DOCSLIB.ORG

Development of Energy Systems and Policies in Ukraine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development of Energy Systems and Policies in Ukraine A thesis submitted to the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy of Central European University in part fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Science Development of energy systems and energy policies in Ukraine: historical analysis, current state and future scenarios CEU eTD Collection by Anna SHUMEIKO Supervisor: Professor Aleh CHERP May 2014 Erasmus Mundus Masters Course in Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management MESPOM This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the Master of Science degree awarded as a result of successful completion of the Erasmus Mundus Masters course in Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management (MESPOM) jointly operated by the University of the Aegean (Greece), Central European University (Hungary), Lund University (Sweden) and the University of Manchester (United Kingdom). CEU eTD Collection i Supported by the European Commission’s Erasmus Mundus Programme Notes on copyright and the ownership of intellectual property rights: (1) Copyright in text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies (by any process) either in full, or of extracts, may be made only in accordance with instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European University Library. Details may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. Further copies (by any process) of copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the permission (in writing) of the Author. (2) The ownership of any intellectual property rights which may be described in this thesis is vested in the Central European University, subject to any prior agreement to the contrary, and may not be made available for use by third parties without the written permission of the University, which will prescribe the terms and conditions of any such agreement. (3) For bibliographic and reference purposes this thesis should be referred to as: Shumeiko, A. 2014.Development of energy systems and energy policies in Ukraine: historical analysis, current state and future scenarios. Master of Science thesis, Central European University, Budapest. Further information on the conditions under which disclosures and exploitation may take place is available from the Head of the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Central European University. CEU eTD Collection ii Author’s declaration No portion of the work referred to in this thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. Anna SHUMEIKO CEU eTD Collection iii THE CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT OF THESIS submitted by: Anna SHUMEIKO for the degree of Master of Science and entitled: Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: historical analysis, current state and future scenarios. Month and year of submission: May, 2014 The modern ages are characterised with our growing dependence on previously unknown forms of energy, such as electrical and nuclear, due to world population growth and increasing energy demand in practically every corner of the planet. Climate change, energy security and energy access are the three global energy challenges which have to be addressed by humanity in 21st century. However, as some authors state, there is no global energy governance as such. Thus, in order to achieve global sustainability goals, national energy systems should be transformed and guided by internationally accepted principles focused on dealing with the mentioned above challenges. From this perspective, there is a clear necessity to study and analyse each country in particular, as a part of global and regional energy transitions research. The present thesis focuses on energy system of Ukraine as a country rich with natural resources and with an immense untapped potential for energy efficiency, renewable energies and extraction of fossil fuels. Ukraine’s geographic location at the Black Sea and between the two large political powers of the present, the EU and Russia, gives the country a substantial strategic importance, and at the same time puts it at the crossroads as a direction for its future development is concerned. The International Energy Agency states that Ukraine “… has the unique opportunity to undertake an energy revolution” by driving economic growth, modernising infrastructure of its energy sector, reforming its energy markets, increasing energy efficiency and exploitation of indigenous energy resources. However, what are the current real priorities of Ukraine’s energy policy? Who and what stands behind them? And what are the possible paths for the development of its energy system? The analysis carried out in the work is based on a theory of historic and modern transformations of a state and state’s energy systems, vital energy systems theory and a framework where energy systems, energy institutions and energy policies interact driving the development of the country’s energy sector. The results show that Ukraine’s vital energy systems (electricity, nuclear, natural gas, coal, oil) through history are deeply imbedded in its economy and closely related to the state of Ukraine-Russia relationship. The study concludes that a ‘business as usual’ scenario could become the most deteriorating one for the country’s energy sector. A simultaneous cooperation with the EU and Russia would provide a smooth path towards CEU eTD Collection economic growth, ensuring that the country meets its future energy demand, while in case of EU integration and hostile relationship with Russia Ukraine would have to face many difficulties, such as phasing out its nuclear power capacities and looking for alternatives to meet its energy demand. Keywords: Ukraine,energy, system, policy, environment, history, nuclear, coal, oil, gas, electricity, crisis, scenarios, development iv Acknowledgements The subject of the thesis occurred naturally as an attempt to combine the knowledge and experience which I gained while living, studying and working in Ukraine, as well as the knowledge on environmentally-related issues during the two years at MESPOM. The topic of energy became a source of my deep fascination during the first academic years at the National Technical University of Ukraine “KPI” thanking to the wonderful professors and old school professionals who opened us the enchanting world of power engineering: O.V. Georgiev, V.V. Bosyi, N.M. Fialko, L.O. Kesova to name but a few. Also I would like to express my cordial gratitude to M.F. Onyshcenko and D.O. Vest, with whom I learnt about energy design and international cooperation during the time of working at “Ukrenergoprom-2” Ltd., and who always supported me in all my aspirations. Constant contributions and sincere devotion to development and improving of the Ukrainian energy system of these people made me believe that notwithstanding all the difficulties Ukraine has been facing since its independence, the country has a bright future until their experience is not forgotten and passed further to future generations. To say that a decision to apply for MESPOM was one of the most important ones in my life is to say nothing. There were moments of happiness and excitement, moments of despair and loss of reality; there was a colourful Budapest autumn, a rainy Manchester winter and a warm sunny Lesvos spring. Through all this I was lucky to go through with the most amazing and unique people from all around the world. I would like to say thank you to Shu-Yuan, Saurabh, Sophia, Boris, Kata, Gabor and Omniah, who were there to share the happiest and saddest times. You are my angels. Also I would like to thank all the MESPOM staff, who made this unparalleled experience possible and were always there to support and help. Special thanks to prof. Aleh Cherp, who kindly agreed to guide me through the interesting and tangled thesis writing process. His clear views, rich experience and academic works opened a whole new world of energy policy to me constantly inspiring and pushing forward. I wouldn’t have been who I am and where I am now without my parents. Thank you. For everything.Marta, Tanja, Anton, Konstantin, Viktoria, Abi, Niels,thank you for believing, guiding, inspiring. While I was working on the thesis, Ukraine was going through extremely difficult times struggling for democracy, dignity and freedom: a good and simultaneously tragic example of “transition”, which currently takes place in a number of developing countries around the world. My friends and relatives were there in the centre of events, and so my heart had been with them, as well as with the whole country. Never CEU eTD Collection before in my life had I felt as patriotic, as worried, as proud to be a Ukrainian. Thus, I would like to dedicate this work to the new Heroes of Ukraine: to the dreamers, who believe in a brighter future, who are ready to fight until the very end for peace, integrity and better lives of our next generations. Some of them may not be with us anymore, but their energy of a strong will is always there in our hearts and memories. v Table of Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... v List of figures ................................................................................................................... x List of tables ................................................................................................................. xiii Abbreviations ................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Private Sector Development Policy Handbook
    PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT POLICY HANDBOOK Attracting Investment in Renewable Energy in Ukraine - SECTOR COMPETITIVENESS STRATEGY FOR UKRAINE PHASE II - NOVEMBER 2012 The OECD Eastern Europe and South Caucasus Initiative Launched in April 2009, the OECD Eastern Europe and South Caucasus Initiative is part of the OECD Eurasia Competitiveness Programme, which aims to contribute to economic growth in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. Its objective is to share with the governments of the region the knowledge, experience and good practices of OECD countries to create a sound business climate for investment, enhance productivity and support entrepreneurship, develop the private sector, and build knowledge-based economies to render its sectors more competitive and attractive to foreign investment. Its approach comprises both a regional policy dimension, which entails peer dialogue and capacity building, and a country-specific aspect supporting the implementation of a number of prioritised reforms. A sector analysis is also included, covering the formulation of targeted policies and strategies requested at the industry level. Within the framework of the programme, public authorities, the private sector and civil society in these countries have been engaged in a dialogue and collaboration process to support policy actions and identify the key barriers to sectoral competitiveness. The participation of all the stakeholders in the reform process, including foreign investors, is considered to be crucial for guaranteeing the effectiveness and transparency of the recommended policies. 2 Foreword Since 2009, the OECD Eurasia Competitiveness Programme has supported the Government of Ukraine in advancing national economic reform through its “Sector Competitiveness Strategy for Ukraine” project. This handbook contains the conclusions of the second phase of the project.
    [Show full text]
  • The Progress Report on G7 Energy Sector Support for Ukraine
    The Progress Report on G7 Energy Sector Support for Ukraine Foreword The Energy Ministers of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the EU Commissioner for Energy met in Rome in May 2014. They discussed ways to strengthen collective energy security and issued the Rome Energy Security Initiative, which provided for a number of immediate actions to be taken. On the basis of this initiative, Italy compiled “Rome G7 Energy Initiative for Energy Security Implementation Report” and submitted to the Hamburg G7 Energy Ministerial Meeting in May 2015. At the Hamburg meeting in May 2015, G7 Energy Ministers discussed progress since the meeting in Rome in strengthening collective energy security and decided on a further initiative to effectively improve sustainable energy security of G7 countries and beyond, taking into account recent market developments. In the G7 Hamburg Initiative for Sustainable Energy Security, G7 Energy Ministers declared concrete joint actions with non-G7 countries to further strengthen sustainable energy security. In the G7 Elmau Summit Communiqué published in June 2015, the G7 leaders welcomed the Hamburg Initiative and announced their commitment to continue to support vulnerable countries, including Ukraine, in its efforts to reform and liberalize energy systems and aimed to further diversify its energy mix, fuels, energy sources and routes. This paper aims to report to the G7 Energy Ministers about the outcomes of support for Ukraine by G7 member countries, EU and the IEA after the “Rome G7 Energy Initiative for Energy Security Implementation Report”. Given that our support for reforming and liberalizing energy systems in most vulnerable countries including Ukraine, is one of the concrete actions described in the Hamburg G7 Initiative, this paper organizes the current state and progress of reforming Ukraine’s energy system and identifies unsolved issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Market and Policy Outlook for Renewable Energy in Europe and the CIS
    Investment_UNDP_COVER 05/05/14 10:44 Page 1 Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Market and Policy Outlook for Renewable Energy in Europe and the CIS Empowered lives. Resilient nations. UNDP Europe and the CIS Bratislava Regional Centre Grosslingova 35 811 09 Bratislava Slovak Republic Tel.: +421 2 5933 7111 Fax: +421 2 5933 7450 http://europeandcis.undp.org UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT NATIONS UNITED Market and Policy Outlook for Renewable Energy in Europe and the CIS UNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help build nations that can withstand crisis, and drive and sustain the kind of growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. On the ground in more than 170 countries and territories, we offer global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations. May 014 Empowered lives. Resilient nations. copyright © united nations development Programme. all rights reserved. this publication does not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the united nations, including undP, or un Member States, nor do the boundaries and names shown on maps imply official endorsement by the united nations. Author: christoph S. Henrich UNDP reviewers and contributors: Martin krause, John o’brien, daniela carrington, Marina olshanskaya and oliver waissbein. Citation: united nations development Programme (undP), 014: Market and Policy outlook for renewable energy in europe and the ciS ISBN: 978-9-9509-87-7 Editor: tom woodhatch Cover Page Photo Credits: undP europe and the ciS flickr Photo gallery (Montenegro, croatia, albania, kazakhstan, bosnia and Herzegovina, uzbekistan) Design: Valeur s.r.o. Acknowledgments: the author would like to thank John o’brien for his valued technical guidance and continual support.
    [Show full text]
  • Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS
    ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis Directed By: Dr. David Zajic, Ph.D. Our project extends previous algorithmic approaches to finding bias in large text corpora. We used multilingual topic modeling to examine language-specific bias in the English, Spanish, and Russian versions of Wikipedia. In particular, we placed Spanish articles discussing the Cold War on a Russian-English viewpoint spectrum based on similarity in topic distribution. We then crowdsourced human annotations of Spanish Wikipedia articles for comparison to the topic model. Our hypothesis was that human annotators and topic modeling algorithms would provide correlated results for bias. However, that was not the case. Our annotators indicated that humans were more perceptive of sentiment in article text than topic distribution, which suggests that our classifier provides a different perspective on a text’s bias. CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Gemstone Honors Program, University of Maryland, 2018 Advisory Committee: Dr. David Zajic, Chair Dr. Brian Butler Dr. Marine Carpuat Dr. Melanie Kill Dr. Philip Resnik Mr. Ed Summers © Copyright by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our mentor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Ukraine's Unfinished Natural Gas and Electricity Reforms: One Step Forward
    University of Groningen Ukraine’s unfinished natural gas and electricity reforms Bayramov, Agha; Marusyk, Yaroslava Published in: Eurasian Geography and Economics DOI: 10.1080/15387216.2019.1593210 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2019 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Bayramov, A., & Marusyk, Y. (2019). Ukraine’s unfinished natural gas and electricity reforms: one step forward, two steps back. Eurasian Geography and Economics , 60(1), 73-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2019.1593210 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 27-09-2021 Eurasian Geography and Economics ISSN: 1538-7216 (Print) 1938-2863 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rege20 Ukraine’s unfinished natural gas and electricity reforms: one step forward, two steps back Agha Bayramov & Yaroslava Marusyk To cite this article: Agha Bayramov & Yaroslava Marusyk (2019) Ukraine’s unfinished natural gas and electricity reforms: one step forward, two steps back, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 60:1, 73-96, DOI: 10.1080/15387216.2019.1593210 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2019.1593210 © 2019 The Author(s).
    [Show full text]
  • Ukraine at the Crossroad in Post-Communist Europe: Policymaking and the Role of Foreign Actors Ryan Barrett [email protected]
    University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Dissertations UMSL Graduate Works 1-20-2018 Ukraine at the Crossroad in Post-Communist Europe: Policymaking and the Role of Foreign Actors Ryan Barrett [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation Part of the Comparative Politics Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Barrett, Ryan, "Ukraine at the Crossroad in Post-Communist Europe: Policymaking and the Role of Foreign Actors" (2018). Dissertations. 725. https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation/725 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the UMSL Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ukraine at the Crossroad in Post-Communist Europe: Policymaking and the Role of Foreign Actors Ryan Barrett M.A. Political Science, The University of Missouri - Saint Louis, 2015 M.A. International Relations, Webster University, 2010 B.A. International Studies, 2006 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School at the The University of Missouri - Saint Louis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor Philosophy in Political Science May 2018 Advisory Committee: Joyce Mushaben, Ph.D. Jeanne Wilson, PhD. Kenny Thomas, Ph.D. David Kimball, Ph.D. Contents Introduction 1 Chapter I. Policy Formulation 30 Chapter II. Reform Initiatives 84 Chapter III. Economic Policy 122 Chapter IV. Energy Policy 169 Chapter V. Security and Defense Policy 199 Conclusion 237 Appendix 246 Bibliography 248 To the Pat Tillman Foundation for graciously sponsoring this important research Introduction: Ukraine at a Crossroads Ukraine, like many European countries, has experienced a complex history and occupies a unique geographic position that places it in a peculiar situation be- tween its liberal future and communist past; it also finds itself tugged in two opposing directions by the gravitational forces of Russia and the West.
    [Show full text]
  • Ukraine Energy Sector Management Using Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
    energies Article Ukraine Energy Sector Management Using Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Oleksandr Sabishchenko 1,* , Rafał R˛ebilas 2 , Norbert Sczygiol 3 and Mariusz Urba ´nski 4,* 1 Department of Finance, Accounting and Fundamental Economic Disciplines, Faculty of Economics and IT, National Academy of Management, Ushynskogo 15, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine 2 Department of Management, Faculty of Applied Sciences, WSB University, 41300 D ˛abrowa Górnicza, Poland; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42201 Czestochowa, Poland; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42201 Czestochowa, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] (O.S.); [email protected] (M.U.) Received: 17 March 2020; Accepted: 2 April 2020; Published: 7 April 2020 Abstract: The Ukrainian energy sector is one of the most inflexible energy sectors in the world as a result of the almost complete depreciation of the equipment of the main sources of power supply: nuclear, thermal, and hydropower. In connection with existing problems, there is a need to develop and use new energy-saving technologies based on renewable energy sources. In this proposed research, a regression model of renewable energy growth in the energy sector of Ukraine was developed. The studied literature reveals that the independent use of individual functioning elements of renewable energy sources function as the primary power source that is not an optimal solution for stable energy supply. This study proposes the use of hybrid renewable energy systems, namely a combination of two or more renewable energy sources that will help each other to achieve higher energy efficiency, accelerate the growth of renewable energy in the share of the Ukrainian energy sector and/or improve functioning with battery energy storages.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Security in the Black Sea Region: Contested Spaces
    SIPRI Policy Paper NUCLEAR SECURITY 49 IN THE BLACK SEA December 2018 REGION Contested Spaces, National Capacities and Multinational Potential vitaly fedchenko and ian anthony STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE SIPRI is an independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament. Established in 1966, SIPRI provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public. The Governing Board is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. GOVERNING BOARD Ambassador Jan Eliasson, Chair (Sweden) Dr Dewi Fortuna Anwar (Indonesia) Dr Vladimir Baranovsky (Russia) Ambassador Lakhdar Brahimi (Algeria) Espen Barth Eide (Norway) Jean-Marie Guéhenno (France) Dr Radha Kumar (India) Dr Patricia Lewis (Ireland/United Kingdom) Dr Jessica Tuchman Mathews (United States) DIRECTOR Dan Smith (United Kingdom) Signalistgatan 9 SE-169 72 Solna, Sweden Telephone: + 46 8 655 9700 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.sipri.org Nuclear Security in the Black Sea Region Contested Spaces, National Capacities and Multinational Potential SIPRI Policy Paper No. 49 vitaly fedchenko and ian anthony December 2018 © SIPRI 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of SIPRI or as expressly permitted by law. ISBN 978-91-85114-95-5 Contents Preface iv Acknowledgements v Summary vi Abbreviations viii 1. Introduction 1 2. The evolution of nuclear security in the Black Sea region 4 The circumstances facilitating nuclear security threats: materials, 4 poverty and conflicts The evolution of nuclear security assistance 5 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Political Course Shift in Ukraine on Stock Returns
    IMPACT OF POLITICAL COURSE SHIFT IN UKRAINE ON STOCK RETURNS by Oleksii Marchenko A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MA in Economic Analysis Kyiv School of Economics 2014 Thesis Supervisor: Professor Tom Coupé Approved by ___________________________________________________ Head of the KSE Defense Committee, Professor Irwin Collier __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Date ___________________________________ Kyiv School of Economics Abstract IMPACT OF POLITICAL COURSE SHIFT IN UKRAINE ON STOCK RETURNS by Oleksii Marchenko Thesis Supervisor: Professor Tom Coupé Since achieving its independence from the Soviet Union, Ukraine has faced the problem which regional block to integrate in. In this paper an event study is used to investigate investors` expectations about winners and losers from two possible integration options: the Free Trade Agreement as a part of the Association Agreement with the European Union and the Custom Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. The impact of these two sudden shifts in the political course on stock returns is analyzed to determine the companies which benefit from each integration decisions. No statistically significant impact on stock returns could be detected. However, our findings suggest a large positive reaction of companies` stock prices to the dismissal of Yanukovych regime regardless of company`s trade orientation and political affiliation.
    [Show full text]
  • Poisoned by Gas: Institutional Failure, Energy Dependency, and Security
    POISONED BY GAS: INSTITUTIONAL FAILURE, ENERGY DEPENDENCY, AND SECURITY EMILY J. HOLLAND SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2017 © 2017 EMILY J. HOLLAND ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT POISONED BY GAS: INSTITUTIONAL FAILURE, ENERGY DEPENDENCY, AND SECURITY EMILY J. HOLLAND Many states lack domestic access to crucial energy supplies and must deal with the challenge of formulating an energy security policy that informs their relations with energy producing states. While secure and uninterrupted access to energy is crucial to state security and welfare, some states fail to implement energy security policies and remain dangerously dependent on a foreign supplier. In the post-Soviet region many states even actively resist attempts by the European Union and others to diversify their supplies. Why and under what conditions do states pursue energy security? Conversely, why do some highly dependent states fail to maximize their security vis-à-vis a dominant supplier? I argue that that to understand the complex nature of energy dependence and security it is necessary to look beyond energy markets to domestic political capture and institutional design. More specifically, I argue that initial reform choices guiding transition had long-lasting affects on the ability to make coherent policy choices. States that did not move away from Soviet era property rights empowered actors with an interest in maintaining the status quo of dependence. Others that instituted de facto democratic property rights to guide their energy transitions were able to block energy veto players and move towards a security maximizing diversification policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Ukraine Chornobyl Chronology
    Chornobyl Chronology Last update: December 2008 This annotated chronology is based on the data sources that follow each entry. Public sources often provide conflicting information on classified military programs. In some cases we are unable to resolve these discrepancies, in others we have deliberately refrained from doing so to highlight the potential influence of false or misleading information as it appeared over time. In many cases, we are unable to independently verify claims. Hence in reviewing this chronology, readers should take into account the credibility of the sources employed here. Inclusion in this chronology does not necessarily indicate that a particular development is of direct or indirect proliferation significance. Some entries provide international or domestic context for technological development and national policymaking. Moreover, some entries may refer to developments with positive consequences for nonproliferation. Nuclear Waste: 2008-1995 OVERVIEW Spent fuel is generally stored on site in cooling ponds at the nuclear power plants at which the fuel assemblies were used. Ukraine previously sent its spent fuel to Russia to be reprocessed, but this course became a contentious issue after Russia passed a law in 1992 prohibiting the import of radioactive material into Russia. This action resulted in storage crisis at Ukrainian power plants. In 6/93, however, Russia passed a new law that allows Ukrainian spent fuel to be reprocessed, but not stored, in Russia. The law does not allow the import of nuclear waste into Russia, but allows the import of Russian-origin spent fuel as long as the resulting waste is returned to the territory of the state which delivered it.
    [Show full text]
  • Operational Highlights
    G 1 NER Y SE E CU O R T I A T Y N C E E C N T N R E E LL OF EXCE Energy Security: Operational Highlights No 11 2017 ENERGY SECURITY: OPERATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS No 11 2 3 Contents 4 Editorial ARTURAS PETKUS 5 Energy Security: Eight Relevant Lessons MICHAEL RÜHLE Relevant political and technological upheavals have brought about signif cant changes in the global energy landscape. Eight lessons can be learnt from them. Critical Energy infrastructure Protection 8 through Comprehensive Security ANTI-PEKKA MANNINEN AND HEIKI JAKSON The Finnish security policy is an example of a good approach to protect the critical energy infrastructure of a state. Regional standardization efforts and the analysis of the issues related to critical energy infrastructure from which best practices can be drawn are the focus of this article. The Role, Risks and the Strategic Importance 16 of Energy in Conflicts. The case of Ukraine EMANUELE NICOLA CECCHETTI AND HEIKI JAKSON A short historical overview from the ancient times to the Ukrainian crisis in 2014 shows that the role of energy in conflicts has evolved throughout time. The energy dimension of war. An overview 25 of the Ukrainian events in 2014-2016 OLEKSANDR SUKHODOLIA Russia targeted critical energy infrastructure in its conflict with Ukraine. The analysis of the events that characterized the conflict between them shows that the ‘energy dimension’ has been incorporated into hybrid warfare. 35 Critical Energy Infrastructure: Identification and protection MONIEK DE JONG AND LARRY HUGHES Several types of threats can affect critical energy infrastructure. Therefore, counter- measures are essential in order to increase the energy security of the energy system.
    [Show full text]