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Home , Bicipital groove, Coracohumeral ligament, Coracoid process, Head of radius, Olecranon, Olecranon fossa

SHOULDER

⦿ Connects to thorax ⦿ 3 ◼ Glenohumeral ◼ Acromioclavicular joint ◼ ⦿ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRIz6oO A0Vs ⦿ Functional Areas ◼ scapulothoracic ◼ scapulohumeral SHOULDER MOVEMENTS

⦿ Global Shoulder ⦿ Arm (Shoulder Movement Joint) ◼ Elevation ◼ Flexion ◼ Depression ◼ Extension ◼ Abduction ◼ Abduction ◼ Adduction ◼ Adduction ◼ Medial Rotation ◼ Medial Rotation ◼ Lateral Rotation ◼ Lateral Rotation SHOULDER MOVEMENTS

⦿ Movement of shoulder can affect spine and ◼ Flexion of arm Extension of spine ◼ Extension of arm Flexion of spine ◼ Adduction of arm Ipsilateral sidebending of spine ◼ Abduction of arm Contralateral sidebending of spine ◼ Medial rotation of arm Rotation of spine ◼ Lateral rotation of arm Rotation of spine

⦿ Scapulae ⦿ ⦿ Sternum ⦿ Provides mobile base for movement of

⦿ Collarbone ⦿ Elongated S shaped ⦿ Articulates with Sternum through Manubrium ⦿ Articulates with through STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT

⦿ Saddle Joint ◼ Between Manubrium and Clavicle ⦿ Movement ◼ Flexion - move forward ◼ Extension - move backward ◼ Elevation - move upward ◼ Depression - move downward ◼ Rotation

⦿ Usually movement happens with scapula Scapula Scapula ● Flat triangular bone ● 3 borders ○ Superior, Medial, Lateral ● 3 angles ○ Superior, Inferior, Lateral ● Processes and Spine ○ Acromion , Process, ● ○ Supraspinous, Infraspinous, Subscapularis, Glenoid SCAPULA (ANTERIOR VIEW)

Lateral Angle SCAPULA (ANTERIOR VIEW)

Lateral Angle SCAPULA (POSTERIOR VIEW)

Trapezius Tubercle ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT

⦿ Acromion articulates with clavicle ⦿ Gliding joint – opens and closes angle between scapula and clavicle ⦿ Supported by 4 Conoid & Trapezoid Acromioclavicular ligaments joint SCAPULAR MOVEMENTS

Elevation Depression Adduction/Retraction

Abduction/Protraction Upward Rotation Downward Rotation SCAPULAR MOVEMENT DOWNWARD ROTATION UPWARD ROTATION video of scapula https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRIz6oOA 0Vs GLENOHUMERAL JOINT

⦿ Ball and Socket Joint ⦿ Glenoid Cavity and head of humerus ⦿ Primary joint of shoulder ⦿ Mobile but unstable joint ◼ Head is 2-3X larger than cavity ◼ Cavity is shallow ⦿ Glenoid Labrum - Washer Glenoid Labrum GLENOHUMERAL

⦿ Attachments ◼ Outer rim of glenoid cavity ◼ Head of humerus ⦿ Ligaments ◼ Superior – Coracohumeral

• to greater and ◼ Anterior – 3 glenohumeral ligaments

• Border of glenoid cavity to neck ⦿ Reinforced by tendons of

SHOULDER MUSCLES Scapulothoracic Muscles Those muscles that affect the movement of scapula and clavicle on the thorax SERRATUS ANTERIOR

⦿ Origin: Upper 10 ribs ⦿ Insertion: Medial border of scapula ⦿ Action: ◼ Fixes scapula in place ◼ Abduction and upward rotation of scapula ◼ Inspiration by elevation of ribs

SUBCLAVIUS

⦿ Origin: Rib 1 and cartilage ⦿ Insertion: Underside of clavicle ⦿ Action: ◼ Depresses clavicle

⦿ Origin: Ribs 3-5 ⦿ Insertion: Coracoid process ⦿ Action: ◼ Pulls scapula down and forward ◼ Assists inspiration by elevating ribs

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

⦿ Origin: Sternum and Clavicle ⦿ Insertion: Mastoid Process ⦿ Action: ◼ Elevates area where sternum and clavicle meet to assist inspiration Sternocleidomastoid LEVATOR SCAPULAE

⦿ Origin: Transverse process of C1-C4 ⦿ Insertion: Superior angle of scapula ⦿ Action ◼ Elevation of scapula ◼ Downward rotation of scapula

RHOMBOIDS

⦿ Minor and Major ⦿ Origin: Spinous process C7-T4 ⦿ Insertion: Medial border of scapula ⦿ Action: ◼ Retraction of scapula ◼ Downward rotation of scapula

TRAPEZIUS

⦿ Origin: Occiput, nuchal ligament, spinous process of Cervical and ⦿ Insertion: ◼ Lateral 1/3 of clavicle and acromion(upper) ◼ Scapular spine (middle) ◼ Trapezius tubercle and medial end of scapular spine (lower) ⦿ Action: ◼ Retraction of scapula (all 3) ◼ Elevation, upward rotation of scapula, and elevation of clavicle (upper) ◼ Depression and upward rotation of scapula (lower)

ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES

⦿ Subscapularis ⦿ Supraspinatus ⦿ Infraspinatus ⦿ Teres Minor

⦿ Together the rotator cuff tendons reinforce the capsule

SUBSCAPULARIS

⦿ Origin: Anterior Surface of scapula ⦿ Insertion: Lesser Tubercle of humerus ⦿ Action: ◼ Medial rotation of arm SUPRASPINATUS

⦿ Origin: Supraspinous Fossa ⦿ Insertion: ⦿ Action: Abduction of arm INFRASPINATUS

⦿ Origin: Infraspinous Fossa ⦿ Insertion: Greater Tubercle below Supraspinatus ⦿ Action: ◼ Lateral Rotation of arm ◼ Abduction of arm TERES MINOR

⦿ Origin: Lateral Border of Scapula ⦿ Insertion: Greater Tubercle (below Infraspinatus) ⦿ Action: Lateral Rotation of arm Scapulohumeral muscles

CORACOBRACHIALIS

⦿ Origin: Coracoid Process ⦿ Insertion: Medial Surface of humeral shaft near middle ⦿ Action: ◼ Flexes arm ◼ Adducts Arm

BICEPS BRACHII

⦿ Origin: ◼ Short Head – coracoid process ◼ Long head – tubercle above glenoid cavity ⦿ Insertion: Bicipital Tuberosity of ⦿ Action (of arm): ◼ Flexion ◼ Shorthead – adduction ◼ Longhead - abduction

PECTORALIS MAJOR

⦿ Origin: ◼ Clavicular head – Anterior and medial clavicle ◼ Sternocostal head – Sternum and costal cartilage ⦿ Insertion: Lateral aspect of ⦿ Action: ◼ Both heads –Adduction and Medial rotation of arm ◼ Upper fibers – flexion to 60 Degrees ◼ Lower fibers - flexion from 60 degrees

LATISSIMUS DORSI

⦿ Origin: Sacral and Iliac Crest, Thoracolumbar fascia, spinous process of T7-T12, posterior surface of lower ribs ⦿ Insertion: Bicipital groove ⦿ Action: ◼ Extension of arm ◼ Adduction of arm ◼ Medial rotation of arm

TERES MAJOR

⦿ Origin: posterior surface of inferior angle ⦿ Insertion: Medial aspect of bicipital groove next to latissimus dorsi ⦿ Action: ◼ Extension of arm ◼ Adduction of arm ◼ Medial rotation of arm

DELTOID

⦿ 3 groups of fibers ⦿ Origin: ◼ Middle fibers - lateral border of acromion ◼ Posterior fibers - spine of scapula ◼ Anterior fibers - clavicles ⦿ Insertion: lateral surface of humerus ⦿ Action: ◼ Middle fibers - Abduction of arm ◼ Anterior fibers – flexion and medial rotation of arm ◼ Posterior fibers – extension of arm THE ELBOW

⦿ Elbow – where , radius and humerus meet ⦿ ◼ 2 • Radius • Ulna ⦿ Motion ◼ Flexion and Extension ◼ Pronation and Supination FLEXION AND EXTENSION

⦿ Flexion – movement that decreases angle between anterior surfaces of arm and forearm ◼ Active flexion – limited by contact between bodies of muscles ◼ Passive flexion – more range because muscles are more compressible

⦿ Extension – Return from flexion to anatomical position or increase in the angle between arm and forearm FOREARM HUMERUS CONTINUED

Radial fossa Coronoid Lateral fossa epicondyle Medial epicondyle fossa

Capitulum Trochlea JOINT CAPSULE OF ELBOW

⦿ Attachments: ◼ Above radial and coronoid fossae ◼ Above ◼ Medial and lateral condyles ◼ Neck of radius ◼ Medial surface of ulna ◼ Circumference of ⦿ Loose in back to facilitate flexion

LIGAMENTS

⦿ Radial collateral ligament ◼ 3 slips from Lateral epicondyle • 2 encircle and inserts on • 1 inserts on lateral olecranon ⦿ Ulnar collateral ligament ◼ Medial epicondyle and attaches below medial coronoid process and olecranon ⦿ Collaterals allow flexion and extension but prevent lateral movement of elbow Bone for FLEXION/EXTENSION

⦿ Flexion ◼ Radial head fits into ◼ Coronoid process fits into coronoid fossa ⦿ Extension ◼ Olecranon process fits into olecranon fossa MUSCLES OF FLEXION/EXTENSION

⦿ Flexion ◼ Brachialis ◼ ◼ Brachii ⦿ Extension ◼ brachii ◼ Anconeus BRACHIALIS

⦿ Origin: Anterior surface of distal humerus ⦿ Insertion: Coronoid process ⦿ Action: Flexion of elbow

BRACHIORADIALIS

⦿ Origin: Lateral ridge on distal humerus ⦿ Insertion: ⦿ Action: ◼ Flexion of elbow ◼ Initial stages of pronation and supination • Assists in pronation from a supinated position

• Assists in supination from a pronated position

BICEPS BRACHII

⦿ Origin: ◼ Short head – coracoid process ◼ Long head – tubercle above glenoid cavity ⦿ Insertion: ⦿ Action (of elbow): ◼ Flexion of elbow ◼ Supinator of radius (inserts on posterior aspect of radial tuberosity)

• Uncrosses upper radius from pronated position

TRICEPS BRACHII

⦿ Origin (3) : ◼ Long head – Tubercle below glenoid cavity ◼ Lateral head – Humerus (back, upper, lateral shaft) ◼ Medial head – Humerus (back, lower shaft) ⦿ Insertion: Olecranon ⦿ Action: Extension of elbow

ANCONEUS

⦿ Origin: Lateral epicondyle ⦿ Insertion: Lateral olecranon and upper ulna ⦿ Action: ◼ Extends elbow ◼ Abductor during pronation

PRONATION AND SUPINATION

⦿ Supination – Radius and Ulna parallel and palm faces anteriorly ⦿ Pronation – Radius crosses over Ulna and palm faces posteriorly

PROXIMAL RADIOULNAR JOINT

⦿ Radial notch and head of radius ⦿ Pivot joint ⦿ Annular ligament ◼ U-shaped – wraps around head of radius and attaches to front and back of ulna ◼ Surrounds and secures head and neck of radius ⦿ Allows pronation and supination PROXIMAL RADIOULNAR JOINT DISTAL RADIOULNAR JOINT

⦿ Ulnar notch and ulnar head ⦿ Pivot joint ⦿ Radius rotates anteriorly over head of ulna ⦿ Articular disk connects styloid process of ulna to ulnar notch ◼ Holds radius and ulna together during movement at the joint ◼ Separates distal radioulnar joint from joint

FOREARM CONTINUED

⦿ Interosseous membrane – connects shafts of radius and ulna ◼ Holds Ulna and Radius together during pronation and supination ◼ Acts as a site of muscle attachment MUSCLES OF PRONATION/SUPINATION

⦿ Pronation: ◼ Pronator teres ◼ Pronator quadratus ◼ Brachioradialis ⦿ Supination: ◼ Biceps Brachii ◼ Supinator PRONATOR TERES

⦿ Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna ⦿ Insertion: Midlateral surface of radius ⦿ Action: ◼ Pronation of arm ◼ Assists in flexion of elbow PRONATOR QUADRATUS

⦿ Attachments: Anterior surface of distal ulna and radius ⦿ Action: Pulls radius across ulna in pronation

SUPINATOR

⦿ Origin: ◼ Superficial layer – lateral epicondyle of humerus ◼ Deep layer – Superolateral ulna ⦿ Insertion: Between neck and lateral side of Radius ⦿ Action: Supination of forearm

HAND AND WRIST