DOCSLIB.ORG

The Banyan Tree: Perception of Place, Kinship And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Banyan Tree: Perception of Place, Kinship And THE BANYAN TREE: PERCEPTION OF PLACE, KINSHIP AND CHURCH IN TASIRIKI ESPIRITU SANTO, VANUATU A thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Anthropology at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland Candice Roze MRes in Social Anthropology (University of Aberdeen) Bsc in Forestry and Resource Conservation (National Taiwan University) 2014 1 Table of contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 8 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 11 Lists of Abbreviations and notes on transliteration ........................................................... 14 Lists of figures ................................................................................................................... 15 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 16 PART I................................................................................................................................ 24 CHAPTER 1 - PRESENTATION OF PLACE AND METHODOLOGY 1.1 Brief geographical and historical context of Vanuatu with a focus on the Island of Espiritu Santo .......................................................................................... 24 1.1.1 Geography ................................................................................................................. 24 1.1.2 History ...................................................................................................................... 29 1.2 Human geography ........................................................................................................ 34 1.3 General description of Tasiriki and South West Santo villages, historical perspective and social organisation ............................................................................ 38 1.3.1 Presbyterian villages in South West Santo ............................................................... 43 1.3.2 Tasiriki ...................................................................................................................... 44 1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 52 1.4.1 Pre-fieldwork research interest ................................................................................. 52 1.4.2 VCC and Entry .......................................................................................................... 55 1.4.3 My location and connections: who is who and how related ..................................... 57 1.4.4 Relatives as main interlocutors during the research ................................................. 59 2 1.4.5 What I did and how I gathered data .......................................................................... 61 1.4.6 Work Sessions and participant observation .............................................................. 62 1.4.7 Limitation and quality of the data ............................................................................. 64 1.5 Overview: what emerges as important through fieldwork ........................................... 66 CHAPTER 2 - PROBLEMS ADDRESSED IN THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF CHRISTIANITY, ESPECIALLY IN RELATION TO MELANESIA ANDTHE WIDER PACIFIC 2.1 Issues in the anthropology of Christianity and theoretical propositions ...................... 68 2.1.1 Introduction: Stumbling into Christianity ................................................................. 68 2.1.2 Invisible Christians – Methodological choices and obstacles to an Anthropology of Christianity ......................................................................................................................... 72 2.1.3 Robbins and “Continuity thinking” (2007, 2011) ..................................................... 77 2.1.4 Some methodological suggestions: opposite directions ........................................... 80 2.1.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 82 2.2 Working with metaphors of society: some conceptions of kastom and church in Vanuatu ....................................................................................................................... 84 2.2.1 Kastom and church .................................................................................................... 84 2.2.2 Metaphors of sociality: Rio (2007) and Eriksen (2008) ........................................... 90 3 CHAPTER 3 - IMPLANTING THE VANUA: THE WORLD AS A FOUNDATIONAL COMMUNITY OF BEINGS, MATRILINEAGES, PATERNAL TRAJECTORIES AND CHURCH 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 97 3.2 The world as a community and trajectories of beings ................................................. 99 3.2.1 Contextualising the concept of vanua ...................................................................... 99 3.2.2 Vanua in context ...................................................................................................... 105 3.2.3 Matrilineages and nasara: respective expression of maternal and paternal connections and paths ............................................................................................. 112 3.2.3.1 Matrilines ............................................................................................................. 112 3.2.3.2 The origin of matrilines ....................................................................................... 115 3.2.3.3 Principles ............................................................................................................. 117 3.2.3.4 Nasara: paternal trajectories of emplacement ..................................................... 122 3.3 The church in South West Santo ................................................................................ 126 3.3.1 Accounts from the missionaries .............................................................................. 126 3.3.2 The story of Lulu Varkiki: local perspective on the arrival of the church .............. 128 3.3.3 Sketch of the institutional organisation of the Presbyterian Church ....................... 130 3.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 131 PART II – GROWING THE VANUA: GROWING GARDENS, KIN and CHURCH ..................................................................................... 134 4 CHAPTER 4 - GROWING THE VANUA THROUGH WORK: THE TWO-SIDED HOUSE, GARDENS, AND PLANTATIONS 4.1 Ground and God & Grounded and connected persons .............................................. 139 4.1.1 Ground (one) and God’s gift ................................................................................... 139 4.1.2 Two-sided house: grounded and connected persons ............................................... 141 4.2 Work ........................................................................................................................... 148 4.2.1 Matavun: growing gardens and plantations ............................................................ 148 4.2.1.1 Horticultural gardens ........................................................................................... 154 4.2.1.2 Plantations: the production of copra and kava ..................................................... 166 4.2.1.3 Other forms of work and sources of monetary income ....................................... 170 4.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 171 CHAPTER 5 - GROWING AND MAKING KINSHIP 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 174 5.2 “Yam hemi man” ........................................................................................................ 178 5.3 A person’s life cycle ................................................................................................... 182 5.3.1 Roads of nurture and exchange: growing the house and place ............................... 184 5.3.1.1 Nurture ................................................................................................................. 185 5.3.1.2 Nurturing knowledge: growing with kin, school and the church ........................ 194 5 5.3.1.3 “Ol woman oli konekt ol man”: emplacement and connections through marriage .................................................................................................. 198 5.3.1.4 Thanksgiving ceremonies: staging kinship in the church .................................... 208 5.3.1.5 Death: between remembering and forgetting and the possibility of renewal ...... 212 CHAPTER 6 – GROWING AND MAKING THE CHURCH 6-1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 216 6.2 “Wok blong God”: feeding and nurturing the church with money ............................. 220 6.2.1 PWMU and women’s work ...................................................................................... 220 6.2.2 Fundraising: food exchange or transaction towards the church? ............................. 226 6.2.3 Thanksgiving ceremonies: gardens in the church and the sacralisation of work .... 229
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anthropology of Religion Magic and Witchcraft 3Rd Edition Stein Test Bank
    Anthropology of Religion Magic and Witchcraft 3rd Edition Stein Test Bank Full Download: https://alibabadownload.com/product/anthropology-of-religion-magic-and-witchcraft-3rd-edition-stein-test-bank/ Chapter 1: The Anthropological Study of Religion Chapter One THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF RELIGION CHAPTER OUTLINE THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE The Holistic Approach The Study of Human Societies The Fore of New Guinea: An Ethnographic Example Two Ways of Viewing Culture Cultural Relativism Postmodernism Universal Human Rights The Concept of Culture Viewing the World THE STUDY OF RELIGION Attempts at Defining Religion The Domain of Religion Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Religion The Evolutionary Approach The Marxist Approach The Functional Approach The Interpretive Approach The Psychosocial Approach The Biological Basis of Religious Behavior Belief in Spirit Beings The Evolution of Religion CONCLUSION SUMMARY BOX 1.1 KAREN MCCARTHY BROWN AND VODOU BOX 1.2 MALINOWSKI AND THE TROBRIAND ISLANDS BOX 1.3 EVANS-PRITCHARD AND THE AZANDE CHAPTER SUMMARY Anthropology is the study of humanity. Anthropologists study human societies as integrated wholes, an approach that is termed holism. This approach is seen in the broad scope of anthro- 1 This sample only, Download all chapters at: AlibabaDownload.com Instructor’s Manual for The Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft pology, which is often divided into the fields of physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology. This approach requires that societies be studied over long periods of time, during which the investigator lives within the community and participates in the lives of the people under study, a technique known as participant observation.
    [Show full text]
  • Declines of Seagrasses in a Tropical Harbour, North Queensland, Australia, Are Not the Result of a Single Event
    Declines of seagrasses in a tropical harbour, North Queensland, Australia, are not the result of a single event SKYE MCKENNA*, JESSIE JARVIS, TONIA SANKEY, CARISSA REASON, ROBERT COLES and MICHAEL RASHEED Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia *Corresponding author (Email, [email protected]) A recent paper inferred that all seagrass in Cairns Harbour, tropical north-eastern Australia, had undergone ‘complete and catastrophic loss’ as a result of tropical cyclone Yasi in 2011. While we agree with the concern expressed, we would like to correct the suggestion that the declines were the result of a single climatic event and that all seagrass in Cairns Harbour were lost. Recent survey data and trend analysis from an on-ground monitoring program show that seagrasses in Cairns Harbour do remain, albeit at low levels, and the decline in seagrasses occurred over several years with cyclone Yasi having little additional impact. We have conducted annual on-ground surveys of seagrass distribution and the above-ground meadow biomass in Cairns Harbour and Trinity Inlet since 2001. This has shown a declining trend in biomass since a peak in 2004 and in area since it peaked in 2007. In 2012, seagrass area and above-ground biomass were significantly below the long-term (12 year) average but seagrass was still present. Declines were associated with regional impacts on coastal seagrasses from multiple years of above-average rainfall and severe storm and cyclone activity, similar to other nearby seagrass areas, and not as a result of a single event. [McKenna S, Jarvis J, Sankey T, Reason C, Coles R and Rasheed M 2015 Declines of seagrasses in a tropical harbour, North Queensland, Australia, are not the result of a single event.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fore Language of Papua New Guinea
    PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Se�ie� B - No. 47 THE FORE LANGUAGE OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA by Graham Scott Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Scott, G. The Fore language of Papua New Guinea. B-47, xvi + 225 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1978. DOI:10.15144/PL-B47.cover ©1978 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. r PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is published through the Lingu��tic Ci�cle 06 Canb e��a and consists of four series: SERIES A - OCCASIONA L PAPERS SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS SERIES C - BOOKS SERIES V - SPECIAL PUB LICATIONS EDITOR: S.A. Wurm. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton. EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B. Bender, University of Hawaii N.D. Liem, University of Hawaii D. Bradley, Australian National J. Lynch, University of Papua University New Guinea A. Capell, University of Sydney K.A. McElhanon, University of S. Elbert, University of Hawaii Texas K. Franklin, Summer Institute of H. McKaughan, University of Hawaii Linguistics P. MUhlh�usler, Technische W.W. Glover, Summer Institute of Universit�t Berlin Linguis tics G.N. O'Grady, University of G. Grace, University of Hawaii Victoria, B.C. M.A.K. Halliday, University of K. Pike, University of Michigan; Sydney Summer Institute of Linguistics A. Healey, Summer Institute of E.C. Polome, University of Texas Linguistics E. Uhlenbeck, University of Leiden L. Hercus, Australian National J.W.M. Verhaar, University of University Indonesia, Jakarta ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PA CIFIC LINGUIS TICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary, PACIFIC LINGUIS TICS, Department of Linguistics , School of Pacific Studies , The Australian National University , Box 4, P.O., Canberra , A.C.T.
    [Show full text]
  • NASA Sees Tropical Cyclone Jasmine Over Vanuatu and New Caledonia 9 February 2012
    NASA sees Tropical Cyclone Jasmine over Vanuatu and New Caledonia 9 February 2012 circulation. Later on February 8 at 0600 UTC (1 a.m. EST), Cyclone Jasmine had maximum sustained winds near 115 knots (132 mph/213 kph). It was located near 20.6 South and 169.4 East, about 185 nautical miles (213 miles/~343 km) east-northeast of Noumea, New Caledonia. It was moving to the southeast at 12 knots (~14 mph/~22 kph). In Vanuatu, a blue alert was in effect on February 8 for the Tafea province and now only applies to Aneityum. Warnings in New Caledonia cover the entire territory until 6 a.m. local time, and are under a yellow pre-alert. Forecasters believe that Jasmine may have NASA's Aqua satellite passed over Tropical Cyclone reached its peak wind speed and expect it to slowly Jasmine on Feb. 8, 2012 at 0225 UTC (Feb. 7 at 9:25 weaken over the remainder of the week. p.m. EST). The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument captured a true color image of the storm. In the image, Jasmine's eye as Provided by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center visible as it travels between Vanuatu (north) and New Caledonia (south). Credit: NASA Goddard MODIS Rapid Response Team NASA's Aqua satellite passed over Tropical Cyclone Jasmine on Feb. 8, 2012 as it was passing between Vanuatu and New Caledonia. NASA imagery showed Jasmine had a 20 nautical mile-wide eye. Aqua passed over Jasmine at 0225 UTC on February 8, 2012 (Feb. 7 at 9:25 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • The Epidemiology of Kuru: Monitoring the Epidemic from Its Peak to Its End Michael P
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by PubMed Central Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (2008) 363, 3707–3713 doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0071 Published online Review The epidemiology of kuru: monitoring the epidemic from its peak to its end Michael P. Alpers1,2,3,* 1Centre for International Health, ABCRC, Shenton Park Campus, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia 2MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 3Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 60, Goroka, EHP 441, Papua New Guinea Kuru is a fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy restricted to the Fore people and their neighbours in a remote region of the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. When first investigated in 1957 it was found to be present in epidemic proportions, with approximately 1000 deaths in the first 5 years, 1957–1961. The changing epidemiological patterns and other significant findings such as the transmissibility of kuru are described in their historical progression. Monitoring the progress of the epidemic has been carried out by epidemiological surveillance in the field for 50 years. From its peak, the number of deaths from kuru declined to 2 in the last 5 years, indicating that the epidemic is approaching its end. The mode of transmission of the prion agent of kuru was the local mortuary practice of transumption. The prohibition of this practice in the 1950s led to the decline in the epidemic, which has been prolonged into the present century by incubation periods that may exceed 50 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Bruce I. Renich Department: Counseling, Adult and Higher Education
    ABSTRACT Name: Bruce I. Renich Department: Counseling, Adult and Higher Education Title: The Transmission of Knowledge: Perspectives on the Change from Traditional to Modem Settings in Papua New Guinea Major: Adult Continuing Education Degree: Doctor of Education Approved by: Date: S - U o l DissertatirfnDirector NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT This study examined the ways that adult learners in Papua New Guinea viewed their traditional learning experiences and how these experiences have been used to develop a vision of a model of learning. Traditional ways of learning, including both informal learning and formal initiation learning, had not been explored as they related to the perceptions of the learner influenced by Western ways of learning. The purpose then was to examine the movement in understanding from how traditional education and learning took place to the practice of modern Western education and learning in Papua New Guinea in order to determine what was perceived to be the ideal way to learn and educate. Three questions were the basis for this research: “How do adult men from Papua New Guinea perceive their lifetime learning experiences?,” “In what ways do adult men from Papua New Guinea feel that their childhood and adolescent educational experiences have shaped their current lives as adults?,” and “How would adult men who are teachers from Papua New Guinea describe both their current teaching practice and their mental picture of what an ideal learning environment would look like?” To answer these questions a qualitative research method was used and the data analyzed through constant comparison.
    [Show full text]
  • Revelations of the World: Transnationalism and the Politics of Perception in Papua New Guinea
    AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST Revelations of the World: Transnationalism and the Politics of Perception in Papua New Guinea James Slotta ABSTRACT Like many over the past century, people in the Yopno Valley of Papua New Guinea have experienced a burgeoning of connections with people across great geographical distances. Building on Benedict Anderson’s well-known discussion of the nation as a “community” imagined in part through the realist framing of newspaper reporting, novels, censuses, and so on, I argue that revelation is an interactional frame central to an emerging global imaginary in the Yopno Valley, one that lies at the heart of Yopno engagements with transnational projects ranging from Christian missionization to environmental conservation and development through Western-style education. In the course of sermons, community meetings, public announcements, and the like, people frequently reveal knowledge of transnational institutions to others, presenting themselves as the necessary mediators between an “out-of-touch” community and a knowledgeable, powerful, and yet obscure world of transnational actors. The world perceived through revelation is one in which persons are defined by their place in a global hierarchy organized by the trajectory of knowledge in circulation, with the Yopno, the last to know, at the bottom. This imaginary, in turn, is reshaping power relations in Yopno communities and influencing people’s understanding of and interest in various transnational projects. [transnationalism, frame, social imaginary, interaction,
    [Show full text]
  • An Ethnography of Change in Papua New Guinea
    NAVIGATING THE FUTURE An Ethnography of Change in Papua New Guinea NAVIGATING THE FUTURE An Ethnography of Change in Papua New Guinea MONICA MINNEGAL AND PETER D. DWYER ASIA-PACIFIC ENVIRONMENT MONOGRAPH 11 Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Creator: Minnegal, Monica, author. Title: Navigating the future : an ethnography of change in Papua New Guinea / Monica Minnegal ; Peter D. Dwyer. ISBN: 9781760461232 (paperback) 9781760461249 (ebook) Series: Asia-pacific environment monographs ; 11 Subjects: Liquefied natural gas industry--Social aspects--Papua New Guinea. Ethnology--Papua New Guinea. Kubo (Papua New Guinean people)--Economic conditions. Kubo (Papua New Guinean people)--Social conditions. Papuans--Papua New Guinea--Attitudes. Other Creators/Contributors: Dwyer, Peter D., 1937- author. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover photograph: ‘Entrance to Owabi Corner’ by Peter D. Dwyer, Suabi, 2014. This edition © 2017 ANU Press Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................vii Caveats .............................................................ix Tables ..............................................................xiii
    [Show full text]
  • Cannibalism Causes Fatal Disease?
    fact sheet Cannibalism causes fatal disease? Sounds fanciful doesn’t it? Well, read on … As the term cannibalism is fraught with preconceived meanings, many scientific reports refer to it as Within the deep, dark, depths of jungle-covered slopes ‘transmission’. This practice involves eating dead in eastern Papua New Guinea’s mountainous heart, kinsfolk in a ritualised way. Women cut up, cooked, and unknown to the rest of the world until the 1930s, lived distributed body parts to female kinsfolk, who often approximately one million people. They comprised many shared it with their children. The brain was a special linguistic groups, one being the Fore (pronounced ‘foray’) delicacy so if children begged to have some, mothers people whose land, in the Opaka area, was not officially complied – out of love – but boys over the age of ten, opened to Europeans until the 1950s. were not allowed to touch it. Like all other groups in the area, Fore people lived in villages. In Fore culture, a person, prior to death, may choose one When early anthropologists began to research their lives, of three ways to have their bodies disposed of: burial; a visitor to any village may have found a tranquil scene of placement in a basket or on a platform in a bamboo families going about their daily activities of food preparation, grove; or transmission. The latter was the most common making utensils and fabrics, and constructing or repairing choice as people believed it better for their bodies to be their homes. Ceremonies were an important feature in their eaten by loved ones, than by insects and worms.
    [Show full text]
  • Mortuary Practices, Genetics and Other Factors Relevant to the Transmission of Kuru in Papua New Guinea
    Mortuary practices, genetics and other factors relevant to the transmission of kuru in Papua New Guinea Mr Jerome T Whitfield University College London PhD in Neurology 1 ‘I, Mr Jerome T Whitfield, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis.’ ................................................................... 2 Table of Contents Title page..............................................................................................1 Table of Contents .............................................................................. 3 List of Tables and Figures ............................................................... 36 Abstract ........................................................................................... 41 Introduction ..................................................................................... 44 Chapter 1: Prion diseases of humans and animals ........................ 49 Introduction .................................................................................... 49 Prion diseases of animals ............................................................... 53 Scrapie ......................................................................................... 54 Transmissible mink encephalopathy ......................................... 56 Chronic wasting disease in North American cervids ................ 58 Prion diseases of humans ..............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • National Summit to Improve Understanding on Climate, Climate Change and Its Impacts on Agriculture and Land‐Based Sectors
    2012 SUMMIT REPORT National Summit to Improve Understanding on Climate, Climate Change and its Impacts on Agriculture and Land‐based Sectors 12‐16 March 2012 Vanuatu Agriculture College (VAC) Luganville, Santo Island VAC 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is a collaborative effort from the VMGD, SPC-GIZ, NDMO and DARD. The following persons are acknowledged for contributing to compiling the report From VMGD: Salesa Kaniaha, Philip Malsale, Silas Tigona, Mike Waiwai, Melinda Natapei, Kathriana Kanas, Kylie Lowson From SPC-GIZ: Dr. Christopher Bartlett, Thomas Putunleta, Isso Nihmei, Rebecca Bill From NDMO: Pete Turnbull, Alice Iarem From DARD: Peter Iesul All presenters, contributors and participants in the summit are acknowledged (Appendix). Special acknowledgment is given to Director Jotham Napat (VMGD), Director Benuel Tarilongi (VQL), Acting Director Tate Hannington (DoF), Acting Director James Wasi (DARD) and CEO Peter Napwatt (VAC) for their guidance, contribution and participation throughout the workshop. The PI-CPP provided a substantial financial support to this workshop and the contribution is acknowledged. SPC/GIZ also contributed financial support to the workshop 2 Contents 1.0 Background ....................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Summit Coordination and Participants ......................................................................................... 7 1.3 Overall Objective ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Treponematosis in the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea
    Bull. Org. mond. Sante' 1968, 38, 189-195 Bull. Wid Hith Org. J Treponematosis in the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea M. F. GARNER, MB.BS., MC.Path.1 & R. W. HORNABROOK, M.D., F.R.A.C.P.2 Serological tests for treponemal disease were undertaken among the inhabitants of 10 census units in the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea. Many sera gave reactive results to some or all of the tests performed. To exclude biological false positive reactions the Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test was carried out on each serum, the results being taken to indicate the presence or absence of treponemal disease in the individual. Clinically, leprosy and malaria were rare and no cases of active yaws were seen. Some middle-aged people showed clinical evidence of old yaws infections. The prevalence of treponemal disease in the census units variedfrom 3.9 % to 79.2 %, males having a higher prevalence than females. The children under 15 years showed no serological evidence oftreponemal disease in all but 3 units, in which the prevalence rangedfrom 14.3 % to 40 %. It is concluded that the treponemal disease involved was yaws. Special interest lies in the non-infected children and adults who have no relative cross-immunity from yaws in a country which is rapidly developing. In 1964-65, one of us (R. W. H.) investigated the until 1956. Up to this time, the inhabitants indulged disease kuru among the inhabitants of the Okapa in intertribal and intervillage warfare, ritual killings, subdistrict of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea sorcery and cannibalism (Gajdusek & Zigas, 1959).
    [Show full text]