl ..,.._ __ t'tterndl AwhtorY Medtu.s \\\~--- s~\Aamosal i'roeess cf SGuomou.3 TemPoraL Parie+al 1Vl1erParie1a L FIG. 4 ~:de~nal OcciPi1al f'ro~"'betance. SKUlL Dorsdl Vtew ~---- Inc.iso\1' Pre vtta xi\ lar'/---j.i..J. ~---- PalcJine Pv-oeess o-f' PremaxillarY .,...... ,.__ ___ Incisive. -Foramen lvrfracrbital -tDramen ~~~~- Pa\a{iV\e ?roce~s of Wlaxi llarY 1 '''WIIi'=~~~-~~- Po~+er\o\" fa\ahne -f-oraMeVL .j,j...... _ZYC:.oMa+i c. A~!!.h.. ·~----1---.lll---- SuPra orb i +a L Process ~,..-4-----J.-11.-- Pa\ati n e. Ante.~,·or SPhenoidal f~rameY\. -w--r..~~WI-~---I)ac;,\ ~ Phe noi d ~~~-4---- Bd~·, occ·, Pi tal ___..,___ TYWtPClhiC. Bu..\\a. ....u•i\i~- Mas.1oi d Proc.e ~£.> ''li-•··.-- ExterV\al Carof·a! Exlerna[ fovahten Audi+ottY StYIDid Melttuc; Proc.e~~ ~o~amevt Fte. 5 Maqn l.tVY\ £:)(terl'\a l OcciPital SKULL Pro11A heraVlce.. Vevrtva L \/ie.w 17 Infraorbital Fo~amen - Within maxillary bone at zygomatio prooess. Orbital Fissure ... Vertical sllt-llke aperture within the o:rbi t. Foramen Rotund.um - l?osterlor portion of orbital fissure. Permits passage of nerves III. IV, VI, and the 1st and 2nd divisions of V. ll'oramen Ova.le ... Pos tertor to foramen rotundum. F~or the passage of the mandibular bran.oh of trigeminal nerve (V). Internal Carotid Foramen - For internal carotid artery. Posterior Palatl.ne F'oramcn - Anterior opening piercing hard palate. Anterior Sphenoidal Ii'oramen ... For passage of internal maxJ.llary ~:ll,rtery. Stylomastoid. Foramen - },<'~or passage of facial nerve (VII}. Jugular Foramen - At the median posterior en f1andibular Foramen - On mecUa.l surface of r'E.~.mus immed.i ... ately posterior to last molar tooth. Transmits nerves and vessels to the mandible. Mental Poramina - One 'or more on lateral surface of each ramus at anterior end. Alveolar .Process - Bearing the two premolar and three mole.r teeth- Diastema - Space between lst premolar and the two large . incisor teeth. HYOID BONE - Stout wedge ... shaped bone. Body of Hyoid. - Central broad portion from Which the . greater e.nd lesser cornu project. Gree1.ter Cornu - Large element extending dorsally from the body of the hyoid.• Lesser Cornu - Small element partly cartilag:i.nous. Connected a.ntero-dorsally to the body of the hyoit.'l. STE:RNUI-1 ... {Fig. 8) Linear arra.ngement of six segments {sternebrae) • \ Condyle:. J' fhe t1\ar\d i ble. Ascet\di"q RanuA.~ jlAPta-anqtA..ldr ~ · I"c.i !Otr Nofe. h:. ""' . ··.\. ·" \':-"\., . Anqle.-·-_,_ '. ' '\\. of . ._, Mat1 dihle. MeW~+al 1nset-ti on. of' -Foramen Masseie.. Musele Body af Mar\dible F1G.6 MANDIBLE Late~al VLew ''"'· .... ''"'''"_,.,.-,....~.,...,_ ConJv\e ot ManJi b\e MaVldi bt.dcn• No.\.ch. Ase.e\'\tlil-tq Ramu~ 1nc.i.~olt" --- Su.Pra_ Avtqu.la.t? Notc..h_ Mand.\ b\l.\a.. Me"fal -fora\1\'\en SYMPhvs\~ Bod'/ ci Ma~\b\e.. F1G.7 MANDIBL[ Media.l Vie.UJ I ,- 21 f1anubrium ... 1st sternebra. f/!ost a.nterio~ of' segmen.ts. Body of Sternum - The middle four sternebrae. Xiphoid Process - The elo:ngat~d sixth sternebra. Xiphoid Cartile.ge - Broad flat cartilage attached to the sixth sternebra or xiphoid process. Costal Cartilages - Latere.lly placed to ster•num. F'or the attachrnent of the r:Lbs,. CLAVICLE - Imperfectly developed.. Slender ro.d-like partially . of cartilage. Medially attached by sternoclavicular lige,ment e.nd laterally by clej_dodumeral ligament. SCAPULA - (Pigs. 9, 10) Dorsally located. ~t?riangular ... shaped bone. Artl.culat1ng ,,ri th the humerus and forming a portion of the pectoral girdle. Spine of Scapula ... Prominent ridge on la:tera.l surface. Acromion Process ~ Antero•ventral porjectlon of spine. Metacromion Process - Second projection pes tero..,ventre.lly from the spine near the acromion process. Glenoid Fossa - Cavity for articulation with the humerus. Coracoid Process - Anterj.or projection medial to glenoid fossa. Supraspinous :B'ossa - La:t;eral surface of scapula. Antero dorsal to spine, Infraspinous Fossa - Lateral surface of scapula. Postero ventral to spina. Subscapular Fossa. - Ce.v i ty on medial surface of scapula. He a.~-..-,; +--__;,__1 u.be. rc l e Cost a l----1!:;.~ Ca.rblaqe. 1I m 1- , m: 111---- '/.. i Phoid Proc.ess ...,___Xi Pho\d Co~iila~e FIG. 8 SITRNAL APPARATUS 5u.bscaPl.lldt- foss a Coracoid ~~ S11Perior Ned{ of ScaPu.\a. Bo..-der Su~erior Anqle Su.Pra_G l.enoiJ ~ TLLber-a I.e -"-- '~=}\-=.:- ~lenoid tos~a. ------~< Intra_Glenoi d Tu.berele. ""''."\. "'-- ·--~--- ,. --- """'' .... ~-=- ::::::. u-Vr'--+ ,. . .· -~---. . ~~. ,~~--:-"""= .. ' ~n ~~'f:.I--M 1 ~ . ·- ~·· .... ,,.,. . 6> Acromion· eTd~rP. emtmn. . '''> ---"· ~··, ,~0:_;-~~ <::==Y· 'd)! Pro~ess ..-oc.es.s A ,~c~X)··>:~~~~· .. ,f Xi\\1 d ,...:;;; ·; '-'<' -:_. • ·, ·::-- ' Bani~~~, "· •... ·~' . ·-'- fls.9 ·scAPULA Interior Anq le Media.L View .5~~r;0 ,. S11Pr a sri no us fo~o;a . gILfr a q le noid Col'ac.oid P... oe es s qle ~ J. S\APeri or Rot-ode.~ Tu.berc.le r.=--~~J---· --·~4!11. ~--Glenoid .fossa. ,,,;;;g:;~:r= ' Infra- Glenoid v~!;~~~·--f~ . {1!~~:-::J/~-~,= Tllberl!.Le -- - /n/~ Ac.roWJion -- Process · \!\;. --- !.: \I . t .u., Metac.romion. . ·, ~.\\' \!:. i' SPine o\l Process SCdPll\d. ~~-- ;;_<~;:-~·.>_., __ Infe--ior. flG.lO AV\ Coracoid (Supar~.(;r) - Anterl or margtn. Ax.illary {Glenoid) - Posterior mf:trgin. Angles of the Scapula - Superior (Medh1.l) - dorsally located. Inferior (Posterior) - Posteropventrally located. Glenoid (Lateral) - Anteriorly located. HUr1ERUS - (Fig. 11) The single bone. of ths upper arm. Articu lates Nith the scapula of' the pectoral girdle. Head - l'ostero-medJ.ally dirE}cted. Articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula. Greater r.ruberosity .- Antero·~lateral prominence near• the head of the numerus. Lesser Tuberosity - f•1ed:tal promtnence near the head. Intertubercular Groove ... Deep furrow separating the grea.ter e.nd lesser tuberosities. Diaphysis - Central, elongated shaft of humerus. Epi~hysis - The extremities (proximal and distal) of the humerus. Trochlea ~ Medial ~~rt of distal articulating surface. Capitulum - Lateral part of cUstal arth1ule.ting surfaoe for the articulation of the radius. Medial Ep1_condyle - Small projection proximal to trochlea. La.teral Epicondyle ... Lateral projection prox.ima.l to capitulum. ~__,;..;.jf.--De ltc\cl Rid9e ~---~haft-~ of \-lumet-l.lS NuJrient-_....,~..... Foramen late~aL EPicondyla r R:d<\Q F,e.ll Trochlea Pol)le.rior View HUMERUS An~erior View ,.,.,.,.~~- £Pi?h'lsedl l ihe ~-- (!)Leera~oV\ 'Proce~~ '~--Coronoid Proe.ec:,~ af Rad' \A.~ Shaft-----+ -~t---- Sha-f+ of of Rad\u..~ Ulna StYloid ~ocess----~ ULK.a. of' ',l:.ll--- ~\vl oi d ?"" oeess of 'Rdd. ~ u. Ci Fte.l2 RAD\US AND ULNA AVl.tero_late.ral View \ 28 Radial Fossa - Anterior surface. For the articulation of the radius.• Olecranon Fossa - Posterior surface. For the articula• tion of the olecranon process of the ulna. ULNA -, (lilig. 12) Larger of the two forearm bones. Vertically flattened.. Olecranon Process -Dorsally projecting elbow process. Semilunar Notch .... Distal to olecranon process. Articu... lates with the trochlea of the humerus. fiadial Notch ... For the apticulatio:n of the radius. Styloid Process - Projection at distal end of ulna. RADIUS - (Irig. 12) Shorter and. smaller of the two forearm bones. Coronoid Process ... Proxlmal projection near hee.d. Head of Badius ..;, Proximal extremity for articulation with· ulna. and capitulum of humerus. Styloid Process - Projection at distal erld of radius. CARPALS - (F,ig. 13) Nine '1wr1s t bonestt arranged in ttio rows. :Proximf:tl Row ... Navicular, lunate, triquetrum; and pisiform. Distal Row - Greater multan.gular, lessrJ.lr multangular; oentral, capitate, and hamate. METACARPALS .... Pive elements eaoh with base, body and head. PHALANGES ... Three elements on each of the d.igi ts except the first which has only two. Terminating in claws. VERTEBRAL COLUMN ... (Fig. 1) Dors&.l segments divided into: Cer• vioal, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Caudal elements. ~-S,Ylcid Proc.e«i~ ''..:.1---~~++---~f..l+.+-- Proximal Third Phalan fiG.l3 HAND BONES Dorsa.l View JO Cervical Vertebrae ""' 7 in numbeJ?. Supports head. Atlas ... (F'ig. 14) The first c.ervieal vertebra articu lating with the occipital condyles of the ooeipital bone. No centrum present. Foramen Transversarium ... One pair on eaoh cervical vertebra • . Lateral to centrum, Atlanta! Por.amen - One on each side. Dorsal to anterior articular sur ... face. For passage of vert$bral artery and vein. Axis - (Fig. 15) The second cervical vertebra. Odontoid Prooe.ss - Anterior projection whtch represents the centrum of the atlas. Other Cervloal Vertebra ... (Fig. 16) Centrum- Heavy bod.yof the vertebrae. Neural Arch - Arch dorsal to centrum. Neu~r>al Canal ... (vertebral foramen) opening formed by arch for passage of spinal cord caudad. Neural Spine - (spinous process) Single dorsal median projection. Transverse Process ~ Usually paired lateral projections for attachment of muscles. Ne.u.raL ':>Pine Anterior .Articular ~u.rtace. AtlaV\~d l ~otaMen .~-4--- Transver~e Ptoces~ Fle.l4. ATLAS lVlferiar VieW ··~....,f!IIT' '~H'--- Pode~ior TtAberc.\e Ot A'ii9 Neural--~;;... ·At'ch ;-.;;~~~-Pos~er\or A~1ic.u.\ar Neu.ral Canal--- 5Urfac.e. ~~..----: Odon+aid Proc.e.ss Anter\or . Artic.u.la\" SL.trface. ForaW\e\\ Tr!lnsve\"sarilAM FIG.l5 AXIS ld-\-eral Vi e.w 32 Articular Surfaces "" Ante:rior and po~terior pairs., Thoracic Vertebrae ... (Fig. 17) Typically twelve in num ber. Characterized by late~al attachment of the rlbs. Costal Facets - Articular surface for ribs, One pair o:n en.o.s of transverse process. Other pa,ir on Centrum, ~ith part of each facet on centra and part on a:n adjoining one, !tach 11 half fe,cet'• is called a demifaoet, Mam1llary Process - Small lateral projections on the most caudal of the thoracic vertebrae •. Lumba;r Vertebrae .... (Figs. 18, 19) Seven 1n number and are typically more massive and prominent. Absence of costal and tubercular facets for ribs. '!transverse Process - Long and. extending cranio laterally. Centrum - Heavy in size relative to that of' other vertebrae. Mamillary Process - Small lateral projections near anterior articular facets. For attaohrnent ot the longitudinal muscles of the back. Neu.rat Arch An4erlor -~~~ --~· ..,.--Po~terior .Adic.u.\dr rubet-c.le ~tArface lVe.llra l Canal-----~,fi-- ~--Anie.r\ar Al-1icu..lat '3~tfac.e. Po'5+eriol"-~ r u.be rc. \.e. ~~tP--- Fordmen Tt-am.verc;ar'nA.~ r~~r---Tt-ar\S\lerc;,e Process ./ CE?nlru.m Fte.l6 CERVICAL Su.Pe.rior VieUJ N&urdl--~· SPine r~ansver~e Process FIG.l7 THORACIC later-at Vie.w MaMilldrY Proc.QSS _ __,,._ Pos\et-ior Atficu tar Su~face----1 Neural Ca~al--- ~---~ Transverse Accessot'Y Process Procec:.~ -~r:;.... ~-Cen{ru.m F1s.l8 . LUMBAR Late.ral View Posterior Articu.lar StArtare:-~ N~u.ra.l Arch.---lllfl AccessorY Pracess----..f'.'-JIMII' §Af/).1)~._:~ Fla.l9 LUMBAR Su.Pe.v-iar View Accessory Process - Posteriorly directed. One below each of the posterior articular facets. Sacral Vertebrae ~ (Figs. 20, 21) Four in number, With partial or complete fusion into a single element, the sacrum, This provides a firm structure for the articulation of the pelvic girdle, . Int~rvertebra.l li'oramen - lHVifled into an.ter.tor sacral and posterior sacral foramina through which the d.orsal and ven tral nerve roots pass. Auricular Process - For the artioulatlon of the innominate bones. Formed by the lateral elements of' the first two sacral vertebrae. Neural Spines ... Highly reduced on the dorsal surfaoe. Cal~d.al Vertebrae - (Fig. 1) Usually 16 in number. All are small and lack1ng prominent pro cesses for musole attachment. RIBS ... (J?1gs. 1 1 8) Normally 12 pairs in number. Cux>ved,.flat tened. bones which artlculate with the tho!"aoio vertebrae dorsally and the first seven with the sternebrae ven trally by means \crt the cos ta.l cartilages. SuPerior At-+itl!.lafinq 5Lt.r.face SuPerior Att,~c.u.\a{ir\c.t 'Su.rf'd ce .- · ;' Au.ril!u.la Sw-face S_'2. Anteriot- ~acral foramen •M f'CY.:. teri at- s_-s l~e.\A.Ydu~1\1 l r~'"" s:~ Sac.ral 5rine Fora met\ 5_4 •H1: Media~ Sac"al ForaM\1\a FIG. 20 Ventral ViQW FIG. 2l SACRUM Dorsal View -- --- )7 Capitulum (Head) ..... Vii th which the rib articulates w1 th the costal demifacets of two con tiguous thoracic vertebrae. Tubercle - vH th t'lhich the rib articulates with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebrae. Neck of the Rib - Constricted are&l betVJeen head and tubercle. Angle of the Bib - $harpest bend in the shaft of the rib. Body of the Rib .... Shaft or flattened surface. ·True Ribs ... f'lrst seven ribs l....rhose cos to-sternal ends articulate with the sternebrae directly. False Hibs - The remalni:n:g five ribs (8-12) :not artiou"" lating with the sternum. Becoming pro gressively a typical caudad. Floating Ribs - Those of the false ribs whose oosto-sternal attachments are incomplete • .LNNOtUNA'J:I:: BONE - {Ji'.igs. 22; 2)) F'ormed by the fusion of three major bones on each side of. the body. 1'he right and left elements making up the pelvic girdle. The innomin~te is formed bY. the f'uiSion of' the ilium. ischiumJ and pubis. Ilium ... Antero-dorsal projection.. Articulates· '!.'11th the suriouJ.ar process of the sacrum. 1\il.lm--~~~ Nllh\ert~-___.~11114.--1 ihfi----Inferior Po~terio~ ForaV\\evt S?ine • 1\'dM~r~----A~r~eti O\" Inferior SPine ~~IIH+I--- Bod'# ot I\iLl'M IlioPe~tineal----luiii' Line.. ···!llua---- Grea-\e~ Scidtic. Notc.h. IlioPecJi neal .,._____A ce.t abu.\ u.m t~i nence----,. Pu.bi s -~_,__ --Ac.etabu.\dt- Notch Pubic--F Tl.lberde ---'-'"''"' Obhn·atar -----l~t"-- f"cramen ·;\~---lesser g~ia+ic. Inferio\" -·----~~t"iiv N~tc.h.. Rarnu.s- ot Isc.hit.U'\'t · ~-la\eral Ischial Fte. 22. ·. Tu..berosifV INNOMINATE -.:...,_~~~---lsc.h i \1.\'\'\ La+e.ra.L Su.~face Anterio"--'-;~\\\~. SIA.Perior 'SPine · ~~~~~-MQdial Su.rface af 1\ i \0'\\ (Iliac Fossa) :-l----l?o~ teri o~ lnte.rinr ~Pine Anterior --.fill ~--Au.~ic.ll.\al" Slltf'ace lhferior SPine Acetabu.lar -~~ Rim I l i oPect i neat EM i ne n c.e _ ____,.,,4: Pu.bis- Pubi c-~~r::-tt T!Ab€rcle ~--ls~hial '3Pine P&.lbic.--~~' SYmPhYsis \--- Les~e~ Sciatic. Note. h. "~~,....._-lc:,c.hi al Tu.bero~itY Fte. 23 ~-I~ch\u.m INNOMINATE Med\a.l Surtdc.e 40 Isohium·,... Ventro ... postertor ,portion. Note the ischial tuberosity and ischial spine. 'l'his bone forms pax·t of the 1sch1o-pub1o symphysis by which the right and left 1nnomimtes are joined ventrally9 Pubis - Ventro-anterior portion. Right and left halv~s meet in the midline to form the pubic symphysis,. Acetabulum - A socket lnto ~-.rhich the head of the femur a:t>tioulates. Acetabular Bone - Sma~.11. Forming a portion of ·the rim of the acetabulum. Obturator F1oramen - Large oval opening between the ischium and pubis. FEr-1UR - (Fig. 24) The single bone of the thigh region. · A~tioulates with the innominate ·bone. Head. - Ball-shaped articulating directly vJ"ith the 'acetabulum of the innominate. Neck - Constriction dis·ta.l to tb.e head of the femtw. Greater· 'i1roohe.nter, ... Heavy beak-like projeot1on anterior to the head. Forms the la t~ral and proxlmal end of the bone. Lesser Trochanter - Postero-medial projection distal to ·the head. Lateral Trooh<:1.nter - On the lateral surft1.ce of trv3 femur opposite the lesser trocha:l).ter. Troohanterio Fossa ~ A deep depression medial to the greater trochanter. ~...... ,_ __ Grea~et- t rochan-\ Head of Femu.r Trochanteric. Fossa u.~rient Foramen lateral £PiCondvle Lateral CondYle In~ercondvlar ~~~~~Notc.h. Avr\erior View Poc:,terior View 42 Lateral Condyle .... Lateral distal articulatil\;~ surface. fJJedial Condyle - Medial dis tal articulating surface .. !ntercondyloid Fossa - Depression between the two condyles. Patellar Groove - On anterior surfe.ce. Distal end of femur. PATELLA ... (Fig. l) A sesamoid ... type bone 11 formed by an ossifi.,. cation ~·11 thin the quadrlceps tendon, TIBIO-I•'!BULA - {Fig. 25) Separate tibia and fi'bla bones at the proximal ha.lves arJd fused throughout the dist~ll half' of the bone. Lateral Condyle .... ProxiiiJEl,l lateral artioulatine; surface. Medial Condyle - Proxlm~:1.l medial articulating surface. Crest of Tibia ... An:teT'ior ridge on til;:>ia bone. Medial Malleolus - Medial projection at distal end. LateN1,l Malleolus ... Later~11 projection at distal end. The f-~~- distal end of the ttbio ... fibula bone artic.ula tes with the calcaneus and $stragalus tarsal bones. TAF.t:;AL BONf~S - (Fig. 26) ''Ankle bones 11 &!"ranged in two rows. Proximal Row - Astr(;l.galu~:; and caJ,caneus. Intermediate Bone - Navicul(.".t.r. Distal Row - 2nd ancl Jrd cunej.form and the cuboid bone; The 1st cu:n.eiform is partially fused with the proximal portion of the 2nd metatarsal. METATARSALS -. (Fig. 26) Four in number, the lst being a.bsent, each with .F.l bf.tse, body t and head.. PHALANGBS - (Fig. 26) 3 elements on each of the digits. ~~~~~~~--I l'ltercondvl ar tV'~\ i nen ce ~g~~~~e-~h\ol!i\ ~r---- La\era \ Cond'lle tPiPh"fse.al. Lihe.. ---I-Mirl~- ~re~t at ·hbia :~-Fibl.l\a. EPiPh'1seal line Mecl&a.L --+· ·1\1111~-- Ld\era\ Malleolus Malleolu.g FtG. 25 Posterior A ieu.\al\nq SIAtfdc.e. TIBIO-FIBULA AV\{e\"i OV' VIew Troehlea. ----t~ of Tal\1<3 i...JL.a--Ti bi~- ~i bu.\ or Artic.v..lar Sv..~~ace TaltLc;-- U----~aleaneus Nd\JiCLLidr--...... ~ ._,h!IV\. ..111~ ~~--Cubo',d ~ econd Cu.r\ei ~orm----1ee~~, ThirJ CLAneiform ''ftii•V.:J--1 V\sertion of Peroneu..cs Brevis ...~~.-.._ Bo~y ~f ~i~th. Meta tar-sal !' Third Mi£i I I' ]I' SUPEfiFICIAL MUSCLES - (Fig. 27) SUBCUTANEOUS MUSCLES Cutaneous Maximus ... A broad. thin muscle co:nnect1ng the slrin to t~ body wall. From ·che proximal humerus to the skin. Moves the skin. Platysma ~ A thin muscle arising from the manubrium to insert at the base of the ear. Covers most of the head and neck. Moves the facial skin. NUSCJ... ES OF' THE I\LECK AND BACK - (F'ig. 28) 8plenius - Nid.-d.orsal fascia to the crest of the supra occipital bone.. Aids in turn1r:~g and raising head. Ocoipi toscapularis ... From the crt::~st of' the supraoccipital bone to the inferior angle or the scapula. Draws scapula do:rso-cra:nia.d •. Anterior Trapezius ... (Superlor) Crest of occipital bone to the spine and rneta.oromion process of scapula. Draws scapula dorso ora:n1a~. Post:erto:r Trapezius (Inferior) Splnes of thoracic ver- tebrae and lumbodorsal fascia to the spine of the scapula. Draws the soapula dorso-eaud.ad. S I.Af'e ri or T ra Pez.i ll':» lahs~imu.~ Tensor Dors.i Parotid Glat\d Fa~c.id. latae Tem't>ora\is BicePs Femoris s lluY\bodarsa\ ~mimernbr.anosi Fasc.id. olec.ra non Pr~c.e.s b~e.nso~ l:)iQiWru.m Co E"l leva~o~ SeaPuh.e--- Tere~ \/eYttralis Minoa ~~AcrClMiOV\ AY\\er\ or Proces~ T\--al'eli \L':l H---·IP~~)' Ma-r~v lric.ef>s &rac.hi. l'd sri na"t\A.t;, Me.+acmmi SPteni u.s Prcc..e.~s ·, PitascaP~.t\ari g Pos\erior lra~e2iu.~-- ~h~n\boideu.<.; Rhombo·, I:U•I"-- CaPiTiS Infra SPi na11A.~ ~-Serra1lA. ~ latis.-s\rn~.ts Dorsi-- YY\aqnl.\s. E-x\e.rnn\. O'k,tiG~u.e- I Lor\qic:,~i rY\IA.'3 Do\'"~i ~-- Lu.rnbodorsat- ' Fasc·,o.. ~~....-['AterV\al Ob\iaiAe. S11Pertic:u1l Muscles DeeP Mu.scles, FIG. 28 NECK AND BACK MUSCLE.S 48 Latissimus Dorsi - Lurnbo-dorsal fascia to the proximal medial surface of the humerus, DraliS the humerus dorso-oa.udad~ Levator Scapulae Ventralis - Basioccipital bone to the metaoromion process of the scapula. Draws the shoulder and arm dorso-oraniad~ Rhomboideus - Spines of' cervical and thoracic vertebrae to the vertebral border of the scapula~ Draws the scapula oranio-mediad. Serratus Ventralls - {Magnus) Sternal ends of the 2nd ... 8th ribs to the infer lor c"'tngle of the scapula. Draws the scapula ventrally. gxternal Oblique - Lumbodorsal fascia. and posterior ribs t.;o the linea alba and pubis. Con stricts abdomen and viscera. Longissimus Dorsi ... Epaxial muscle tn the area of the vertebral column. Follows the vertebral column throughout its entire length, Alds in moving the vertebral colunm. LUMBODORSAL FASCIA - (Fig. 28) A t-Jide sheet of tough, white fascia covering the lumbar region. For origin and insertion of several impor tant muscles of the baok reglort~ 'lriidi·'\\(; 49 MUSCLES OF THE THROAT Atl'D CHEST ... (Fig. 29) Sternomastoid - From the manubrium to the ~nastoid process. Ro-tates and drerws the head ventrad. Cleldomastoid ... Nastoid process to th0 clavicle. Draws the clavicle cra.niad. Basioclaviculen:•is - Basiocoipi tal bone to the clavicle. Draws clavicle and shoulder craniad. Masseter - ZygomG,tic arch to the lat;eri£tl surface ~and. ramus of tho mandible. Elevates the rnand1ble. Digastric ... t1asto1d and jugular process to the mandible ne&\r the mental symphys,is. Depresses mandible. !4ylohyoid - t"'ylohyoid llne of mandl ble to the median raphe. naise:;; the floor of the mouth. Sternohyoid. - r1stnubrium and lt~t costal cartilage to the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. Draws the hyoid appare.tus caudad. ~>ternothyroid - Sternum and 1st costal cartilage to the greater co:rnu of the hyoid bono. DrtaNS the hyoid apparatus oaude.d. Sternothyroid - Sternum and lst costal cartilage to the lateral surface of t;hyrold cartilage of the larynx. nraws larynx caudad. Cricothyroid - li'rom the cricoid cart j.lage to the thyro :ld. cartilage of the larynx. S\J.l): :orts larynx, 50 Pectoralis MaJor - A large sheet of muscle covering most of the chest. region. F'rom the manu brium and sternebrae II and III·to the proximal medial surface of the humerus. Draws the humerus mediad. Pectoralis Primus ... Manubrium to the mediGll surface of the humerus. Dravn;; humerus mediad. · Pectoralis Minor - Manubrium to the clavicle and spine of the scapula. Draws arm and. shoulder towards the chest. Scalenus - Lateral rib surface to t.he cervical vertebrae. f>'Ioves the r1 bs craniad as in respiration. •r:ra:nsve:rse Costarum - From the second sternebrae to the 1st rib. P:r•aws the ster:nur..1 anterior. External Intercostal - Pibers between the true ribs. Draws the ribs forvJa.rd as in l"'espiration. Internal Intercostal - Fibers at rlght angle to the external intercostal. Draws the ribs backwards. Aids in :respiration. JExternal Oblique - Last ribs and lumbo lin~a alba an.d pubis. Constricts abdomen Internal Oblique - Beneath external o'bllque. Lumbodorsal fascia to linea alba.. Fibers run a:c an arl.gle to the external oblique • Constricts abdomen. S\-vl oqlos~u..'l-----t,-....,. ~-Mvl~hvoiJ ~-D,'qa~h-ic.u.s HYoid Bone __ r--- Ma.~~e.ter 1h'frcJ4YGid liq ..- lh'frcid Car1ila"'~-~~ ~-SternohYoid IY\t. Col\ sterh~masro\d ~~s::::-. ~i'et-nothYtaia '3Plel')iU.1-~--~ :....,~ ~~~~-~-na~I.·, c.\au\cu.ldri~ Oeti t>ito ~---...-=:-____,~ nt==-~--:::::.._~~t: le idamd ~ toid ~caPtA.Ia ri ~--c\a "ad e.ltoid Cora~obrach;alis-~ Pedov-alis Minor Pectora \is Pri MIA.C:. Sl.lb5CclPu..l -...... ~.....,.,. &ce.P5 Brac.hi i Sc.a Br4~hia.\is llm e t'\A. c; Pedora\\s Ma.}or Cu..+aheou.c::. MdXiYYJU5 Latissi~\A..s Dor~·, 9erratu.s Maqn\AS Ex1e~na\ Ob\\aWL TraV\'lver~u.s ;.l:!'l"'r.~~fi---Linea. Alba Rec..tu..~ Abdomini'3 --- ~~ ..,liirlk~~:.&,;,JY, De.e.P Muscle5 ~u.Pertiti a.\. Mv.sc.\ es F,e. '2.9 TI-\ROAT ~NO CHEST MUSCLES .52 Transversus Abd.ominis - Beneath lnternal obl:lque. Lumbo·~ fascla and pos te:rior ribs to . , linea alba. Constricts abdomen. Rectus Abdominis .., Ventral surface of sternum and costal ear·tilages to the pubic symphysis. Runs lateral to llnea alba. Constricts abdomen and retracts ribs. MUSCI.. ES OF Tlm Af:H1 AND SHOULD!~R - {Figs. JO 1 31) Clavodel told - (Clavobrachialis) Clavicle to the n1~Lddla of the humerus. Extena.s the arm. Acromiodeltoid - Acromion and metacromion process to the deltoid ridge of the humerus. Flexes li'.nd abd.ucts the arm. Spinodal toid ... Spine· of the scapula. to the deltoid ridge. Hotates and flexes arm. Supraspinatus - Supraspinous fossa of' the scapula to the greater tmberosity of the humerus. Rotates, abducts and extends the arm. Infraspinatus ... Infraspinous fossa to the greater tuberosity. Rotates arm laterad.. Teres MfljOr - Axillary border of the sciipula to --the greater tuberoslty of the humerus. Flexes and rotates the arm mediad. Teres Minor - Axillary border of ·bhe scapula and sub scapularis muscle to the insertion of the teres major. Ji'lexes and rotates arm mediad, 53 Subseapular1s - Medial surface of the scapula to the lesser tuberosity of the humerus. Ad.ducts ana. rotates arm mediad. Coracobrachialis - Co1.. aoold process of scapula to the prox:um=Jl surface of the humerus. Exten.d.s and rota.tes arm med.iad. Triceps Brc·t¢h11 - Consist-s of three heads. Lateral Head. "'"' (Caput L$tterale) From the proximal shaft of the humerus to the olecranon process of the ulna. Extends forearm. Medial Head - (Caput Media.le) From the middle of the shaft or the humerus to the olecranon process of the ulna.. Extends the forearm. Lo:t1g Head, - {Caput Longum) :V"rom the axillary border of the scapula to the olecranon proces-s • .Extends the forearm and, flexes the arm. 11:p1 trocl'llear ... Ventrml border of the latissimus dorsi near its :t:nsertton lnto the humerus to the olecranon p:r.ooess of the ulna, Extends the forearm and rotates the ul:na. Brachial is ... From the m~.ddle of the humerus to the radius. Flexes the forearm. Biceps Braoh:U..... From the- r...;upraglenold ttuberosi ty of the scapula to the proximedial surface of' the rad.ius. Flexes for•earm. Pectoralis Mino Pos\erioy- 1rdPeZilAS Anterior TraPe'Z.iU..'=> leva1or Scaru.la.e Ve~t Rhomoohje l..l<5 Bdsicla\li c ari s ~~In-fras~ina.t\ls ~-5Pinode.L-tDid Serratus Md~r'llA~ .;,~~rJ/fl/J:.m--,~r--Teres MaJor Clavicle ~"fjf-\.a1i ssi m~A.s Dar£.'! c.ldvcdel toi d ~--~'1-Tric.ePs Rrac.hi i Acrcmiodet toid (Lonq Head) . Brac.hlalis- Bicepg Brachii --~: w1.w~- C~.t-taneallc; Maxim LA.~ .~-~~-Tt-iCePs Brachi\ (Latex·u.\ Head) Extensor Cd.rPi Radialis lt>n9us Hlitf!:!r-t--f:xtensov- Diqitcru.m C.nmYntn.nis JPHf"r+Hf-- txt e.n saY' Di q i -bru.m Late.ra lis t:)(tensD-r Cnrvi \1\Y\aris F\.exar CarPi IA.\nai"\S J+9-l-lf!ltT.f-- Utn Cl. ~ I , rH3.3o ARM AND SHOULDER MUSCLES LaterciL View Rhornbo:deus Gr-eatev- TlA. be rc c;;r\'/ -.-'"+--Lesse\" TIA.DeY'as\-\v r:--+-::-r--L'oracobrach\a\\ s TendoY\ ot &ic.e?s Brac.h\i . 1e.res Ma:rcr ~lfrll-- &ellY nt BicePs Brac'nii Tric.ep~ --- Btac.hi i TtiQePS Brae.hi\ ( Lcnq Head) (Me.dial Head) t'd·. CarPi Radio\i~ lanqtA.s Ext. CarP\ Radial! s Brevis Pronato'r Te.rc:'!..;..___,~ Fltx~r Car~i 'Padia\;s Pa.lYYiaris lonq\LS - ~-~:~r-- t?adi\lS i=lexor Cdt-P; Ulna\"\S -- F1e. 31 ARM AND SHOULDER MUSCLES Medi a.L Vie.w ·~~-- Clduodeltcid l~-CePhalic Vein Brac.hi al,·~ -_,.,..~~~~ E>ra~hial A. -_,.,_~ 1 Brac.hial V. ~~~~iri*J-- shaft af' Media"- N. HtA.meru.s '~-S\lPeY"f\e.\ a.L Ulna~ N. l?.ad\aL N. l ~~~"~--Lon~ ~ead of Tr•' ce.Ps S r ac.\, \i FIG. 32. CROSS SECTION THROUGH MIDDLE OF HUMERUS I"'USCLES OF rr.HE FOREARM ... (Figs • JO, Jl; 3)) F.;xtensor Digitorum Communis ... Lateral eplcondyle,of' the huraerUI3 ·to the proximal end of the dls ta.l phalanges. Extends digits !I ... v. Extensor D:1.g1.torum Lc'lteralis - Lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the proximal end of the middle phalanges. Exte:nd.s digits :tV an.d V. Extensor Carpi Ulnar·is ... Olecranon process of the ulna to the fifth met.aoarpa1. Abducts and extends the carpals, Extensor carpi RacUali s Longus ""' Sup:r.a. ... oondyloid ridge of the hum~n·us to the proximal metacarpals Il and III. Extends the carpals ana_ metacarpals !I-I!t. Extensor Pollicis Brevis - Lateral sh~"l.ft of: radius to the first metacarpal. Extel)ds and abducts the first digit. Flexor Car.pi Ulnaris .... Olecranon process of the ulna to the pisiform bone. Flexes oarpals. Palmaris Longus ... Medial epicondyle of the humerus to the palmar fasoia. Tensor· of palmar fascia. Flexor Dig;1tO:I."Um Sublimis ... Medial· epicondyle of the humerus to the proxir~.l end of the middle phalanges. Flexes the carpals and phalanges II-V. Flexor Dig~.torum Profundus .... f•!edial epicondyle of the humerus to the proximal end. of the dlstal phale.nges. Flexes the carpals and phalanges I-V. Flexor Carpi Hadlalis - r1ed.ial epioon(lyle of the humerus to the proximal third of the metace.rpals. Flexes the carpals and pulls the third metacarpal tow.ar>ds the thumb. Pro.nato:r Teres - t•1edJ.al epicondyle of the humerus to the middle third of the medial surface of the r>adius. Pronator of the hand, MUSCLES OF ~PHf~ THIGH 1\ND LgG •• '(Figs. )4_. 3,5~ 36) Biceps Femoris .... Arises by tttJO head.o. Long Head..... (Caput IJongum) Ischial tuberosity· of the tnnom1nate to the crural fascia.. Extends thf~ thigh and flexes the leg. Also may abduct the llmb.; E~len ":lor ----tl!ll'l!r Irtdi eic;, Po\licis 1M--- ExtenS(}'f . Di'littwu.m ComMLAV\IS Ex+en~or bi9i-\-on.Lm ~~~~--- h\en~a'f CarP\ Later-a lis Rddia\is lon'1JA.S ~~\-e.nSO""-~ - C.arf>i 11 Lna ri s ~texov- CarP\ Ulnari 5 Extenso"'-~ ~..;.,....iJ+..- bJen<:.or ?()1\ic.is Ind i c..i s. Pol Uc..i s Lonq\As ~~---~Pif'hY~enl li~e ~--~tY\oid ?~ocess of" R a d. I u. ~ .J.....;~Id--- borso.\ Ca rPa\ Liqame.V\t LaPitat e. ------#;~'Tf. Ca.rPat Bone MQtacarPaL_ ·+---- ~irs t Me\aearPd L Pha \(lnq_ e a.l Bene. T o.'t ~\.:\: Praxima.t--.,.1 ?ha\a~qe. Micld.l&. --b Phala\'\Cle Dista·-~ P~ale:mqe fl6. 33 C.la.UJ FOREARNMS TENDO D()rsa\. View 60 Short· Head - (Caput ·Brevis) r..Jast sacral and first th.ree caudal vertebroc;l sp:tn.es to the crural fa. soia.. Exten(ls the th lgh and flexes the leg. Tensor Fe.scla Latae - Ventral border of the 1-lium to the fascia lata. Makes tense the fascia lata. Gluteus Haximus ... Sph':tes of tne sacrum to the lateral trochanter of the femur. Abducts the:: tt.:i.gh. GluteuH f~(;H11us ... Crest of the ilium and 1st sacr$!.1 ver tebrae to the grr;;ater trocha.x1.ter of' the femt.n" • Abclucts the thlgh. Sartorius - Inguinal ligame~nt to the medial cond.yle of the t:t bia.. Aclducts ancl rotates the thigh. Gro.0t:U.s - Ve.ntral Isch.1o-pub1.c symphysis to the cru:r>al fascia. Flexes the leg B.nd adducts the .thigh. Tenuissimus ... Slender. From the transverse processes of th<~ second caudal vertebra to the crural fascia. Tenses the Jateral crural fascia. SemimembrHnosus - Ischial tuberosity to the crural fascHt. Extends the thigh and abd.uots the leg. Semi tendinoeus - IschJ.al tv.. berosity to the medial condyle of th~? femur. Extends thigh ~lnd flexes the leg. 61 Adductor f"!a.gnus ... Lateral ,ventral pubis and ischium to the medlal epicondyle of' the femur and proximal .end of tibia. E: di?.;t~al half of the shaft of the femur •. Adducts the leg,and atds in propulsion • .Rectus Femoris - Inferior spine of the ilium to the shaf·t of the femur. Abducts the thigh and extends the leg. Vaetus Lateral is - Greatt~r troohant·:)r of. the femur to the insertion of the reotus femorh.~ muscle. Abd.uets th:l.gh and exten.cls the leg. Vastus Intermedius - Grea,ter trochanter of the femur to the patellar tendon and ortu:".al. fascia. Abducts the thigh and flel!:ea crural fascia. Vastus Medialis - l?roxims.l shaft of the femur to the patellar t.endo:n and. crural fasoia,. Abducts thigh. and.. flexes crural :fascia.. MUSCI.. gS OF THE LOl4EB. LEG - (Figs. 34, 35, 36) Gastrocnemius ... Lateral epj.condyle of the femur to the tendon of Achilles. Extends the foot and aida in propulsion. Soleus ... VJ,teral epicondyle of the f'emur to the tend.on of Achilles. Extends foot and aids in propulsion. loYJqissimiA.s GLu.tetLs GltJ..te.us Dor~i Me.~i\l~ Maximu.~ LlunbDclOrsat Fd~ti a.e I 1- Cau.d a\ i-- ~icePs Femari s {Short Head) .~i'/1--- gemi rnembt-a.nos lA.~ ~-+!~--- Bl CePs Fe.mor is ( Lon9 Head) ~-vdstu.s Lafet--a t.·s Ga~d roe.nem i lA. ~ Cru.ral· Fascia. C:,ole Perone.Lls lonq Ti b\ a! is Anteri FIG.~4 THIGH AND LEG MUSCLES Lateral View_ su.Pe.rtiQ\a.l Ml!':lc.les i Ischial ~__...*""..--TI! berc si 1\1 ~H---ObtiAratt~v- t'l 111/;M-- Se.Vl\t m e.mbraV\CS.\A.S Ten~or :~'IIHI--9em~ Ten eli 1'\0SLLS Fasc.lae. Latae ~"'TTH--Addu..dav- Ma~mts C. rLu·e u:s 'tifHfii--Va':l tu.s !vr\erm ed \\A. s. Gastroc.r\emht.s TeVldoV\ o~ Patellar Achille~ L:Cf aMe.\1\t Perol'\eU..~ lo"1 Tibial\ s Anter\ o~ F\6.35 THIGH AND LEG MUSCLES Lateral Vie.w _ DeeP Mu. ~c les Pec...t\ neu..'3 -----=-~~ Ad~\.ldor lonqLL~ -----::~ 3drtO"I\t~ ( Cu..t) Te.rtcsa r ~ra.c.i~is FdsC.ide (_ C.u.t ") la.tde. Semi membran Fdscia ~ertute¥1rli nos U.'-'-- Lata ~~- Rec.tu. s Ga!lirocnemi Femoris So\eu.s Tibialis Po~terio\" Tend.a~ Ac.hil s Jn';)e rti nq Te.ndon of Sartoriu.s Fle.'l \ I FIG. 36 11-\IGH AND LEG MUSCLES Medial View Vas tu..s ---+~~-~ Media.Li '3 .Sartori LL s --li'H~' Femo~al A.,-~oj{.b Femo Ya L Y.--+.w:~J ObtlLra1nr ~t--t.H~~ Femoral N. Femu.r ~haf+ Pe.c.hhetL '3 ~ed-/'if-Jhort Head ot' Ad~llC?.tov Lon q. BicePs Femori~ Seia"t\C!.. Merve. CJoll,!t~~F"!""'Ft:t'lfl Tibialis Anterior - Latex·al cond.yle and tuheroE~i ty of the tibia to th€! second m.etatarsal. Flexes the foot mt1d.iad. F'lexor D:tgl torum Longus - Proximo.l end of the tibio-fibula to the proximal end of the distal phalanges. Flexes distal phal- ages and extends. foot. 'l1 1bi.alis Posterior ... fJfe(Ual. surface of the tibia to the prox:tmal and mldd.J.e phalanges of the second dlgi t. Ii:xtends the foot and. the seo(md diglt. Extensor Dlgitorum Longus ... Lateral ep3.oond.yle of the femur to the proximal end.of the d.1stal phalang~s 11-V. Flexes foot and. extends the toea .. Plantaris - Lateral epicondyle of the femur to the tendon of Achilles. .ffixtends the foot and aids in propulsion. Peroneus Longus - Lateral condyle of 'the tibia to the prox.:tmE.il end of the second metat.atsa.l. Everts and. extends the foot"- Anteri6V' Crtu'al l=a~C.i ~~-Tibia\i'3 A"r\-er\nr ·~~~~- t )(\ensnr biqi tor\Am Lonq \AS PeronetLS lon1 Lt ~ --t.:~-~.-""" ~~~~1t---Tibi a... Ant libi al A~ter'/ Pe\""oneus Brevis -+~--~ ~~Wo+--E'ltt. \\a\\tAc\~ lon~\t~ F i b u..l a. ---M--f:!:ii:.~&~ .~~~~-\ibi alios 'Po~1e.~ict- Perone.~.t~ Brevis ~~JH--- Sa Phe.h~\.l s H~or Di'}ifuru""'---W~~'T! A.V. N. Lon~u.3 ~~-+~---Plantar\~ S cl e. U. ~ -----44--1+:+-!~ Lateral He.ad cf~~ ~~--Medial He.ad aF Gsdstrocne.m\IA~ G a ~1-~cc. ne."" i "'-~ SKiV\. . FIG.3B CROSS SECTION THQOUG\-1 MIDDLE OF TIBIO-FIBULI\ V. INTfl:RNAL OI1GANS Figure 39 :~;I:·~=.!~~--~-1hvm\A.s Gland 1~t. Rt 6 -r----dM)jl~~(4~/i.~W~~~::~~ f?,·qkt Ah· Perieard'tiA.nt-~~~¥M~ Are.Y. ~~----"r---....J!Hi:/-lhfe rio~ Crt Hedr'"7t___,~H;tti:~~~~ Lobe Fa\titorm --t:--=t~~~~ ~~~~J!!tW~-Hl~~-DiaPhYa~ M Li9ame'r'\t ~~~-rrte.dia "' Rt. Metlian. --Hr--~~ LDbe. lobe i--':>"~r~--Lateral lobe Rt Lateral-~ ~,..,.-( au.da1e LobQ. Du.oden u.m----~~ ~off#- BodY o~ ' Panereag ----n~ c.:::itcma \J\.... -=...;;~. ·~~~~'--SPleen Greater Omentu.m --~ftt'-"1,.,...,.~~~--...... :.... Sn1a ll----4:-+...- -~-Pari{>tat Inte.stine Peritoneu..m C.o\on-~~~~~~ ~~-+--Caec..um Vermitorm APPend i ')( ----.,~~ . PlA.b\c.. ------SYmP\lYsis ' ~-,· .·: I 1 ,' ,' I I • I I ' I F16 39 ~:J~I~1~W'~ AY\terior View VI~ RESPIHATOBY SYSTEM PHARYNX ... Upper end of the digestive and respiratory tube. Oropharynx - Posterior portion of oral oavity. Nasopharynx - Region a·bove the soft palate. Internal nasal aperture. Laryngopharynx ... Ventral posterior portion. Area leading to the larynx (voice box). Dpenings into the pharynx are: Oral Opening - From the mQuth and oral cavity. Nasal Opening ~ ~rom the nasal cavity dorsal to the soft palate. Glottis Opening - From the larynx and trachea. Guarded by the cartilaginous ep:lglottis. Esophageal Opening "" From the esophagus and digestive tract proper. Eustachian Tube Opening - Paired. On the lateral walls. From the middl$ ear cavity. LARYNX .... nvoice boxn• formed by several cartilaginous segments. Thyroid Cartilage· - Large. Forrnlng most of the ventral wall of the laryn~. Criooid Cartilage - Smaller than the thyroid. oart1lage. Forms a complete ring extending around larynx posterlor to thyroid cartilage. 71 Arytenoid Cartilages ~Small; obliquely situated oarti• lages on the dorsal surface of the larynx, ln the space anterior to the ariooid and dorsal to the thyroid cartilage_ Vocal Cords - Rudimentary vertical folds on the internal surface of the larynx. THYHOID GLAND - Bilobed. endoeri.ne gland located on the ventral junction of' the larynx and trachea. Connected ventrally b;t a narrow isthmus. TRACHEA ... {Fig. 40) nwindpipert. Held open by a series of incomplete cartilaginous rings. tH thin the tho:raoio cavity, the distal portion of the trachea divid~a into right and left bron.chi whlch penetrate the right and left lung lobes. LUNGS ~ (Figs, 39 1 40) Paired expansible structures, t~e sur• faces of' which are coated. with a visceral peritoneal membrane., The lungs lie 111ithin the right and left pleural aavit;ies. Superior Lobe "" Paired, Imperfectly developed on the lett. tUd.dle Lobe - P&il'ed. Intermediate lobes on both sides • Inferior Lobes ... Paired.. On the right sld.e, the inferior lo'be is further subdi v1ded into the medial and lateral lobules. MEDIASTINUM ""' Potential space between the medta.l sur:f'aoes of' the two pleural cavities. Contains primarily the perieardial cavity and heart. . 1 i ~~t.l-~-leH Common Carotid ~~t--t:f----Ttachea. . __..,. LeH ~ubd-avian.A Internal-~.---, g~~h~r:----EsoYhaql.\~ MammarY A ·c.a\ Av.ic:. R;qht -~~~- ~~-Aortic. Arc.h Pre C.ava. ~~~ PLtlmonar'l ~u.PteMe___,~~~,;....J., Atter'f t"'terco~ta\ Vein. ~r\_--+~.....;.....:.;j~ ;:~~~~r-lett l24 rd~ LLV\'\ Atriu.m Ri q \·r\:- ~~~~~.L..I--il~ Ah·i\lm ~;...... f-.,.::iHil-- C.oron ar'i Vein ~~~,_Lett Vev\hitle ~~~ ~t.....med.;al Lob \Ale ~~------f!astric.. A'rter:-/ "-.Jii--HePatir. Aiter'Y s---'3P\en\t A't\erY ~oel\at A"\s L\"'n''""''·Y\al 1\orta. FIG.40 THOR/\ClC ORG/\NS Anter'tor View VII:; HEART AND MAJOR VESSELS THYr.ms GLAND .... (Fig. 39) Antero-vent:ral portion of the thoraeio oa v 1ty • Irregular s ha.ped glStnd. Larger in young specimen, Enctoortne in function. HEART • (Figs. 39; 40, 41* 42• 43) Lies within the mediastinal cavity. Four chambered tapering posteriorly to the apex. l?et>1card1um ... Loose membranous sao surrounding the hea:rt. Filled with parioa:rdial fluid. Note its attachment-;s to the great vessels aitcl t-o the diaphragm. External Features ~ AtrU.t ,.. Flight and left thin walled. structures. Note the lateral extensions; auricles. V walled than the ~ight. Right and left sides dJ.vided by a superficially indistinct interventricular groove • . Coronary Arteries - Small arteries supplying the mus9ula ture of the he art. Arises from the base of the aorta. Coronary Veins ... Drains the musculc1ture of the h~a:rt. Empties into the coronary sinus. Thebesian Veins - Draining the same area, but empties directly into the heart chambers, Internal Features ... Interatrial Septum • Dividing the anterior atrial chambers into right and left atria •. Interventricular Septum·- Dividing the heavier walle<.\ ventricles into a right ventr1.cle and a much heavier walled left ventricle. · Atrioventricular valves - 2 sets of double ousped valves closing the atrio ventricular openings, Chordae Tendineae ... Slender cord-like stru.c ... tures attaching to the cusps of the a.tri.o ... ventrtcular valves. Papillary muscles ... '!'hick muscular projections from the ventricular walls for the att Tra'beeulae Oa:rnea~ .... Musculs.r ridges within the walls of the ventricles. .Semilunar Valves .... 2 sets of three-cusped. valves guarding the ventricular open• ings into the pulmonary trunk and asoe:nd.i:ng aorta. Fossa Ovalis ... Denoting the position of the olosu:re of the embryonic foramen ovale, an open.tng between the atria. MAJOH vgssELS .... (:£1, igs. 40, 41 jl 42, 4)) Aortic Arol:l ... F9rmed by a looping of the aorta as it leaves the left ventricle. Braohiooephalio Artery - (Innominate artery) First major branch'from the arch. Gives rise to the right subclavian and right common carotid arteries. The left oo~mon carotid occasionally arises from this vessel. Left Common Carotid Artery ... Second branch arising very near the innominate. Left Subclavian Artery ... Third bt>anoh from the arch of the. aorta. 'l1he aorta loops posteriorly and becomes the descending aorta. Ligamentum Artertosum •·(Arterial ligament) Remi:nent of the foetal connection between the dorsal aorta and the pulmonary trunkt ·the ductus arteriosus. Superior Venae Cavae ... Paired. Right and left vessels formed by a juncture of the ~xter nal jugular, internal jugular, and subclavian veins. They empty into the right atrium anteriorly, Drains the head, neck and upper extremities. Inferior Vena Cava - Unpaired. Lying to the x•ight of the dorsal aorta to pass into the right atrium. Prain.s the abdominal oavi ty and lower extremities. Pulmonary Trunk - (Pulmonary Aorta) Slngle vessel running from the right ventricle antt:~riorly to branch into the· right and left pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary Artery ... Paired. F'ormed by the bifuroatio.n of the pulmonary trunk at the region of the ligamentum arterio sum. 'ro the right and left lungs. Pulmonary Veins ... Tt'lfO veins from each lung entering the left atrium ea.udo ... doraally. Ricaht r~---Le~+ CommoV\ Carotid ArterY Su.be.l a ui an-o~~~• ~--lett ~u.belauidV\ A. Arie'r'/ ~~h. Acv\ic. Arch ----;l!iib-~ Riqht---..!WWIJ ..r~-Ldl Pre Cd u a. Pre CO\Ja Kl AvJi ~,£__~:...__-li q. Arter I Mu.m ~-~Pu.1 monar'( AZ'/(JOS Ve.ins ve.tn RiGht--- 'Se.mi\.\A\'\ar V Focs~a.-~ left Atriuvn Ova.Lis 14-.1---lef t 'Sen-lilu.nar Valve Cv;~ra~~ 'l!~~~Lt:ft AtriLL lerminalis \leV\\I" i C.lk lav ua Lu e. ~-' hordae Tend ltlede. faPi 1\arv MlA~ele ~-Moderc:r\-cr BaV\d · Riqht Co.,.cnavv Ar1erv &ranch. Ahi n_Ve.ntri c.u.(ar Vc1lve. MvDCardiu.l'h. of Trabecw de Left Vevthle.Le. C.a~neae ...... __~ -.:;.___A feY. rJ !V\ler\JeV\~rl C.\A.l ar \'\tar't Grc~ve FIG.4l l-ttART AnieriDr View Riqht tommon Ca~ot\6 Left Left Arter'/ ComMon ' Sllbc.Lo\J ion j__ AY'te.V''/ c.a.rotid .· A.-~~~ -+--Ri'\h+ S,tA.'ocla\1\an A. Let't Pree.a.v d -~... <~ ~-Innomir\a.te A. 3\lPre.me ---.:~ w.1~~ lntercostc\l A. ~-:s.~-Ri~ht ?rec.aua Li~amentu.m--~~ Arte.riosu.m Uesce\'\dinq ll\OV\0 V' '( Aorta.. \< ~-Ri~ht lett ----{,w,,, A'rh.tV\'\ A\lr\c.Le Left · Pu.lmondt"Y A. LeH Mdrqi Ml-·-·"""' A'rte'<''/ Pu.lmo narY Ve.\n Poste..ricr Desc.endi Artery Fl6.42 HEART Dorsal V\ew -, ' Tr-a..n'S\Jers.e }u.~u.\a~ VeiV\. In~ernal Carofid ----..a ?o)t Fdtiitl V--~.,_) &ll---An1erior Faeiat V ,...... ,J.:I-4.-H--,~iJ.-..-- eat-t~ticl Bwb ~~==:I:=:~~~M/tttJI-Interna \. ,., !w~u.\av- Vein Qo~rnon Carot:d --~~li1AI m---A~eendil\q Ceruicat A. Vev1e brai:-:::====:::7-\\"T1'\ ...... -::~--Trat\';)lJer).e Artet''l StdPu.ld r V. ·~~~ ':lu.bc\a\Jian. A.;,.V Su.bc.ld\Jiah. Du.c.t----fiY:~~ Ver-\ebrat Vein ~u.ereMe--~..- lntercostal V. Riqht Pre Cava: CororaaV"V---1/-J~--r-~·Y.::: ArterY Riqht- --~---~-~ At\"itAm Az.Y~o<'3 ---+- VeiYl Ivtterio r ----~tr-""'~ Vena.. Cdva. Tho rac.i c. Du.e.t-~~1-Mll VESSE~S.4bF THE NECK AND 1HORAX VIII. AR'l~EElAI, CIRCULATION ANTERIOR ARTERIES • (Figs. 43; 44) Bra.chiooephalio .. From the first part of the aortic aroh. Gives off' the right subclavi.an and right common carotid arteries. Subclavian - Arising independently from the aortic arch on the left side. From the Innominate on the right. Internal Mammary - To the ventral chest wall. Terminates as the superior epigastric artery. Vertebral • Enters the foramen transversarium of the cervical vertebrae to supply the brain. Supreme Intercostals - To the anterior intercostal spaces of the ribs. Transverse Artery of Neck - r.ro serratus ventralis muscle. Ascending Cervical - Ascending the side of the neek. Axillary ~ Passing ln front of the first rib becomes the axill~ry artery. Ventral s;rhorac1c .... To the median pectoral muscles. Long Thoracic ~ Supplies the latissimus dors1 muscle and. the deep pee toral muscles• Subscapular ... To tere~ muscle and. other shoulder muscles. 81 Brachial - Continuation of the axillary into the arm :region. Terminates as the radial and ulnar arteries. Common Carotid • Passes along ·~he lateral margins of the trachea in close association with the int$rnal jugular vein and vagus nerve. Superior Thyroid - To the anterior portion of the thyroid gland. Muscular - Supplying the muscles of the neck. Occipital ~ Passes deeply to the dorsal neck muscles. Internal Carotid "" Slender passes deep to the · tympanic bulla and enters the cranial cavity to supply the brain. External Carotid - Continuation of' common carotid. anteriorly to the head. Lingual .,.. Supplying the region of the tongue. External ~1axillary - Along the masseter to · . supply the lips and jaws. Auricular • To the external ears or pinna. Temporal - To the temporal region. Internal Maxillary - D1s$ppears internal to the masseter. THORACIC ARTERIES ~ (Fig. 44) Descending Aorta .... (Tho:r.acie Aorta) Dorsally looated in the midline of the thoeac1o cavity. 82 Visceral Branches - Perioard.lal, bronchial, esophag eal~ and mediastinal arteries. Parietal Branches -·Intercostal arteries arising from the aorta. segmentally to the :tnteroos tal spaces fi ABDOlUNAL ARTERIES ... (Fig. 44) Continuation of the dorsal aorta into the abdominal cavity passing dorsally to the diaphragm anterior to the vertebral column. Visceral Branches • Major branches from the aorta sup· plying the abdomlnal viscera. ,, Coeliac Axis - First major branch ·off of the aorta after e:nterlng the abdominal oavtty. Hepatic .... To the liver, pancreas, stomach, and duodenum. ,--- Left Gastric ... To the. lesser curvature of the stomach.. Small branches to th.e esophagus. Splenic ... By large branches to the spleen, pancreas, and greater curvature. of the stomach. Supex•ior Mes~nter:lc ... Second r.nztjor branch off of the abdominal dorsal. aorta. Middle Colic ... To the transverse and descending colon. 83 · ·. Pos.terior Pa.ncrea.tiao ... ouode:nal - To th~ poste ... rio!' pancrea.s and. the 1st .segment of the duodenum. lleoeolio - To the ileum• caeoum, and. .ascending ¢clon. Intestina.l - Numerous small branches to the. small intestine. Inferior Mesenteric ... Near the posterior part of the abdominal cavity. Left Colic - 'Po ·the ascending colon. Superior Hemorrho1.da.l - 'J.lo the descendLng colon and rectum. Adrenal - From the aorta or renal art;er ies to the I ! right and left suprarenal glands. Genital ~ To the ovaries in the female (ovarian) • or to the testes in the male (spermatic). Renal ... To the· l Parietal Br~~nches .... ThOf:ze bre.nehas from the abc1orn1nal aorta to the dorsal body wall. l?hrenio .... To the diaphragm. May arise from the coeliac axis near its origin. 84 I.Atrtlbar ... Segmental branches from the aorta to the muscles of the anteriol"' ·lumbar region. Median Sacral ... (Caudal) Posterior continua.ti on of the dorsal aort~ into the tail region~ Arises from the dorsal postv::n:;ior surface of the aorta. Terminal Bratlches ... At the posterior boundaries of the abdominal cavity the aot•ta bifurcates to send branches irrto the lmver extremities, passing under the inguinal ligE.unent. common Iliac - Two arteries branching from the termlne,l portion of the abdominal aorta to the .extremities. Iliolumbar ... F'rom the common iliac to the abdominal wall and. cutaneouf:l maximus muscle .. External Iliac - Continuation of the common iliac into the femoral region passin.g under the· inguinal ligament. I<'emoral ... To the p<')Steri.or limbs. Superficial Epigastric - Along the body wall to anastomose l'>~i th a br Umbilical - To tht~ l..l!'inf,\.ry blad.der. Middle Hemorrhoidal ... To the rectum. MAJOB: LYMPHNriC VESSELS .... (Fig. 4)) .Thoracic Duct ... Lies just dorsal to the dorsal aorta. Dr·ains all the lymph from the abdorn1r1al region• abdominal viscera, and posterior extremi tt~as. The thoracic duct empties into the left subclavif.m vein at its junction with the left external jugular. Right Lymphatic Duct - collects lymph from the right a.nteri or quarter of · the body • · 8mpties into the right extt?rnal jugular vein. Common. C.aroiid --+f----f'iir' Ri1ht Vertebral Brachia\ S!Ab'SCaP\A\a~ loM l'horAC.i c... l<'i-.hf C.oronarY--.t+-____,~;tv ~v.PreMe ln-\ercosh lniernt\\ 01kc.h.l <":l 1\\"teri o~v..~ Mamma~Y ~--B~o"~\al L!tf Co ro nl!rY --+'6-1<.-"f-Lf.f--:h.\ L~t.\- -~~,...-V--J-INr VeV\tric.\e. IY1ter.co":~ta\s -1----Thoratic. Dorsa\ Ao~+a. ?h"ef\iC.-+1--:.o<.!;.c.-....,~..,..;.:.;~ \): aPhvaqM Coeliac ""'"4QlillJJul:Duq~~~~~ AY. i C:. ----+Pt\------1-~ .M~;;;;;!!,_- LeH Gas-h-\c Abdt>rh\na\ -...~=~t--- He~atic. Aorta. J+----~~\en\c ~IA.I?~r\ D'f·-'T7ti--n~-~\--,:-....,.A-...... :::Jo, ... " Me~evfte'riC. ::-.c:::---~~~~-lntesHna\ '-""r::---1\eo_caeeo. c c,\; c ~~--;!~..._Ad reno l\\.mba r v~---leH Rena\ S\.1..\)~fieial .~::::::::~~--in\erio~ Mesenie.ric !nfe.~l or ~~--Qend·al EPi'la~hic Camm6~ t\iac.-~,....--~-+ XX. VENOUS CIRCULATION 1 AN l'EB!OR VEINS - (Figs .. 40, 43 1 4,5) Superior Venae Cavae • {Pre Cavae) Paired. Enters right atrium. Drains the anterior lirnbs and head and neek region, Azygos - Empties into the right precava only, Unpaired. Formed in the mld-dorsal line by the intercostal veins. Drains the parietal region of the thoracic oavi·ty. Internal fflammary - From the thoracic and abdominal wall. Lateral to the mid ... ventra.l line.. t.l'ermlnates as the superior epigastric vein. Supreme Intercostal - Empties into the precava near the heart. ~ehe right bxoanoh emptying crcmiad to, .or with, the azygos.vein. Vertebral ... Empties into the precava anteriorly f'rom tl:le fora.men transversarium of the oervioal ve!'tebrae. Drains the cranial cavity. Subclavian- Unites with the.exter:nal jugular to enter the precava. Drains the shoulder and upper extremities. Formed by the braohlal and axillary veins. External Jugular - From the anterior head region. 88 Internal Jugular - Drains the brain and cranHtl os.vi ty ~ Buns along side of the trachea in close rela tionship to the common carotid ctt'tery and vagus nerve. Transverse Jugular - Transverse vein connect ing the right and left ex.terna 1 jugular veins. Anterior lll Posterior Fao.lal - Frorn. the external ear, pinna~ POSTEB.IOH VfnNs .... (F'ig. 14·5) Inferior Vena Cava - (Post Cava) Unpaired. Enters the right atrium post~~rlorly after penetrating the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity. Lies to the right of the dorsal aor·ta. Phrenic .... Drains the diaphragm~ Enters the post cava as it pasBes lnto the thorax. Hepatic .... ~::Hngle vein fro.m the 11 ver to the post cava. Adrenolumbar - Paired. Drains the suprarenal glands. Renal - Paired. The right renal entering the post oa'J»a more oraniad to tb.e left. Genital - Ovarian or spermatic from the gonads. Lumbar .... From the muscles anterior to the ilio.... lumbar veins~ 89 External Iliaa - Paired.. Two large tributaries f.rom the lower extremities t>~hich empty into the post cava. Vesical - From the urinary bladder. l'nferior Epigastr:tc -,From the ventral body wall. Anteriorly it terminates as an anastomoses with the internal mammary vein. 1~'emoral ~· Matn vein of the thigh. Drains the exter• nal genitalia and muscles of' the thigh. Deep Femoral •w D:ra1.ns the deeper muscles of the thigh. Intern~.l Ilie.c ... (Hypoga.tStrio) From the pelvic region. Median Sa.c:ral - {Caude.l) Drains the sacrum and tail. I' Middle Hemorrhoidal ... Fx:om the region of the anus. ~-- ! lYlterna\ 1~9u.lar __...... ,.__. 118----h\ernal 1\A'liA.\av A-£i\la~v ~-A~centiin~ CervicaL ~e(Jha\,·c. Brach,'al \w--SI.lhsraPu.la\" ~uPreme lnte~co s tal t-----lon'\ 1horaci c. r---Interna\ Mammat'Y +-----Postex-icv- Vena Cdua Trib\t\ta~•es, c+-----Abdominal Po~Jcava. ~crminq 1-\e(7ati c.. V. Jr.:---Adrenal Renal--~ ~~r---Adrenc_Lu.Yhbar ~----lu.mbdr G.eni+al--....- ;:::::::::~s---1\io lu.m bar t'lCttrl\a\ ~~---ComMon Iliac I \.1 a c.. -----~!:;~""" 'v'S~---I~fe.rtnr tP'•1as\ric Smatl .... ~-~~-Ttlte..rnal t\\at 'SaPhenoiA: re.vnoral Fle.45 VENAE CAVA£ TRIBUTARIES X. HEPA'.i~lC-PORTAL C!RCULP.TION HEPATIC-PORTAL VEIN .... (It'ig. 46) Empties i11to the liver. Gastroduodenal ~ Formed by the right gastroepiploic and the anterior pancreat1ooduod.ena.l veins. Dt·a.:t:ns the panereas, duodenum, and portions of the pyloric stomach. Gastrosplenic - Formed by the following veins. Splenic ... From the spleen ;:m.d left gastroepiploie veins of the stomach and omentum. Coron?try - From the lesser curvature of the stomach. Posterior Pancrec).ticoduoclenal - Collects from the pancreas and duodenum, Inferior l•1esenterio .... From the transverse; descending colon and rectum. Superior Mesenteric ... 11'rom all other intestinal regions. Intestinal -Collects all areas of small intestine. Ileooeooool:to - Il'rom the ileum, appendix, caecum, and ascending colon. Appendicular - From the vermiform appendix. Anterior Ileocecal - ll'rom the sacculus rotundus. Posterior Ileocecal - From the distal caecum, 1leum, and ascending colon. ~~-lef~ li lie\' Iobe Gac:.h-o. ~PiPir.i c Ant DIA.aAena\ D~And.enu.m An~erio\" In~e~Jina\ f,o. '!6 HEPAT\C-PORTAL SYSTEM 5emi _ Dia.(\ramo. tiC.. SALIVARY GLANDS - The oral cUgestive glan.ds. Paired. Parotid Gland ... L~rge diffusely s 1 tuated fsland ventral to the pinna. Drained by the parotid du()t ( s tens on • s) • passing over the lateral surface of the wasseter to the oral oav1 ty. Submaxillary Gland ... Ventral to the parotid gland and. somewhat smaller in slze. Drained by the submaxillary duct (Wharton's). Sublingual Gland - .1\pproxim~:t-tely the same size as the submaxillary gland. Lies aranial to it. The sublingual duct joins the. submaxill Tl~gTH .... 'rotal number of 28 in the adult. Conipos0~d of three typesJ 1no1sors~ premolars, and molars. Dental formula ... i Q. •.l..J.. 1 0 2 ) TONGUE - A large mutH.rular organ a ttaohed. by muscles to the hyC>id. apparatus and bears numerous taste buds. The tongue covers t~he floor of the oral cavity. Attt.?.ohed anterj_orly to the floor of the oral oewi ty by a med.1an fold, the frenulum. PHAHYNX - Posterior oral cavity leading to the esophagus, Note the paired. palatine tonslls in this region., ESOPHAGUS - Muscular tube connec.t.:tng the poster·ior pharynx with the stomach. Ll,.es d.orsal and to the left of the trachea .. STOHACH - (Pig. 39) Muscular sac trJhich lies ~Jithin the abdom inal eavi ty at an obliquely transv~~rse angle.. Slt ... uated towards the left of the midline. Anterior part p$.rtia.lly covered by left lobf~s of the liver. Greater Curvature - Lon.g posterior curved surface. Lesser Curve.ture .... Shorter anter•ior curved surface. Cardis.o Stomach - Proximal portion of the stomach into I whi.ch the .esophagus empttes. Note the cardiac sphincter valve in this region. Functus of the Stomach - Large bulge a.t the antero- lateral region of the stomach near the o~~.rd.iac stomach. Body of the Stomach - Central portion of the stomach between the pyloric and fundic areas. Pylbrio Stomach - Distal most portion of the stomach which ($ltnptif3S into the first portion of the duodenum. Note the pyloric sphincter valv~. GREATER OM11:Nr:eut1 ... A thln. sheet of peritoneum extending from the greater curvature of the stomach to cover the coils of' the intestine. Usua.tlly containing deposits of fat. 9.5 LESSSE ONE~'TUI'1 ~ Port ion. of ventral rtlf.H"iente:r.y between the stomach~ cluodenum, and. 11ve:r•. Composed of a gastrohepatic and. B. du.od.enohepatic omentum. SMALL INTESTINE ... (Fig. 39) Duodenum - First portion of the smP.Jll intestine following the pyloric valve. Enterlng the wall of the duodenum is the comrnon btle duct from the 11ver, and more posteriorly the pancreatic duct. Jejunum - About one-half of. the :remaini-ng length of the small intesttne beyond ·the duodenum. Ileum - '.rhe remaining length of the small lntestine to the ileocecal junction. Not sharply differenti ated. from the jejunum. COMMON BIJ.,~B DUCT ... Small duct formea. by the union of tlw b.apa. tio ducts from the J..iver and the oysti.Q duct f'rom the gall blaCl.(le.:r. E~ntera the first portion of the duodenum on ·the dorsal surface. ILEOCECAL JUNCTION ... (Fig. L~8) Ileum - Terminates as the U.eooecal valve. Note the dila• t:io:n in this region, the sacculus rot.undum, Caecum - Thin walled, very large a:nd dilated diverticulum containing a spiral valve. 'l'he oaecutn terminates. in an elongated slender vermiform appendix, LARGE: !.NTEsrri.NE - (P:lgs. 39, 48) Oftem referred to as the oolon. A co:ntlnuation from the region of the sacculus rotundurn. 96 Ascending Colon - The first part of the large intestine. Haustra ... Small sacouh~t1ons on the surface of the first part of the colon. Taenia ... Longitudinal bands of muscle separating the haustra in the 1st part of ·the colon. Transverse Colon .,. Short segment running from the ascending colon to the left. Descending Colon ... Continuation of the colon posteriorly term1n~ttt1:ng in the mid.~inE) as the t-ectum. Rectum ... Terminal portion of the large intestine. Anus - External posterior opening of the digestive tract. DIGESTIVE GLANDS ... (Figs. )9; .!4-7) All are wj.thln the a1,dominal cavity. Liver ... Anterior most position within the abdominal cavity. Anterior Lobes ... Paired. Right and left r.ddes sepa. t'ated by the falciform ligament. Posterior Lobes - Paired. Caudad to the anterior lobes. caudate Lobe .- Unpaired. Independent lobe cc.1.udad to the base of ·the pos ·tertor left lobe. Gall Bladder• ... Spherical structure imbedded in the pos terior surface of the right a,rrt;erior liver lobe. Thin walled. Pancreas .,. Diffw;;e mass of glandul~n" tissue throughout the mesentery in the region of the duodenum. The panor~atio duct is small and enters the duod.e .... hum at a distance posterior to the entrance of the oommon_bile duct. 97 SPLEEN ... (Figs. 39; 46) Browntsh eloru$a,ted gland lying pos terior and dorsal to the greater curvature of the stomach. An organ belonging to the circulatory system. LYMPHATIC TISSUES ... (Fig. 48) Pancreas Asell i ... f"lesentertc lymph nod.es along the course of the superior mesenteric artery. Payer's Patches - Lymphatic nodules a,long the dorsal walls of the intestine. Sacculus Rotundus.- )4ymph.oid patch at the terminal and of the ileum near the ileoaeoal valve. Tonsilla Ileoceca11s Major - A large intestinal lymphoid patch within. ,the wall of the caecum. Dorsooaudad to the ileocecal valve. I ~~onsilla Ileoceoalis Minor - Intestinal lymphoid patch 1- within the wall of the caecu~ Dorsocraniad to the ileocecal valve. Vermiform Appendix - Terminal end. of the caecum. An elongated diverticulum which is lymphoid in function. Dik\PHRAGM - (Fig. 39) Forming the division betv;een the thoracic and abdominal cavities. A, muscular partition with a central tendon. Perforated by the inferior vena cava and the esophagus. aespiratory in function. ~-Dorsal Aor-ta.. DiaPhrdqM - l Tendon t?iqk\ ~- Faltitorm littament AV\\er\cr l o'oe Riq\\t ?os,e.'fi or l.ert LC)be Posterior G,all \wr-~&--.v--"ePa:\i~- ?artal V. Lt~be B~adder -·~· In{er\ or Cau.date CYstle. D~~1 \lena C.av£1 Lobe. Colon I - Ve.rMi~rM APP~ndix Cae~\A.m Fle.48 ILEOCAECAL JUNCTION .XII. UROQENI~AL SYSTEM URINARY ORGANS - (Figs. 49, 50) Kidneys - Paired. Located dorsally, the right kidney being more anterior than the left. Imbedded in fat. Capsule - Fibrous coat immed.iately surrounding the external surrac~ of the kidney • . B.ena.l Hilus ... t4edian concavity. Note the ureter, renal arteryJ and renal vein entering or leavj.ng this area of the kidney. Cortex ""' Narrow peripheral substance of the kidney as seen in a longitudinal section. fqedulla ..., Medial central portion of the kidney • including the renal papilla. Characterized by.the radial strlations. Renal Pelvis • Enlarged funnel-like prox1~1l end of the ureter within the.kidney mass near the hilus region. Bena.l :Papilla ... Projection of the medullary substance into the renal pelvis. Ureter - The major duct from the kidney passing posteriorly to the base of the bladder. Urinary Bladder ~ Ventro-posterior portion of the abdominal cavity. t-1uscula.r sac. Urethra - l\la~roow tube from bladder to external opening. SUPRARENAL GLAND (Adrenal) • Paired anterior to the kidneys. An endocrine gland. -~ 101 f1ALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS "!" (Fig. 49) Testes ... The male reproductive gland. Within the scrotal sacs, on the outside of the body wall, ventral and anterior to the anus. Epid.idyml.s .... lt"'irst portion of the male reproductive duct. Caput Ep:l.dJ.dymis - The enlarged anterior region. The vas efferens empties into this duct from the testis. Cauda Epididymis ... The posterior constricted a:rea along the medial side to the pos- terior region of the testis. Vas Deferens - The major genital d.uct of the male. Passes from the poste:rtor end of the testls into the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal terminating in the urethra. Prostate Gland ... At the pc,int of juncture of the vas d.efe:rens with the urethra» a white massive gland. Seminal Vesicle - Located on the dorsal surface of the base of the bladder. Vas deferens en·ters ventrally, Bulbourethral Gland - Dorsal wall of urethra behind the prostate gland. Penis ... Anterior and ventral to the scrotal saQa. Pos; ... terlorly directed. Attached to the ischium by the cr•us penis. .,._ ___Jnfe~\ot-Ventl Cnva. ---+,r--+---- Dar!.~t Aorc\d.. SllPr~ ren~\ aland ,llp...... ,_~~Renal Vein. ...111911--leH \ -4---\\----Sem,nal Ves\c.L.e. r:~-----\+---H·o~+ate. Gland --11'---t+- ColoV\. ~-~--~_..-~f+--£.rdC\.L\atov-v DlLd- ~+--Bu.lbo.Urdht-al Gland ~,:.:4-~~---fiii'-~~Perineal Gl4r\d ·~-ll--Lett Te"S.tes Ft6.49 UROG~N\T~LS male.. Sv<; teYY\ 103 FEMALE EJ£PRODUCTIVE ORGAN$ ... (Fig. 50) Ovaries -. Small paired bodies along the dorsal body wall; posterior to the kidne;ys. The reproductive gland of the female. Supported along the dorsal wall by the mesovarium; a peritoneal fold, Ostium Tubae Abdominale - Broe.d funnel-like expansion of the proximal uterine tube. Uterine Tube ... 'rhe first portion of the oviduct distal to the ostium tubae. Body of the Uterus - A typical duplex-type uterus con neotirlg independently to tb,e ve.gina from the right and left sides. A highly muscular structure. The distal eeoond portion of the oviduct. Vagina - '!'ubular posterior continuation of the genital traot. It receives anteriorly the right and left apertures of the ueteri. At lts exit into the vulva,, it unites with the urethra to form the urogenital sinus. eulbourethral Gland - Located along the dorsal wall. SUPra_rena l Gland -----~:...~-.'6f&-.~- Re"al A\"1-er'/ ...... _--:....._,_,.~.,.....-..;v.-- Ova Y' ian A.~te.rv Uri narv~~....l,-.4- BI.ddd~~ Ute~ine. ---If-~~ Orific..e. u~eth~a-~- Vaqina----h---11~~~- Xl!I. CEN'J:-RAL NERVOUS SYS 1l'EM MENINGES (!1eninx) - Th.e membranes surrourtding the brain and spinal cord. Contains the cerebrospinal fluid. Dura Mater "' ~rough outer sheath. Pia Mater - More delloate, vascular sheath in direct contact with the brain and cord surface. Arachnoid - Loose somewh.e:l:. web-like membrane which connects the pia and dura mater. N()t readily recognized in a gross dissection. t.A11EHAL ASPECT - (Fig. 51) Cerebral Hemisphere - Paired. Smooth cortex due to absence of promh1em.t gyri and sulci. Note the sylvian (lateral) fissure on the lateral surface. Olfactory Bulb - Anterior projections from the region under the oerebr•al hemisphere. Paired. Olfe,otory TrEtC'ts - co:nneoti:ng band from olfactory bulb to the pyriform lobe of the cerebx-um. Optic Nerve (!l) ... The second. cranial nerve passes under the cerebrum to the optic chiasma.. Cerebellum ... Posterior to the CE!l"'ebral hemisphere. Note the flocculus and. vermis. Medulla Oblongata - From which the major cranial nerves emerge. Ventral to the cerebellum. CeY~bra.l ~em\sPh&e Pine.al Gland 3Ylvlatt Fiss\lre., I 1 Cerebellu.m Floce!A \lAS I Ot ta~tot-'1 T\-ad- FO\u-th 1 ~ Ventricle. Ol fadorY 811\b · 5Pinat Cord lhPoqlossal OPtic. Nerve. 1I :xi[ OP'fia. Oc.u.\om~tor I . . . l I 11ITr . lm Tr,qemu\a. JWL "I[ C."iaCj.m.a 1emPora -sr A~cessorY lcbe. Troc.h\ear ~oC:Hl L N W fotm. Lobe.. Ft6. 51 GlossaPha"rnqeal K BRA\N Lateral Vie.W 107 filEDIAN SAGlT'rAL SECTION .... (Fig. 52) Cerebral Hemispheres - Viewed on the medial service. Not sectioned dor>sal to the corpus callosum. Corpus Callosum -Longitudinal broad white band passing transversely from one hemisphere to the other. l"orms the most dorsal structure in the midline.· Fornix - White narrow bt3.nd extending ventrally and anteriorly from the hippocampus. Foramen of' r1onro .... Small opening posterior to the column of the fornix. Leads from the third ventricle to the lateral right and left ventricles or the cerebral hemisphere. Septum Pellucidum - A thin septum between the body of the fornix and the anterior portion or the corpus callosum. Anter'ior Commissur'e - Ante:r•ior to the ventral end of the fornix. A small white bund.le of fibers. Lamina Terminalis - Thin membrane extend.lng from the anterior comm1sstn:•e ventrally to the region of the optic chlasma. Marks the anterior most boundaries of the th1t>d ventricle. -~l 108 Spinal Cord - Posteriox> (caudal) continuation of the medulla oblongata, Thalamus -. Thickened. lateral walls of the third ventricle. Massa I:ntermedia. - Hounded. intermediate mass connecting the right and left thb1lami. Pineal Gland (Body) ~ Conical structure projecting from the dorsal posterior portion of the third ventricle. Corpora Q.uad.r.igem1:t"lll - Four eleva, tions (quadrigeminal bodies). in the dorsal region just posterior to the chorioid plexus of the third ventricle. Superior Coll i.culus Anterlor pa1r. Inferior Collieulus - Smaller. Poste~ior pa-ir. Aqueduct of Sylvlus - Slender- channel ventral to the corpora quadrigemina. connecting the cavi t ios of the third and fourth.ventricles. Ante:r>lo:r> Medullary Velum - Thin memb:retne anterior to the c~rebellum form.irlg the an-ce:rior roof of the fourth ven.triole. Posterior Medullary Velum - Thin membrane posterior to the cerebellum and forms the pos~ terior roof of the fourth ventricle and chorioid plexus. A:r>bor Vitae ... White bra.nching structures seen o:n cross section of the.eerebellum. J.liPPo~amPtA.S f>o~terior eommisure. I Pineal '3~alK Anteriot- Me~ll.\ larv For nit o j Vetu.m rineal " b " ~..e~e e.u\Am Olfad·arv Bt.t\ b P~ter\or Of'tic. I . I Medtlllarv Cen{rdl Chiasma 1 t-d. Veli.U\\ Cdndl Vent. Fou..\"th Venh·ic.le OP"fi~ LaMilna.. MaBmillarv Jll' ][ Te.rmi nalis od.v Ma.3Sa. FIG. 52 lntermedia of ThalamiA.s u.adri qemi na l BR~\N ;thai amt.ts l4\Ynina. Saqi tta.l Sec.tion lntlll'ldi b"'-llA.M -··------·---,------~--- DORSAL ASPECT • (Fig. 53) Cerebral Hemispheres ... Paired. B.ight and left hemi"':' spheres separated by a median longitudinal fissure (.sagittal fissure). Olfactory Bulbs ... Anterior swellings ben$S.. th 'the anterior portions of the oerebral hemisphel"'es. Continues posteriorly as the olfactory tracts to_the pyriform lobe,. Cerebellum - Pos·terior to the cerebral hemispheres. Vermis - Median lobe. Lateral Hemispheres - Paired lateral lobes. Flocculus - From each hemtsphere a narrow stalked lateral lobe. Corpora. Quadrigemina .... Seen between the cerebrum and the c~rebellum. Medulla Oblongata - Part1all~ overlapped by the vermis. Note the thin wall of the triangular... shaped fourth ventricle. Spinal Cord - Cylindrical extension from the posterior portion of the medulla caudad.. Enters the :neural ¢anal within the vertebral column to continue posteriorly. VENTRAL ASPE~CT - (Fig. 54) Olfactory Bulbs ... Anterior swellings contlnuing posteri· orly ~a the olfactory tracts to the pyri form lobe of the aerebrr:J.l hemispheres. Sal! iH-al--~----'i!lll i!iS.li.U..Y'Q (Meclidn. Lon~rh1d \ nal fissllre) lett Ce~ebral He.mis ?here StA.Pe.rior ~t.. ~~--~7!'Jt-rit'\eal Gtand Cotl i c.u.ti -~~iBJ!~ ~~~~ .,...;pL---riri ~orrn Lobe lnte ri.or ----,.:f'i~o§E Cc.\Utu.li ~~ Ri+--FtOCCIAllAS ~~~~~~---- Cerebe. \\IA.m SlossoPhar-vnq c1L--~~.... l~~~~Fi!Art"""---Vermi s n: Fou.rth. VeVJt\"i Vd~tl'3 Y .....'~----MeaiA.\la. Oblon9ala. -f----Hvraqlo~~al 1[ FlG.53 BRf\\N Dorsal View 112 Pyriform Lobes ~ Large vent~al•posterior portion of the cer~bral hemispheres. Rhinal Fissure - Separates the py:rifor:m lobe from the rest of the oe.rebrum. Sylvian Fissure (Lateral· Fissure) ... Extends·. dorsally from the rhinal fis• sure alor¥r the lat~ eral surface of the cerebrum,, Circle of v1illis ... Bing of blood vessels supplying the ventral surface of the brain. Optio Chiasma - Crossing of the right and left optio nerves to continue posteriorly as the opt:to tracts. Anterior Perforated Substance - Hegion between optic chiasma and olfactory tracts. Tuber Cinereum ... Rounded elevation posterior to the optic chiasma. For the attachment of the infundibulum of the. pituitary gland. Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) - In an intact specimen, attached to the infundi bulum. . Endocrine in function. Mamillary Bodies ... Rounded elevations posterior to the · tuber cinereum. 113 Cerebral Peduncles .... Bundles passing obliquely forward from the region of the pons, Pons .... On the ventral surfaqe abroad. mass of fibers· forming a commissural band extending t!'ansversely across the brain and. dorsally towards the cerebellum. Oculomotor (III) ... Artses from the medial ventral region of the cerebral pecluncles to pass anteriorly. 'rrochlear {IV) ... Arises from the region of the anterior medullary velum to pass tilong the lat eral surface of the cerebral peduncles. Trigeminal (V) ~ Large. Located posterior to the lateral po!~tions of the pons. Arises by tvw roots, a larger sensory. and a smaller motor root. Abducens {VI) - Small. Passes forward from the ventral surface of the medulla posterior to the pons. Facia.l (VII) - Laterally placed. Arising f'rom the medulla in close relation with the auditory {VIII). Auditory (VIII) :.. Aris i:ng from the medulla pos t;erior to the faa 1al and t:rigemino.l nerves. Glossopharyngeal (IX) ~ Arises by several linear roots along the lateral margins of the medulla oblongata. 114 Vagus (X) - Arises from the late:re,l margins of the medulla in direct line with the glossopharyngeal and posterior to it. Spinal Accessory (Xl) ... Arises by numerous roots along the lateral margin of the medulla. Hypoglossal (XII) ... Most; posterior of the twelve cranial nerves. Arises by several roots from the ventral surface of the medulla. Medulla Oblongata - Anterior swelling of the spinal cord. Ventral Long1 tudinal Fissure - f;1edian ventral groove exte:ndi ng from the medulla to the spinal cox·d, S}'?INAL CORD .. A thick eylj.ndrical cord tra.versi:ng the verte bra,l (neural) canal throughout its length. The cord terminates in the saor•a.l region as the filum terminale. Spinal Nerves - Formed by the union of two rootsoi Dors~:.tl Root - P:r•om the d.orso-la:teral region of the spimil cord. Ventral E.oot - From the ventro-lateral region of the splna.l cord. Dorsal Root Ganglion - ~nla:rged. S\'l'elltng in dorsal root. Dorsal Fissure • Narrow median groove. · Ventr•Etl Fissure .... ltJide ventral median g:t•oove. Central Canal .,.. Small oa.vlty through the center of the cord. oL fac. tor-t ---.A'--J:.._,_l Trac.t- ~~,...-\~-OP\\c ][ Qptjc. S'ilvian ---1--iF ~---+T+-- Chias.ma F\ssure. t.::;i:~rt~--r,~cr-HvPoPhvseal -p,·r:form--+-~-4--- ~~alK Lo'tle... R\ q ht _..,.___ ~~---if---+--Mami l\Cll·'l Cere.bral Bodv Hevni9Phere. :-~.)3~~--f------:h.,__Ocu..la~tott Cerebral ---l~~-__.;.;~ ·TII Pecluhc.le. :-.::JH~...... ~--Troc.hlear ,... ,~-~. .:nr Por1s --1 Ci~·:~If.~;~~(Ji§~~~rTtiqe.mi na l Cerebe.lllA.m ""Sf: ·~""''.lltrt~~ _.. ...,....,,,___Ab~ueen'5 "SIT: AtAditorv un~z._-Fa~i·d.l W 1ZIII ~---mo~~oPhatYilqeaL JY Va¥s .:.:.H-~t----SPin~Acce-:.c;orY SPina.\ Cord -----+--lk-~...... _r&.+--HYPC~G\loc;~a.l li. FIG. 54 BRA\N Ventral View BIBLIOGRAPHY i I XIV, BIBI.IOGBAPHY The following references are a selection of, and intended. only as a oo:n Adame • Leverett A. and Ham~~l Eddy. ,9oml?§:rat1 ve A_nf!:_tOL\lY,;, .An Introduction to the Vertebrates. New York! John Wil$y a.nd Sons, Ir1e7'; '19lj:9,. · Atwood, William H. Comparat:tve Anaton!,l. Second edition. St, Louis: r.rhe c.. V. f'!losby Company, 1955. Baldwin, Fran .._..._...... ,"'!". 11 Notes on the BrE~-ncheG of the Aorte, (arcus a.ort~e) and the Subclavian Artery of the I1abbit.•t Anat, 1\~.9· 19:173-183, 1920. Bensley, B. A•. Pt::actica.l i},p.atorJ11L .2f. .t.~ £1Jll2.bit. Seventh edition. Revised by Craigie, E. H. Philadelphia: The B1al<~r3ton Compa,ny1 19!~6. Bern:, Howard and Boris Kriohesky. ttAnatomio and Histologic Studies of the Sex Aceessories of the Male Rabbit • 11 Un~v. Q!. C.g].ifot~-~& 1?,u!?J.· .t.u '~· 47:175 ... 196t 1943, Brodal, Alf. nThe Cer~bellum of' the Habbit. 11 Jour. Go11m,. 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