DOCSLIB.ORG

Bruce I. Renich Department: Counseling, Adult and Higher Education

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bruce I. Renich Department: Counseling, Adult and Higher Education ABSTRACT Name: Bruce I. Renich Department: Counseling, Adult and Higher Education Title: The Transmission of Knowledge: Perspectives on the Change from Traditional to Modem Settings in Papua New Guinea Major: Adult Continuing Education Degree: Doctor of Education Approved by: Date: S - U o l DissertatirfnDirector NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT This study examined the ways that adult learners in Papua New Guinea viewed their traditional learning experiences and how these experiences have been used to develop a vision of a model of learning. Traditional ways of learning, including both informal learning and formal initiation learning, had not been explored as they related to the perceptions of the learner influenced by Western ways of learning. The purpose then was to examine the movement in understanding from how traditional education and learning took place to the practice of modern Western education and learning in Papua New Guinea in order to determine what was perceived to be the ideal way to learn and educate. Three questions were the basis for this research: “How do adult men from Papua New Guinea perceive their lifetime learning experiences?,” “In what ways do adult men from Papua New Guinea feel that their childhood and adolescent educational experiences have shaped their current lives as adults?,” and “How would adult men who are teachers from Papua New Guinea describe both their current teaching practice and their mental picture of what an ideal learning environment would look like?” To answer these questions a qualitative research method was used and the data analyzed through constant comparison. The data came from a series of interviews, several ethnographies from the general cultural context in which these interview informants lived, and personal observations from living and working in Papua New Guinea for Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. twenty-two years. The findings suggest that a preferred learning environment model suitable to this context would include seven characteristics, namely, 1) working together and 2) gaining experience through activity learning as primary purposes for learning, 3) immediate application as the context in which learning takes place, 4) dialogue and questions as well as 5) demonstration as the most important instructional methods, 6) mentoring together with relationship building as the chief quality of an instructor, and 7) mental and emotional toughness as a necessary character quality of the learner. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY THE TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE: PERSPECTIVES ON THE CHANGE FROM TRADITIONAL TO MODERN SETTINGS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF COUNSELING, ADULT AND HIGHER EDUCATION BY BRUCE I. RENICH © Bruce I. Renich DEKALB, ILLINOIS MAY 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3272166 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3272166 Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Certification: In accordance with departmental and Graduate School policies, this dissertation is accepted in partial fulfillment of degree requirements. Dissertation Director Date a n y u s e o f m a t e r ia l c o n t a in e d HEREIN m u s t b e duly acknowledged . THE AUTHOR'S PERMISSION MUST BE OBTAINED IF ANY PORTION IS TO BE PUBLISHED OR INCLUDED IN A PUBLICATION. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks in this effort to produce a dissertation goes to the many who have contributed to my learning experiences over the years and those who have been a special encouragement and help to me in this most recent enterprise. Several key persons, who wish to remain unnamed, helped with the funding of the schooling and research. Without their help I could not have proceeded. My thanks also go to L. Glenn Smith, who got me started on this project by asking penetrating questions, to Amy Rose who, as my director, showed me the path forward again and again and patiently encouraged me to completion, and to the other members of my dissertation committee, Giovanni Bennardo and Jorge Jeria, who gave me invaluable assistance. While I was in Papua New Guinea I received extraordinary kindness and courtesy from members of the research team and staff of the Melanesian Institute. In particular I would like to mention Michael and Teresa Rynkiewich for their gracious hospitality and for Michael’s research help as well as that given me by my good friend William Longgar. William offered me the wonderful Melanesian hospitality of his home and assisted me by orienting me to the libraries of the Melanesian Institute and the University of Goroka. My informants gave me more than information. They gave me trust and a quick friendship which greatly encouraged my pursuit of the topic. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. My wife, Retta, has so graciously worked full-time to provide for our daily needs while I completed this phase of our life together. Other than those who have also been through this process, probably no one else knows better the travails of getting to the end of the dissertation work! My deepest regard and thanks go to her extending grace when this project took much longer than expected. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEDICATION To the memory of Kumalau Tawali, first Poet Laureate of Papua New Guinea, friend and colleague Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................... xi LIST OF APPENDICES................................................................................................. xii PREFACE.......................................................................................................................... xiii 1. BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY.................................................... 1 The Background to the Research .................................................................. 1 The Physical Background ..................................................................... 2 The Historical/Political Background .................................................... 5 The Social Background ....................................................................... 10 The Problem, Purpose, and Significance of the Research ...................... 17 The Problem.......................................................................................... 17 The Purpose .......................................................................................... 18 The Research Questions ...................................................................... 21 The Significance of the Study ............................................................ 22 The Research Methodology........................................................................ 23 Design of the Study .............................................................................. 23 The Participants ...................................................................................... 24 Data Collection ....................................................................................... 30 Data Analysis.......................................................................................... 34 The Conceptual Framework ........................................................................... 36 Structuring Knowledge ..................................................................... 37 Knowledge Structure and Anthropological Theories of Culture... 45 Schema Theory and Connectionism: The Building Blocks of Culture ........................................................................... 46 Victor Turner .................................................................................. 52 Formal, Nonformal, and Informal Learning ....................................... 56 Organization of the Study
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anthropology of Religion Magic and Witchcraft 3Rd Edition Stein Test Bank
    Anthropology of Religion Magic and Witchcraft 3rd Edition Stein Test Bank Full Download: https://alibabadownload.com/product/anthropology-of-religion-magic-and-witchcraft-3rd-edition-stein-test-bank/ Chapter 1: The Anthropological Study of Religion Chapter One THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF RELIGION CHAPTER OUTLINE THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE The Holistic Approach The Study of Human Societies The Fore of New Guinea: An Ethnographic Example Two Ways of Viewing Culture Cultural Relativism Postmodernism Universal Human Rights The Concept of Culture Viewing the World THE STUDY OF RELIGION Attempts at Defining Religion The Domain of Religion Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Religion The Evolutionary Approach The Marxist Approach The Functional Approach The Interpretive Approach The Psychosocial Approach The Biological Basis of Religious Behavior Belief in Spirit Beings The Evolution of Religion CONCLUSION SUMMARY BOX 1.1 KAREN MCCARTHY BROWN AND VODOU BOX 1.2 MALINOWSKI AND THE TROBRIAND ISLANDS BOX 1.3 EVANS-PRITCHARD AND THE AZANDE CHAPTER SUMMARY Anthropology is the study of humanity. Anthropologists study human societies as integrated wholes, an approach that is termed holism. This approach is seen in the broad scope of anthro- 1 This sample only, Download all chapters at: AlibabaDownload.com Instructor’s Manual for The Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft pology, which is often divided into the fields of physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology. This approach requires that societies be studied over long periods of time, during which the investigator lives within the community and participates in the lives of the people under study, a technique known as participant observation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fore Language of Papua New Guinea
    PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Se�ie� B - No. 47 THE FORE LANGUAGE OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA by Graham Scott Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Scott, G. The Fore language of Papua New Guinea. B-47, xvi + 225 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1978. DOI:10.15144/PL-B47.cover ©1978 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. r PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is published through the Lingu��tic Ci�cle 06 Canb e��a and consists of four series: SERIES A - OCCASIONA L PAPERS SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS SERIES C - BOOKS SERIES V - SPECIAL PUB LICATIONS EDITOR: S.A. Wurm. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton. EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B. Bender, University of Hawaii N.D. Liem, University of Hawaii D. Bradley, Australian National J. Lynch, University of Papua University New Guinea A. Capell, University of Sydney K.A. McElhanon, University of S. Elbert, University of Hawaii Texas K. Franklin, Summer Institute of H. McKaughan, University of Hawaii Linguistics P. MUhlh�usler, Technische W.W. Glover, Summer Institute of Universit�t Berlin Linguis tics G.N. O'Grady, University of G. Grace, University of Hawaii Victoria, B.C. M.A.K. Halliday, University of K. Pike, University of Michigan; Sydney Summer Institute of Linguistics A. Healey, Summer Institute of E.C. Polome, University of Texas Linguistics E. Uhlenbeck, University of Leiden L. Hercus, Australian National J.W.M. Verhaar, University of University Indonesia, Jakarta ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PA CIFIC LINGUIS TICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary, PACIFIC LINGUIS TICS, Department of Linguistics , School of Pacific Studies , The Australian National University , Box 4, P.O., Canberra , A.C.T.
    [Show full text]
  • The Epidemiology of Kuru: Monitoring the Epidemic from Its Peak to Its End Michael P
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by PubMed Central Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (2008) 363, 3707–3713 doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0071 Published online Review The epidemiology of kuru: monitoring the epidemic from its peak to its end Michael P. Alpers1,2,3,* 1Centre for International Health, ABCRC, Shenton Park Campus, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia 2MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 3Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 60, Goroka, EHP 441, Papua New Guinea Kuru is a fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy restricted to the Fore people and their neighbours in a remote region of the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. When first investigated in 1957 it was found to be present in epidemic proportions, with approximately 1000 deaths in the first 5 years, 1957–1961. The changing epidemiological patterns and other significant findings such as the transmissibility of kuru are described in their historical progression. Monitoring the progress of the epidemic has been carried out by epidemiological surveillance in the field for 50 years. From its peak, the number of deaths from kuru declined to 2 in the last 5 years, indicating that the epidemic is approaching its end. The mode of transmission of the prion agent of kuru was the local mortuary practice of transumption. The prohibition of this practice in the 1950s led to the decline in the epidemic, which has been prolonged into the present century by incubation periods that may exceed 50 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Revelations of the World: Transnationalism and the Politics of Perception in Papua New Guinea
    AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST Revelations of the World: Transnationalism and the Politics of Perception in Papua New Guinea James Slotta ABSTRACT Like many over the past century, people in the Yopno Valley of Papua New Guinea have experienced a burgeoning of connections with people across great geographical distances. Building on Benedict Anderson’s well-known discussion of the nation as a “community” imagined in part through the realist framing of newspaper reporting, novels, censuses, and so on, I argue that revelation is an interactional frame central to an emerging global imaginary in the Yopno Valley, one that lies at the heart of Yopno engagements with transnational projects ranging from Christian missionization to environmental conservation and development through Western-style education. In the course of sermons, community meetings, public announcements, and the like, people frequently reveal knowledge of transnational institutions to others, presenting themselves as the necessary mediators between an “out-of-touch” community and a knowledgeable, powerful, and yet obscure world of transnational actors. The world perceived through revelation is one in which persons are defined by their place in a global hierarchy organized by the trajectory of knowledge in circulation, with the Yopno, the last to know, at the bottom. This imaginary, in turn, is reshaping power relations in Yopno communities and influencing people’s understanding of and interest in various transnational projects. [transnationalism, frame, social imaginary, interaction,
    [Show full text]
  • An Ethnography of Change in Papua New Guinea
    NAVIGATING THE FUTURE An Ethnography of Change in Papua New Guinea NAVIGATING THE FUTURE An Ethnography of Change in Papua New Guinea MONICA MINNEGAL AND PETER D. DWYER ASIA-PACIFIC ENVIRONMENT MONOGRAPH 11 Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Creator: Minnegal, Monica, author. Title: Navigating the future : an ethnography of change in Papua New Guinea / Monica Minnegal ; Peter D. Dwyer. ISBN: 9781760461232 (paperback) 9781760461249 (ebook) Series: Asia-pacific environment monographs ; 11 Subjects: Liquefied natural gas industry--Social aspects--Papua New Guinea. Ethnology--Papua New Guinea. Kubo (Papua New Guinean people)--Economic conditions. Kubo (Papua New Guinean people)--Social conditions. Papuans--Papua New Guinea--Attitudes. Other Creators/Contributors: Dwyer, Peter D., 1937- author. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover photograph: ‘Entrance to Owabi Corner’ by Peter D. Dwyer, Suabi, 2014. This edition © 2017 ANU Press Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................vii Caveats .............................................................ix Tables ..............................................................xiii
    [Show full text]
  • Cannibalism Causes Fatal Disease?
    fact sheet Cannibalism causes fatal disease? Sounds fanciful doesn’t it? Well, read on … As the term cannibalism is fraught with preconceived meanings, many scientific reports refer to it as Within the deep, dark, depths of jungle-covered slopes ‘transmission’. This practice involves eating dead in eastern Papua New Guinea’s mountainous heart, kinsfolk in a ritualised way. Women cut up, cooked, and unknown to the rest of the world until the 1930s, lived distributed body parts to female kinsfolk, who often approximately one million people. They comprised many shared it with their children. The brain was a special linguistic groups, one being the Fore (pronounced ‘foray’) delicacy so if children begged to have some, mothers people whose land, in the Opaka area, was not officially complied – out of love – but boys over the age of ten, opened to Europeans until the 1950s. were not allowed to touch it. Like all other groups in the area, Fore people lived in villages. In Fore culture, a person, prior to death, may choose one When early anthropologists began to research their lives, of three ways to have their bodies disposed of: burial; a visitor to any village may have found a tranquil scene of placement in a basket or on a platform in a bamboo families going about their daily activities of food preparation, grove; or transmission. The latter was the most common making utensils and fabrics, and constructing or repairing choice as people believed it better for their bodies to be their homes. Ceremonies were an important feature in their eaten by loved ones, than by insects and worms.
    [Show full text]
  • Mortuary Practices, Genetics and Other Factors Relevant to the Transmission of Kuru in Papua New Guinea
    Mortuary practices, genetics and other factors relevant to the transmission of kuru in Papua New Guinea Mr Jerome T Whitfield University College London PhD in Neurology 1 ‘I, Mr Jerome T Whitfield, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis.’ ................................................................... 2 Table of Contents Title page..............................................................................................1 Table of Contents .............................................................................. 3 List of Tables and Figures ............................................................... 36 Abstract ........................................................................................... 41 Introduction ..................................................................................... 44 Chapter 1: Prion diseases of humans and animals ........................ 49 Introduction .................................................................................... 49 Prion diseases of animals ............................................................... 53 Scrapie ......................................................................................... 54 Transmissible mink encephalopathy ......................................... 56 Chronic wasting disease in North American cervids ................ 58 Prion diseases of humans ..............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Treponematosis in the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea
    Bull. Org. mond. Sante' 1968, 38, 189-195 Bull. Wid Hith Org. J Treponematosis in the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea M. F. GARNER, MB.BS., MC.Path.1 & R. W. HORNABROOK, M.D., F.R.A.C.P.2 Serological tests for treponemal disease were undertaken among the inhabitants of 10 census units in the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea. Many sera gave reactive results to some or all of the tests performed. To exclude biological false positive reactions the Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test was carried out on each serum, the results being taken to indicate the presence or absence of treponemal disease in the individual. Clinically, leprosy and malaria were rare and no cases of active yaws were seen. Some middle-aged people showed clinical evidence of old yaws infections. The prevalence of treponemal disease in the census units variedfrom 3.9 % to 79.2 %, males having a higher prevalence than females. The children under 15 years showed no serological evidence oftreponemal disease in all but 3 units, in which the prevalence rangedfrom 14.3 % to 40 %. It is concluded that the treponemal disease involved was yaws. Special interest lies in the non-infected children and adults who have no relative cross-immunity from yaws in a country which is rapidly developing. In 1964-65, one of us (R. W. H.) investigated the until 1956. Up to this time, the inhabitants indulged disease kuru among the inhabitants of the Okapa in intertribal and intervillage warfare, ritual killings, subdistrict of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea sorcery and cannibalism (Gajdusek & Zigas, 1959).
    [Show full text]
  • Kuru in the 21St Century—An Acquired Human Prion Disease with Very Long Incubation Periods
    Articles Kuru in the 21st century—an acquired human prion disease with very long incubation periods John Collinge, Jerome Whitfi eld, Edward McKintosh, John Beck, Simon Mead, Dafydd J Thomas, Michael P Alpers Summary Lancet 2006; 367: 2068–74 Background Kuru provides the principal experience of epidemic human prion disease. Its incidence has steadily fallen MRC Prion Unit and after the abrupt cessation of its route of transmission (endocannibalism) in Papua New Guinea in the 1950s. The Department of onset of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), and the unknown prevalence of infection after the extensive dietary Neurodegenerative Disease, exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions in the UK, has led to renewed interest in kuru. We Institute of Neurology, University College London, investigated possible incubation periods, pathogenesis, and genetic susceptibility factors in kuru patients in Papua London WC1N 3BG, UK New Guinea. (Prof J Collinge FRS, J Whitfi eld MSc, Methods We strengthened active kuru surveillance in 1996 with an expanded fi eld team to investigate all suspected E McKintosh MRCS, J Beck BSc, S Mead MRCP, D J Thomas FRCP, patients. Detailed histories of residence and exposure to mortuary feasts were obtained together with serial neurological M P Alpers FTWAS); Papua New examination, if possible. Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, EHP, Papua Findings We identifi ed 11 patients with kuru from July, 1996, to June, 2004, all living in the South Fore. All patients New Guinea (J Whitfi eld); and Centre for International were born before the cessation of cannibalism in the late 1950s. The minimum estimated incubation periods ranged Health, Curtin University, from 34 to 41 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Ecology Daniel G
    Human Ecology Daniel G. Bates ● Judith Tucker Editors Human Ecology Contemporary Research and Practice Editors Daniel G. Bates Judith Tucker Hunter College New York, NY City University of New York USA New York, NY USA [email protected] ISBN 978-1-4419-5700-9 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-5701-6 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-5701-6 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010923236 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connec- tion with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface This book arose from the need to develop accessible research-based case study material which addresses contemporary issues and problems in the rapidly evolving field of human ecology. Academic, political, and, indeed, public interest in the environmental sciences is on the rise. This is no doubt spurred by media coverage of climate change and global warming and attendant natural disasters such as unusual drought and flood conditions, toxic dust storms, pollution of air and water, and the like.
    [Show full text]
  • A Genetic Approach for Investigating Cannibalism in Prehistoric Sweden
    A genetic approach for investigating cannibalism in prehistoric Sweden Ayça Omrak Degree project in biology, Master of science (2 years), 2012 Examensarbete i biologi 45 hp till masterexamen, 2012 Biology Education Centre and Evolutionary Biology Department, Uppsala University Supervisors: Anders Götherström and Helena Malmström External opponent: Carina Schlebusch Table of Contents 1. Abstract..............................................................................................................................................1 2. Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Prion Diseases ............................................................................................................................2 2.2 Kuru............................................................................................................................................3 2.3 Prion Proteins.............................................................................................................................4 2.4 Prion protein gene (PRNP).........................................................................................................4 2.5 What does the ancient people have to do with it? (Aims)..........................................................5 2.5.a Cannibalism in the prehistoric world and Northern Europe...............................................5 2.5.b Information about the time period of our samples..............................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Analysis of Kuru Diseases in Australian Tribe
    Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in Bio - Cultural Analysis of Kuru Diseases in Australian Tribe Delliswararao. Konduru1 , Chongneikim Hangsang2 & Madhu Sudhanarao. T3 1M.COM, M.A, (P.HD), PROJECT SCIENTIST "B" (N.M), NIE (I C M R). 2M.A (ANTHROPOLOGY) 3M.Sc. (ANTHROPOLOGY) Abstract : From all over the globe Tribal’s are and fatal familial insomnia in biomedical science known for their unique culture and customs which due to resemblance of symptoms with kuru. Today makes them distinct from the main stream likewise the study of kuru has marked significant impact on South Fore of New Guinea exhibits a distinct medical research with an aim to eliminate the culture which lead them to obtained hereditary epidemic disease and also to prevent the people confusion by the practicing cannibalism . from getting the disease by spreading awareness and doing clinical test. However the incubation This paper aim to highlight the effect of cultural period may extend depending upon the person. factors (belief, sorcery, witchcraft etc.) in This incubation period is also called as preclinical determining the nature of prion and its implication or asymptomatic phase. The average incubation on human beings and also make an attempt to period is between 10–13 years or can be short as 5 understand hereditary and cultural variants in years and based on the record it has been estimated disseminating the prion infection. to last long for 50 years or more after initial Keywords: Cannibalism, Cultural factors, exposure and the youngest individual recorded to Genealogy, Genetic Disorder.
    [Show full text]