Archaic Shell Rings of the Southeast U.S. National Historic Landmarks Historic Context Southeast Archeological Center National Park Service Tallahassee NPS Form 10-900-a (Rev. Aug. 2002) OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 1-31-2009) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form _X_ New Submission ____ Amended Submission A. Name of Multiple Property Listing Archaic Shell Rings of the Southeast U.S. Historic Context B. Associated Historic Contexts The following contexts are all relevant to the coasts of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Mississippi in the southeast United States between 5000 and 3000 B.P. Context 1 Archaic Shell Rings as Early Large-Scale Architecture Context 2 Mounds and Other Architecture Associated with Shell Rings Context 3 America’s First Potteries, 5000–3000 B.P. Context 4 Development of New Technologies: Shell & Bone Tool Kits Context 5 Expansion of Exchange Networks Context 6 Establishment of Sedentary Cultures Context 7 Changing Mortuary Practices Context 8 Establishment of Tribal Identities Context 9 Settlement and Environment Context 10 Sociopolitical Development and Shell Rings C. Form Prepared By Michael Russo, Ph.D., Archaeologist April 2006 Southeast Archeological Center, National Park Service Tel: 850-580-3011, ext. 344 2035 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Johnson Building, Suite 120 Fax: 850-580-2884 Tallahassee, FL 32310 [email protected] D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documenta- tion form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60 and the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation. (See continua- tion sheet for additional comments.) __________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ Signature and title of certifying official Date __________________________________________________________ _____________________________________ Signature of Federal Agency or Tribal Government Date _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I hereby certify that this multiple property documentation form has been approved by the National Register as a basis for evaluating related properties for listing in the National Register. __________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ Signature of Federal Agency or Tribal Government Date NPS Form 10-900-a (Rev. Aug. 2002) OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 1-31-2009) Archaic Shell Rings of the Southeast U.S. Historic Context United States Department of the Interior Continuation Sheet: Statement of Historic Contexts National Park Service Section E, Page 5 Contents E. Statement of Historic Contexts............................................................................................................8 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................8 Context 1 Archaic Shell Rings as Early Large-Scale Architecture......................................................8 Context 2 Mounds and Other Architecture Associated with Shell Rings..........................................27 Context 3 America’s First Potteries, 5000–3000 B.P.........................................................................31 Context 4 Development of New Technologies: Shell & Bone Tool Kits .........................................35 Context 5 Expansion of Exchange Networks ....................................................................................44 Context 6 Establishment of Sedentary Cultures ................................................................................45 Context 7 Changing Mortuary Practices............................................................................................46 Context 8 Establishment of Tribal Identities .....................................................................................51 Context 9 Settlement and Environment .............................................................................................59 Context 10 Sociopolitical Development and Shell Rings....................................................................60 F. Associated Property Types.................................................................................................................62 Significance of Shell Rings 62 NHL Thematic Framework 62 Criteria for the Evaluation of Shell Rings and Associated Large-Scale Architecture 62 Registration Requirements 64 Levels of Significance 66 Site Descriptions of Potential NHLs 66 ▪ Sea Pines, 38BU7...........................................................................................................................68 ▪ Skull Creek 1 & 2, 38BU8 .............................................................................................................69 ▪ Barrows, 38BU300.........................................................................................................................71 ▪ Patent, 38BU301............................................................................................................................72 ▪ Coosaw 1, 38BU1866 ....................................................................................................................74 ▪ Coosaw 2, 38BU1866 ....................................................................................................................75 ▪ Coosaw 3, 38BU1866 ....................................................................................................................76 ▪ Coosaw 4, 38BU1866 ....................................................................................................................77 ▪ Fig Island 1, 38CH42 .....................................................................................................................78 ▪ Fig Island 2, 38CH42 .....................................................................................................................80 ▪ Fig Island 3, 38CH42 .....................................................................................................................82 ▪ Sewee, 38CH45..............................................................................................................................83 ▪ Cannon’s Point, 9GN57 .................................................................................................................85 ▪ West, 9GN76..................................................................................................................................87 ▪ Sapelo 1, 9MC23............................................................................................................................88 ▪ Sapelo 2, 9MC23............................................................................................................................90 ▪ Sapelo 3, 9MC23............................................................................................................................92 ▪ Horr’s Island, 8CR209; Mounds A–D, 8CR206–208, 211 ............................................................94 ▪ Oxeye, 8DU7478............................................................................................................................96 ▪ Rollins, 8DU7510...........................................................................................................................98 ▪ Reed, 8MT13................................................................................................................................100 ▪ Guana, 8SJ2554............................................................................................................................102 ▪ Hill Cottage, 8SO2 .......................................................................................................................104 G. Geographical Data ............................................................................................................................106 NPS Form 10-900-a (Rev. Aug. 2002) OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 1-31-2009) Archaic Shell Rings of the Southeast U.S. Historic Context United States Department of the Interior Continuation Sheet: Statement of Historic Contexts National Park Service Section E, Page 6 H. Summary of Identification and Evaluation Methods...................................................................107 Determining the Historic Context for Archaic Shell Rings ..............................................................108 Conducting the Research on the Historic Context ............................................................................111 Determination of the Historic Context and Identification of Properties ...........................................111 Sites Considered but Rejected as Potentially Eligible for NHL Designation ...................................115 ▪ Daws Island, 38BU9...................................................................................................................115 ▪ Guerard Point, 38BU21..............................................................................................................116 ▪ Chester Field, 38BU29 ...............................................................................................................117