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FUEL BALANCE and ATOMIC ENERGY in the USSR by JAN J

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FUEL BALANCE and ATOMIC ENERGY in the USSR by JAN J FUEL BALANCE AND ATOMIC ENERGY IN THE USSR by JAN J. SOLECKI A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Slavonic Studies We accept this thesis as conforming to the standard required from candidates for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS. Members of the Department of Slavonic Studies. THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA May, 1961 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Slavonic Studies The University of British Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada. Date 9th May, 1961. ABSTRACT The topic for this study in its present form was suggested to the writer by Dr. Hans Ernest Ronimois, who felt that the problems concerning fuel balance in the USSR are of particular interest at the present time, when the priority allocation pattern is being reorganized to give greater pro• minence to oil and gas and when a new form of energy, derived from nuclear reactions, is being introduced parallel with the old forms. In a free market economy the extent to which various types of fuel are used in a given area at any particular time is determined by the demand for them. In the Soviet Union, on the other hand, it is arbitrarily decided by the planners. In part one the study deals with the priority alloca• tion in the fuel economy of the Soviet Union during the period of War Communism, NEP} and the successive Five Year Plans. Special consideration is given to the recent shift in priority allocation from coal to oil and gas and to the reasons which led to this shift. Part two is devoted to considerations of atomic energy. The first chapter is an'assessment of the resources of conven• tional fuels in the U.S.A.f U.K. and Canada and the atomic programs undertaken in these countries. The rest of part two is devoted to the subject of nuclear research facilities, reactor ii development program and atomic energy power stations in the USSR. In the course of the study are exposed the econom• ically disruptive effects arising from the arbitrary allocation of priorities within the Soviet fuel and power economy. Some of these have been brought to light by Soviet economists through the recent preparation of the unified fuel and power balance in the USSR. The priority mix decided upon on the basis of a for• mally prepared fuel balance is a static form, incapable of self adjustment in consequence of current technological developments during the plan or in response to changes in demand. Consequent• ly it cannot have the regulating properties of "value" in the free market economy. The absence of a "dynamic regulating criterion" in a planned economy is concluded to be a grave handicap which is bound to continue to have a dislocating effect on the develop• ment of fuel and power resources of the Soviet Union. Without the criterion of "value" to regulate economic activity ar• bitrary decisions by the planners will continue to be necessary for the working of the economy and so, even with the unified fuel and power balance, the likelihood of misallocations, similar to those which occurred in the past is not eliminated, though their presence will probably be discovered earlier. With regard to the introduction of atomic energy, it is felt that the Soviet Union is not as yet ready to consider it iii to the same degree as is being done in the U.S.A. and Canada, and this in spite of the fact that greater opportunities for the use of atomic power appear to exist in the USSR. The reason for this tardiness is thought to be shortage of nuclear fuels in the USSR also, probably, insufficient mastery of fuel utilization in the reactors. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I wish to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to Dr. J.O. St.Clair-Sobell for making it possible for me to pursue my studies and to write this work. I am grateful to Professor Hans E. Ronimois for his kindly interest and scholarly advice, which has been invaluable to me in the course of my studies and in the writing of this thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS Part One Page Conventional Sources of Fuel and Power Chapter I. Soviet Balance of Fuel and Power 1 Chapter II. Soviet Fuel Balance 1918-1953 11 (I) Starting Point 11 (II) The Period 1918 - 1921 12 (III) The Period 1921 - 1928 15 (IV) The Period 1928 - 1953 17 Chapter III. Emergence of the New Priority Pattern Since 1953. 24 Part Two Atomic Power Chapter IV. The Place of Nuclear Fuels in the Overall Fuel Balance 65 Chapter V. Atomic Power Development in the Main Western Countries 70 (1) The Experience of the United States 70 (i) The Abundance of Conventional Fuels 70 (ii) Atomic Power Development and Research 73 (iii) Anticipated costs of Atomic Power 76 (iv) Conclusion 82 vii Table of Contents (cont'd) Page Chapter V. (Cont'd): (2) The Experience of the United Kingdom #5 (i) Imports of oil and the Growing Demand for Fuel and Power $5 (ii) Atomic Power Development 90 (iii) Atomic Research , 96 (iv) Conclusion 97 (3) The Experience of Canada 100 The Present Fuel and Power Balance 100 (i) Coal 100 (ii) Oil 101 (iii) Natural Gas 103 (iv) Wood 104 (v) Electric Power 106 (vi) Atomic Power Development and Research 106 I. Reserves 107 II. Power Production 107 III. Research 109 (vii) Conclusion 111 Chapter VI. Atomic Development in the USSR (1) Soviet Attitude to Atomic Power 11$ (2) Historical Outline 121 Atomic Reactor Development in the USSR 125 Soviet Reactor Programme 130 Uranium Reserves 131 Heavy Water 132 Isotopes 134 viii APPENDICES Page Appendix A. Fuel Resources of the USSR 167 Appendix B. Coal 172 Appendix C. Gil 179 Appendix D. Natural Gas 1SS Appendix E. Oil Shale 196 Appendix F. Peat 197 Appendix G. Wood 201 Appendix H. Water Power 204 Construction of Thermal Power Stations 211 Electric Energy in Agri• culture 21S BIBLIOGRAPHY 231 LIST OF TABLES Page I. Fuel Balance of the USSR. 3 II. Fuel and Power Balance of the USSR. 7 III. Development of Thermal and Weight Equivalent of the Fuel and Power Balance of the USSR 43 & 1913-1958. 44 IV. Changes in Heat and Weight Equivalents of Resources Entering Fuel and Power Balances of the USSR. 48 V. Structural Changes in the Fuel Balance and Labour Requirements to Produce 1 Ton of Conventional Fuel in 1958-1965 51 VI. Structural Shifts in the Fuel Balance and Costs of Production of 1 Ton of Conventional Fuel in 1958-1965. 54 VII. Energy Consumption by Primary Sources in 1955 and 1980 83 VIII. Fuel Consumption in the Electricity Industry During the Period 1950-1954. £8 IX. Atomic Power Stations Under Construction or Planned, as of November, 1959. 94 X. Hydroelectric Power in Canada. 105 XI. Fuel and Power Resources of the USSR. 169 XII. Extraction of Coal by Areas. 175 XIII. Extraction of Oil Shale 184 XIV. Extraction of Oil By Union Republics 185 & 186 XV. Extraction of Natural Gas. 192 XVI. Extraction of Gases. 193 XVII. Peat Extraction According to Union Republics and Economic Regions of RSFSR. 199 X List of Tables (Cont'd.) Page XVIII. Fuel Consumption in Thermal Power Stations of the USSR 220 XIX. Data on the Water Power Potential of European and Asiatic Territories of the USSR. 221 XX. Twenty-one Largest Rivers of the USSR - Potential Water Power Resources. 222 XXI. Capacity of Power Stations and Output of 223 & Electric Power. 224 & 22$ XXII. Power Stations of USSR Grouped according to 226 & Fuel Used - in 1955. 227 XXIII. Capital Investments in Various Size Power Stations. 228 PREFACE The character of the fuel economy in the USSR is being changed at present with all the haste that a central• ly controlled system can enforce. The decisions that led to the perpetuation of an economically unsound fuel balance in the face of technological progress, the recent realization of past errors and the measures which are being undertaken to reshape the fuel balance, make the study of the fuel economy of the USSR of great interest. The greater freedom of discussion now permitted by the Soviet authorities resulted in a flow of books and arti• cles devoted to the problems of conventional fuels, contain• ing valuable statistical information without which this study could not have been undertaken. The availability of data in a Communist system often depends on the readiness of the authorities to take a definite stand on the given subject. This is the case with the producti and use of conventional fuels. But as the Soviet planners are not yet ready to make a clear decision with regard to atomic energy, there has been little information published on this subject. Nevertheless, it is felt that the recent changes of approach in the fuel economy brought about through the pre• paration of the unified fuel and power balance ensure a place for atomic power in the Soviet economy in the future. This work deals with the role that various forms of V fuel play in the fuel balance of the USSR.
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