Development of Energy Systems and Policies in Ukraine

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A thesis submitted tothe A thesis submitted Department Sciencesand ofEnvironmental Policy Developmentenergy ofenergy systemsand inUkraine: policies Central European University fulfil inpart historical s analysis, current Supervisor: Professor CHERP Aleh Degree of ofMaster Science by Anna SHUMEIKOAnna May 2014

tate and future scenarios

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CEU eTD Collection Kingdom).(United UniversityEuropean (Hungary), Lund Universi and Management (MESPOM) operated jointly by the University of the Aegean (Greece), Central successful completion the of Erasmus Mundus Masters courseEnvironmental in Sciences, Policy This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of Masterthe of Science de MESPOM Management and Policy Sciences, Environmental in Course Masters Mundus Erasmus

ty (Sweden) andty the University Manchester of i

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CEU eTD Collection Central Policy, and Sciences Environmental Euro of Department the of Head the from available is place take may exploitation and disclosures which under conditions the on information Further future scenariosstate and 2014 A. Shumeiko, the purposes reference (3) and this Foras: bibliographic should thesis referred be to of permission written the without parties third by use for willUniversity, prescribe which theterms and available made be not and may contrary, the to agreement prior any to subject University, European des Central the be in may vested which rights property intellectual any of ownership The (2) the of Author. writing) (in permission the without made be not may instructions such with accordance fo must page This Librarian. the from obtained be may Details Library. University European Central the in lodged and Author the by instructions with given accordance in only made be may extracts, of thiswi ofreststhesis text in Copyright (1) Notes oncopyrightand the intellectual ownershipof propertyrights: ErasmusEuropean theCommission’s MundusProgrammeSupported by pean University. pean

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Anna SHUMEIKO Anna

CEU eTD Collection crisis, crisis, scenarios, development nuclear power capacit its out phasing as such difficulties, many face to have would Ukraine Russia with relationship hostile and economic growth sector. energy that concludes im deeply results that show Ukraine’s vital energy systems systems, energy where framework a and ene theory systems energy vital systems, energy state’s and state a development of its energy system? policy energy Ukraine’s However, resources. energy indigenous of exploitation and efficiency economic driving its by of revolution” infrastructure modernising energy growth, an undertake to opportunity unique the has “… Ukraine that concerned. is development future its for direction a as crossroads puts time same the at and importance, strategic substantial a country the gives Russia, and EU the present, the of powers political large two the between and Sea Black the at location geographic Ukraine’s efficiency,energy for potential untapped immense an with each country inparticular, as aglobal partof and regional energy transitions research. and study to necessity clear a is there perspective, this From challenges. above mentioned the with dealing on focused principles accepted internationally by guided and transformed be should systems energy order in Thus, such. as governance energy global no is there 21 in humanity by addressed be to have which challenges energy in cor everydemandpractically energy increasing and growth population world to due nuclear, and electrical as such energy, ofUkraine: energy policies historicaland state current analysis, future scenarios Anna SHUMEIKO ABSTRACT OF THESIS rgy institutions and energy policies interact driving the development of the country’s energy sector. The The sector. energy country’s the of development the driving interact policies energy and institutions rgy

on based is thework in out carriedanalysis The present thesisThe focuses energyon Ukraineofcountry system witha natural rich as resources and of forms unknown previously on dependencegrowing our with characterised are ages modern The Keywords: bedd A s A ed in its economy and economy its in ed THE CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY EUROPEAN CENTRAL THE a , bsns a uul seai cudbcm te ot eeirtn oe o te country’s the for one deteriorating most the become could scenario usual’ as ‘business

imultaneous cooperation with cooperation imultaneous ensuring that the country ner of the planet. Climate change, energy security and energy access are the three global three the are access energy and security energy change,Climate planet. the of ner Ukraine,energy, system, policy, environment, history, nuclear, coal, oil, gas, electricity, gas, oil, coal, nuclear, history, environment, policy, system, Ukraine,energy,

for the degreeofMasterScience andentitled: ies and ? Who and what stands behind them? them? behind stands what and Who looking for alternatives to meet energy its demand.

submitted by: submitted by:

closely related to the state of Ukraine of state the to related closely

nry etr rfrig t eeg mres icesn energy increasing markets, energy its reforming sector, energy

eet

(electricity, nuclear, natural gas, coal, oil) the s

its EU and Russia would provide a provide would Russia and EU

future energy demand iv a theory of historic and modern transformationsmodernandof historic theoryof a

renewable energies and extraction of fossil fuels.fossil of extraction and energies renewable

to achieve global sustainability goals, national goals, sustainability global achieve to st n wa ae h possible the are what And

Mo century. However, as some authors state, authors some as However, century. The International Energy Agency states Agency Energy International The

nth andyear of submission: May, 2014 . what are the current real priorities of priorities real current the are what

Development of energysystemsand , while incase of - Russia relationship. The relationship. Russia

smooth path towards path smooth

through historythrough

EU integration

ah fr the for paths

it at the at it analyse study are

CEU eTD Collection memories. us with be not may them of Some generations. next our of lives better and integrity peace, for end very the until fight to ready are who future, brighter a in believe who dreamers, the to Ukraine: of Th Heroes new Ukrainian. the toa work this be dedicate to proud as worried, as patriotic, as felt I had life my in before centrthein there develonumberof a currentlyinplacetakes which “transition”, of example tragic simultaneously and good a freedom: and dignity democracy, for inspiring. Viktoria, Konstantin, Anton, Tanja, everything.Marta, world of energy policy to me constantly inspiring and pushing forward. and interesting whol thea opened works academic throughand experience rich views, me clear His process. writing thesis guide tangled to agreed kindly who Cherp, Aleh prof. to thanks Special help. the all thank to like would unparalleled I this Alsomade who angels. staff, MESPOM my are You times. saddest and happiest the share to there Shu to you thank say to like would aro all from people unique and amazing most the with through go to lucky was I this all Through spring. Lesvos sunny warm a and winter Manchester rainy a autumn, Budapest colourful a was ha of moments were There nothing. future generations. indep its since facing been has Ukraine difficulties the all notwithstanding that believe me made people these of Constant contributions andsincere devotion to development andimproving of the Ukrainian energy system “Ukrenergoprom at working of time the duringinternationalcooperation and design energy about learnt I whom with Vest, D.O. and Onyshcenko Fi school old N.M.engineering:Georgiev,Bosyi,V.V.power O.V. of enchanting worldthe usopened professionals who and professors wonderful on the to thanking knowledge “KPI” Ukraine of the University Technical National as well as Ukraine, in working and studying living,environmentally while gained I which lo LO Ksv t nm bt fw As I ol lk t epes y oda gaiue o M.F. to gratitude cordial my express to like would I Also few. a but name to Kesova L.O. alko, endence, the country has a bright future until their experience is not forgotten and passed further to further passed and forgotten not is experience their until future bright a has country the endence, While I was working on the thesis, Ukraine was going through extremely difficult times struggling times difficult extremely through going was Ukraine thesis, the on working was I While For you. Thank parents. my without now am I where and am I who been have wouldn’t I say to lifeimportant myis mostin the oneonesof decisionapplywas MESPOMtoforthata say To deep my of source a became energy of topic The naturallthesis subjecttheoccurred of The

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nmr, u ter nry f srn wl i awy tee n u hat and hearts our in there always is will strong a of energy their but anymore, - there reality; of loss and despair of moments excitement, and ppiness Yuan, Saurabh, Sophia, Boris, Kata, Gabor and Omniah, who were who Omniah, and Gabor Kata, Boris, Sophia, Saurabh, Yuan, Acknowledgements - ” t. ad h alwa who and Ltd., 2” ping countriesrelativesfriendspingworld. theand Mywere around

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3. THEORETICAL AND METHODS FRAMEWORK LITERATURE2. REVIEW 1. Information onenergy Abbreviations List oftables List off Acknowledgements

3.2. Method 3.1. Th 2.4. Conclusion 2.3. Energy systems&policy ofknowledge current inUkraine: state 2.2. Explainingnational energy policies Introduction.2.1. energyandchallenges Global policies: their transitions 1.6. Thesis structure outline 1.5. Scope and limitations 1.4. Methodology and tools Implications1.3. research of 1.2. Thesis statemen 1.1. 2.3.3. Energy and projections policy plans 2.3.2. Current economic politicaland context 2.3.1. Historyestablis of 2.2.3. 2.2.2. …throughenergyarchitecture 2.2.1. …through and contemporary historic analyses INTRODUCTION

igures Background eoretical framework … through vital energy systems

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t, aims andobjectives t, aims units

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...... hment of Ukraine’s energy system

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...... vi

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.. xii ...... xvi

xv 31 28 28 26 24 22 19 19 17 15 13 13

8 8 5 5 3 3 2 1 1 x v i

CEU eTD Collection 4. RESULTS: ENERGY SYSTEMS OF4. RESULTS:SYSTEMS UKRAINE ENERGY 4.2. Coal energy system 4.1. Background information 4.6. Nuclear powersystem 4.5. Hydroelectric system power 4.4. Gas energy system 4.3. Oilener 4.6.1. History 4.5.4. Vulnerabilities governance4.5.3. System 4.5.2. Current state,importanceand other connectionsto systems 4.5.1. History 4.4.4. Vulnerabilities governance4.4.3. System 4.4.2. 4.4.1. History 4.3.4. Vulnerabilities 4.3.3. Syste 4.3.2. 4.3.1. History 4.2.4. Vulnerabilities governance4.2.3. System 4.2.2. Current state 4.2.1. History 4.1.2. Historyenergy of Ukraine systems in 4.1.1. Energy ofUkraine resources 4.6.2. Current state Current state,importanceand other connectionsto systems Current state gy system m governance m

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...... vii ......

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74 73 73 72 71 67 64 64 46 36 36 36 93 89 89 88 87 85 84 84 84 82 81 78 78 77 76

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6. KEY FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5. DISCUSSION

4.7. Renewablesenergy system 6.3. Implications6.3. future research for and6.2. Conclusions recommendations 6.1. Key findings 5.5. Future scenarios 5.3. Energy policy priorities 5.2. Energy systemdrivers 5.1. Vitalenergy and their vulnerabilities systems 4.10. Chapter findings 4.9. Current policies and strategies 4.8. Electric powersystem 5.2.2. Policy interestsstakeholders and 5.2.1. Driving forces 5.1.2. Vulnerabilities Identifying5.1.1. VESUkrainian 4.8.4. Vulnerabilities governance4.8.3. System 4.8.2. Current state,importanceand conn 4.8.1. History 4.7.5. Vulnerabilities governance4.7.3. System 4.7.2. Current state 4.7.1. History 4.6.4. Vulnerabilities governance4.6.3. System and structure

AND ANALYSIS AND

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, importanceand other connectionsto systems of Ukraine’senergy of

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...... viii

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ections to other to systemsections ......

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111 109 108 105 105 104 103 101 144 143 140 139 132 131 127 126 126 122 120 120 120 116 112

99 99 97 95

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Appendix ReferenceList Tables Figures

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...... ix

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177 166 166 146

CEU eTD Collection Figure Figure 20 Figure Figure 18 Figure17 Fig Figure 15 Figure 14 Figure 1 Ukrainein in 1990 Figure 1 more 1 than betweenMW various sectors of economy 1913…………………….. in Figure 11 Empire 1900 in Figure 10 Figure 9 Fig F Figure Figure 5 Figure institutions.………………………………………….…………………………………. Fi by different energy sources……………………………………………………………. Figure 2 Fig igure igure 7 gure ure ure 1 ure16

8 6 4 3 19 . . . 3 2 ...... Sankey diagram Ukraine, for 2011………………………………………… Main Main text . . Thesis Thesis analysis stages………………………………………………………...... Emissions from stationary sources in Ukraine 1990 in . Extraction of coal, oil, gas and generation of electricity . . Ukrainian territories in XVIII Nuclear energymap Ukraine of Oil andgas resources Ukraine……………………………………………of Coal reserves and main coal basins of Ukraine……………………………. Geologic structure Ukraine of Interactions and connections between energy policies, systems and Evolution of primary energy shownasabsolute contributions Intersectoral flows money of andgoods related coalto industry……….. Extraction of coal in Ukraine 1990 in The The structure of energy final Ukraine, in use 2010……………………… Oil extraction in Ukraine in 1990 Coal consumpt Fuel/energy power at used plants o D Industry andagriculture Ukrainianin gubernias of Russianthe Oil consumption by economic sectors of Ukraine, 2011………………… istribution of Ukrainian power plants of capacities

.……………………………………………..…………………………. –

2013.……………………………………………… ion by economic sectors of Ukraine, 2011……………….

– .…… List figuresof

beginning of XIX centuries……………… .…………………………………………… – ………………………………………… f Ukraine,f 2011 ……………………...

2013 –

2013…………………………….. …………………………………. x

–

2012………….. ……………..

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4 4 3 3 35 29 10 4 page 75 74 70 69 67 63 62 60 60 52 50 47 2 0 8 7

CEU eTD Collection Figure A.8Figure A.7.Figure A.6.Figure A.5.Figure A.4.Figure Ukraine…………………………………………………………………… A.3.Figure A.2.Figure A.1.Figure Figure 30 Ukraine………………………………………………………………………………… Figure 29 projections (factual data) and 2015 Figure scenario Figure27 Ukraine……………………………..……………………………..…………………… Figure TPPs and CHPPs Ukrainein 1991 in Figure 25 Figure Figure 23 Figure Figure in 2010in

28 26 24 22 21

– projections)…………… .

. Trends and uncertainties developmentfor . Major stakeholders electricityin generation and supply activities in . Extraction of coal, oil, gas and generation of electricity Ukraine in . . . . . Extraction of domestic natural gas Ukrainein 1990 in . 2 Change of the structure of energy resources electricityin andheat generation at )……………………………………………

Electricity generation energymix Ukraine in 2010 in Structure of electricity market andelectricity systemgovernance of Electricity generation energymix Ukraine in 1991 in Natural gas consumption by economic sectors of Ukraine, 2011……….. Ukrai 013 (factual data) and 2015 (a Environmental map Appendix Heat consumption by economic sectors of Ukraine, 2011…………… Electricity consumption by economic sectors of Ukraine, 2011……… Solar energy potential map Ukraine………………………………….. of Potenti Distribution of mineral and energy resources Ukraine in Energy architecture conceptual framework……………………………… - d) Distd) ne oil and gas extraction 1930 2030………………………………to als for application differentof types renewable of energy resources in ribution energy of consumption in Ukraine by sectors, 2011…

–

2030 (

the Strategythe ‘baseline’ o ……………………………………… f Ukraine…………………………………………..f - 2012…………………………….. –

2030 (the Strategy xi of Ukraine’sof energy sector……. ……………………………… sce

nario

‘baseline’

– – –

2013 2012…………….

2013 ………………..

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…………… ......

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114 110 107 106 82 80 79 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 132 128 114 71 70 70 69 68 67 67 66

CEU eTD Collection Figure A.12Figure A.11Figure Ukraine, 2011……………………………………………………………………….. A.10Figure A.9Figure

(a . Tariffs for ele . (a

Power system Ukraine: of power plants and transmission lines - k) - c)

Energy by consumption Ukrainian industries, 2011………………

Energy by consumption residential, public and agriculture sectors ctricity Ukraine, in July 2013 …………………………… xii

……… ......

...... of ......

1 1 1 1 76 75 74 73

CEU eTD Collection Ukraine………………………………………………………………………………. Table A.2. various sectors of economy 1913…………………………………………. in Table A.1. generate………………………………………………………………………………….. Table 16 interruptions…………………………………………………………………………….. Table 15 astate………………………………………………………………………………..of Table Table Table Table Table Tabl Table imperativesto of a state Table Table Table 5 Table 4 Table 3 Table Table 1 e 9 14 13 12 11 10 8 7 6 2 ...... The main global energy governance arenas Main Main text

Three perspectives onenergy security Transformations of astate Template for characterizing the major energy systems Ukraine………… of . . . Installed capacities of renewable power . . Estimations of renewable energy resourcepotentials in Ukraine…………… Information on unconventional gas reserves in Ukraine…………………… A matrix for evaluating importance the of energy systems according Current energy architecture archetypes Classification of states . Top energymarket stakeholders .

Appendix Major energy institutionsUkraine of and USSR before 1991 Susceptibility of Ukrainian energy systems externally to Rating Ukraine’s of energy systems according t to Results of analysis of energy systems Ukraine…………………………. of Fuel extraction

Information box: Historical transition from and firewood charcoal to coal in Distribution of Ukrainian power plants of capacities more than 1,000 kW between :

…………………..…………………...…………………..……

in Ukrainian SSR 1940 …………………………………..………………….. ………………………………..…………………. in Ukraine according to List tablesof …………………..…………………... …………………..…………………. – plants in Ukraine by July 2013…

19 ………………………………….. xiii 78……………………………..

he six imperatives

- caused caused a revenue they ……………......

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44 41 33 32 18 16 15 14 12 page 1 1 1 123 121 118 101 91 57 77 77 30

CEU eTD Collection Table A.9. Table A.8. 2003in Table A.7. Table A.6. T production, 2012………………………………………………………………… Table A.4. TPPs and CHPPs Ukrainein 1991 in Table A.3. able A.5.able

–

2013…………………………………………………………………

Top Ukrainian companies according to their revenue 2012…………….in Structure of Ownership of the Ukrainian oil refineries………………………………… General information onenergy generating companies related to thermal power Change the of structure of energy resources generation in electricof Ranking of energy systems (ES) State institutions governing renewable the energy Ukraine in installed

e lectricity - 2012…………………………………..

generating capacities of power p

according state to imperativ xiv

……………. es…………. lants ......

energy at of

Ukraine ......

1 1 1 183 1 1 1 85 85 84 80 78 78

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Strategy RBMK VVER NERC NASU H CHPP USSR OJSC PJSC GHG Mtoe GDP LLC HPP CCS VES UES RES NPP TPP JSC CIS EU EC US Mt SE APP

pressurized vital energy system Republicsthe Union Socialist ofSoviet United States of America United Energy System thermal power plant Updated ofUkraine Energy Strategy 2030 until State( renewable energy sources graphite Private Joint Open Joint nuclear powerplant National Electricity Regulatory C NationalUkraine Academy ofSciences of tonnes ofoilequivalentmillion tonnes million liabilitylimited company Joint hydropower plant hydro greenhousegas(es) gross domestic product European Union (European) Energy Community carbonand storagecapture IndependentCommonwealth of States combined heat - Stock Company Stock - - owned) Enterprise plantaccumulating power - moderated nuclear reactor - - Stock CompanyStock water nuclear reactor nuclear water - Stock Company

- and Abbreviations

power plant power

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CEU eTD Collection Peta Tera Giga Mega Kilo Meaning placedof prefixes before units: energy measurement Wh cal toe tce J Tableconversion forenergy u of

–

– Joul – –

calorie

tonne of coalequivalenttonne of tonne of equivalent oil Watt inanhour Watt

MWh Gkal toe GJ tce (P) (T) (G) (M) (k)

10 10 10 10 10 41.87 29.31 3.60 4.19 15 12 9 6 3 GJ

Information on energy units nits 0.0341 0.123 0.143 1.429 tce 1

0.0861 0.0239 x 0.100 0.700 vi toe 1

0.861 0.239 Gkal 10.0 7.0 1

MWh 1.163 11.63 8.130 0.278 1

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and theories and energy policies associated w associated policies energy Chapter 3 outlines theoretical premises guiding the thesis thesis the guiding premises theoretical outlines 3 Chapter This is done by reviewing a broad range of literature of range broad a reviewing by done is This a Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development icsin of discussion

6 on historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical . The review aims to underline key concepts keyunderline to aims review The .

s energy systems: energy s energy transitions, on explaining national explaining on transitions, energy infcne f eerhs find research’s of significance

ith them and an overview of of overview an and them ith

a historical overview of overview historical a elopment of the energy the of elopment s h mtos sd to used methods the

limitations ing, ing, and

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aims and objectives of research research of objectives and aims

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he importance of understanding and a need of research of nati of research of need a and understanding of importance he “ Who have wouldnot been laughed at if hehad said in 1800that metals could be extracted from . Figure 2 Figure Introduction. G –

h tm ta ws akd s h bgnig of beginning the as marked was that time the ine the existing theories on development of national energy systems and and systems energy national of development on theories existing the ine ). During the period 1750 period the During ).

environment

2013). And although a whole range of environmental issues, such issues, environmental of range whole a although And 2013). their ores by electricity or that lobal energy policies: their transitions and m the combustion of fossil fuels continue to rise. The rate of of rate The rise. to continue fuels fossil of combustion the m 2. LITERATURE REVIEW rrently makes 1% annually (IPCC annually 1% makes rrently Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

2010, humanity was responsible for releasing for responsible was humanity 2010, goa eeg flows energy global e 8 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

t changes in the planet’s atmospheri planet’s the in changes t portraits could be drawn bychemistry

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2013), global energy consumption and the use of fossil fu fossil of use the and consumption energyglobal 2013), “energy transitions” “energy - 0 yas (IPCC years 100 negn sgiiat hne oe te at w centuries two last the over changes significant undergone o raos icuig h evrnetl concerns environmental the including reasons, of r

. 03, hc mks rese makes which 2013), Smil (2010) describes an energy an describes (2010) Smil 9

g on the global the on g coal to gas, occurring globally (IEA globally occurring gas, to coal

see Figure 2 Figure see to another as technological as another to scale (GEA 2012; Smil 2012; (GEA scale arch of these energy energy these of arch

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Figure ). According to IEA and GCCSI (2012), this is largely due to the fact that that fact the to due largely is this (2012), GCCSI and IEA to According ). 2 . Evolution ofprimaryenergyEvolution contributions shownas absolute ion of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies within within technologies (CCS) storage and capture carbon of ion byenergy different sources - raction (WCA raction scale energy transitions take a long period period long a take transitions energy scale Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development 10

xrcin tasotto ad s hs been has use and transportation extraction, historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

2012). Hence, coal can be viewed as a a as viewed be can coal Hence, 2012).

ases with time, as well as its its as well as time, with ases east a few decades to to decades few a east Source: GEA 2012 GEA Source:

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CEU eTD Collection Cherp targets. its and agenda change’ ‘climate the with contravene will thus, and emissions GHG ene gain to ways possible the of one Ukraine), Poland, (e.g., imports gas from independent become to aims and resources coal large has country a If resources. energy of exploitation increased and ( actors mechanisms goals, contrasting, even sometimes different, and them between existing acces ‘ arenas: governance energy global main the constitute challenges following three the Thus, nation. every for security energy ensure to need the and people all to access energy of provision (2011): al. et Cherp and (2012) Sovacool o among out marked were challenges global urgent more Two world. the around systems energy structured complexly the in level possible lowest the to emissions 21 the h the by faced be to have which issues many of one and governance energy global the occurrenceneeded ofall the transforma significance their transitions, energy local and national transiti werequire previous carefully Moreover, planned. naturally, shall be the unlike transformation, this and systems; energy pressing. more becoming is fuels fossil of extraction the from environment the on impact negative the and emissions Shumeiko Anna g scrt i t ices ca pouto. oee, hs ol la t ehneet of enhancement to lead would this However, production. coal increase to is security rgy s’. These arenas appear to be poorly connected between one another with only a few links links few a only with another one between connected poorly be to appear arenas These effective the of importance unequivocal the show section previous the in stated facts The 2.1.3. (G gas greenhouse global of minimization towards action time, same the At st st et al. et Cherp Cherp

century: reducing the impacts of the global climate change by bringing the GHG GHG the bringing by change climate global the of impacts the reducing century:

(2011) argue that this particular lack of interconnection between interconnection of lack particular this that argue (2011) E

et al. et nergy governance challenges on challenges governance nergy

2011; see 2011; In the view of this, we need a rapid transformation to decarbonize to transformation rapid a need we this, of view the In Table 1 ). For example, the ‘energy security’ arena often implies implies often arena security’ ‘energy the example, For ). tions of the world of energy system. tions clim t change ate 11

global scale scale global

and importance and a better understanding of the global, ofthe understanding a better , ‘ ’, nry security energy

thers by Goldthau and and Goldthau by thers , in order to guarantee to order in , n wih occurred which ons

the agendas is a is agendas the ad ‘ and ’ umanity in in umanity energy energy HG) HG) CEU eTD Collection (Bhattacharyya a practices and policies energy change to sector, energy the of sustainable development for solutions find to change, future the for strategies prepare to need urgent an n the manage to short the change)to (climate horizons time to access) (energy governanceglobal energy address theadequately. challenges energy global of forms existing the of none that as well as level, international on extent larger mismatch a is there that argue who (2009), Sovacool and Florini by madewas conclusion Similar integratedmanner”. an in challenges energymajor the address to “… governance energy global the of failure a in resulting problem substantial Historical context Scope II I

As it is shown in shown is it As 1 Table

Time horizons Scales Sectors Central goals paradigm Main organisations and Major actors origins Historic Criteria .

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2011). Cherp Cherp 2011). eeded transition and to coordinate the immediate and long and immediate the coordinate to and transition eeded

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Table

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the scale o scale the

(2011) state that that state (2011)

ICOs, Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development - f the discussed governance arenas varies from local local from varies arenas governance discussed the f term ones (energy security). Consequently, in order order in Consequently, security). (energyones term

- 12 lbl ciae hne, rm h long the from change), (climate global

historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

partnerships, e.g. NGOs, multilateral organisations and development International 2000s movement 1960s of Development term Medium andshort National and local all technologies S energy modern forms of Increase access to assistance international be to catalysed by modernisation needs Development and World Bank, UNDP the upply side, virtually Energy Access Gover in energy policies on national and to a to and national on policies energy in

global energy governance simply does simply governance energy global

nance nance arenas

Source: Cherp Cherp Source: IEA, OPEC,IEF, alliances,their e.g. (nation states) and importers of energy Major exporters and 1970s crisesOil of the Primarily short term National primarily oil Supply side, global energy supply Stable and secure energy security guaranteeing mutual arrangements self states acting in the Sovereign nation OLADE - term goals, there is is there goals, term Energy security - interest interest establish

al th all t , SCO

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term term 2011 ir

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the same time, the latter is not easily achievable. achievable. easily not is latter the time, same the

… t … comprehend the roots of the current issues related to energy, as well as to to as well as energy, to related issues current the of roots the comprehend hrough historic historic hrough information on national energy policies and systems and how their their how and systems and policies energy national on information

of contemporary and historic analyses is more commonly commonly more is analyses historic and contemporary of ee current mere and contemporary analyse and contemporary t o eeg sses n o te itr o their of history the of and systems energy of ate ined inacademic literature. - 13 superficial a only give may analysis state

supply

are putting a constant pressure on on pressure constant a putting are h nx scin f h literature the of section next The ah state Each nationally accepted principles principles accepted nationally

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- term transitions and transitions term - term planning and and planning term gy, human capital, human gy, largely largely CEU eTD Collection uooos ulc pee a bt a memory a both “as sphere public autonomous legitimation transformatio and growth economic the require would this that argue authors the However, a government simple a than rather state”, the of business core “the or imperative, core survival, revenue, economicand (see legitimation constitute authors, the to according characteristic which of five imperatives, on definitions as well on as state”, based “active and policies “passive” “inclusive”, energy and national “exclusive” of theory a build consequently They makes/can what investigate to trying (US) States United the and (UK) Kingdom United the Norway, Germany, the in movement environmental of development the environmental ofstudy question this answer to the particular time and location. e and internal many on depending way own their in

and power of political interests) ofpolitical power and capacities of particular groups) ofparticular capacities (tries to affect both the content content affect the to both (tries (no tries to promote or impede impede or promote to tries (no Dryzek Table But

Representation

which factors determine national energy transitions? transitions? energy national determine factors which Passive Active 2 ns to occur first (see Table 3 Table (see first occur to ns . et al. et Classification of states

(2002) conclude that environmental conservation could become the sixth sixth the become could conservation environmental that conclude (2002) :

, particularly while exploring while particularly , transformations of the state by state the of transformations

(openness to wide range of widerange (opennessto Expansive corporatism:

Pluralism: Inclusive ), as well as establishment of an active, effective and effective active, an of establishment as well as ), Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development interests) No USA rway

Tables 2and

n a rsne ( presence” a and

historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

xternal factors, which were also unique for for unique also were which factors, xternal national environmental transitions, environmental national Social interests Dryzek

the core of a state: domestic order, order, domestic state: a of core the

et al. et 3 (effectivereprese A number of studies of number A

below). below). UK, 1979 Authoritarian liberalism: to a chosen few people) chosena few to

: (2002). Legal corporatism:

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make a state “green”. state a make - 90 andbeyond

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ctivity. ctivity.

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2.2.2. … through energy architecture energy through 2.2.2. … - ald eeg acietrs, f ifrn cutis n h wrd i odr o give to order in world, the in countries different of architectures”, “energy called , while the global environmental issues are shared internationally, each country will will country each internationally, shared are issues environmental global the while ,

. T

ransformations of

Environmentalism parties Unions, socialist public sphere Early bourgeois None incorporated Movement vironmental pers

state

Domestic order, survival, revenue, Domestic order, survival, revenue, econo Domestic order, survival, revenue, Domestic order, survival, revenue economic growth, legitimation, conservation

economic growth, legitimation pectives (Barca 15

mic growth n hi rpr “e eeg architecture: energy “New report their in ach country in particular, as a part of the the of part a as particular, in country ach

rp State imperatives

et al. et

2011).

2011), the energy policies energy the 2011),

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ergy and and ergy et al. et

2002

CEU eTD Collection Access Grow Capitalize Rationalize ca system a taking issues, of range broad a consider must regions or nations tomorrow, of demands the meet “to that argue authors The suggestionsm and identify architecture archetype Current pabilities in the context ofsocial, inthe marketpabilities context regulatoryand aspects”. energy

Table Table

4 economic growth conti focused on securing Energy architecture hydrocarbon reserves. significant consequence of security, largely as a that strongly promotes Energy architecture development economic growth and strongly supporting architectures that Established energy energy needs citizens with basic struggles provideto Energy architecture .

Current energyarchitecture archetypes Short Short description nued and rapid

ain challenges the sustainable future for developmentofthesystems.

Tanzania Nepal, Mongolia, Ethiopia, Ukraine Turkey, India, Hungary, China, Arabia Saudi Ru Iraq, UK land, Switzer France, Germany, Canada, Represen countries tative ssia,

- ee apoc ta icue rsucs n technical and resources includes that approach level

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dependence, reducing reducing import dips performance,in development given growth and Maintaining economic water scarcity needs, dealing with basicwith energy providinglife, citizens growth andquality of Driving economic non increasing share of dependence, capita, reducing import Improving GDP per diversity export, increasing mineral products for Reducing reliance on carbon intensity 16 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical - Key challenges carbon sourcescarbon

technologies sustainable energy adopting more Significant costs when architecture lock Overcoming sustainability. environmental Risk impacting of modern en Increase access to sustainability environmental demand deficit. Alleviation of supply sustainable. notare necessarily maximizing returns the Options with regard to industry returns. Maximize energy Risk impacting of objectives & ris New energy architecture Source: WEF 2012 WEF Source: ergy sources.

in. in.

CEU eTD Collection aua gas, natural users ( boundaries sectorial and global) Thereareessential characteristics distinguishing two energy a vital system: society”. of stability and functioning the disrupt seriously may failure whose “… such as VESs national and global 2012, Assessment globally”. and countries different for requirement energy tomorrow’s meet to needed architecture energy enabl to together work to have which government, and industry society, civil are here groups stakeholder key The A.1). Figure Appendix, (see security energy and environment economy, to related imperatives triangle’ ‘energy three mind authors the aroun time, architectures energy new same designing of importance on the emphasize At archetypes. different for objectives future and challenges rationalize archet four into architectures energy similar with countries of grouping implies which Shumeiko Anna ) E ae eie b ter egahc bou geographic their by defined are VES 2) 1) A archetype approach, implies 2012) (WEF in energyarchitecturesused currentAnalysis of . Thus, within a national geographic boundary we can speak of such VESs as: a) coal, oil,coal,a) as: VESs such ofspeak national geographic acan we boundary within Thus, . Jewell Jewell

ocp o a of concept 2.2.3. … through vital energysystems vital through 2.2.3. … outside thesystem (Leung technical resources, elements to connected are natural they than stronger other each (institutions, to connected infrastructure) elements of consisting system a is it supportscriticalit functions ofa modern

capitalize ( 2012

et al. et yr, nucle hydro, )

2014, Leung 2014, and used used and energy policy priorities: ensuring ene ensuring priorities: policy energy , ‘ ia eeg system energy vital grow r rnwbe (according renewable ar,

later and et al. et in a number of other studies (Cherp and Jewell 2013, Jewell and (Cherp studies other of number a in access rmr eeg sucs eeg crir ad nry end energy and carriers energy sources, energy primary et al.

2014).

2014). se al 4 o dtis. hs ep t otie key outline to helps This details). for 4 Table (see ’

(VES) The concept is directly linked to one of the of one to linked directly is concept The

17 dre (sub ndaries society; w

e an effective transition “… towards an an towards “… transition effective an e as

to energy sources); b) oil products, products, oil b) sources); energy to is itoue i te Glob the in introduced first rgy security rgy

- national, national, regional and and regional national, national, . Jewell (2012) identifies (2012) Jewell . d the world keeping in keeping world the d

al Energy Energy al Jewell Jewell ypes:

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ecurity perspectives shown below in Table Table in below shown perspectives ecurity

considered 5

Three onenergy perspectives security h faeok a b ue t categorize to used be can framework The malevolent agents intentional actions by 19 the war

- when analysing the former. former. the analysing when time supplies and oil

70s oil crises to the end energy users) (Jewell 2012; Leungto the end energy(Jewell 2012; users) 2014). Sovereignty lnerabilities of energy systems: as Jewell (2012) states, even in case in even states, (2012) Jewell as systems: energy of lnerabilities

a cran wa point ‘weak certain has s”

and thus, takes it roots from economics and complexity science complexity and economics from roots it takes thus, and

o nry ares; ) nuty transportatio industry, c) carriers); energy to predictable risks as reflected in diversity, energy intensity intensity energy diversity, in reflected as risks predictable high level of dependence of many of dependence of level high Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development technical factors predictable natural and resource scarcity blackouts, concerns about large accidents, electricity 18 Jewell (2012) Jewell historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical 5

Robustness

. The ‘sovereignty’ perspective focuses on focuses perspective‘sovereignty’ The . s , r unrblte, hc hv t be to have which vulnerabilities, or ’, uman has little or no power to disrupt disrupt to power no or little has uman

and analyse analyse and

and Cherp and Jewell (2011) Jewell and Cherp and unpredictable factors diverse and partially systems liberalization energyof not only historic or or historic only not

European states on states European Resilience

, buildings, n,

CEU eTD Collection see how the energy resources had been used in the country before the Red Revolution, as well as Revolution, Red the before country the in used been had resources energy the how see 1917 between namely whyand explain conduct to isimportant it the present research. the of analysis an contain will paragraphs following the Ukraine, of policies and systems energy of development on focus primary a With etc.. economies” “industrialized Europe”, Eastern rese of areas geopolitical broader within or directly, issues energy Ukrainian on either focused sources literature other economic policies events, the analyse to attempt not do and descriptive largely are they however, information; and data of source valuable a represent book of series Plachkova a namely time, through Ukraine in systems energy of development the follow to tried which work, recent one only is There concerned. are topics discipline Parent mechanisms protection Primary Shumeiko Anna Perspective

current state of knowledge on the issue, discover some of the gaps in the existing studies existing the in gaps the of some discover issue, the on knowledge of state current The Ukrainian energy system, as we kno we as system, energy Ukrainian The and scale time both as scattered is systems and policy energy Ukrainian on literature The 2.3 2.3.1. History of establishment of Ukraine’s energy system energy Ukraine’s of establishment of 2.3.1. History

. Energy systems. At the same time, there is a whole range of articles, books, reviews and and reviews books, articles, of range whole a is there time, same the At systems. et al. et

political science international relations, security studies, disruptive actions arrangements preventing systems, institutional control over energy (2012) “Power industry: the history, the present and the future”. The books The future”. the and present the history, the industry: “Power (2012) systems & –

Sovereignty 1991. However, in the thesis I would like to look further in the past to to past the in further look to like would I thesis the in However, 1991. arch, such as “post as such arch,

policy Ukraine:in

- science engineering, natural abundant resources and switching more to upgrading infrastructure soviet states”, “developing countries”, “states of of “states countries”, “developing states”, soviet w it today, was largely formed in the Soviet era, Soviet the in formed largely was today, it w r rw necnetos between interconnections draw or 19

Robustness

current state of k

Source: Source: system analysis economics, complex fr withstand and recover increasing the ability to i fv vlms by volumes five in s om various disruptions Cherp and Jewell2011 and Cherp Resilience nowledge

energy and and energy

CEU eTD Collection done by L. Dienes and T. Shabad in their book “The Soviet Energy System” published in 1979 1979 in published System” Energy Soviet “The book their in Shabad T. and Dienes L. by done environment to related history convergence. Ukraine’s of aspects important pinpoint to order history environmental and issues). environmental social (e.g., developments energy to connected inconsistencies and difficulties issues, the Soviet energy sector of achievements the all emphasizes leaders, Soviet main and communism of ideas the glorifies al. et construction for mechanism wheeling main a became industry power n 4)changesinstitutions; stakeholders of inenerg energy main of development 3) the development; on and transformations industries their Ukraine, main of territory 2) Ukraine; in use resources energy of patterns of change 1) rule: in conducted is section data the of Analysis others. many and 2000) (Hrycak nation Ukrainian Austro (Reshetilova days old the in fuels fossil ( 2000 are sources used the Among Russia. and Ukraine of history and geography on works the within scattered mainly is information e the follow to as Reshetilova t upiig u t te at ht ih h Get coe Scait eouin f 97 the 1917, of Revolution Socialist October Great the with that fact the to due surprising ot )

, A comprehensive policy and resource analysis of the whole Soviet energy sector was was sector energy Soviet whole the of analysis resource and policy comprehensive A is This USSR. the of industry energy the on available is sources literature of variety A

1977) - ( Hungarian Emires (Munting 1996; Plachkova 1996; (Munting Emires Hungarian hoo 1950 Khromov

expected to contribute to better understanding of the fol the of understanding better to contribute to expected . et al. et

At the same time, all the Soviet literature available in Russian unavoidably unavoidably Russian in available literature Soviet the all time, same the At stablishment of the first industries industries first the of stablishment

1997

of Russia” by Josephson Josephson by Russia” of One of the latest works, which too which works, latest the of One ) ) functioning , , which are covering a wide range of issues starting from the use of of use the from starting issues of range wide a covering are which , ( Lanovyk according to t al. et ( oca 2010 Boscia Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development t al et

1994 y field. .

) et al. et 20 Five 97, nutil eouin n Ru in revolution industrial 1997), , historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical (

utn 1996 Munting ) , et al. et -

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( (2013), which I will be referring to, in in to, referring be will I which (2013),

hno ad usn 1995 Hudson and Channon h mjr osmr o eeg. Such energy. of consumers major the k a closer look at such issues, i issues, such at look closer a k

2012), establishment of the modern the of establishment 2012),

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, sa and ssian (Ananiev ( -

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the Soviet nuclear developments of 1960s of nucleardevelopments Soviet the The modern history of Ukrainian energy Ukrainian of history modern The

pinpoints its three primary characteristics: patrimonial bureaucracy, limited limited bureaucracy, patrimonial characteristics: primary three its pinpoints satn fo 19 ad nad, s ral cvrd n woe range whole a in covered broadly is onwards, and 1991 from starting ,

resources , (1979) state that “the shift toward greater use of coal in the Soviet Union is Union Soviet the in coal of use greater toward shift “the that state (1979) n a ek ue f a, hc rsls n pol in results which law, of rule weak a and

and media. media. and

ncer oe pat f Ukraine of plant power nuclear t

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ih l h rnfrain fUriea an as Ukraine of transformations the all with are characteare 21

faced by planners with respect to other other to respect with planners by faced he first two decades of Ukraine’s Ukraine’s of decades two first he rised with a consistent widespread consistent a with rised - term and increasing role for for role increasing and term

hroy. led in Already Chornobyl. tczto o state of iticization certain usa a a gas a as Russia) on the two types twotypes on the drawbacks drawbacks

of of ,

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a substantial strategicimportance. substantial a gs ieie i 21 (EI 2014 (MECIU 2013 in pipelines gas n 2.3.2 t al. et et al. . food products (CIA 2013). Ukraine’s economy is regarded to as ‘developing’ as to regarded is economy Ukraine’s 2013). (CIA products food Cur

2010). 21) ald kan a cnoiaig democracy” “consolidating a Ukraine called (2010) rent p rent -

ferrous metals, high technological and transport goods and services, services, and goods transport and technological high metals, ferrous olitical and economic context economic and olitical political powers of the present, the EU and Russia, gives Russia, and EU the present, the of powers political he country started its transition from planned to market market to planned from transition its started country he Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

rni, n fpie, u tebget fali the is all of biggest the but prices, of and transit, , F elyconnected totheRussia(see Chapter 4).

or many yearsmany or Europe with around 86 billion m billion 86 around with Europe

economic and energy and economic 22 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical b

t h sm tm, Ukraine time, same the At

the countrythe et al. et

i cmae t ohr European other to compared if e

location on the Black Sea Black the on location

2007; Plachkova 2007; - - related dependence. The The dependence. related related issues (Campbell issues related remains the main transitmain the remains dependent to a large large a to dependent 3 passing through passing the future of of future the et al. et

is highly highly is

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CEU eTD Collection country kept destabilizing after the Government’s resignation in January, almost hundred hundred almost January, in resignation Government’s the after destabilizing kept country high by power of offici abuse corruption, widespread of perception the by boosted been Government o end the in Kyiv capital the in started which integration, EU of support in demonstrations Peaceful one. EU the of instead Russia) and Kazakhstan (Belarus, Agreement Union Customs the signing and Russia Government’s the identified has clearly This free EU’s and agreement association EU an sign to refused Yanukovych Viktor years tobe t may transition the although Ukraine, for over be finally may 2012) (Kudelia democracy” and authoritarianism of types hybrid between cycling constant “… the that show societ days these 1991 in beenhad it state of challenge other and environmental social, perspectives. economic, from future country’s the define largely will is,ortryfind a it as andas to amain thesystem partner keep strategic e enhance its to Ukraine’sdecision curr the of gains”. making from opponent an prevent also but benefits, own their maximise only not parties wheregames, energy geopolitical vulnerabilityto Shumeiko Anna l ad ilto o hmn ihs n kan (T es 04. h stain n the in situation The 2014). News (DT Ukraine in rights human of violation and als l ocs (uei 21) Te eet vns i events recent The 2012). (Kudelia forces” al In November 2013 Ukraine started facing a political and social crisis as its President President its as crisis social and political a facing started Ukraine 2013 November In As S. S. ent political crisis and worsening of political relations between Ukraine and Russia. Russia. and Ukraine between relations political of worsening and crisis political ent depends “… less on the choices of political elites and more on the actions of wider wider of actions the on more and elites political of choices the on less “… depends accomplished. Kudelia (2012) in his analysis of evolution of the Ukrainian state pointed out, the out, pointed state Ukrainian the of evolution of analysis his in (2012) Kudelia

use

d -

f November, turned into mass civil unrest around the whole country whole the around unrest civil mass into turned November, f building in the cou the in building physical force against the protesters. By February 2014, the protests had had protests the 2014, February By protesters. the against force physical . According to the author, however, completion of the state the of completion however, author, the Accordingto .

nergy ntry

security and continue the EU integration, leave Russia integration,EU the continueand security

in the last years last the in

intentions to ‘go east’ strengthening the ties with ties the strengthening east’ ‘go to intentions 23 This becomes especially evident in the view view the in evident especially becomes This

te onr, hrl dsrbd below, described shortly country, the n

was remaining almost as daunting as daunting as almost remaining was

balance between the two, between the balance - building process building ake

- many more more many trade deal. deal. trade

as the the as - level level CEU eTD Collection (2012), fuel and energy complex ofUkraine(2012), fuel energy can complex and characterised be with: waysimple tobeseen crisis future. inthe nearest outofthe no with moment the at Ukraine for issues pressing most the among are integrity, territorial stoc weapons nuclear large its up gave Ukraine when Assurances, Security on Memorandum 1994 Budapest the contravening actions its and Kreml of intentions Separatist Ukraine. towards actions Russia’s condemned includin countries, different of Leaders crisis. the to attention international escalated an caused Ukraine and Russia between conflict military of possibility The territory. Russian the to Crimea annex to right its claimed subsequently and a referendum ambiguous an organized Ukraine, of south Crimea, to artillery and giving a more rightsto president legal ofthe state. implying parliament Constitution 2004 of return was Rada Verkhovna of decisions important of One west a to belonging Yatsenyuk, Arseny PM leader, its with Government interim discard to May in Rada) elections presidential new (Verkhovna appoint duties, his parliament from Yanukovych Ukrainian the urged however, events, These January in clashes the during bei sides both on people of hundreds and forces military the by shot being protesters o o

policy; saving energy of effectiveness low with combined economy of intensity energy high very average in which equipment), (technologies, funds production main the of wearing of level high According to IEA (2012), Kuzio (2012b), Omelyanovsky (2012b), Kuzio (2012), IEA to According sent Russia as February of end the in worsened situation The

2.3.3 -

rsdnil f presidential

makes 80 . E nergy policy plans and proje plansand policy nergy - 90%; r o gvrmn i cnrs to contrast in government of orm

- February, and President Yaukovych searching a refuge to Russia. to refuge a searching Yaukovych President and February, kpile in return of recognition of its political independence and and independence political its of recognition of return in kpile Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development g United States, Germany and the UK, officially UK, the and Germany States, United g 24 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

ctions

h presidential the et al. et its its

(2010), Plachkova (2010), military troops, ships ships troops, military

2014 and create an an create and 2014 - alaet form parliament - t the peninsula the t oriented party. party. oriented ng injured injured ng et al. et

CEU eTD Collection strategy 2030”(f until system energy country’s no chapters al. et 2012; Matuszak 2011; Kropatcheva 2012; (e.g.,challenges and s energy Ukrainian the out marked have topics, other of range a and analysis 2012; Matuszak of level levels all high at corruption climate, investment unfavourable an including factors many to due unclear transformations certain the that state 2012) Kudelia 2012; (D’Anieri Shumeiko Anna o o o o o o

academic of activities ofand fuelenergy enterprises. high critically energy and fuel complex; the within activities for support legislative and regulatory defective critically one dependencyon energysupplier; high from imports defective fuel andenergy state; structureof ofthe balance insufficient themarket adaptation cond to potential; build and rehabilitation for investments of deficit constant

A policy development, energy security, energy on articles their in authors of number A listed the to due Thus, 2012) nd a nd .

lthough the case of Ukraine is becoming of a great international interest, there are are there interest, international great a of becoming is Ukraine of case the lthough tee ok will works these : literature resources highlighting long highlighting resources literature

2012 level of environmental pressure on water and atmosphere within the zones the within atmosphere and water on pressure environmental of level Anishin Anishin ; Zabutyi 2013 urther in text: ‘the Strategy’). intext: urther The Strategy Te ieto ad ae f hs tasomtos remain transformations these of pace and direction The . , lobbying ecp fr the for except , energy security, political and environmental issues environmental and political security, energy et al. et

e sd n referred and used be

rm i business big from 2013; Cherp 2013; ).

Milstein and Cherp 2009; Cherp and Milstein official governmental document document governmental official itions of economy; of itions

Uk et al. et 25 - ana eeg sse is system energy rainian term projections for the development of the of development the for projections term

2007; Franke 2007; n te urn nation current the and o further to

- up of production capacities and capacities production of up

implies three scenarios for the for the scenarios three implies

n eut ad Discussion and Results in et al. et

Petersen 2012; Plachkova 2012; Petersen

2010; IEA 2006; IEA IEA2006; 2010; ystem’s potentials potentials ystem’s - about Udtd energy “Updated ie crisis wide , some authors authors some , s to , however, however, , undergo

(IEA (IEA

CEU eTD Collection systems promoting economic growth and sustainable development. sustainable and growth economic promoting systems energy established with countries the to citizens, their to access energy basic provide to trying sta of up break a proposes theory architecture energy new The conservation. finally and legitimation growth, economic toward imperatives revenue and survival order, domestic from transition a systems: energy national aims. policies energy efficient systems energy of understanding of importance particular the to out point authors some time, same the At planning. and analysis careful require thus and contradictory, be can arenas change’, ‘climate out: market be can arenas energy main three concerned, is governance energy global analysis. further and framework theoretical of development for basis a providing on and policies energy and attempt toestablishanew comprehensive theof planfor futureUkraine’s energy. development crisis political the overcome to struggling currently is country the As 2013). (Zabutyi turnabouts or changes of possibility any and system energy Ukrainian the of specificities account into doe which document”, unrealistic absolutely “an it call who experts, sector energy t of 2013).Feasibility Zabutyi 2009; Cherp qu optimistic and basic pessimistic, development: system energy estionable te taey em t hv be sevd o a indefi an for shelved been have to seems Strategy the , oe authors Some revie literature The 2.4. Conclusion

‘energy access’ and ‘energy security’. security’. ‘energyand access’ ‘energy cnro for scenarios rw u atnin to attention our draw

ae dniid eti patterns certain identified have w focused on global to national issues connected with energy systems energy with connected issues national to global on focused w at a national a at

future

h frt he ojcie o te eerh se aarp 1.2), Paragraph (see research the of objectives three first the tes according to their energy archetypes: from the countries countries the from archetypes: energy their to according tes cnmc developm economic

non

level, in order to order in level, - xsec o goa eeg governa energy global of existence Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development e Strategy he Primary goals set within each of the contiguous the of each within set goals Primary 26 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

f rnfrain of transformations of

n and ent successfully is questioned by many economic and and economic many by questioned is

(MECIU ie eid oehr ih any with together period nite GDP achieve the global energy global the achieve In all the theories energy theories the all In

structure 2012

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CEU eTD Collection chapter. the the on based imperatives, state and archetype energy policies, systems, energy vital and primary energy, Ukraine’s of present and past the analyse will I transformations, these Ukraine’s transforming soon occur to about are changes certain that implies challenges of amount accumulating The issues. energy for demand growing gradually Russia, from supplies gas natural on dependence high the to related security energy including concerned, challenges other many faces Ukraine crisis, current the to addition in t for priorities national today’s are what and energy, Ukrainian the of development the directs drivers) (main what and stakeholders) (main who of assembled be rec the While understood. and analysed comprehensively been not future ofitsenergy sector. ot and economic geopolitical, unique systems, energy of transformations and formation of history unique its has planet the on country each that fact the to due is This answered.be to still are questions many where research of areaan is nation. the of activities main stability and supports functioning whose systems the i.e. systems’, energy country’s‘vital securit Shumeiko Anna ently become a vividly discussed topic discussed vividlya become ently Ukraine, the country chosen for the present research, has a rich energy history, which has has which history, energy rich a has research, present the for chosen country the Ukraine, ise ly oe f h ms cuil oe rqiig de udrtnig f the of understanding deep a requiring roles crucial most the of one plays issue y - ories discussed in the literature review and in Theoretical Framework and Methods Methods and Framework Theoretical in and review literature the in discussed ories intensive industries, industries, intensive

At the same time, development of national energy po energy national of development time, same the At

nrftbe nuclear unprofitable

energy systems. systems. energy

due to thecurrentto due electricity, outdated power equipment, highly highly equipment, power outdated electricity, In order to understand possible directions of of directions possible understand to order In e cniin, hc lrey eemn the determine largely which conditions, her 27 - based power generation and many other other many and generation power based

political crisis political his development. Nowadays, development. his country

as its energy sector is sector energy its as ’s energy future has has future energy ’s , no clear can pictureno , licies and systems and licies the country’s country’s the CEU eTD Collection represents way” the along made been have which decisions the of totality the as and implemented been have objectives those it case, latter the in events; external to responses as or initiatives post system adversewith selected cope 2008). to events (Gnansounou certain has also system energy actors institutio and parties energy respective also but above, mentioned systems energy based system re neede is it where to energy that of distribution and transmission by connected energy, of stores and a way, simplest In a for development. future and projections baseline a provide and present the of picture clearer a establish to order in manner, integrated ( complexity structural and features unique acquire they years, the over policies and systems energy influencing institutions changing and issues arisen historically many development, politic economic, Bending and Eden 1984). 1984). Eden and Bending source : in the former case, it is viewed as a set of intentions or objectives to objectives or intentions of set a as viewed is it case, former the in : (Pramod d According to Bending and Eden (1984), (1984), Eden and Bending to According “ En 3.1. Theoretical framework

, however, is a much broader collective concept, which implies not onl not implies which concept, collective broader much a is however, , E - nergy system nergy ergy systems and policies policies and systems ergy eae ctgre: ol ol gas, oil, coal, categories: related

decisions for affectingand demand thesupplyof fuels t al. et l n sca sses f country. a of systems social and al

novdi decision in involved 3. n ” and “ and ” energy systemenergy by all the actors and actors the all by THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKAND METHODS

2012). 2012). From this perspective, they have to be viewed and a and viewed be to have they perspective, this From energy p energy hs eiiin a hl t bek nry ytm it energy into systems energy break to help can definition This vulnerabilities

can be viewed as viewed be can olicy r complex are -

aiga ntoa eeg oiyi concerned. is policy energy national as making

” Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development hydro stakeholders involved stakeholders are intricate concepts intricate are energy policy energy ie certain i.e. , 28 - nuclear, , historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

u t ter ls itreedne with interdependence close their to due

an interrelated network of energy sources of an network interrelated

Moreover, in the light of historical historical of light the in Moreover,

renewable

may be considered considered be may weaknesses, which disable the the disable which weaknesses, , which are which , in all their uses. in alltheir . Summing up, Summing . is seen as “the way in which which in way “the as seen is

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CEU eTD Collection rm Leung from modified is framework The Ukraine. in policies energy shaping of process the constitute which participatinggovernancesystem inofthe energy national influent certain by shaped largely been have priorities policy the resou regarding energy of groups” development interest regional and institutions research and planning ministries, t “among tensions were there times Soviet the during even Ukraine: independent 2012 hidden, and public arguments constant in involved been have groups influence other and actors industrial conflicts such for arenas major e Ukraine’s 2012). ( market th altering reforms economic and Shumeiko Anna e.g., among a among e.g., a The Figure 3 Figure The Figure social undergoing were history in periods different in world the of countries Developing ). - oriented modes of administrative operation, causing conflicts among actors involved involved actors among conflicts causing operation, administrative of modes oriented Institutions However, lobbying and controversy in energy sector is not a prerogative of an an of prerogative a not is sector energy in controversy and lobbying However, and resources and give power power give

t al. et

government, energy government,

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21) ana (2014) shows a preliminary a shows regarding Ukrainian energy policy (D’Anieri 2012; Kudelia 2012; Kuzio Kuzio 2012; Kudelia 2012; (D’Anieri policy energy Ukrainian regarding

Examplescountries of other Capacities,preferences Policyparadigms cs Dee ad hbd 1979). Shabad and (Dienes rces lysis of energy security policies in China. The straight black black straight The China. in policies security energy of lysis

eir energy systems while moving from centrally from moving while systems energy eir for the last two decades. A number of state institutions, institutions, state of number A decades. two last the for supply Historic importance socialimportance Historic of

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hypothetical hypothetical

institutions companies, consumers and others) (Yang and Yang Yang and (Yang others) and consumers companies,

29 en institutions energy policies, systems and

scheme of issues, ideas and institutions, and ideas issues, of scheme

(see Figure 3 ial groups directly or indirectly indirectly or directly groups ial n hs a, kan’ energy Ukraine’s way, this In transform ( Energy systems incl. incl.

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CEU eTD Collection respect to each separate energy system of the country (see the Method section) with an an with section) Method the (see toanswerintention the following questions: country the of system energy separate each to respect analysis the review, literature the in described systems energy national shaping thesystem. dr are boundaries system energy finally, And vulnerabilities. their and systems energy vital the of importance the of preferredand incentiveslegitimization upon tocontinue astheminsist policies, as make well i energy provide turn non in as policies Energy perceived critical. be earlier could which of some pursued systems, be energy other to towards policies directed other legitimating are imperatives, conservation and legitimation transformati next The systems. energy important critically support to adopted being are growth) economic revenue, survival, order, (domestic imperatives (Dryzek state a of transformation (Leung vulnerabilities have systems energy vital time, same the At systems. energy transform may historically corr shape systems energy connections, visible the Following processes. and interactions ‘hidden’ show arrows blue dashed the while connections, ‘rational’ visible represent arrows Taking into consideration the above facts, framework and theories of development of of development of theories and framework facts, above the consideration into Taking

     et al. et

esponding energy institutions, which are driving energy policies, which as a result result a as which policies, energy driving are which institutions, energy esponding Which institutions governWhich energy this through system policies? and which How theenergy important is the nation/society? systemfor sectorscountry? of the s the is How thecurrent is What of thesystem? state How developed didthe energy historically? system

2014), which legitimate adoption of certain energy policies. On the On policies. energy certain of adoption legitimate which 2014), awn by a number of historically important social institutions, which were/are which institutions, social important historically of number a by awn

ystem connected/related to other energy systems and major economic major and systems energy other to connected/related ystem

t al. et Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

02 see 2002; 30 siuin wt rsucs gv te power them give resources, with nstitutions

historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

al 3 Table

ons, however, those following following those however, ons, , nry oiis ih basic with policies energy ),

will be conducted in in conducted be will first stages of of stages first

CEU eTD Collection d 1.2), the analysis include will thefollowing steps: system energy out drivers,and s policy priorities marking subsequently and sector, energy the within actors influential level, national the on issues security energy and vulnerabilities major distinguishing systems energy the all of analysis integral an provide will chapter Discussion the study, the of objectives main the Following segments. system institutions and stakeholders system Shumeiko Anna fnto o eeg sses rpsd n h peiu paragraph previous the in proposed systems energy of efinition IV. III. V. II. I. In order to distinguish Ukraine’s major energy systems for the analysis, resource analysis, the for systems energy major Ukraine’s distinguish to order In Section (see objectives thesis and framework theoretical proposed the with accordance In 3.2. Method the Answering

; establishing connections between ‘system’, ‘institutions’ and ‘policy’ framework framework ‘policy’ and ‘institutions’ ‘system’, between connections establishing ; thus ,  iii.

Drawing f Identification driversof of forthenational themain energy development system Identification of system stake main of Identification Analysis development historic ofthe andc ii. i. What areWhat themain vulnerabilitie

eiig h cutys an ytm; dniyn mi ifunil groups, influential main identifying systems; main country’s the defining Current policies and strategies Analysis energy ofseparate systems Energy resources

uture directions ofthe directions Ukrainianenergyuture se

questions will help to build the build to help will questions Ukrainian Ukrainian

related to each to related howingenergy ofthe directions possible Ukrainian future.

and generaland ofenergy history energy policy priorities odr, ntttos atr within actors institutions, holders, s ofthe system? system;

aig hm codn t ter importance, their to according them rating 31

urrent state ofenergyurrent sector state

identifying framework ‘ framework

main policies related to each to related policies main is triangle

used, together with the the with together used,

h ntoa energy national the s ’

for each energy energy each for

based based most CEU eTD Collection in Table A9 (see Appendix) (+++++) 5 (+)to a1 scalefromon table previous the in system, energy national the in is it embedded deeply (Table conservation o stages the to up country the in order domestic supporting in importance the of transformation Vulnerabilities framework. A the summarizing table of the country’s primaryenergy systems waste Ukraine for between connection Figure systems. energy and sectors out economic different mark to help as well as energy, of forms various of consumption t of understanding clear a give can 2012; IEA 2006; (IEA diagrams Sankey and reports IEA’s Energy system Current state Connections Governance Importance History

In order to rate the systems according to their importance, Dryzek’s theory of of theory Dryzek’s importance, their to according systems the rate to order In Table the of Each

and hydro and

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Template for characterizingenergy themajorsystemsofUkraine

, transformed into heat and electricity and heat into transformed , Nuclear systems is to be analysed separately according to the questions stated in the in stated questions the to according separately analysed be to is systems a state will be used. Transformations Transformations used. be will state a 7 ). D ). t he six prim six he

epending on how how on epending

Solid Solid fuels ary energy flows energy ary

he major energy flows of the country, production and and production country, the of flows energy major he listed inthe Tableslisted

analysis will look as look follows analysis will Gas Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development ‘ far

’

32 did the system go in its transformatio its in go system the did

historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical : oil, coal, gas, nuclear energy, biofuels and and biofuels energy, nuclear gas, coal, oil, :

its importance will be marked accordingly marked be importancewill its Oil , which ,

4 based on the criteria described in detail describedin criteria the on based

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and

www.iea.org/Sankey/ are

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CEU eTD Collection other uncertainties forfutureUkrainian the development of energy sector. and economic political, existing the on as well as transformations, systems’ energy and policy of stages the all at to referred be to is 3) Figure (see framework the in proposed policies and institutions chapter. Discussion the in sector Ukrain energy the of transformations future possible and priorities drivers, stakeholders, main regarded with onandinterconnected these toasfullysystems. dependent major the of framework above as stated context, importance high and electricity) store to impossibility plants. power in consumers energ of transformations to due renewable) gas, oil, fuels, (solid production heat to also them of some and production power 7. Electricity 6 5. Hydro 4. Nuclear 3. Gas 2. Oil 1. Solid fuels System/Imperative imperatives of a state Shumeiko Anna . Renewable

Historic, contemporary analyses and energy systems analysis will then be used to identify used Historic, contemporary thenbetoidentify analysiswill energy analysessystems and to connected directly are systems energy analysed the of all that note to important is It Table

il be will

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order Future scenarios will be built based o based built be will scenarios Future . The system of heat supply . The systemof

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CEU eTD Collection Energy S on based Nuclear Association), the as (such international and of Ministry the Ukraine, of IndustryUkraine) of Sciences of AcademyNational Ukraine,the Resourcesof Energy and Environment Coal and Energy of Ministry the as (such national dynamics. systems’ energy tracking resources other as well as ( literature, academic Soviet and Russian Ukrainian, of pieces ainl eot, ttsia information, statistical reports, national The study is based on a review of more than more of review a on based is study The

trategy of Ukraine until 2030”, IEAtrategy 2030”, Ukraine until reports) of and own author’s findings. the views of internal (national), external (international) experts (e.g., “Updated “Updated (e.g., experts (international) external (national), internal of views the and provides and

International Energy Agency, World Coal Association, World World Association, Coal World Agency, Energy International

insights to the Ukrainianinsights the different energy to from perspectives h a The Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development newspapers, related videos), which help to keep keep to help which videos), related newspapers, ayi cmie dt fo vros ore, both sources, various from data compiles nalysis 34 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

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Sankey diagram Ukraine, for 2011 35

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CEU eTD Collection the country theUkrainian within Shield re energy Another 6 belt thrust and fold Carpathian The coal. black of deposits large contain Fi and A.2, Figure Appendix, (see area the along all distributed is which coal brown is shield Ukrainian the of resource energy Main resources. mineral other and bentonite kaolin, zeolite, gold, mercury, graphite, uranium, or iron of deposits large includes area The surface. the below km 1 than less or surface the on appear rocks metamorphic and magmatic ancient where Shield), structure, formed been which forof has thousands tectonic complex a has Ukraine of territory The earth. the of structure geologic to connected (MECIU being sources energy primary main the with system energy its as well as production, steel and iron as such industries, primary its of formation defined extent great a to titaniu manganese, ore, uranium ore, iron graphite, gas, shale and natural coal, timber, lands, arable fertile including resources, , the Black Sea depression depression Sea Black the , Most territory of Ukraine belongs to the East European platform (see Figure 5: Ukrainian 5: Figure (see Europeanplatform East the to belongs Ukraine territory of Most directly is resources energy conventional and soil water, mineral, of Appearance resources and Geology with rich country a is Ukraine Union, Soviet the of basket” “bread former The 4.1. Background informat

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Volyn 36 centuries. historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

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2010 Figure ). des (Plachkova des Mt h three The

ih 1 sae n h ntoa eeg mx IA 2012 (IEA mix energy national the in share 31% with 5 .

Geologic structure ofUkraine - million tonnes (Mt) million fold decline is connected to a number of reasons: reasons: of number a to connected is decline fold et al. et 37

2012

C 52 billion tonnes billion 52 gooia cniin fr mining, for conditions geological t oal reserves of Ukra of reserves oal

of of coal annually, while annually,coal while

Source: Source: IA 2012 IEA ;

in total in Biletsky Biletsky ine ine , 23 , amount for for amount production ). et al. et

A few few A billion

2002 ;

CEU eTD Collection using conventional methods, onlyof methods, 30% conventionalusing production e.g. technologies, such Without gasification. underground as such technologies special of application requires distribution uneven their and deposits coal of depth significant (Plachkova km thousand 10 around (Plachkova of Donbas in areas production 100 than borders) mo field coal brown Dnieper a and fields coal black coal fuel bothindustrialandelectricityan in important remains sectors. production However, etc. technologies and equipment mining outdated beds, coal the of capacity small st important source of coal in Ukra in coal of source important st There are three major coal fields on the territory of Ukraine: Donetsk and Lviv and Donetsk Ukraine: of territory the on fields coal major three are There

and stores stores and

et al. et al. et

2012) 2012). large large Figure . The maximum thickness of coal of thickness maximum The . The Lviv The 2 deposits of c of deposits

with balance coal reserves making less than 1 billion tonnes tonnes billion 1 than less making reserves coal balance with

6 .

Coal reserves and maincoal and Coal bas reserves - Volyn basin Volyn ine. It ine. oke, gas and anthracitic coal. Currently, there are more more are there Currently, coal. anthracitic and gas oke, an overall capacity of of capacity overall an the basin’s basin’s the Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

occupies some 50 thousand km thousand 50 some occupies

is located to the west of Ukraine and occupies occupies and Ukraine of west the to located is

(see Figure (see 38 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

coal cancoal seam

be extr be above about 50 about s ins ofUkraine

reaches 2.8 meters here. The here. meters 2.8 reaches ) acted. . The Donetsk basin Donetsk The

billion tonnes billion Source: Ogarenko 2010 Ogarenko Source: The Dnieper brownDnieper The 2

(within Ukrainian (within

- of coal coal of Volyn

is the is

CEU eTD Collection (Omelyanovsky undiscovered left were 59% remaining the while explored, be to estimated were resources gas ( gas extracting produced amounts the reached never but country’s the (Campbell 1970’s and 1960’s ( century reserves 3.3 is Rivne Volyn, in concentrated are fuel peat (IEA 2012). mines) all of (22% combustion coal spontaneous and mines) all of (60% outbursts dust coal t more depth mining significant meters, 1.2 of thickness average of seams with layers coal thin mines), the of 90% in content methane (significant content methane high incl some of thewesternregions. in as well as oblasts, Kharkiv and Poltava in located be to known also are deposits coal brown (Biletsky Dnipropetrovsk, Kirovograd, basin coal Shumeiko Anna ude unfavourable for exploitation geological conditions of most of the reserves, such as as such reserves, the of most of conditions geological exploitation for unfavourable ude MECIU 2014 MECIU Visible e Visible Oil of reserves Main peat. is Ukraine of territory the at present fuels solid of type Another a is There see

and al. et

only occupies a vast territory of abound 150 km 150 abound of territory vast a occupies

Figure

energy

– xploitation of the Ukrainian gas and oil resources started resources oil and gas Ukrainian the of xploitation

gas 2002)

about et al. 3.5 km

ubr of number b

; 19 Omelyanovsky Omelyanovsky supply

. Basin’s r Basin’s . 2010). 10% of the national demand of oil and oil of demand national the of 10% ) 2 .

with average of950 fuel volumes an hut f xrcin f h mnind osl ul ws seen was fuels fossil mentioned the of extraction of thrust Main

levels

current 2013). Zhytomyr esources are esti are esources . Since then Since . et al. et C rbes eae t ca production coal to related problems ollapse of the USSR in 1991 in USSR the of ollapse Zprzi, yv Ceks ad Vinnytska and Cherkasy Kyiv, Zaporizhia, ,

2010). As of 2010, only 41% of the na the of 41% only 2010, of As 2010). n 1960s in

and Chernihiv oblasts. An average area of the the of area average An oblasts. Chernihiv and production of gas and oil have oil and gas of production mated to make 2 make to mated 39

- 1970s 2

with coal deposits being spread being deposits coal with –

during 1150 thousandtonnes. less than 25 than less

billion tonnes. A number of number A tonnes. billion

the caused dramatic caused oit era. soviet in han 0.7 han % of that of natural of that of %

the middle of 20th of middle the n Ukraine in

been fluctuating been

tional oil and and oil tional km, possible possible km,

Ukraine is is Ukraine

decline of of decline

. These These . oblasts within within

CEU eTD Collection ih gs n ca bd ehn reserves. methane bed coal and gas tight gas. still is shelf Sea Black the Thus, 1996). (IEA 1996 by explored been has which of 5% only region Crimean region Carpathian hydrocarbon Dnieper at produced being SeaBlack fields: three following the in concentrated 1996). (IEA km 4.5 over of depths considerable at remaining

ot f kan’ ol n gs ils ar fields gas and oil Ukraine’s of Most Ukraine in reserves gas unconventional of range whole a is There –

expected Crimean - rdcn rgo o te onr (E 1996). (IEA country the of region producing

a a itr o oe 10 er ad hs s agl epoe, nie the unlike explored, largely is thus and years 100 over of history a has

( to hold considerable reserves and become an important source of oil oil of source important an become and reserves considerable hold to sou th F igure )

- regions, all mapped on Figureon mapped all regions, Donetsk 7 .

Oil andgas resourcesUkraine of i ad a poic, hc i te ot important most the is which province, gas and oil Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

Carpathian The term “unconventional” is used to stress that that stress to used is “unconventional” term The lrey eltd ih oe ml reserves small some with depleted largely e 40 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

( west 7

), . More than 80% of oil and gas are gasare and oil of 80% than More Source: Source: Dnieper Dnieper i ad a pouto i the in production gas and Oil All the gas and oil deposits are deposits oil and gas the All

Kondrat and Serednytsky 2013 Serednytsky and Kondrat –

, including shale gas, gas, shale including , Donets

( east ) and ) and and the

CEU eTD Collection ( tax agreement fi gas shale Ukrainian of stakeholder production foreign The basins. gas shale of development regarding signed given intheTable rese gas unconventional the of description detailed More province). Ukrainian West and province) gas & oil Ukrainian East regions, 2013). Fedirko and (Marocchi states European other among its on yet is Ukraine in resources the of exploration Shumeiko Anna Gas the of Black Sea Coal bed methane Kuzio 2013; 2013; Kuzio Type of Type of l) n Exn oi ( Mobil Exxon and eld) (CBM) Total: Tight Shale - gas xmt nutil rdcin f hl gs n oe ,0 km 1,000 some on gas shale of production industrial exempt During Table

signed with Shell with signed 8

V Marocchi Fedirko and 2013). . amount of trillion m Estimated

17.2 reserv Informationgas onunconventional in Ukraine reserves iktor Yanukovich’s presidency (mainly in 2013) in (mainly presidency Yanukovich’s iktor 4 12 1.2 2 – - - 8 below.

25 8 - - 13 8

es, es, 54

ui 2013; Kuzio

Depth, > 0.35

0.5 4 provided 1 km - as shale gas deposits are concerned, after Poland and Norway Norway and Poland after concerned, are deposits gas shale as 4.5 - Two major shale gas fields are fields gas shale major Two

4 - 5

include the company with an with company the $/1,000 m production Estimated aoci n Fdro 2013) Fedirko and Marocchi 290 190 260 75 cost, cost, - - - - 125

410 280 350 Shell Shell

41 pr o Yuzivska of (part Oles

exploration; development technology, drilling rigs; well well siting exploration; technology exploration; technology initial ka environmental risks of infrastructure;of

Li ad Ivano and (Lviv

exclusiv Challenges technology

stages. Yuzivska

; ; reduction of a number of agreements were were agreements of number a

2 e right e

. The production sharing sharing production The .

ra starting area T field)

he country ranks third third ranks country he

Data source: MECIU 2012a MECIU source: Data (Donetsk and Kharkiv and (Donetsk

for exploration and exploration for , -

Frnkivsk regions, regions, Frnkivsk Chevron s required (until

2030), billion2030), neetd in interested Investment from 2017 2017 from 10 35 1.5 7

$ - - -

( 12 8 45 -

vs is rves Oleska 2

CEU eTD Collection 2013). nuc its utilize and store to annually dollars US million 200 as much as Russia pays Ukraine concerned: are economy and independence energy country’s the as issue launched constr 2013 September Russia to transported then is ore extracted The 2010). plants is which However, Ukraine in 2011). (UATOM found be can resources uranium world’s the of 2% around ore: the of deposits kan hs srn rw aeil ae for base material raw strong a has Ukraine Uranium

(NPP

just above 30 above just (ZNUA 2013 (ZNUA t h moment the at ) wt te remaining the with ,

The country The % of the amount needed for operation of the existing the of operation for needed amount the of % ; see Paragraph 4.6.5 Paragraph see ; cino h first the of uction nul rdcin f u of production annual Fig

is a is ure ble to fully meet its needs in u in needs its meet fully to ble amount 8 .

Nuclearmap of energy Ukraine Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development Ukrainian Ukrainian ). Nuclear waste burial, however, remains a critical a remains however, burial, waste Nuclear ). en buh fo Rsi (Omelyanovsky Russia from bought being 42 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical aim ae n mr ta 1,0 than more no makes ranium

nuclear fuel fabrication fabrication fuel nuclear extraction o ercmn ad fabrication and enrichment for

f rnu wt substantial with uranium of ranium for the next next the for ranium

lear waste (UNIAN (UNIAN waste lear

Source: UATOM 2011 UATOM Source: four factory

nuclear power power nuclear 0 tonnes, 00

a als was decades t al. et .

In o .

CEU eTD Collection uh s 4 TWh/year 549 as much TWh sources below its of utilization time, same the At Rivers. Dniester and Dnieper the of well is Ukraine of system hydropower non which profitable. However, profitability increases th for Mining century. next the for Ukraine of 12 reserve a anddeposits many other at the moment areVatutinske (UATOM2011 production from Fi (see uranium production4,800 tonnes/year; is 2030target 6,400 is for target 2020 The 2013a). (UNIAN operation NPPs’ the for needed tonnes 2,480 overall an of out 2014 in (76%) tonnes 1,880 achieve and production uranium its double to plans Ukraine the At 2014). (WNA energy nuclear on dependent highly country the makes which Shumeiko Anna well /year 100,000 In 2011 t 2011 In Renewable are There exogenous. and endogenous into divided be can Ukraine of fields ore Uranium u the of all Practically electricity, country’s the of half almost produce reactors 15 of total a with NPP four The

gure n Fgr A. Figure and -

explored endogenous fields, which could meet the current needs of thenuclear industry meet needs thecould current of fields, which explored endogenous (RES)

- codn to according hydro renewables (solar, wind, b wind, (solar, renewables hydro 8 ). Overall recoverable u recoverable Overall ).

to 225,000 to he share of renewables in total electricity generation capacity generation electricity total in renewables of share he in Ukraine Ukraine in

other s

3 renewable resources for for resources renewable

DFE 2012 (DIFFER n Appendix in

tonnes with tonnes codn t ( to according ; WNA 2014 WNA ; largely ranium deposits in Ukraine are located within Kirovograd region Kirovograd within located are Ukraine in deposits ranium 1

and Michurinske re being under exploration. re exploration. being under vary ranium resources resources ranium ) - . 65,000 up to 1 to up 65,000

developed and is comprised of a series of power plants power of series a of comprised is and developed ). and make and ) siain fr oa ptnil f eeal energy renewable of potential total for Estimations ,

EI 2012a MECIU The twou The 2 Thya acrig o Kdy 2008) (Kudrya to according TWh/year 521

iofuels) mad iofuels) e exogenous deposits is not yet considered to be be to considered yet not is deposits exogenous e production of production 3 43

. Deposits of Severynske field. Deposits ofSeverynske 25 TWh 25

ranium deposits which areoperation underdeposits ranium 31,000 tonnes 31,000 according to different estimations estimations different to according e 0.1% e ) . o cmaio, n 03 Ukraine 2013 in comparison, For /year Ukraine has a large potential for for potential large a has Ukraine

both both tonnes/year (WNA 2014). (WNA tonnes/year

according to according (MECIU power and heat and power

regarded as profitable for for profitable as regarded

2012 made

(IEA 2012) (IEA a 2 ).

The existing existing The

(see Table Table (see are kept as aare kept as 11%, out of of out 11%, same time, time, same

and as as and make make ,

196 196 9

CEU eTD Collection energy supplies from the mai the from supplies energy on dependent largely is today Crimea example, an As 2008). (Kudrya (108%) Chernivtsi and (139%) Kherson (234%), Zakarpattia capacity), substitution (302% Crimea are: regions These tr of use their substitute fully potentially could has thehighest potential (Gonchar 2012). seas Azov the A.4 significant Myk Kherson, Zaporizhia, namely Ukraine, 2014 (MECIU electricity of TWh 194 generated consumed 2013: in Energy stored in generated and gas environment Small hydro Geothermal ) . Resource Biomass This is due to the fact that the regions are located at or near the shores of the Black and and Black the of shores the near or at located are regions the that fact the to due is This AU siain fr eeal eeg rsucs hw ht or ein of regions four that show resources energy renewable for estimations NASU 9 Table

Wind Solar E lectricity

id n solar and wind

Total

with stronger with Estimations ofrenewableEstimations energy Ukraine potentialsin resource

kW Technical potential, billion 193.6 520.8 154.7 105.1 162.8 28.8 41.7 27.7 ∙ h/year

nry potential energy

winds and hotter climate hotter and winds nland: 100% on coal, 96% on oil, 90% on electricity and 45% on 45% and electricity on 90% oil, on 96% coal, on 100% nland:

Sources: Kudrya 2008; MECIU 2014 MECIU 2008; Sources: Kudrya equivalent fuel (natural Annual amount of

gas) substituted, Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development s billion m

Gnhr 2012 (Gonchar li, ds rgos n Cien AR Crimean and regions Odesa olaiv, aditional energy resources with renewable ones. ones. renewable with resources energy aditional 50.4 75.4 15.7 10.4 17.4 18.0 8.7 5.2 44

historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

). 3

. Among all the seaside regions, Crimea Crimea regions, seaside the all Among . oten n east and Southern

see ; etrms rgos (near regions Carpathians) westernmost central and eastern regions southern, in northern andwesternmost regions potential of most central, southern, western regions south east (Carpathians) south, pedx Figures Appendix, with with highestthe potential ern ern and central regions b ; Tytko and Kalinichenko 2010 Kalinichenko ; and Tytko Regions/areas -

oten ein of regions southern

- ot, west south,

A.3

Ukraine ,

have

and and

CEU eTD Collection energy technologies in most of the developed countries advances due to high landfilling prices prices landfilling high to due advances countries developed the of most in technologies energy stimulate not processing do waste plants of absence and landfilling for cost low heat, and electricity generated of all at operate not Dnipropetrovsk in one and waste two only are there time, same and landfills official 4,500 are There increases generation waste annual country’s the and E biogassupport as muchas 4,000 installatio 2012). m 7.7 to up potential production biogas bring may expansion country the of consumption gas current m billion 2.6 replace to biogas enough waste of N the by amount conducted significant leaves Ukraine of sector agriculture straw potential Volchyn to According others. and peat origin, different was agricultural of types different straw, are: generation developed. country the around technologies energy there Thus, 2012). (Gonchar supplies gas Shumeiko Anna stimat plcto of Application A ( rm grains from Livestock waste can also be used as biogas fuel and, according to IEA (2012), it can can it (2012), IEA to according and, fuel biogas as used be also can waste Livestock ions show that Ukraine had Ukraine that show ions mong the possible biomass sources, which can be used in Ukraine for power/heat power/heat for Ukraine in used be can which sources, biomass possible the mong a b ahee fo the from achieved be can

. While waste recovery and combustion could bring economic profits in form in profits economic bring could combustion and recovery waste While . ). ational Biomass Centre show that the waste “… could be used to produce to used be could “… waste the that show Centre Biomass ational Waste from agriculture sector can can sector agriculture from Waste municipal municipal lae utilizatio cleaner . The former does not operate at its full its at operate not does former The . waste as an energy source is another ‘green’ option. option. ‘green’ another is source energy an as waste

accumulated more 54 million m million 54 more accumulated s of use processing (combustion) processing some 10,000 non 10,000 some 3

is an enormous potential enormous an is o wse n h country. the in waste of n

f aua gs e year” per gas natural of is which , ns. IA 2012 (IEA

on n snlwr rdcin at, s el as well as waste, production sunflower and corn

yet untapped and needs to be further further be to needs and untapped yet MEC ; by - te official (Vinnichuk 2012), and at the at and 2012), (Vinnichuk official also 5 , wood biomass, biodiesel, biogas of of biogas biodiesel, biomass, wood , t al. et - % vr ya (incu 201 (Vinnichuk year every 7% U 2014 IU

e sd o rdc boa. As biogas. produce to used be plants: one in the capital Kyiv capital the in one plants:

3 21) te highe the (2013),

aua gs qiaet (IEA equivalent gas natural wih s bu 5 o the of 5% about is which , for application of renewable of application for capacity and the latter does does latter the and capacity 3 plcto of Application

b te rec the , of solid waste solid of . osbe agriculture Possible ). ent estimates estimates ent t economic st

waste by 2012 2012 by - to 2). - CEU eTD Collection it exists today,it are discussed r Main terr doubling 18 the in already Britain around spreading variations and forms its all in energy implied shaping determiningfurther and energy thelandscapes policiesUkraine. of themodern centuries, for energy, formed been whichandresources has tonaturalattitude ofthe Ukrainians overlo present the industries, first the of emergence neighbouringcountries Ukraine’s and been had territories the XX divided upuntil century. c was however, independence, state’s The 1995). Hudson and (Channon culture Slavic Eastern of centre a was Ukraine established, was Rus Kyivan when times. ancient from living for comfortable very Ukraine of lands yearlarge topartially amounts every itsenergy cover demands. Thus, and/or itories, started catching up with Britain decad many catching with up itories, started n o te an hrceitc o te oen r ws n nutil eouin which revolution, industrial an was era modern the of characteristics main the of One I the18 in started officially era” “coal the Although fertil and humidity sufficient vegetation, luxuriant climate, Temperate

implementat easons for this holdup and first steps in establishment of the Ukrainianthe of establishmentin steps first andholdup this foreasons provision

Industrial revolution revolution Industrial changes in population social structures, prolonged prolonged structures, social population in changes 4. ah af century a half each 1.2. History of energy of 1.2. History

of incentives for development of development for incentives of ion

of similar policies could help Ukraine to Ukraine help could policies similar of further on

Wily 2011) (Wrigley in

Ukra

systems (Wrigley 2011). 2011). (Wrigley .

Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development ine th

century and country’s energy country’s and century

in Ukraine 46 ms o te ol, nldn Ukrainian including world, the of most , historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical the

k a b iprat o nesad the understand to important be may ok renewable energy sector (Cooper 2013). 2013). (Cooper sector energy renewable es, As the industrial industrial the As or in some cases even centuriesevencases insome or economic growth economic

century, with the subsequent subsequent the with century, use the free fuel produced in in produced fuel free the use onstantly questioned by the the by questioned onstantly Already in the Middle Ages Ages Middle the in Already revolution was revolution supply

energy and sis ae the made soils e

revolution was

system, as system, roughly roughly rapidly

later. later.

of of

CEU eTD Collection than 90% of Ukrainians in both Russian and Austro and Russian both in Ukrainians of 90% than right). serfdom of abolishment of (year 1861 until territories theirthetwoempires. after into integration Ukrainian the on established order political and social the to due used fully not was 2010). potential (Boscia Empire Russian the of territories other all economic fast Indeed,growth. for domain perfect a was resources, natural other many as well as deposits, 2000; Austro the of part a was regions western the while “gubernias”), so (or provinces into up broken was and Empire Russian the to belonged Ukraine of Shumeiko Anna is o al m all, of First 18 of end the By agriculture Role of see Figure

Figure eastern and southern parts of Ukraine had the largest agricultural output a output agricultural largest the had Ukraine southernof eastern and parts 9

belo ost of the Ukrainian population were peasants fixed to allotted lands up up lands allotted to fixed peasants were population Ukrainian the of ost th 9 w). Ukraine with its big territories, fertile lands, rich mineral and rock rock and mineral rich lands, fertile territories, big its with Ukraine w).

century Ukraini century .

Ukrainian inXVIII territories in economic growth an territories were divided between two empires. Most Most empires. two between divided were territories an 47

Even in Even

- Hungarian empires empires Hungarian

–

beginning of XIXbeginning ofcenturies the beginning of 20 of beginning the However, the Ukraine’s huge huge Ukraine’s the However, - Hungarian Empire (Hrycak (Hrycak Empire Hungarian belonged to peasantry to belonged Source: Boscia 2010 Boscia Source: th

cent

ury more more ury -

called mong mong

CEU eTD Collection Industry Congress in the world in 1877, which resulted in establishment of a regional oil oil regional a society(NAUKANAFTOGAZ 2014). of establishment in resulted which 1877, in world the in Congress Industry (NAFTOGAZ reached level its production 20 of beginning the at and Europe in production oil of region largest the was it time Carpa of region the in Boryslav beingas 284thousand workers (Reshetilova extraction involved incoal in keptregion the in coal of Warproduction (Lanovyk Donbas Ukrainian Russia the the in in originated produced Empire coal all of 70% as much as War, World First the Before Donbas. n of construction and industries of expansion further (Reshetilova forty escalated Donbas near in built was coal iron of extraction an when originated have to thought is Ukraine of industry coal whole, the On exploitation. resources’ of commencement following the with 1721 in time first the backwardness inthe beginnin ofUkraine growth economic for basis only the constitute Moreover, impossible. practically competition market made belonged time the of enterprises industrial the of Most limited. 2000). (Hrycak Production of oil in Ukraine started already as early as 1820s, namely near the city of city the near namely 1820s, as early as already started Ukraine in oil of Production for prospected be to known are Ukraine) (eastern Donbas of territorythe at deposits Coal development Industrial andurbanization

et al. et

2012; Dienes and Shabad 1979). The city of Lviv held the first International Oil International first the held Lviv of city The 1979). Shabad and Dienes 2012; Thus, a free labour market could not be formed and industrial development was development industrial and formed be not could market labour free a Thus,

1997). Discovery of high of Discovery 1997). - 1725 (Bulych 2006). The exploration continued in the end of 18 of end the in continued exploration The 2006). (Bulych 1725 - fold: from 2.5 thousand tonnes in 1810 to 98 thousand tonnes in 1860 in tonnes thousand 98 to 1810 in tonnes thousand 2.5 from fold: 2.0Mt thians (west of the country, Austro country, the of (west thians

e ya cntttn 5 o te ol otu i 1909 in output world the of 5% constituting year per Luhansk

g of19 Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development creasing and reached 28.6 reached and creasing - quality iron ore fields near Kryvyi Rih in 1880s, in Rih Kryvyi near fields ore iron quality ,

which which th n 76 I ol 5 yas coa years 50 only In 1796. in

48 century (Hrycak 2000). historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

in the end also end the in w alas et asn ca otu at output coal raising kept railways ew - t al. et mlig atr wt simultaneous with factory smelting

94. During 1994). giutr b isl cud not could itself by agriculture to landlords or the state, which which state, the or landlords to - Hungarian Empire). At that At Empire). Hungarian largely defined largely Mt et al.

in 1916 with as many as with 1916 in

1997).

the pouto at production l

is World First

economic economic th th

cen century tury

CEU eTD Collection Ukraine (Munting 1996 (Munting Ukraine of areas many including stage, the entered Empire Russian the of regions industrial ‘new’ of from the northand (Hrycak thewest 2 imports on dependent and vulnerable highly economy Ukraine’s made This expensive. were ready while cheap, were materials raw that way a in established was Empire mostly were industries). coal steel, and (iron materials semifinished and raw with industries industry) sugar as env unsuitable to due gubernias Russian in developed be not could developed being were sectors industrial certain of interests and policy economic tsarist by determined mainly many 1861 in product Austro the to belonging territories big only the example, For empires. Empire the of 19 of middle the by more much advanced al. incl cities, Ukrainian other to spread plants 19 the Within purposes. lighting street city’s for used was gas The 2014). (NAUKANAFTOGAZ coal from gas of extraction of method unique a used Shumeiko Anna

2009). The industrial growth started being particularly evident in 1880s and 1890s as a number number a as 1890s and 1880s in evident particularly being started growth industrial The 1860s in Ukraine to came revolution industrial The north the in Industrialization Uk of territory the on plant production gas first The ion nearDrogobych and Boryslav, whichonly started in1850s

manufactured

Ukrainian Ukrainian (Hrycak 2 (Hrycak ,

or ; see Figure see ; those 000). Ukraine of this time was a backward agricultural land in both in land agricultural backward a was time this of Ukraine 000). territories

u o te Ukrainian the of out hc wr mat o upy Russian supply to meant were which - entered the entered - ern Hungarian Empire was oil and ozocerite (mineral wax) wax) (mineral ozocerite and oil was Empire Hungarian cl idsra pouto wti te etr Ukrainian western the within production industrial scale 1 000). 0

below n cnrl uena o te usa Epr had Empire Russian the of gubernias central and th uding Kharkiv, Kyiv, Konotop and Odesa (Diyak (Diyak Odesa and Konotop Kyiv, Kharkiv, uding

century ). This was primarily rela primarily was This ).

era of economic growth economic of era 49 on borders

in comparison to comparison in Ukrainian - . The pricing policy of the Russian Russian the of policy pricing The . 1870s: after cancellation of serfdom serfdom of cancellation after 1870s: raine was built in 1858 in Lviv and and Lviv in 1858 in built was raine th

etr smlr a production gas similar century territories h to uig e ruling two the ironmental conditions (such conditions ironmental -

the Ukrainian gubernias Ukrainian the 1860s (Hrycak 2000).1860s n Austro and , which was, ho was, which , ted to construction of of construction to ted : either those which which those either :

- Ready products products Ready made products made m p - Hungarian ire s wever, . Only Only et

CEU eTD Collection Ekaterinoslav guberniya owing to the local factory producing cannons and balls for the Black the for balls and cannons producing factory local the to owing guberniya Ekaterinoslav of city the was exception only The Ukraine. in urbanization of development in role big a playing been not had trade, unlike regionally,was well limited asas socially” 1996). (Munting (Khr iron pig Empire’s Urals long the overtook Ukraine southern the Consequently, Donbas 1880s, which allowed Empire the around railways new Figure 10 : Up

by 190 by

Mnig 96 ad n ay ces to access easy an and 1996) (Munting

until the beginning of construction of the first industrial first the of construction of beginning the until .

0 the southern Ukraine together with Poland territories was producing 52% of the of 52% producing was territories Poland with together Ukraine southern the 0 Industryagriculturegubernias andEmpire in1900 inUkrainian ofthe Russian

the omov 1950). Nevertheless, the occurring industrial transformation “… transformation industrial occurring the Nevertheless, 1950). omov

linkage of the linkage of Luhansk , such as the Ekaterinoslav railway opened in opened railway Ekaterinoslav the as such ,

founded in 1795, which became an in an became which 1795, in founded iron resources of KryvyiRih resourcesiron of Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development 50 the Black Sea harbor cities (e.g., Mariupol). Mariupol). (e.g., cities harbor Sea Black the historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

- established iron established

Source: Channon and Hudson 1995 Hudson and Channon Source: - purpose railways, industry, industry, railways, purpose

with the coal resources of of resources coal with the - producing region of the of region producing dustrial centre of of centre dustrial the beginning of of beginning the

CEU eTD Collection Empire, large amounts of the black fuel were imported until the first decades of 20 of decades first the until imported were fuel black the of amounts large Empire, Asalatter result, distribution. urban 1965. populationexceededrural in development Further 1956). Rashin 2008, (Pidgorny 1900 by population rural 85% and urban 15% with three increased Empire Russian the of gubernias 2011). (Kozyuk industries carpentry chemical, mining, ceramics, production, glass extraction, proces and extraction oil included and other) (Austro capital foreign by financed mostly was facilities industrial pace others. (metal Kharkiv and Kyiv production), ore metal steel, and (coal regions Dnieper and Donbas included These emerging. started centres industrial of progressed, revolutionnumber athe industrial As facilities. and factoriessheltered shipbuilding tur subsequently and waterways trade main the at location convenient their to due importance and scale both in fast of cities coastal the with (cur Ekaterinoslav of cities riparian The centre. industrial gas and coal important an into turn will city the on Later 2000). (Hrycak Fleet Sea Shumeiko Anna than in than owtsadn te mes aon o ca rsucs distribute resources coal of amount immense the Notwithstanding Energy revolution andelectrification situat demographic As I n the western Ukrainian territories Ukrainian western the n

As of 1910s,m

of industrialization and consequent urbanization were gradually changing the the changing gradually were urbanization consequent and industrialization of ose of ose - working production), Kryvyi Rih (iron ore production), Nikopol (manganese Nikopol production), ore (iron Rih Kryvyi production), working

eastern or central Ukraine central or eastern e it lre nutil ete. hro ad yoav n particular in Mykolaiv and Kherson centres. industrial large into ned achine buildingachine and metal Mykolaiv ion is concerned, within 19 within concerned, is ion

and Odesa

industrial revolution industrial -

okn ad machine and working founded in the end of 18 of end the in founded ig fo pouto, zcrt etato, salt extraction, ozocerite production, food sing,

belonging the Russian Empire Russian the belonging -

rently: - processing were practically notdeveloped. fold and reached a benchmark of 23.8 million 23.8 of benchmark a reached and fold 51

Dnipropetrovsk th

century population of the Ukrainian the of population century

was - progressing with a slower slower a with progressing building production) and and production) building - Hungarian, German and and German Hungarian, th ) and and )

century, were growing century,were d within the Russian Russian the within d Kherson . Development of Developmentof . th , together together ,

century. , iron , t al. et

CEU eTD Collection 543 million kWh and annual electricity consumption per person was equal to 15 kWh kWh 15 to equal was person (Plachkova per consumption electricity annual and kWh million 543 304.3 reached Ukraine of plants power of capacity Odes and Lviv region), (Donbas Konstantinovsk Dnipropetrovsk), (currenly Ekaterinoslav in stations similar of appearance following Poltava a with in Ukraine) built (central was purpose general for capacity small a of station power first the period mansions their illuminate to invention newest the used who citizens wealthy Kyiv’s the among popularity gained streetlights electric later, for source lighting a as lamps electric four constructed Borodin Alexander engineer Russian a Kyiv,when in 1878 territories was extensively of lack a as well as technologies, 70% made straw and while firewood 30%, only was source fuel a as coal of share national that show data statistical 1913 Electrical energy was recorded to be used for the first time on the territory of Ukraine in in Ukraine of territory the on time first the for used be to recorded was energy Electrical

Figure et al. xlrd A te ae ie vs eeg ptnil f h esen Ukrainian eastern the of potential energy vast time, same the At explored. 1

1 known and thus act thus and known .

Distribution of Ukr Distribution

2012).

h ct’ riwy okhp (Plachkova workshops railway city’s the 5%

various sectorseconomy of in1913 ( 23% Josephson Josephson

ively Empire’s for needs used the knowledge about own energy resources, which had not been been not had which resources, energy own about knowledge

ainian power plants of capacitiesainian plantsmore power than1 42% Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

et al. et , and later the city’s streets city’s the later and ,

52 30% 20 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

MW 13

). , annual generation of electricity made made electricity of generation annual ,

This was due to the lack of lack the to due was This

t al. et

cities) (in use Common enterprises industrial Other works & steel Iron mines Coal

and development

02. cul o years of couple A 2012). a. In 1913 the installed installed the 1913 In a. Source: Plachkova Plachkova Source: . Within the s the Within .

ame time ame

available

et al. et between

2012

CEU eTD Collection Academy of Science in Kyiv was formed in 1918. In this way, KEPS “… was the first stage stage first the was “… KEPS way, this In 1918. in formed was Kyiv in Science of Academy Ukrainian famous the KEPS, of a member active an Vernadsky, was who geochemist Vladimir and mineralogist Ukrainian to thanking for Also Commission State (GOLERO). the Russia and of (SOPS) Electrification Forces Productive of Study the for Council the successors: KEPS’ by USSR the of electrification for plans Bolsheviks’ in used further were progress future the and developments postwar future the in role crucial a played Commission the time, same the At existence. its of years first the during experienced KEPS that problems funding scien KEPS many from coming development upwithnew manufacturing andcoming solutions. its t assistance offered KEPS off, cut suddenly was west the from trade when need, of time the during isolation. and risk at country whole the put which technology, western without scien and political Russian warmade imported on re of ( questions the to contribute to order in 1915, so (the Russia of Forces Productive Natural of Study the ofthe whilecitizens, most areas rural remained unalteredgains. by theindustrial revolution urban of privilege a still was electricity to Access mines. coal at coal of extraction for as well industrial in used mainly was plants power at Shumeiko Anna Jospephson Jospephson hs a hpeig owtsadn a eti lvl f ilk o te srs regime Tsarist the of dislike of level certain a notwithstanding happening was This During Emergence “ of in shown is it As of science and research in the Soviet Union. KEPS surveys, works and inventories inventories and works surveys, KEPS Union. Soviet the in research and science of o the nation by chartering the extension of natural resources, conducting research, research, conducting resources, natural of extension the chartering by nation the o

manufactured goods manufactured et al. et

the World War I government and science came together in the Commission on Commission the in together came science and government I War World the 2013 scientifically Figure ) . The main reason for formation of KEPS was high reliance of Russia Russia of reliance high was KEPS of formation for reason main The 11 above (also see Table A.1 in Appendix), electricity produced produced electricity Appendix), in A.1 Table see (also above 11 tists and researchers, and many difficulties with logical and and logical with difficulties many and researchers, and tists

and strategic materials from Europe, such as explosives. The explosives. as such Europe, from materials strategic and tific specialists realize that the nation could hardly survive hardlycouldsurvive nation the that realize specialists tific - based” planning

processes for iron and steel manufacturing, as manufacturing, steel and iron for processes 53

ore epotto ad management and exploitation sources

- called ‘KEPS’), which was formed in in formed was which ‘KEPS’), called

In this way, way, this In

of of CEU eTD Collection eeomn o te ainl cnm bsd n lcrfcto” (A electrification” GOELRO of plan construction 30regional power implied plants and10hydro)a (20thermal of on based economy national the of development long scientific kind historyhuman the of in first the “… as referredto literatureis e as known was It recovery. national the from support appropriate an gained government andwere finally specialists power country’s the 1920s, in namely revolution, the After scientists. or engineer separate of initiatives to due undertaken i resources energy of exploitation and exploration toward directed research scientific Revolution the Before occur. to transformations exis the of functioning the on influence sectors, and resourceenergy including use. country’s decision inthe role an important playing The started latter g soon very developments technological and science big (Jospephson nature in value economic raw a seeing resources, natural successor tame and exploit to have humans KEPS’ that believed of members the became later who members, its of many 2013). ‘scientifically etiiasy Rsi” te tt Cmiso fr lcrfcto o Rsi) n i Soviet in and Russia) of Electrification for Commission State (the Rossii” lektrifikatsiya In 1920 V.I. Lenin initiated the development of the first Soviet economic plan for for plan economic Soviet first the of development the initiated Lenin V.I. 1920 In GOELRO electrification and 1917 of Revolution October The II use, resource irrational of prevention on work to meant was Commission the Although

Ukrainian - based’ planning that was central to Soviet economic life” (Jospephson (Jospephson life” economic Soviet to central was that planning based’

SSR able to implement their toimplement progressiveable ideas onpractice. et al. et : 1917 2013). Thus, Bolsheviks with their primary focus on embracing of of embracing on focus primary their with Bolsheviks Thus, 2013).

plan - 1991

GOELRO plan GOELRO

te onr ws ctee ad nosset often inconsistent, and scattered was country the n Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

ting energy system of the time causing drastic drastic causing time the of system energy ting a

ii wr c war civil 54 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

standing for “Gosudrastvennaya komissiya komissiya “Gosudrastvennaya for standing ained a full support of the scientists. the of support full a ained ue b the by aused

- making in many economic many making in naniev naniev op d'état coup

organizations, t al. et - term plan for plan term

had a big big a had 1977). 1977). et al. al. et

CEU eTD Collection ihn h cuty Cntuto o pwr lns n h otyn rgos f h cuty in previously regions,establishment of backward country, the of regions outlying the in plants power of Construction country. the within the energy system of creation result, a as and regions, larger then areas, smaller uniting systems energy of Establishment operation. simultaneous their for lines transmission the with water supply use integrated with whichgeneration wouldsecure regions. for electricitywhole economy ofconstruction stand sectors, energy, electrical of introduction increasing ensure to developmentto strengthen defence economy” of thewhole and national inorder powers. the improvement of labour conditions. an processes manufacturing all of electrification on based productivity labour social of rate building industry, of agriculturee reconstruction and 10 next the during GW 1.75 of capacity total Shumeiko Anna

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The main principlesplanwere: of the ul [ fuels Efcet distribution Efficient . of. Construction lines and powertransmission connection o . . . . of growth the Ensuring . re Technical . Wide High rate of rateof High Wide Wide etaiain f oe generation power of Centralization . at that time, time, that at

u use of water resources water of use of water resources for the needs of power engineering, transport, irrigation and and irrigation transport, engineering, power of needs the for resources water of .

se of se of - fuels of equipment of all of equipment energysector coal various

resources ev industry heavy power facilities to provide even development of industries industries of development even provide to facilities power

development development quality : construction of construction : economy sectors based on on based economysectors - by power facilities. facilities. by power

], construction of hydrological constructions for for constructions hydrological of construction ],

and new industrial centresnew - Cntuto o lre mo large of Construction . 5 er,dvlpet fapwru machine powerful a of development years, 15 local fuel resourceslocal fuel 55

excee on the first place “… as a foundation for for foundation a as “… place first the on

lectrification of railway transport. hydropower aiu meig f ead o all of demands of meeting maximum ding the rate of industrial development industrial of rate the ding

electricity f high

plants in the regions poor poor regions the in plants

at plants. the power

(Ananiev - capacity power plants capacity plants power en oe plants power dern

use ntd national united et al. . High growth growth High .

1977)

d ,

CEU eTD Collection its sharp decline afterwards (see Section 4.2). In this way, 1960s way, this In 4.2). Section (see afterwards decline sharp its (seefor Sections 4.2andmore 4.3 details). production declineintheir a further and resources the depletion of rapid causedgas, a however, the of one became also Ukraine USSR, the of republics coal important most the of one Remaining 40 increased extraction oil 1970 and and gas oil, fuel of levels further. corresponding many in Union Soviet the of basket” “bread a became SSR Ukrainian territory, its over all spread resources vast the of because and also underpinning Shabad military its 1979). (Dienesand strength economy country’s the of heights” “commanding important most the of one into turned thus largest the of one the altered dramatically industries The society. any for advances technical of importance primary the emphasizing forces productive of theory a on based plans economic centralized of form in Planning) for Committee State Union’s major oil and gas producers during 1960s during producers gas and oil major Union’s first Coal production peaked production Coal As Fuel infrastructu republic’s the transformed Ukraine in plan GOELRO of Implementation GOELR The

electrification of the Soviet Union was progressing and industrial production growing,production progressing wasindustrial and Union Soviet electrificationthe of national USSR policy directed towards electrification and development of heavy heavy of development and electrification towards directed policy USSR national supply soli extraction rnfrain o te kana eeg sse ae ecie an described are system energy Ukrainian the of transformations d fuel fuel d political O plan served as a prototype for Five for prototype a as served plan O

in 1940 s upply

in Ukraine were reaching unprecedented levels. Table levels. unprecedented reaching were Ukraine in powers –

was changing during and after and during changing was 1980 in the beginning of 1980s at just above 220 220 above just at 1980s of beginning the in

of the world by the middle of the XX cent XX the of middle the by world the of Soviet Soviet

- od gs xrcin 120 extraction gas fold, Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

omns sae ad result and states communist senses 56

historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical of this this of

- 1970s. The intense extraction of oil and oil of extraction intense The 1970s. - Year Plans developed by Gosplan (the Gosplan by developed Plans Year

omny used commonly the the - od ca production coal fold, - World War II. Between 1940 1940 Between II. War World 1980s can be referred to as a as to referred be can 1980s

n SR becoming USSR in Mt ury. Energy sector sector Energy ury.

xrsin The expression.

and also started started also and 10

d discussed discussed d shows how how shows 2.5 - fold. re re ,

CEU eTD Collection eerh mdlig n pann t ata dvlpet Gsln lyd rl o a of role a played Gosplan decision and development. coordinating actual to energy planning from and activities: of modelling range research, whole a conducted they Thus, future projects. for alternatives energy possible of development and production both for responsible were sector energy machine specialized of number a others, Among below. 11 Table in listed institutions the including formed, were energy powerfulsome large and insti Type of energy energy respective indus of boom a with Ukraine in extraction fuel conventional of age’ ‘golden Shumeiko Anna metric tonnes metric tonnes Coking coal Natural gas mlnmetric mlnmetric Crude oil Coal billion m Peat resource tonnes tonnes tries and energy aofthecountry’s rapid development systems. s nry ytm wr goig n oh cl ad ubr ihn h Sve Union, Soviet the within number and scale both in growing were systems energy As Energy institutions Table , mln , mln

, ,

activities (Ananiev activities . 1940

3.54 27.3 83.8 0.50 0.35 Fuel extraction

- building and construction ministries and institutions were involved in in involved were institutions and ministries construction and building 1945 10.5 30.3 0.78 0.25

aig nttto icroaig h atraie it te national the into alternatives the incorporating institution making

1950 2.93 27.3 78.0 1.53 0.29

in Ukrainian1940 SSR et al. et

tutions influencing the future of the Soviet energy Soviet ofthe future the influencing tutions 126.0 1955 42.1 2.93 0.53

1977; Dienes and Shabad 1979). All these institutions these All 1979). Shabad and Dienes 1977;

172.0 1960 62.0 14.3 4.66 2. 2

194.0 1965 7 39.4 7.6 7.0

–

19 207.0 1970 80.7 60.9 13.9 4.08 78

Data source: Dienes and and Dienes source: Data

216.0 1975 84.7 68.7 12.8 4.14

218.0 1976 84.3 68.7 11.6

217.0 1977 83.1 67.0 10.5

Shabad 1979 Shabad

systems - relate 211.0 1978 64.0 est. 9.5

CEU eTD Collection Electrification and Industry Power of Ministry RefiningOil Industry and Petrochemical of Ministry Building Machi Medium of Ministry Ministry Coal of Industry Ministry Geology of Ministry Oil of Industry USSR Academy Sciences of Ukrainian Academy Sciences of research fields. long and loyalty showing were them of many surprisingly, not discourse; the in part taking “silently” or openlyeither were ministries and researchinstitutions un and nuclear while coal, with compared the oil) of and (gas adequacy resources hydrocarbon and of role feasibility growing development, of speed the with do to mainly had debate and institutions research and planning ministries, [energy] appropriate the among lobbying and controversy werealso of oftenmembers Shabad Gosplan(Dienes 1979). and five conventional energy resources were also growing in application scale and importance. Many importance. and scale application in growing also were resources energy conventional - year plans. At the same time, high time, same the At plans. year Table Table “… intense very a saw 1970s of end (1979), Shabad and Dienes to According

Name institution of

Major e regional interest groups … than at any time in the post the in time any at than … groups interest regional

nergy institutions nergy institutions

establishment Date of 1962 1954 1953 1948 1946 1939 1925 1918 - ranking members of the mentioned abov mentioned the of members ranking

of before Ukraine USSR and 1991 Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

on Power Plants and Power Industry Commissariat National the of basis the on formed Fuelof Industry Commissariat National the of basis the on formed Energy departments formed shortly sci Ukrainian other and Vernadsky V. by Established 58 entists historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

- Short Short description term

commitment to the given the to commitment - Stalin years”. The The years”. Stalin

e ministries e

CEU eTD Collection reductionyear 2020taking until a and (IISD baseline 1990as 2013). 2012, until emissions its of stabilization 0% for pledged and countries, I Annex the under implementation joint In and Protocol. trading emissions international the in participate to country the allowed which Protocol, Kyoto UNFCCC the to party I Annex an became Ukraine h and dramatically decreased never reached late decades. those ofthe Soviet 12). Figure production electricity times, 1.7 decreased 1997, and 1990 between years, eight In economy. its of weakening pos other of most Ministry Oil of and Gas Industry Industry and Energy Nuclear of Ministry Ministry Ministry Gas of Industry Shumeiko Anna The crisis, however, also brought some positive effects: emissions to environment environment to emissions effects: positive some brought also however, crisis, The like USSR, the of collapse and revolution rapid a of period the after 1990s, early the In 1991 independence: of Years III

Name institution of

of Nuclearof Energy The economy started recovering only in 2000s in only recovering started economy The 1990 Ukraine was the fifth largest contributor to climate change among fourteen fourteen among change climate to contributor largest fifth the was Ukraine 1990

t - Soviet states, Soviet domestic natural gas extraction 1.6 times and times 1.6 extraction gas natural domestic

ad halved by 1997 (see Figure 13). As an ‘economy in transition’, transition’, in ‘economy an As 13). Figure (see 1997 by halved ad

establishment Ukraine Data sources: Ananiev sources: Data Date of 1986 1965 1989 1989

suffered immense output declines, hyperinflation and and hyperinflation declines, output immense suffered –

2013

Formed by unification of the Ministry of Oil Oil of Indu Ministry the of unification by Formed Energy Nuclear of Ministry the and Building Machine Medium of Ministry the of basis the on Formed 59

stry and the stry andthe Ministry of Gas Industry

et al. et

; the levels of production, however, production, of levels the ; 1977; Dienes and Shabad 1979; Ivkin 1999 1979; DienesShabad and 1977; Short Short description

coal extraction coal

halved

- 14% (see

CEU eTD Collection

Emissions, thousand tonnes Levels of coal and oil extraction, million tonnes 10000

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 and natural gas extraction, billion m3 100 150 200 250 50 0 0 1990 1990 Figure 1 Figure 1 1995 1995 3 . Emissions from stationary from . Emissions in1990 sources inUkraine 2 . Extrac 2000 2000 Year tion of coal,generation of gasand of electricity oil, tion in Ukraine in1990

2005 2005 Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development 60 2010 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical 2010

–

2013

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

kWh billion generated, Electricity NOx SO2 sources stationary from emissions Total Data source: UKRSTAT 2013a UKRSTAT source: Data billion kWh billion Electricity, m3 billion gas, Natural Mt condensate), gas Oil (including Mt Coal, Sources: MECIU 2014 Sources: MECIU –

2012

CEU eTD Collection spheres (see la demand than rather intensity the industrial sector, coalandgasand (D’Anieri supply others 2012b). Kuzio 2012; including activities, and sectors economic many in predecessors their by created schemes and either directly indirectly or Ukraine’seconomy and politics to groups business en and commodity on differentials price substantial implied which 2009). (Aslund vacuum power existing the and resources state number a with up come to groups on bothnationaland regional levels) bankinto entrepreneurs; groups: autonom strong a included also legacy largely 1998). Kuzio 2012; (Kudelia were levels all at expertise technical lacked and fragmented which apparatus, state and institutions weak void”: “institutional an brought Shumeiko Anna g eeg cnupin usde ad oiain f tt ette in entities state of domination and subsidies consumption energy rge T f actors the allowed 1980s in policy liberalization economic Gorbachov’s - - the of collapse calamity, economic the with Together - -

chairmen collective (agriculturalfarms of lobby); e urn stat current he

komsomol (youth leaders division of the Communist Party of the US the of Party Communist the of division leaders (youth komsomol managers enterprises of largestate nomenklatura insiders ( insiders nomenklatura lw fetvns, elnn pouto o gs eore, upr o supply of support resources, gas of production declining effectiveness, low , next

paragraphs) earn rents from foreign trade arbitrage, which strengthened their position in position their strengthened which arbitrage, trade foreign from rents earn - ie oiis po tasaec i trs f oto ad accountability, and control of terms in transparency poor policies, side o te nry etr f kan cn e characterised be can Ukraine of sector energy the of e

related t .

people holding key administrative positions in various sectors, sectors, various in positions administrative key holding people (Aslund 2009; Kudelia 2012).presidents(Aslund AllofUkraine’s 2009;Kudelia of rent of o these groupsinformal ando these wereinstitutions the supporting

(Kudelia 2012). ous network of rapacious elites consisting of four main four of consisting elites rapacious of network ous - seeking schemes and schemes seeking

(the so (the 61 - called ‘redcalled directors’)

highly centralized Soviet system Soviet centralized highly make fortunes, mostly by using using by mostly fortunes, make

h hprnlto o 1990s of hyperinflation The ergy products, ergy ;

energy provision provision energy SR) who turned turned who SR) by

high energy energy high allowed the the allowed

The Soviet Soviet The rom these these rom

- were side side , CEU eTD Collection other types of fuel/energy, go to the final consumers: industries, transportat industries, consumers: final the to go fuel/energy, of types other with together plants, power the at produced heat and Electricity below). 15 Figure (see 3% to sectorthe in share largest the take which fuel/energy, of types three the are gas natural and coal nuclear, the national energy(Winkler needs of 45% roughly supply can resources domestic where country, deficient energy an considered th of 17% to 15 between electricity make and products oil power, heat of shares while country, the in source given is Ukraine in use energy final of structure of consumption in Britain Great and (IEA world’s the of double a than more and toe/$1,000) (0.18 intensity 2010) in toe 0.55

2006 s uleeg cnupin o te ed o pwr n ha gnrto i concerned, is generation heat and power of needs the for consumption fuel/energy As 0.5 2006, in world: the in intensive energy most the one is economy Ukraine’s

- ; Zabutyi2013 ;

more than 97%, while use of renewable energy at Ukrainian power plants is limited limited is plants power Ukrainian at energy renewable of use while 97%, than more e total final energy use each use energy final total e Figure 14 a set e $,0 o GP which GDP, of $1,000 per spent was ).

. The country also ranks six after the USA, Russia, Canada,Russia,Germany USA, afterthe six ranks alsocountry The

The structure of structure The et al.

natural gas worldwide (Omelyanchuk 2010). An overall An 2010). (Omelyanchuk worldwide gas natural

2013). – Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

almost half of the natural gas share. Ukraine can be be can Ukraine share. gas natural the of half almost

final energy use

62 in Figure in historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

s lot rpe f h E’ energy EU’s the of triple almost is

in Ukraine, 2010 in Ukraine, . Natural .

average (0.21 toe/$1,000) toe/$1,000) (0.21 average

Source: Winkler Winkler Source:

gas is a major energy major a is gas ion, public sector, public ion,

et al. al. et toe (and (and toe 2013

CEU eTD Collection until 2030”(MECIUuntil by g country main the with the resonates which imports, of gas decreasing security energy enhance and sectors economic all in efficiency energy A.5). Figure Appendix, (see wat and soil air, highest the of some has industries of concentration high a to ene total country’s the of 41% hi the Th environment”. of identifies 2012) (MENRU state the “On reports (oblast) regional and becoming are capacities the after recovering is production use were described previously inthe Sections 4.2 A.6 Figure Appendix, (see others and agriculture Shumeiko Anna I hs lvl o ngtv evrnetl impact. environmental negative of levels ghest mpact of Ukraine’s energy sector on environment is environment on sector energy Ukraine’s of mpact

Figure 15

2012 outdated. The impact is thoroughly estimated by the annual national national annual the by estimated thoroughly is impact The outdated. a . industrial, industrial, ).

Fuel/energy at powerofUkraine,2011 used plants

The mentioned report also recognizes the urgent need to increase to need urgent the recognizes also report mentioned The rgy resources (MENRU resources rgy 25.2% 1.4%

35.0% iaca cii o 20 ad country’s and 2009 of crisis financial power generation power

0.8%

0.5%

63 – 37.1% – 4.8.

A.10). Patterns of final consumption and consumption final of Patterns A.10).

2012). Thus, eastern part of Ukraine due due Ukraine of part eastern Thus, 2012).

and residential sectors as the ones with with ones the as sectors residential and

ndustrial sector consumes as much as as much as consumes sector ndustrial oals of the “Updated ene “Updated the of oals

also

becoming larger as industrial industrial as larger becoming Oil products waste and Biofuels Hydro gas Natural Coal Nuclear Data source: source: Data lts ntoa report national latest e

nry generation energy er pollution levels levels pollution er www.iea.org/Sankey

rgy strategy strategy rgy

CEU eTD Collection Table A. an firewood from transition of start the Ukraine: in energy (Plachkova region the in foundry iron first the fuelled on later bas coal Donets the of foundation the on and decree Don a signed Rivers tsar the the 1722 In near Dnieper. deposits other as well as 1721, in basin Donets in deposits coal mining of (Plachkova descendants” our to then us, to not if use, of be will mineral “This 1696: in campaign Azov the to attention his turned who 1725), substantial share by energy (Geletuha inthe national 2017 mix should which technologies, and potential bioenergy country’s the of development 1 before adopt to had 2012). (EC energy imported of sources the diversifying and investments private for conditions investment attractive ensuring efficiencypotential, energy the developing market, energy competitive a promoting legislation, countr the of development (EC Treaty Community The development of coal mining in Ukraine was started by the Russian tsar Petr IPetr (1672 tsar Russian was by the mining started coal inUkraine The developmentof 4. i time, same the At

2. 2 4.2.1. History ).

activities in different parts of the Russian Empire, which resulted in discovery of of discovery in resulted which Empire, Russian the of parts different in activities Coal

et al. et t al. et

energy

2012). Later on, Petr I started actively pursuing a policy toward development development toward policy a pursuing actively started I Petr on, Later 2012). 02. hs vn as mre a iprat ietn i dvlpet of development in milestone important an marked also event This 2012). st

20) Te ray bie Urie o ie e cmimns on commitments new give to Ukraine obliged treaty The 2009). o

aur 21, a a ietv o rdcin f H eisos by emissions GHG of reduction on directive a was 2014, January n December 2010 Ukraine became a contracting party to party contracting a became Ukraine 2010 December n

system y’s domestic energy resources, while compiling with the European the with compiling while resources, energy domestic y’s For example, one of important EC directives, which Ukraine Ukraine which directives, EC important of one example, For

samples of the local coal in the Donbas region during his during region Donbas the in coal local the of samples Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development 64 – historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

Lugansk cast iron factory founded in 1799 1799 in founded factory iron castLugansk

d charcoal to coal (see Appendix, Appendix, (see coal to charcoal d et al.

2014). 2014).

comprise a comprise the Energy the in, which in, –

CEU eTD Collection eeomn o te Lviv the of power Development as application main its identified which basin, Donetsk the of that (Plachkova production coal mineral into reoriented was work the 1960s by and II War World the after coal brown of extraction bas (Biletsky Figure 20 of ex beginning about hypothesis the A century. until up resources energy local accessible easily absence an to due coalits at kepttheproduction avery u level high of quality excellent the mining), of depth increasing seams, faulted and (thin mines Donbas of exploitation with connected difficulties physical many and Pechora), Kuzbass, Urals, (in Union fields coal other of importance of growth the Despite 1956). CDCP and (EIU areas coal other of development for stimulus a USSR provided which consumption, Soviet the for coal supply to ceased and Germans the by occupied fully was Donbas II War World the duri However, USSR. the later and Empire Russian the for coal coking good of source only the practically been had Donbas years many For production. steel and iron of centre important ot several with as well as Rih, Krivyi in centre ore iron major a with railways by later Linked 1982). (Dewdney coke a of introduction with simultaneously 1956) CDCP and (EIU Russia in consumed coal the all of 87% of source a was it 1913 in already and Empire Russian the in production Shumeiko Anna in made 1.75 billion tonnes (Biletsky tonnes billion 1.75 made in Industrial development of the western part of Ukraine started later than of the eastern part theeastern part of than later Ukrainestarted of western part the Industrial developmentof coal of centre oldest the and first the became Donbas of part western the Thus, 5 ) was brought forward in 1912 and the first preliminary drilling started only in 1938 1938 in only started drilling preliminary first the and 1912 in forward brought was ) et al. et

2002). Geological surveys showed that the total coal reserves of the Lvivthe ofreserves coal total the that Geological2002).showed surveys her towns along the Dnieper bend, the region was quickly developing as an an as developing quickly was region the bend, Dnieper the along towns her - Volyn basin contributed to improvement of the fuel balance of of balance fuel the of improvement to contributed basin Volyn istence of coal resources within the Volyn the within resources coal of istence et al. et

et al. et 2012). Quality of the coal appear coal the of Quality 2012). - . Large . smelting process for iron and steel manufacturing manufacturing steel and iron for process smelting

2002). Exploration of the basin launched with with launched basin the of Exploration 2002). p until the collapse Union. p until Soviet of the 65 -

scale mining started here already in 1860s, in already here started mining scale - ed to be lower than lower be to ed Podolsk plate (see (see plate Podolsk - generating coal. coal. generating

in the Soviet Soviet the in -

Volyn ng th

CEU eTD Collection production, and thus respective prof respective thus and production, of semi network were whole which a of many of intermediaries, appearance an seen had building) machine metallurgy, (mining, econom and industry coal decade the of end the by sector and static, coal became the in trends crisis the 1980s, the During difficult. increasingly and more dangerous coal for mining made which exhausted, gradually also were deposits coal accessible of sphere social the of degradation and production overall the of reduction cases, injury and emergency of escalation productivity, resu which state, the from support financial less receiving started industry Coal priorities. policy energy of change subsequent and Siberia Western in resources gas and oil enormous of discovery prod coal of decline The 2012). coal at produced was Ukraine in generated electricity coal 200 sites. mining peat the from far not located plants boiler local in fuel a as used then and pellets into decades for used been have Ukraine needs. domestic various for population by br 18 of end the since settlements (e.g., Novovolynsk, Chervonograd). complexes industrial new of establishment Ukraine, western own coal it has mainly been applied for production of brown coal pellets, which were used used were which pellets, coal brown of production for applied been mainly has it coal own , in 1976 (see Table Table (see 1976 in , Mt

Coal production in Ukraine peaked in the end of 1970s of end the in peaked Ukraine in production Coal known were which resources, basin coal brown Dnieper the of exploitation Intensive

per year with the highest level of productio of level highest the with year per lted in a gradual deterioration of manufacturing conditions, decrease in labour labour in decrease conditions, manufacturing of deterioration gradual a in lted th

century, started after the World War II. War World the after started century, 10 ; R C uction, which started in the end of the 1970s, was caused by by caused was 1970s, the of end the in started which uction,

2003). Until the 1970s, three quarters of the total amount of amount total the of quarters three 1970s, the Until 2003). its, into a ‘shadow’ t ‘shadow’ a into its, for small for

ol ein ad eteet ( settlements and regions coal Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development -

criminal businesses organized to shift a part of of part a shift to organized businesses criminal Similarly to the brown coal, peat resources of of resources peat coal, brown the to Similarly - scale scale

66 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

power n of 218 Mt, or 302 Mt including coking including Mt 302 or Mt, 218 of n - ie pwr lns (Plachkova plants power fired urnover ( urnover

production. Peat was Peat production.

Due to the low calorific value of of value calorific low the to Due -

and emergence of new urban urban new of emergence and beginning of 1980s exceeding 1980s of beginning R C

2003). Consequently, in Consequently, 2003). R ic sectors related to it to related sectors ic C

03. The 2003).

usually turned turned usually easily t al. et -

CEU eTD Collection volumes, small amounts of available domestically low domestically available of amounts small volumes, de thus and mines coal state at conditions technological deteriorating country, the in production steeland iron of dynamics positive the to years due last the in deficit high 2014 (MECIU coal) pro coal for conditions technical the increasingly dangerous become and ineffective. as 1980s, since worsening continues and 1990s econom 19% only made USSR of balance energy comparison 66% in1955( to and fuel in coal of share and 1940s the of level the to down fell productivity labour Mt, 165 to dropped Ukraine in production coal 1990 Shumeiko Anna - qua In 2013, Ukraine extracted 84 Mt of coal (24 Mt of coking coal and 60 Mt of energy of Mt 60 and coal coking of Mt (24 coal of Mt 84 extracted Ukraine 2013, In long a into plunged and independence its gained Ukraine when 1991, After

– ic recession, annual coal coal annual recession, ic

2000s (see Figure (see 2000s lity anthracite coal (Kochura 2012). Coking coal is extracted at 46 mines and is in a in is and mines 46 at extracted is coal Coking 2012). (Kochura coal anthracite lity 4.2.2.

Current state Current Level of coal extraction, million tonnes Fig 100 120 140 160 180 b 40 60 80 ). Coal is extracted at about 160 mines, out of which about 60 contain 60 about which of out mines, 160 about at extracted is Coal ). 1990 Data sources: CMU 2001; Kabak and Kornilova 2003; Kondrat and Serednytsky 2013; Serednytsky and 2013; Kondrat 2003; Kornilova and Kabak CMU2001; sources: Data ure 16 16 R .

above C Extraction of coal Ukraine ofExtraction in in1990

1994 2003). extraction ) . An overall state of the coal industry coal the of state overall An .

1998 decreased even more, down to50 to50 down more, even decreased

67 Year 2002

- sulphur coal, which is required for steel steel for required is which coal, sulphur MECIU 2014 MECIU 2006 b ; Tkach 1997; UKRSTAT 2013b ; 1997; UKRSTAT Tkach -

2010 2013 cline of total production total of cline

stays unsatisfactory stays -

80 80

Mt Mt duction during - term term

in in

CEU eTD Collection Figure A.5). Appendix, (see areas these in condition environmental deteriorating create Ukraine of regions coal direct the an with iron generation, together heat and (power enterprises consumers processing and of mining level coal High 2012). of (MENRU concentration fuel a as coal using factories processing of installations exha with atmosphere the into released are 80%) (about hydrocarbonsof(Plachkova othertonnes and thousand 450 than more oxides, nitrogen of tonnes thousand 9 than more oxides, carbon of tonnes thousand sulp of tonnes thousand 122 than more matter, particulate of tonnes thousand 38 including: year, every substances hazardous of Mt 1 than more emitting are enterprises andsubstantial losses continue toincrease inthesector (Cherkasenk subsidies bear state the and mines while revenues, high very receiving are stakeholders private the result, sales coal the both monopolized authorities executive state of help the with companies subsidiary private Ukrai in niche industrial mining for prices high very dictated machinery and equipment is discrepancy this coal for of reasons cost main prime the the of than One higher production. been has years many for market the on coal of price sti are enterprises industry coal the of Most rangeTurkey countries,and European of(Ogarenko including states 2010). is usually Coalimported coal.of exporter and importer an both is Ukraine market energy world the on Thus, 2012). (Kochura production ay niomna ise ae lsl rltd o h ca sco. ol industry Coal sector. coal the to related closely are issues environmental Many condition. crisis a in been have industry coal and system energy coal years many For

market and the market of manufacturing of mining equipment and materials. As a As materials. and equipment mining of manufacturing of market the and market

ne (Ogarenko 2012; see Figure 17 Figure see 2012; (Ogarenko ne

by private companies, which are mostly monopolists in this in monopolists mostly are which companies, private by from Russia and Kazakhstan and exported to a wholeato exported andKazakhstan and Russia from Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development ll owned by the state and are highly subsidised; subsidised; highly are and state the by owned ll sel nuty i te atr ad southern and eastern the in industry) steel d 68 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

ust gases of boiler plants and drying drying and plants boiler of gases ust et al. et

below). According to CR (2003), CR to According below).

2012). Most of the substancesthe of Most 2012).

o 2012). hur oxides, 150 oxides, hur

CEU eTD Collection fuel balance of the in coal of Share A.3). Table Appendix, (see gas and oil replacing largely 2012, in 82% to food (moreindustries 30%) than petrochem chemical, by and 50%) than (more sectors services public and residential by consumed further is resources, energy other as well as coal, of combustion sectors these in coal r and share the further increases which economy, of sectors different by used heat and Figures (see (21%) industry steel and iron and consumed) Shumeiko Anna In heat and power generation share of coal as a primary fuel increased from 31% in 1991 1991 in 31% from increased fuel primary a as coal of share generation power and heat In Mai n consumers of coal are heat and power generation sector (71% of total coal coal total of (71% sector generation power and heat are coal of consumers n

Figure

five main thermal generating companies of Ukraine (electricity generationUkraine only) (electricitygenerating of thermal companies main five 17

se pedx Fgrs . ad A.7) and A.6 Figures Appendix, (see . Intersectoral ofgoods related money and flows industry tocoal .

18 ). The former produces electricity produces former The ). . Most of the heat generated by by generated heat the of Most . ical, iron and steel, and steel, and iron ical, Source: Ogarenko 2010 Ogarenko Source:

ole of of ole

CEU eTD Collection (Omelyanovsky coal most the of one Ukraine makes which reserves, explored of tonnes 50billion tonnes,including than overall billion makereserves more about estimated 100 for last to expected energy systemalso important extremely coal socially. the making jobs, of thousands of hundreds create annually economy of sectors bound production. coal domestic on dependent largely is industry steel and iron heat, and electricity combustion, coal from originating resources energy secondary and coal coking responsibl industry ofthe most boilers areexclusively designed coal combustion. for (Volchyn 97% exceeds currently ol s n motn srtgc ul o Urie n is xlrd oetc eevs are reserves domestic explored its and Ukraine for fuel strategic important an is Coal industry Metallurgical

fr oe 7 o te onr’ eprs ( exports country’s the of 37% some for e Figure t al. et 21% some 200 years at the current rate of production (Volchyn production of rate current the yearsat 200 some

2010). Therefore, increasing the use of coal is often seen as one of of one as seen often is coal of use the increasing Therefore, 2010). 1 3% 8 .

Coal consumption byconsumption Coal ofUkraine, economic sectors 2011

is one of the most important sectors of Ukraine’s economy economy Ukraine’s of sectors important most the of one is (total consumption: 31.2Mtoe)(total consumption: t al et 71% , 03. oevr i te kana ha production heat Ukrainian the in Moreover, 2013). .,

Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development 70

historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

Volchyn services public and Commerce use industry Non-energy sector Residential minerals Non-metallic steel and Iron generation power and Heat

t al. et

Data source: source: Data - rich countries in the in countries rich

2013

). www.iea.org/Sankey/ osmn both Consuming et al. et Moreo

2013). The The 2013).

ver, coal ver,

world world -

CEU eTD Collection energy experts as successful: the effective and advanced management, together with with together management, advanced and effective the successful: as experts energy Belarus and Moldova to Ukraine from electricity of export for lines transmission electricity interstate the en electricity. of sale and generation power energy an constitute enterprises A.5 by companies European Central and Ukrainian top the of one Ukraine of corporation energy integrated Table Appendix, Company), Energy comparison 44intheandgas nuclear30 inoil to energyand (MECIU sector sector 2014 state of number private for possibilities recent important most the Among ar developments industry. on coal an the with of environment privatization market and the restructuring to enterprises coal adapt to aimed been has Ukrai of Commission Energy of Ministry to belonging et al. Volchyn 2012a; (MECIU security energy country’s the of enhancement towards steps required Shumeiko Anna terprises and businesses: and terprises ). DTEK ).

2013). The most influential private actor within the coal energy system is DTEK is system energy coal the within actor private influential most The bot is energysystem coal The 4.2.3

(Oblenergo 2 (Oblenergo

is a part of the financial industrial gr industrial financial the of part a is

h sae niis to entities: state the . System governance . System - e liberalisation of Ukraine’s coal market and “… considerable enhancement of enhancement considerable “… and market coal Ukraine’s of liberalisation e owned enterprises in the coal sector is very high and makes more than 2 than more makes and high very is sector coal the in enterprises owned sA.4

owned by a businessman and Ukraine’s richest man Renat A Renat man richest Ukraine’s and businessman a by owned

n Ca Industry Coal and ne n Table and - . During the recent decade energy policy of the Ukrainian government Ukrainian the of policy energy decade recent the During . etr atcpto” Ceksno 2012). (Cherkasenko participation” sector 014)

e.g., i e.g., . Operation of all the DTEK’s energy assets is generally seen by seen generally is assets energy DTEK’s the all of Operation supply n February 2014 “DTEK Shidenergo” acquired an access to access an acquired Shidenergo” “DTEK 2014 February n A.5

h privately andprivatelyh alaet f Ukraine, of Parliament ) .

TK odn Ld s h lret rvt vertically private largest the is Ltd Holding DTEK , hi fo etato ad nihet f ol p to up coal of enrichment and extraction from chain f Ukraine of

created in 2005 in created

Th croain otne t accumulate to continues corporation e 71

oup “System Capital Management” and it’s and Management” Capital “System oup state

and the National Electricity Regulatory Regulatory Electricity National the and - owned with the top governing position position governing top the with owned , and , Government of Ukraine and the the and Ukraine of Government during the last years it has been has it years last the during reven oee, s f 04 the 2014 of as However, ue (see Appendix, Appendix, (see ue

(Donbas Fuel (Donbas khmetov a energy - ) 00, in 00, going going Table .

(see - -

CEU eTD Collection rules (UK 2013). Therefore, poor quality of education and training, reduction of staff and and staff of reduction training, and education of quality poor Therefore, 2013). (UK rules ca was workers, the of one fire a caused region), which (Donetsk TPP Vuglegirska at accident recent A system. the of functioning in role well of Lack dramatically reliability increase system’s and durability. by these of Elimination failures. by caused interruptions unexpected (Volchyn th in highest the was shutdowns emergency of number average an 2012 In increase. to continues and A.4) Table Appendix, (see high very is TPPs equipment. and technologies outdated coal and9.1Mtofcoking (Kochura hadtobe coal imported 2012). power of Mt 3 result, a As Mt. 67 to increased consumption while Mt, 55 to fell output coal CIS primarily other, from it import to need subsequent a and product the of deficit a causes demand, of increase or/and output, coal domestic of reduction paragraph),any (see next coal dependent directly on important consumers range of whole and a in coal for demand high the to Due system. energycoal the in disruptions connectedto increased effect energy of upgrading in investments The operat it on dependent sectors economic and system energy Coal certain are there Ukraine, in abundant are resources coal Although

4.2.4 se et al. et

measures, however, may not be enough be not may however, measures, - trained and educated professionals a professionals educated and trained . Vulnerabilities

iveness of coal of iveness 2013). 2013). at the plant, its shutdown, destruction of two power units and a death of death a and units power two of destruction shutdown, its plant, the at From this perspective, the system is system the perspective, this From used by an inexperienced worker who breached health and safety safety and health breached who worker inexperienced an by used - based power generation (EURACOAL power based 2014). modernization and rehabilitation of existing facilities would facilities existing of rehabilitation and modernization

infra large The number of technical failures at Ukrainian coal Ukrainian at failures technical of number The Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development tutr, ae coal made structure, - scale 72 nd a human factor in general, plays a crucial crucial a plays general, in factor human a nd accidents, breakdowns and other types of of types other and breakdowns accidents, historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

to completely ensure safety of the system. the of safety ensure completely to e history of operation of Ukrainian TPPs Ukrainian of operation historyof e

, countries. In 2010, for example, for 2010, In countries. , extremely - iig oe opttv and competitive more mining

vulnerable to possible possible to vulnerable energy security energy e inefficiently, use use inefficiently, e

Ukraine

issues issues - fired fired

CEU eTD Collection a primary fuel for power and heat generation was minimalized. a primaryandgenerationminimalized. heat for fuel power was markets. location convenient and quality high its to due resource attractive 4% exceed didn’t Ukra (1979), Shabad and Dienes (see decline stead 14.5 at 1972 in peaked production oil Ukrainian region. Sumy in Akhtyrka Chernig in field Pryluki region, Frankivsk 4.1 rift Donets at resources hydrocarbon of number a of discovery to due period productionoil level to350thousandtonnes(Dienesand declined Shabad 1979). territories Polish eastern the of some of annexation after 1940, in only 2 production oil century (Ivano growth of privatizatio sector’s by caused personnel experienced older of discharge Shumeiko Anna Mt ).The new Ukrainian fields exploited during 1950s during exploited fields Ukrainian new ).The

Oil and gas industries started being intensively developed in Ukraine during the post the during Ukraine in developed intensively being started industries gas and Oil Kolomiya of town the in 1771, in already place took Ukraine in oil of extraction firstThe 4. of oil in 1909 (NAFTOGAZ 2012). However, the fields fell under the Ukrainian SSR SSR Ukrainian the under fell fields the However, 2012). (NAFTOGAZ 1909 in oil of - rnis rgo) (Plachkova region) Frankivsk 3.

4.3.1. History Between 1985 and 2013 oil production declined from 5.8 from declined production oil 2013 and 1985 Between

technical vulnerability the system. of

Oil energy system and in the in and

of USSR’s total oil production oil total USSR’s of Figure Black Sea Black was taking place taking was

s 21

and ine’s contribution to Soviet oil production was never large and and largenever wasproduction oil Soviet to contribution ine’s – 1

Crimean 9 below t al. et

at the Boryslav and Drogobych fields, which produced produced which fields, Drogobych and Boryslav the at

n Tbe 0 n aarp 4.1.2 Paragraph in 10 Table and oil and gas provinces (see Figures (see provinces gas and oil iv region, Myrgorod field in Poltava region and and region Poltava in field Myrgorod region, iv 02. rm h ed f 19 of end the From 2012).

. At the same time, Ukrainian crude oil oil crude Ukrainian time, same the At . 73

- 1960s included 1960s

the Mt

Carpathians

near the European SSR SSR European the near to the USSR, when their when USSR, the to to 3.3 3.3 to

Dolyna field in Ivano in field Dolyna th

- n

, also lead to the the to lead also , Mt einn o 2 of beginning Mt ). 5

, and its use as use its and , and and started its started and According to to According , in , 7, Section Section 7, Dnieper was - war war 0 an an th - -

CEU eTD Collection system consists of 19 trunk pipelines with a total lengt total a with pipelines trunk 19 of consists system by operated is which pipelines, oil of system on Ukrainian market oil fuel foreign of presence and competitive less are producers oil local products, oil “expensive” 2012b Ukrainian of lack and oil crude of shortage due used partially 2012) p benzene, gas, liquefied lubricants,asphalts, oil oil, fuel and stove fuel, information pr 2014 MECIU 2012b; (MECIU domestically csig ln, hblnk GPP, Shebelynsky plant, ocessing . Capacity of the refineries is excessive and makes 51 makes and excessive is refineries the of Capacity . 85 28 ca. makes Ukraine of demand oil While

QE 2012 QCE ; - 4.3.2. 90% of oil imported to Ukraine comes from Russia and Kazakhstan via an existing existing an via Kazakhstan and Russia from comes Ukraine to imported oil of 90% ) , which produce a large amount of oil products, including motor gasoline, diesel diesel gasoline, motor including products, oil of amount large a produce which ,

Current state Current Oil extracted, to ). million tonnes 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Because of unstable foreign exchange rate and significant reserves of of reserves significant and rate exchange foreign unstable of Because low efficiency of the of efficiency low Figure 1990 Data s Data increases (Herasimovich 2008). (Herasimovichincreases ources: ources: 19 1993 .

Oil extraction inUkraineOil extraction in1990 CMU 2001; Kabak and Kornilova 2003; Kond 2003; Kornilova and Kabak CMU2001; 1996

n sx eieis ( refineries six and Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

access to Caspian oil Caspian to access refineries, which require an urgent modernization urgent an require which refineries, 1999 b ). OJSC “Ukrtransnafta” (MECIU 2012b). The The 2012b). (MECIU “Ukrtransnafta” OJSC O 74 Year ladgs condensate gas and il historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical Mt 2002

, only 15 only ,

h of of h MECIU MECIU

2005 e Apni, al A. Table Appendix, see more than 4,700 km, 51 oil transfer transfer oil 51 km, 4,700 than more

Mt 2014 - 18% of the amount is supplied is amount the of 18% ; however, the capacity is only only is capacity the however, ;

( 2008 Herasimovich 2008; Herasimovich - b

; Tkach 1997; UKRSTAT 2013b ; 1997; UKRSTAT Tkach 2013 araffin and other (QCE (QCE other and araffin 2011

ra are supplied to a gas a to supplied are t and Serednytsky 2013; Serednytsky t and 2013;

for more more for MECIU ,

CEU eTD Collection productionindustry. and chemical range a and sectors mining, and generation power A (see a agriculture transport, economy: of sectors following the in energy i products oil and Oil 7%. and 11% of shares corresponding the with next 68 than for responsible s 2014 15 than more annually transporting country transit oil important 114 is input its at system pipeline Ukrainian the of rate Flow transfer. oil the supporting units pump of series m million 1 than more of capacity total the of reservoirs with farms tank 11 stations, Shumeiko Anna cos f kana eooy Te ao ol cons oil major The economy. Ukrainian of ectors b The consumers of oil and oil products are diverse and include practically all the major major the all practically include and diverse are products oil and oil of consumers The ) pni, iue A. Figures ppendix, .

Mt Figure

per y per 11% % of oil use (see Figure (see use oil of % 6%

ear and at the output 58 output the at and ear 20

8 . Oil consumption byOil consumption of economicsectors Ukraine, 2011 – 15%

A.10

(total consumption: 12.4Mtoe)(total consumption: . s n nry ul ol lo ly a iprat oe in role important an plays also oil fuel, energy an As ). 68% 20 75 ). Agriculture and non and Agriculture ). Mt

of other industries, such as iron and steel steel and iron as such industries, other of mr s tasotto sector transportation a is umer

per year (MECIU 2012b). Ukraine is an is Ukraine 2012b). (MECIU year per Other use Non-energy forestry and Agriculture transport rail and Road Mt

Data source: source: Data

of oil to Europe to oil of d oety construction forestry, nd - energy use sectors go sectors use energy s a prevailing type of of type prevailing a s www.iea.org/Sankey/

which ,

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and a and

CEU eTD Collection of Energy and Coal Industry, in turn, bears a responsibility to establish development priorities development establish to responsibility a bears turn, in Industry, Coal and Energy of regulation market The 2012b). (MECIU markets commodity of functioning in efficient ensuring questions, authorities state of activities of coordination customers, oil of rights for responsible m is oil of regulation latter The Ukraine. of Commission Regulatory Electricity National the the consumption. sector, transportation the in role important (see economy Ukrainian of sectors of the world high (mostly with of NPPs). overload industry power and operation their of cost high very a to due years 15 than more for operation of out kept been have plants, power thermal oil Ukrainian of units MW the all among ones largest the are 800 which (“Centrenergo”), TPP Vuglegirska Two fuel. and gas natural by replaced largely Appendix, (see 2012 in 0.1% to 1991 in 20.8% from decreased TPPs for Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine and and Ukraine of Industry Coal and Energy of Ministry the Ukraine, of Ministers of Cabinet The key state entities managing th managing entities state key The connections of amount largest the has other, any unlike system, energy Oil 3) 2) 1) Leung As In

power generation sector oil is mostly applied as a secondary fuel. Share of oil as a fuel fuel a as oil of Share fuel. secondarya as applied mostly is oil generationsector power 4.3.3 its globalits and national are limited. resources useisgrowingits the growth indemand duemobility for to services; transpo as sectors (agriculture)and lacks and substitutes; others, economic important such dominates largely it , including Ukraine, , including

. System governance . System et al. et

arket entities, implementation of pricing and tariff policies, protection of the of protection policies, tariff and pricing of implementation entities, arket

(2014) stated, oil plays a unique role in most of the emerging economies economies emerging the of most in role unique a plays oil stated, (2014)

due to the followingdue tothe reasons: pedx Fgrs A.8 Figures Appendix,

e oil sector of Ukraine are Ukraine of sector oil e Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

hc acut fr oe hn 60 than more for accounts which 76 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

– -

a pwr nt locat units power gas A.10 the Parliament of Ukraine, of Parliament the ) and plays the most most the plays and ) - capacity power units units power capacity Table

o ttl oil total of % tto, food rtation,

A.3). It was was It A.3).

Ministry Ministry to other other to ed at at ed

CEU eTD Collection Urie, hr i wud ne te xsig Odesa existing the enter would it where (Ukraine), “Pivdenny” harbour Odesa the to tankers by shipped be to is oil the harbour the from “Supsa”, to pipelines oil existing the through oil Azerbaijan of transportation to allows also markets European to further and Ukraine to region Caspian the from corridor transit oil new a of creation of project a of implementation in involved is country the issue, this address future. the in supplies oil of diversification of need the shows which Kazakhstan, the stockshalland products guaranteeoil oil availability a fordays. period of 90 volumes, extraction oil accountdomestic into Taking by2012b).(MECIU Stock 2020 Products of Ministers of Cabinet supply. external of interruptionsany to vulnerable highly system energy oil the makes country the of sectors economic of majority the TableAppendix, A.5 5 and Ukraine in companies top of f products oil of types other runs Ukraine. in products oil and oil of refinement and transportation extraction, subordinated Being and issues appropriate permissions decision Ministry The regulation. normative and legal ensuring while sector oil the of Shumeiko Anna a number of number a kan is Ukraine Figu(see oil domestic of production decreasing The Joint National The - 4.3.4 maker in various activities taking place in th in place taking activities various in maker

. Vulnerabilities bypass the overburdened Turkish Turkish overburdened the bypass also gas processing plants, which produce liquefied natural gas, motor fuels and and fuels motor gas, natural liquefied produce which plants, processing gas to ).

hig

the Ministry of Energy and Coal I Coal and Energy of Ministry the - l dpnet n i iprs from imports oil on dependent hly kan aotd Cnet f raig Mnmm i ad Oil and Oil Minimum a Creating of Concept a adopted Ukraine tc Cmay Nfoa” ly a rca rl i te i sector oil the in role crucial a plays “Naftogaz” Company Stock rom gas, oil and condensate. and oil gas, rom

andfor approvals these activities. th

in the top Central European companies by reve by companies European Central top the in In order to enhance the level of oil security, in 2009 the 2009 in security, oil of level the enhance to order In 77 straits

e oil sector (e.g., operation of oil fields) fields) oil of operation (e.g., sector oil e - rd ol ieie n tasotd to transported and pipeline oil Brody In 2012 Naftogaz ranked 2 ranked Naftogaz In2012 (MECIU 2012b). (MECIU ndustry, it is directly concerned with concerned directly is it ndustry, re re 17 only ) and its extreme importance for for importanceextreme its and ) w cutis Rsi and Russia countries, two

the Georgian harbour of harbour Georgian the

The project implies implies project The The company The is also a also is

nd In order to order In

in the list list the in nue (see nue , which which ,

major major also also . CEU eTD Collection were developed in the 1970s: Yefremovka (70 billion m billion (70 Yefremovka 1970s: the in developed were m billion 53 large: were resources estimated Its exploited. being started region Kharkiv the in field (1960), VilniusRiga (1961) Shabad (Dienes and 1979). and (1962) i (completed Moscow with province gas Ukrainian western the connecting growing was importance province’s gas long construct to takenwas decision a this, to simultaneously.Due Carpathian the 4.1.2), (Table escalating was (Diyak Kyiv capital republic’s the with connected was field Dashava 1948 In 2012). (NAFTOGAZ Poland to fields gas Opary and Dashava from too world the in exports gas international first the result, a As 1979). Shabad and (Dienes (1957) Rudki and Bilche (1946), Ugershko (1940), Opary including operation, their commenced was Carpathians the of district fast. very speed in up picking was production gas where republics Poland. from USSR the by acquired was region Carpathian Dashava pipeline 1921 Europeanasas country. toaffirmasreliablerole well states, ofUkraine a aoiltransit other and Ukraine of security energy of increase the allow shall project the of Implementation Brody the through Europe to further and Poland

Development of gas resources switched to the east of Ukraine in 1956 when Shebelinka Shebelinka when 1956 in Ukraine of east the to switched resources gas of Development field gas Dashava of development the to related is Ukraine in industry gas of birth The 4.4. Gas energy system

in 4.4.1. History the 3

(Dienes and Shabad 1979). Two other gas fields, both located in Kharkiv region, Kharkiv in located both fields, gas other Two 1979). Shabad and (Dienes western k place from the territory of Ukraine: in 1945 natural gas started being supplied supplied being started gas natural 1945 in Ukraine: of territory the from place k - Stryi in 1924 (Diyak (Diyak 1924 in Stryi

Ukraine (territory of Poland at that time) that at Poland of (territory Ukraine

expanded further by the Soviet Union and more gas fields fields gas more and Union Soviet the by further expanded

et al. et Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

2009). 2009). - Pl 78 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical ock pipeline, which is yet to be constructed. be to yetis which pipeline, ock et al. et

In 1940 Dashava gas field gas Dashava 1940

2009). As production from the from production As 2009). 3

) and Krestishche (100 billion m billion (100 Krestishche and ) Ukraine was among the first Soviet Soviet first the among was Ukraine

and construction of the first gas first the of construction and -

distance transmission mains transmission distance After the II World War the the War World II the After n 1949), Minsk Minsk 1949), n -

Volitsa (1949) (1949) Volitsa located

in the the in fields

3 in ). 0

CEU eTD Collection the country’s modern history. throughout policy energy Ukraine’s in role important an play to continue will institutions these further, shown be will it As transmission. and production exploration, resources gas natural ta whose formed, also were institutions influential of number a time this During Austria. and Czechoslovakia Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, Russia, to transported 20 of middle the in Thus, Europe. of west Ukraine Consequently, 1979). high a developed Shabad and (Dienes 1970s” early and 1960s the in region m and 22billion 2012). bi 68.7 namely production, gas of level Highest 1975 in peaked Ukraine in production gas natural 22, and 21 Figures and 4.1.2) (Paragraph 10 Table in shown was it As 1972. after These crucial of developmentswas adeclineproducti inthe view steep of Shumeiko Anna The ab The

Since the early 2000s, domestic natural gas extraction has been fluctuating between 18 18 between fluctuating been has extraction gas natural domestic 2000s, early the Since v etoe at md kan “h oitUins rnia gas principal Union’s Soviet “the Ukraine made facts mentioned ove

3 - (see Figure 22). capacity gas transmission system with significant gas exports to the east and east the to exports gas significant with system transmission gas capacity Figure

Ukraine gas oiland

- 1976 and was steadily declining after up to mid to up after declining steadily was and 1976 th

century natural gas of Ukrainian origin was was origin Ukrainian of gas natural century llion m llion 79 extraction

3 , was achieved in 1975 in achieved was ,

1930 to2030 on at Shebelinka field on sk was to deal with with deal to was sk

Source: Campbell 2013 Campbell Source:

( NAFTOGAZ - producing producing - 1990s. 1990s.

CEU eTD Collection disputes disputes nucle independence … reaffirmcommitment their “… countries former three the that Ukraineclaimed Sec on Memorandum Budapest Subsequently, 2012). (D’Anieri supplies gas its off cut to Ukraine threatening power’ ‘energy its used Russia time first to Inorder Russia. to base naval Sevastopol Crimean Ukraine’s 1990s decisions political hig country a as position Europe. and Russia connecting pipelines transmission ar weapons by Ukraine from its borders (CFR 1994). (CFR borders its from Ukraine by weapons ar After the After

regarding gas debts and non and debts gas regarding over Ukraine’s gas debts and gas price gas and debts gas Ukraine’s over

debt Figure

and

Level of gas extraction, if it if USSR

sovereignty billion m3

22 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

started surrender 1990 . Ex

collapsed, Ukraine was Ukraine collapsed, Serednytsky and 2013; Kondrat 2003; Kornilova and Kabak CMU2001; sources: Data hly dependent on the powerful neighbour’s neighbour’s powerful the on dependent hly tractiondomesticgas natural of in1990 inUkraine hwn up showing

and s 1994

urity Assurances signed in 1994 between Russia, US, UK and UK US, Russia, between 1994 in signed Assurances urity all the nuclear weapons and to delegate to and weapons nuclear the all

Ukraine the - payments

existing . Many disputes disputes Many . 1998 Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development capitulated and yielded to Russia’s demands. The The demands. Russia’s to yielded and capitulated

borders for Russian gas Russian for

left with the with left 80 eliminated fully never were Year historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical 2002

of put pressure on Ukrainian leaders, for the the for leaders, Ukrainian on pressure put

MECIU 2014b; Tkach 1997; UKRSTAT 2013b 1997; UKRSTAT Tkach 2014b; MECIU Ukraine hs s hn Ukraine’s when is This However, t However, were

2006 enormous legacy: the nat the legacy: enormous .

Russia was proposing to proposing was Russia ” in return of elimination of all of elimination of return in ” aig pl taking he Russian he natural gas supplies gas natural 2010 s

ace a full control of the the of control full a – .

Russia 2013 since - Ukrainian to

vulnerable vulnerable

respect

the early early the cut

rl gas ural in 1993 in

off its off remit

and

gas the

CEU eTD Collection Paltsev 2014 m billion 142 (including m billion 290 is capacity system’s the intake capacity total a of facilities storage and distribution 1,600 than more pipelines, 2012b). (MECIU corridor) transit “Northern pipelines transport gas of system a and directions: transport gas the by corridors three into divided is and Slovakia, and Hungary Romania, Moldova, Poland, the R of through system transport states gas to linked European closely is system to The territory. Ukrainian transit gas and consumers Ukrainian for transportation provided by 2% Germany by and Austria (UNI is 3% while 2013), in (92% Russia from originates gas imported the of Most 4.4.6). Paragraph (see economy Ukraine’s of sectors various from coming demand gas natural high the meet domes country’s the year, previous the to comparison in 4% m billion 86.1 transmitted 2009 from Ukraine for price times, gas supplies Shumeiko Anna ) . kana g Ukrainian m billion 21.0 produced Ukraine 2013 In

and due to the on the to due and 4.4.2.

to Ukraine ).

Current state, importance and connectio and importance state, Current s trans as

in Januaryin 2006and the previously set $268.5 set previously the

Western direction (first corridor), Southern direction (second corridor) corridor) (second direction Southern corridor), (first direction Western - 3 going political crisis political going 3

port port o h cutis f eta ad etr Erp) MCU 2012b (MECIU Europe) Western and Central of countries the to (MECIU 2014 (MECIU system The gas transport system transport gas The of more than 32 billion m billion 32 than more of

currently b ). Although Ukraine increased its gas production by by production gas its increased Ukraine Although ). January 2009 January AN 2014). AN 74 claimed its intentions its claimed 3

3 81 of natural gas, consumed 50.4 billion m billion 50.4 consumed gas, natural of

to n is upt s 7 blin m billion 178 is output its and opesn sain, 3 negon gas underground 13 stations, compressing

evs w mi fntos ntrl gas natural functions: main two serves Caucasus $485.5 ,

was threateningto per 1,000 m 1,000 per

contains some 39,8 some contains tic gas resources do not allow to to allow not do resources gas tic 3

- (Plachkova

Centre” (no longer used as a a as used longer (no Centre” ns to othertosystems ns

to almost 3

( BBC 2014; BBC et al. et

do so many more do somany more double the gas the double ussia, Belarus, ussia,

00 km of gas of km 00 2012). 3

e year per Kramer At the At

and ;

CEU eTD Collection and the and Ukraine, of Government the Ukraine, of petrochemical representsa industry,also substa Figure Appendix, (see industries other and machinery food, quarrying, and mining me petrochemical, in used minerals includes (also production minerals the Innon by followed industry, 2012b). steel and iron is (MECIU consumer gas largest gas the sector, industrial natural imported of use the on based fully almost is CHPPs A.4 Table A. Figure Appendix, (see industries and cities large for heat and electricity Figure Key state entities participating in management of the natural gasare natural Keyentities sector the participating state inmanagement of sector residential and generation power and heat are consumers gas natural Main

23 A.9 National Electricity Regulatory Commission of Ukraineof Electricity NationalCommission Regulatory 4.4.3 . aua gs s h mi fe ue t pwr HP o Urie wih provide which Ukraine, of CHPPs power to used fuel main the is gas Natural ).

Fi for CHPP examples) (MECIU 2012b). Electricity and heat gen heat and Electricity 2012b). (MECIU examples) CHPP for . h non The ). gure . System governance . System 23 . 10% Natural gas consumption byNaturalgas consumption economicsectors of Ukraine,2011 9% - nry s o gs wih s oty t ue s rw aeil in material raw a as use its mostly is which gas, of use energy

(total consumption: 45.2Mtoe)(total consumption: 7% 31%

the Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine of Industry Coal and Energy of Ministry the Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development ntial share consumption. overall ofthe 82 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical 36%

tallurgical sector), chemical and and chemical sector), tallurgical

(MECIU 2012b). 2012b). (MECIU Data source: source: Data Other transport Pipeline steel and Iron industry use in Non-energy sector Residencial generation power and Heat eration at TPPs and TPPs at eration 11 www.iea.org/Sankey/

for a map and map a for the Parliament the Parliament The

- Ministry Ministry metallic s (see s

CEU eTD Collection of Ukraine, especially as gas policy is concerned: “in the energy sector … short term corrupt corrupt term short … sector energy the “in concerned: is policy gas as especially Ukraine, of sector energy in interests national over interests private of domination on emphasizes (2012b) to due attention international gas branches: independent three into Naftogaz extraction, transportation and supply. of division implies reforms the of One its subsidiaries and Naftogaz by out carried is domestically extracted gas and oil all of 97% than more tr gas to production, of cycle full a out withdrawal (MECIU 2012b). s gas natural of calculation tariff for methodologies of approval tariffs; of the reviewing and establishing to system, transport access gas unified as: procedure such of approval market; gas the in competition of promotion implementati securing market; gas the in activities commercial various exercising for conditions license over control and approval for responsible is latter The sector. gas the of monitoring state and market the in participants between relationships improvem programmes, target of development sector, the in regulation legal ensuring Industry Coal and Energy of Shumeiko Anna ic 19 te onr’ gs ytm a awy be i te ete f ainl and national of centre the in been always has system gas country’s the 1991 Since refor to planning is Ukraine obligations, Community Energy its meet To . . . “Naftogaz”carries NJSC Ukraine of gas company and oil national integratedvertically A

Chornomornaftogaz, Ukrspetst subsidiaryenterprises; Ukravtogaz Naftogazbezpeka, Ukrnaftogazkomplekt, Ukrgazvydobuvnnya, Ukrtransgaz,G

(MECIU 2012b)

activities ansit

n soae spl o ntrl a t te utmr. rdcin of Production customers. the to gas natural of supply storage, and

from :

its importance to various stakeholders and actors involved. Kuzio involved. actors and stakeholders various to importance its

s epnil fr salsmn o dvlpet roiis and priorities development of establishment for responsible is

gas

- related research, related torage, transport, distribution, supply, injection and and injection supply, distribution, transport, torage, rnsgaz as of Ukraine as of –

83 Public JSCs. JSCs. Public

gas field exploration, develo exploration, field gas –

subsidiary companies; on of tariff and pricing policy; pricing and tariff of on LKO Naukanaftogaz LIKVO, , m its gas sector gas its m pment and pment

ent of of ent

– .

CEU eTD Collection di north the in built were of which com some states), European Baltic and eastern (mostly countries European other many but Ukraine, only not threatening are supply gas of offs cut Possible before. never as strong as becoming a Russia and Ukraine between tensions political current the as However, 2014). Horita and (Nagayama player transit gas important an as position its leveraging was latter the because successful, not were Ukraine for prices gas 2009). (Milstein andCherpHistoricalones, energy losses intransit gas domestic substituting to barriers economic and technological gas, natural imported of price rising heav the supply, by gas characterised in Russia is on reliance system gas The sector. gas country’s the to connected directly is security energy Ukraine’s decisions. political by caused historically are which interruptions, energy system. gas Ukraine’s to instability and insecurity bring Russia and Ukraine between relations political of worsening and crisis political current the Thus, economical. than rather political, largely co gas intermediary of establishment pricing, gas (e.g., issues gas on decisions independence Ukraine’s of time the Through independence”. energy and production domestic g ains from the gas trade with Russia have dominated over medium over dominated have Russia with trade gas the from ains stinguishes by a shortage of fossil fuels required for power generation (Dienes and Shabad Shabad and (Dienes generation power for required fuels fossil of shortage a by stinguishes Development of hydroelectric power in the USSR started in 1920s in started USSR the in power hydroelectric of Development 4. n Ukraine’s

5. 4.4.4 4.5

Hydroelectric power .1. History pletely rely on Russian gas. onRussian pletely rely . Vulnerabilities

atural gas system is extremely vulnerable to a whole range of possible possible of range whole a to vulnerable extremely is system gas atural - et f h cuty n h esl dvlpd ra, hc wr also were which areas, developed easily the in country the of west

system re rising, Russia’s ability to dictate its conditions are conditions its dictate to ability Russia’s rising, re

Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

- ae haig ytm wt electricity with systems heating based 84 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

ly, Russia’s attempts to raise Russia’sly, attemptstoraise - ogtr ivsmn in investment term long - 1930s: first stations first 1930s: mpanies) were were mpanies) - based based y

CEU eTD Collection al. technical potential of (Plachkova MW 100 than more of capacity total a 2012b). power installed most various the with of capacities generators hydroelectric 103 are There Dniester. and Dnieper rivers: hydrogencountry’smain 10 than more makes HPPs Ukrainian of capacity Installed concerned. is production electricity growingelectricity requirements. load HPPs yearrequirements upto5,600hoursper (Dienes 1979). and operated Shabad producti steel and iron ore, (manganese energy of presence the to Due 1979). Shabad and (Ananiev 1950 by MW 650 to expanded been had and 1939 by MW 560 al. et (Ananiev Zaporizhia in Dnieper the at located station Ukrainian first the was time the at world aluminium. power attracted cheap plants the hydropower time, same by the produced At MW. electricity 100 exceed not did stations the of Capacities 1979). Shumeiko Anna o te onr’ total country’s the of %

2012).

1977). The power plant started its operation i operation its started plant power The 1977). Hydropower generation Hydropower new Five 1950s. in continued potential hydroelectric Dnieper the of development Further Soviet early the of largest The were built at the river and the ori the and river the at built were Among the hydropower facilities, there are also more than 70 small HPPs and units of units and HPPs small 70 than more also are there facilities, hydropower the Among 4.5

.2.

Current state, importanc state, Current demand osrcin f the of Construction

Ukraine’s hydropower, its current use does not exceed 50%exceed (Plachkova does not itscurrent use Ukraine’s hydropower, er ating enterprise,ating

of theUkrainianrepublic

(see takes third place after nuclear and thermal power generation as as generation power thermal and nuclear after place third takes ful one of 1,500 MW located at Dniprovska HPP (MECIU (MECIU HPP Dniprovska at located MW 1,500 of one ful pedx Tab Appendix, hydropower plants (HPPs) plants hydropower ginal station at Zaporizhia was expanded to serve peak serve to expanded was Zaporizhia at station ginal

i stations six

n, h sain a dsge t me base meet to designed was station the on), currentlyoperates e and connections to othertosystems connections e and 85 e A.7 le n 1932, had reached its designed capacity of of capacitydesigned reachedits had 1932, n

(Dienes1979) and Shabad - a o a ao iprac t meet to importance major a of was t al. et intense industries in Zaporizhia region region Zaporizhia in industries intense ) . P

ublic 2012). 2012). at two main HPP HPP main two at - intensive industries, industries, intensive

and one of the largest in the in largest the of one and S “Ukrhydroenergo” JSC owtsadn te large the Notwithstanding et al. et cascadestwo at .

1977; Dienes 1977; uh as such

- the , load load the the et et - CEU eTD Collection consumers of electricity, they generally require a stable electricity supply, which can be be can which supply, electricity stable a require generally they electricity, of consumers identi we can demand), peak covering of function the (e.g., generation hydropower of specificities mind in keeping and consumers electricity at looking only Therefore, such. as hydropower vario by latter system. remainedHPPs function This a of primaryUkraine.one inthe independent lo the levelling republic the of demands peak cover to was Ukraine of territory the on built HPPs next the of purpose production steel and iron ore, manganese as such industries, local the in built regi was Zaporizhia in HPP, area Dnieper industrial important the kind, its of plant power largest and first the Ukraine, by energy kWh (Ukrhydroenergomillion 2014). hydro from generation power annual increase to allow would which ones, new ofconstruction and units hydropower existing all reconstructionof in result and 2018 until impleme been has under construction( plants accumulating other two with together and regime of capacity installed an with world the in stations power storage pumped T demand electricity peak covering in role important ashlytska HAPP (see HAPP ashlytska fy the closest to hydropower economic sectors. Although industries are intense intense are industries Although sectors. economic hydropower to closest the fy Transformation of hydro energy into electricity at a power plant and consumption of the the of consumption and plant power a at electricity into energy hydro of Transformation of system energy hydropower of development of history the in mentioned was it As Bank World from credit a and funds own its using Ukrhydroenergo 1996, from Starting include HPPs

. GW 3.0 us sectors of economy makes it impossible to track main consumers of of consumers main track to impossible it makes economy of sectors us nting a project of rehabilitation of its HPPs. The project is expected to last to expected is project The HPPs. its of rehabilitation of project a nting MECIU 2012b; a number of hydro of number a

n upn (cuuaig regime (accumulating) pumping in Appendix, Appendix, ad curve and thus improving reliability of the whole republican energy republican whole the of reliability improving thus and curve ad Figure Ukrhydroenergo 2014).

- accumulating power stations (HAPPs) stations power accumulating A. Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development 11 n i odr o rvd eetiiy upy o the for supply electricity provide to order in on, , Kanivska Kanivska , ) . Dni 86 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

: Kyivska HAPP, Dniestrovska HAPP and HAPP Dniestrovska HAPP, Kyivska : e strovska H strovska

n Ka and (Plachkova

A hovska hovska PP is one of the largest hydro largest the of one is

t al. et (Dewdney 1982). Main Main 1982). (Dewdney HAPP 2.3 G 2.3

201 W in generating in W , which play an an play which , s 2) , are .

The HAPP HAPP The currently

239

CEU eTD Collection Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine and the National Electricity Regulatory Commission of Commission Regulatory Electricity National the and Ukraine of Industry of Coal and Ministry Energy the Ukraine, of Ministers of Cabinet the Ukraine, of Parliament the are sector state are capacity big of HPPs Ene of Ministry low efficiency (Omelyanovsky p thermal where system, Appendix) that fact a burnt be could which year, per coal of tonnes small a example, operation. TPP of cost decrease to way this in and gas) (coal, fuel fossil save to allows facilities are floodalso used for control. hydropower Smaller etc.). holidays hours, peak (during needed most is it when generation hydro and coal large or NPPs for impossible is which demand, electricity peak capacity installed large relatively a of system renewable one the Appendix, (see Figures hydropower A. of consumption the to related closely are thus and electricity for demand peak the produce to likely most ones the are sectors, agriculture and part transport public, residential, the way, this In HPPs. than rather TPPs, or NPPs by provided Shumeiko Anna ulc JSC Public a Moreover, In way, this h 4.5 lcrct poue a HP i generally is HPPs at produced electricity 8 - te etoe patc i cuil n h cnet f h saeo Uriin energy Ukrainian of state the of context the in crucial is practice mentioned the , cuuaig powe accumulating – .3

A.10 . System governance . System rg

- scale Yavirska HPP of an installed capacity of 450 kW allows to save 800 save to allows kW 450 of capacity installed an of HPP Yavirska scale pplication Uryreeg” s company a is “Ukrhydroenergo” y and Coal Industry of Ukraine (Ukrhydroenergo 2014). Therefore, all the the all Therefore, 2014). (Ukrhydroenergo Ukraine of Industry Coal and y ). ydropowerplays

ower units require a substantial rehabilitation and work with a very very a with work and rehabilitation substantial a require units ower of hydropower for covering peak dema peak covering for hydropower of - owned. pat poie psiiiy o eev wtr o electricity for water reserve to possibility a provide plants r et al.

a very 2010; Volchyn The key state entities managing hydropower generation generation hydropower managing entities state key The

important t a TPP of the same capacity. same the of TPP a t 87

et al. lower fully owned by the state, namely by the the by namely state, the by owned fully role in Ukraine’s electricity system inUkraine’s electricity role

2013).

hn ht f TPPs of that than

. HPPs are designed to cover cover to designed are HPPs . nds instead of TPP units units TPP of instead nds - fired TPPs. TPPs. fired Together with the with Together

se al A12, Table (see Large HPPs Large

and is ially For For CEU eTD Collection Sayano at disaster 2009 The unavoidable. is system energy the of interruptions subsequent and failure their of chance the operation, their continue units such If 2011). of (Kalynchuk 1958 in USSR one example, For replacement. total Ukrain in operating units hydropower or modernisation urgent needs and outdated on is facilities hydropower of same the At significant. not are vulnerabilities security energy Ukraine, in produced be can projects hydropower of development for technologies and provide security ofUkrainian theSouth ofoperation NPP. south the in of demand peak cover to is HAPP Tashlytska function main The unit. hydropower Oleksandrivska small a and NPP Ukrainian South Yuzhnoukrainsk a map) Ukrhydroenergo Ukraine. As hydropower is a domestic renewable energy resource and all the necessary equipment equipment necessary the all and resource energy renewable domestic a is hydropower As HAPP, Tashlytska plant, hydropower large Another ......

Shushen 4.5 Directorate onConstruction of Dniestrovska HAPP. Dniestrovska HPP Kahovska HPP Dnieper HPP Dnipro Kremenchutska HPP Kanivska HPP Cascade andKyiv HAPP HPP of .4 . Vulnerabilities

skaya HPP in Russia, which was caused by a sudden vibration in the turbine the in vibration sudden a by caused was which Russia, in HPP skaya dzerzhynska HPP belongs to the South Ukrainian energy complex and operates energy and Ukrainianto the South complex operates belongs

includes the following the includes

going, a substantial amount of units and technologies at HPPs is HPPs at technologies and units of amount substantial a going,

e was constructed in Germany in 1928 and shipped to the to shipped and 1928 in Germany in constructed was e Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

88 eight historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

branches - time, while the project of rehabilitation of project the while time, western part of UES of Ukraine and to to and Ukraine of UES of part western

(see Appendix FigureA. Appendix (see located near the city of of city the near located together with the together 11

for

CEU eTD Collection 1986, and was united with 1986, and was with united Energy Nuclear of Ministry The 1990). (Medvedev concerned were systems reactor as far as decisions any in part take for responsible was Electrification and Power Ministrythe of relatedissues; otherand waste nuclear of burialreprocessing, fueltechnologies, reactor nuclear development weapons, for 1953 and responsible of was latter established was in civilian the by and Electrification and Power of Ministry civilian the institutions: two by controlled be to designated were projects a provide the energy to as well as status, “superpower” USSR’s maintain to ways the of one as research nuclear (Ananiev reactor power electric nuclear first the operation in launched USSR 1954 in already Subsequently, a world first the in 1949and first first atomic militaryreactorbombin development USSR’s in1948, of to led project The initiative. Stalin’s by launched was project nuclear Soviet first the whenyear most the have can operation dramatic makingeven results, asa suchhydropower systems system reliable highly vulnerable. their during inaccuracies smallest the or equipment of power deficiencies initial that proved area, local the in contamination environment human and failure, deaths power widespread units, turbine of explosion subsequent a in resulted and Shumeiko Anna

tp ert blnig o iiay salsmn ol (evdv 90. n 90 nuclear 1950s In 1990). (Medvedev only establishment military to belonging secret” “top At the beginning, nuclear research and all the nuclear projects in the USSR were kept as as kept were USSR the in projects nuclear the all and research nuclear beginning, the At the in reactors nuclear first The 4. 6 4.6 ttempt to adapt nuclear reactors to generate electricity (Medvedev 1990). 1990). (Medvedev electricity generate to reactors nuclear adapt to ttempt . Nuclear .1. History

et al. et - poor European locally with poor SSRs power

1977), which determined the country’s high priority directed toward directed priority high country’s the determined which 1977),

the Ministry Machine ofMedium building on of the USSR USSR the of

system USSR were produced for military purposes. 1942 was a was 1942 purposes. military for produced were USSR -

iiay iity f eim Machi Medium of Ministry military was created more than three decades later, namely in namely later, decades three than more created was

operation of power plants, however it could not could it however plants, power of operation 89

- produced electricity. ly in1989 ly

e ulig The Building. ne .

CEU eTD Collection fast. fossil large where era, The nuclear built. being were reactors more as 1980s in growing steadily was Ukraine of capacity base the covering below) were NPPs Zaporizka and Ukrainian South Rivnenska, yearslater fewA 1979). Shabad(Dienesand USSR the in largestfive among Prypiat’been had at operating reactors Chornobyl two 1978 of end the By republic. the of north the in Prypiat’ significant mining, as milling uranium and role centre. processing operations gained a city The 1979). Shabad and (Dienes 1977 early in 52,000 to up census 1939 the in era, nuclear the of start the with War, World II after rapidly developed (see Union Soviet the in centr uranium important most the of one became Ukraine in Vody Zhovti of city (U The 2011). followed poorly were regulations safety environmental conditions; confidential highly in out carried were works The processing. and mining ore uranium included and 1940s of design in RBMK reactor reactors safetyalready related to (Dienes in1970s 1979). and Shabad shortcomings certain pinpointing were specialists foreign of number a while count the This for security energy 1990). greater thus and models reactor western imitate (Medvedev or copy to need no implied technology Soviet entirely only the represented and construct to fast (graphite types reactor nuclear different three - breeder reactors BN) gi BN) reactors breeder

h frt ula ratr n kan cmecd t oeain n 19 in operation its commenced Ukraine in reactor nuclear first The N 1956 in approved programme energy nuclear Soviet The

cer itr i Urie tre wt dvlpet f rnu rsucs n h late the in resources uranium of development with started Ukraine in history uclear ry. Probability of a major nuclear accident was not of a big concern in the USSR, USSR, the in concern big a of not was accident nuclear major a of Probability ry. - load of electricity demand in the Ukrainian SSR. Nuclear power power Nuclear SSR. Ukrainian the in demand electricity of load ving a preference to RBMK reactors, which were relatively easier easier relatively were which reactors, RBMK to preference a ving aarp 411 Fgr 8 Figure 4.1.1. Paragraph - fuel plan fuel ts are replaced with NPPs, seemed to be approaching approaching be to seemed NPPs, with replaced are ts Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development - moderated RBMK, pressurized RBMK, moderated 90 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

Zotrcase field Zhovtorichanske : launched into operation (see Table Table (see operation into launched

- 1957 included development of development included 1957 from 6,522 population 6,522 from

- 77 in the city of of city the in 77 water VVER and and VVER water 4 . h city The ).

ATOM 11 es es

CEU eTD Collection * Shumeiko Anna

- South Ukrainian Ukrainian South South Khmelnytska Khmelny Rivnynska Rivnynska Rivnynska Rivnynska Rivnynska North Chornobyl Chornobyl Chornobyl Chornobyl Chornobyl North Crimean Zaporizka Zaporizka Zaporizka Zaporizka Zaporizka Zaporizka Ukrainian South Ukrainian South Ukrainian South

comme Power plant, plant, Power Table Table -

west reactor rcial operation start datercialoperation – tska

– – – – – – 1,2 1,2 – – – – – – – – – –

6 5 4 3 2 1 5,6 4 3 2 1 5,6 4 3 2 1

– –

2 1

. – – – – Nuclearreactors and intheUkrainianbeyond power USSR

4 3 2 1

Shchelkino Energoda Energodar Energodar Energodar Energodar Energodar Yuzhnoukrainsk Yuzhnoukrainsk Yuzhnoukrainsk Yuzhnoukrainsk Neteshyn Neteshyn Kuznetsovsk Ku Kuznetsovsk Kuznetsovsk Kuznetsovsk Prypiat’ Prypiat’ Prypiat’ Prypiat’ Prypiat’ znetsovsk

according to WNA to according 2014 Location

Sources: Dienes and Shabad 1979; Plachkova 1979; Shabad and Sources: Dienes

RBMK RBMK RBMK RBMK RBMK RBMK VVER VVER VVER VVER VVER VVER VVER VVER VVER VVER VVER VVER VVER VVER VVER VVER Commercial Commercial VVER VVER reactor reactor

Type of of Type MW

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 91

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

1000 1000 1000 1000 10 440 440 –

date Start 2005 1987 1981 1980 1983 1981 1978 1977 1996 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 198 1985 1983 2005 1988 - - - -

9 *

Destroyed after accident in 1986 in afteraccident Destroyed Constru Construction terminated in 1989 terminated Construction in 1989 terminated Construction Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled Construction Construction Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled ction terminated in 1987 terminated ction Closed in 2000 Closed in 1999 Closed in 1997 Closed

Closure date Closure et al. et – – – – – – – – – – – – –

2035, likely 2035, likely 2017, 2026, likely 2026, likely 2019, likely 2018, likely 2017, lik 2016, likely 2015, likely 2019, likely 2015, likely 2023, likely 2035, likely 2018,

2012; WNA2014 2012;

terminated – –

2031 2030 ely

– – – – – – – – – – – – –

2050 2032 2041 2035 2034 2032 2031 2030 2034 2030 2033 2050 2032

CEU eTD Collection The Crimean NPP in particular, in NPP Crimean The cancelled.was plants Crimean and Ukrainian Chornobyl,South in reactors new of construction Table (see 1989 and 1987 between place took Ukraine in Zaporizka at units new six of commissioning 1983) (in earlier scheduled the unrealistic, was plan the although And USSR. the around reactors new 40 nearly of construction and power nuclear the of development further for calling 1986 is oftenreferred toas“world’s worst nuc which catastrophe,the to led management Soviet and NPP bythe safetyissues towards attitude d design of number a with together problems These water. radioactive of leakages causing were work construction and pipes of quality poor (emergency) place due tomistakes made shutdownstook at theby station personnel. Moreover, km radius area. aroundzone’ became‘exclusion theChornobyl an NPP 30 of area The mR/h). 20 than (more levels unprecedented reached radiation of levels where south and south for case the especially was this disaster; (Babenko km 53,000 than more at the into fallout radioactive highly of plume a sent explosion the from core. its in explosion to led which surge, power catastrophic a suffered No.4 reactor test, was safety” total “the of shatte myth the However, 1990). (Medvedev record excellent safety an with technical USSR the in plant nuclear best the considered was NPP Chornobyl and red by the Chornobyl accident, which happened on 26 on happened which accident, Chornobyl the by red owtsadn te hroy acdn, nw Fi new a accident, Chornobyl the Notwithstanding of number a catastrophe, the after year one emerged it As Befor

et al. et e 1986 the Soviet nuclear programme was perceived to be safe by general public general by safe be to perceived was programme nuclear Soviet the 1986 e

2009).

2 Europe and western parts of the USSR were affected the most by the the by most the affected were USSR the of parts western and Europe 230 eteet wt 26 ilo pplto) ih radionuclides with population) million 2.6 with settlements (2,300 which had been built since 1975, never started its operation: operation: its started never 1975, since built been had which lear disaster”lear (Meo 2013 Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

Khmelnytska, Rivnynska, South Ukrainian and and Ukrainian South Rivnynska, Khmelnytska, eficiencies of RBMK reactors and inadequate inadequate and reactors RBMK of eficiencies 92 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

- east of Belarus and northern Ukraine, northern and Belarus of east ve

th - er ln a apoe i June in approved was Plan Year

April 1986. During the system’s system’s the During 1986. April ).

ciet ad unscheduled and accidents 11

above). Meanwhile, Meanwhile, above). mosphere polluting polluting mosphere Fire

CEU eTD Collection while no new units areconstructionwhile nonew units being under (ENERGOATOM 2014 and switchgears and facilities, systems recycling waste nuclear sup water of reconstruction fuel, solid reactor spent for depository centralized ofa of construction construction NPP, Khmelnytska at No.4) worth FigureAppendix, A.11) VVER the country’s electrici ( concerned only in2006,twe built was Russia in plant first the and now, to up Ukraine in constructed were plants power nuclear new No disaster. Chornobyl the after Europe of most for true This fallout”. nuclear the which countries in possibly and happened, a scarcity accident the where country the in effect negative lasting fuel long a have to likely is “… accident fossil of nuclear a of impact the that issues found (2014) Cseklyei 2014). (Csereklyei pipeline/transmission) to due Japan, and power Korea as nuclear such countries, new few a from in (apart world the fall around developments dramatic and construction a and energy nuclear against outcry” public “large and 18% second for (Medvedev the one) 1990). unit first the for (80% readiness of level high a with 1987 in terminated was construction the Shumeiko Anna Nowadays Ukraine ranks ranks Ukraine Nowadays contamin significant caused of accident Chornobyl The In the recent years operational lifespan of many nuclear power units is being prolonged being is units power nuclear many of lifespan operational years recent the In - some 63 billion UAH; they include construction of two new power units (No.3 and and (No.3 units power new two of construction include they UAH; billion 63 some 440 (2 units), of an overall installed capacity of 13,835 MW 13,835 of capacity installed overall an of units), (2 440 4.6 Shevtsov .2. Current state .2. Current

nty years later (Csereklyeinty 2014). et al. et ty demand ty a . ). Ten at nuclear investment being are the moment projects implemented

2013

by runningVVER 15nuclear powerunits: formation 8 Its four operating nuclear power plants cover almost 50% of 50% almost cover plants power nuclear operating four Its th

in the world as its installed nuclear power capacity is is capacity power nuclear installed its as world the in

were affected by the direct consequences, such as as such consequences, direct the by affected were of a training centre for the plants’ personnel personnel plants’ the for centre training a of . The firs .

t units to continue their operation after their after operation continue to t units d hscl osrit on constraints physical nd to i Erp, s el s a as well as Europe, in ation

(see NPPs on a map in map a on NPPs (see - 1000 (13and units) ply ply , CEU eTD Collection ar ot osrcin n mng oeain f id oe pat i Crimea in plants power wind of operation manage (ENERGOATOM 2014a). and construction out carry to 2008 in created VES” “Donuzlavska Enterprise Public a of owner an is also Energoatom 4.5.3 mentio was it As systems. energy renewable and hydro with connections certain has also system nuclear The demand. electricity national the meet to capacities enough in and crucial is functioning Its market. energy security ofthe country” to threats real creates “… this Subsequently, support. legislative and institutional weak units, new launch and service of out place to preparation production, zirconium and uranium of development necessary the “unsatisfactory” production inDniprodzerzhynsk) processing unique of orders usenuclear worn enterprises industrial NP of levels efficiency and security improved, condition Rivnynska,NPPs: U South Centralised NPP. Rivnynska of units two the were 2010 in service of years thirty critical the of expiration Suh Ukrainia South , Nuclear energy sector is an integral part of Ukraine’s centralized electricity system and system electricity centralized Ukraine’s of part integral an is sector energy Nuclear Shevtsov in differ dramatically enterprises sector power Nuclear

, thus , .

On one hand, e hand, one On

nuclear waste storages are also being constructed at the moment, namely for three for namely moment, the at constructed being also are storages waste nuclear often

pointing out pointing t al. et operating on the verge of bankruptcy of verge the on operating

ie ad hl enterprises whole and lines

h ssanbe ucinn o te fuel the of functioning sustainable the NP prts n oriain ih ahysa AP while HAPP, Tashlytska with coordination in operates NPP n ( Shevtsov 21) hrceie n vrl sae f h ncer etr as sector nuclear the of state overall an characterise (2013) le krainianKhmelnytska and

ctricity generation equipment and technologies are being constantly constantly being aretechnologies and equipment generation ctricity

to the failure to comp to failure the

( et al. Shevtsov -

out equipment and outdated technologies, have no serial serial technologies, and outdated haveno out equipment 2013 Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development et al. ).

case of its full stop the country would not have have not would country the stop full its of case the of most hand, other the on increased; Ps 2013 94

historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical ly with 2006 lywith (e.g. the recent shut down of heavy water water heavy of down shut recent the (e.g.

). .

There are also cases of cases also are There

hi tcncl aaiiis and capabilities technical their - - 2010 strategic plans, including including plans, strategic 2010 nry ope ad national and complex energy ned in the Paragraph the in ned shutting down shutting

CEU eTD Collection rdcn mlil pout, n rsac ognztos Ams al f hm ecp for except them, of all Almost organizations. research and products, multiple producing servic of range wide a providing enterprises industrial various complex, industry mining Table A.5 of income its with revenue by companies 10 top Ukraine’s 2012 In state. and operational lifeti decadesthe next projections indicator Sweden) and Belgium Slovakia, Lithuania, France, (after world the in sixth ranks generation food Figureindustry; and others machinery (seeAppendix, A. in everyd the creating those also consumers, electricity main The from economy. coming of sectors is all which practically electricity, for demand basic the covering thus are and conditions Shumeiko Anna dustry; mining and quarrying indus quarrying and mining dustry; The nuclear sector of Ukraine is presented by power generation enterprises (NPPs), (NPPs), enterprises generation power by presented is Ukraine of sector nuclear The the for revenue economic of source important an is system energy nuclear Moreover, - - - - Thus, HPPs, Unlike

ay basic electricity demand, are: residential, commerce and public sectors; iron and steel steel and iron sectors; public andcommerce residential, are: demand, electricity basic ay security the ofnuclear infrastructure levelobjects of forof treatmentsolutions thespent waste nuclear arefound; national isorganized;cycle fuel nuclear lcrct ge electricity 4.6 ). ncer lcrct generation) electricity (nuclear

en rsosbe for responsible being (MECIU 2012a) (MECIU . n 3

, cer oe pas h ms iprat oe n kan’ base Ukraine’s in role important most the plays power uclear

. System governance . System Energoatom (see next paragraph for information on the company) was among among was company) the on information for paragraph next (see Energoatom if :

me of theoldones prolong is neration from NPPs increases: new new increases: NPPs from neration Ps u t tcnlgcl pcfcte cn prt ol i base in only operate can specificities technological to due NPPs , the role of nuclear power may continue to continue may power nuclear of role the , p o 0 o te onr’ electricity country’s the of 50% to up try; rail transport; chemical and petrochemical industry; petrochemical and chemical transport; rail try;

and structure and

is concerned. Moreover, according to the future future the to according Moreover, concerned. is

95 ed;

nuclear power units are constructed constructed are units power nuclear

is enhanced

6 1.8 billion billion 1.8 ).

grow and strengthen in in strengthen and grow (MECIU 2012a) (MECIU

EUR (see Appendix, Appendix, (see EUR production - load power power load as such an such as . Ukraine Ukraine . . es and and es

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CEU eTD Collection Industry: an Energy of Ministry the to relation their on depending categories three into divided be when are important decisions at stake. se of lobbying to due Committee the of recommendations al. la security nuclear is to “Derzhatomregulyuvannya” abidance their in companies power, (“Derzhatomregulyuvannya”) for responsible Ukraine of Regulation Nuclear the of ( wa nuclear and fuel nuclear spent the for infrastructure national a of establishment fuel, reactor old the of out taking and new of purchasing capacities, existing the of rehabilitation and new ensu NPPs at electricity of production for responsible is company The Ukraine. in NPPs active four the of all operating ‘Energoatom’) text: the in (further ( Ukraine of Industry Coal and Energy of Ministry the to subordinated are institutions, research a) ENERGOATOM 2014 Shevtsov

ste treatment, as well as for the physical protection of of protection physical the for as well as treatment, ste (2013), there is a number of recorded cases when Energoatom refused to follow follow to refused Energoatom when cases recorded of number a is there (2013), uranium mining and processing complex “Shidnyi GZK” in Zhovti Vody, Zhovti in GZK” “Shidnyi complex processing and mining uranium enterprises state 31 of group a All the nuclear industry enterprises industry nuclear the All Committee State a is security radiation and nuclear for authority regulating national The powe nuclear “National enterprise state The

etal

sun o prisos n lcne wti ncer sector, nuclear within licenses and permissions of issuing .

2013) 1) establishment of establishment .

a ring safety ring ) .

assigned by the President of Ukraine of President the by assigned , established in 1996 in established , of their operation; it is also responsible for construction of of construction for responsible also is it operation; their of security /companies

and factories related to the nuclear energy sector energy nuclear the to related factories and Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development crit eria and conditions and eria 96 uodntd o h Mnsr (including Ministry the to subordinated historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

gnrtn cmay ENERGOATOM” company generating r

as a successor of “Goskomatom” of successor a as ad regulations. and w

aae uhrte ad individuals and authorities parate the the . According to Shevtsov Shevtsov to According . for application of nuclear of application for nuclear power objects objects power nuclear

3) Te omte is committee The .

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gop f nepie nt otold y h Mnsr, uh s turbin a as such Ministry, the by “Turboatom” Kramatorsk machine inKharkiv, controlled not enterprises of group a corporate by rightscontrolled are theMinistry; two “Atombud” inChornobyl and other non and plant hydrometallurgical a The first and primary vulnerability of the nuclear energy system of Ukraine is connected connected is Ukraine of system energy nuclear the of vulnerability primary and first The A Recently, nuclear in role important an plays also (NASU) Sciences of Academy National The ). aine, the project is a 50 a is project the aine, tbe o te opn ad t s o mkn ls ised f eun A return. of instead loss making now is it and company the for itable

s Shevtsov Shevtsov s Although a nuclearfuelaAlthough 4.6 eerh n dsg isiuin “nroret i Ki ad hri woe state whose Kharkiv and Kyiv in “Energoproekt” institutions design and research “ ti i nt ny h fut f uhrte wo a te ula idsr a a as industry nuclear the saw who authorities of fault the only not is this “… , . 4

. Vulnerabilities

nrotm fiily none is netos o ih aant corruption against fight to intentions its announced officially Energoatom . Domestic product Domestic . et al. et

and related technologies.

(2013) concluded, the existing existing concluded,the (2013)

and were and - 50 joint venture between the state the between venture joint 50 production and production

ion of nuclear fuel for power generation makes only 30%. 30%. only makes generation power for fuel nuclear of ion

extracting extra taxes, additional charges and charges additional taxes, extra extracting - s eru mtl fcoy sae construct state factory, metals ferrous ) ;

fabrication plant is currentlyconstructionis under plant fabrication 97

- its h system’s the

building factorybuilding and

effectivegovernance. infra structure of the nuclear sector does sector nuclear the of structure -

owned company Nuclear Fuel Nuclear company owned i ucer dsnertd and disintegrated unclear, s ivisions

a number of ”

(ENERGOATOM al issues related related issues al o enterprise ion crig to ccording

others. factory e fines; but fines;

CEU eTD Collection any or attack terrorist nuclearplace”. diversion materials onnuclear plants or takes casein plans actionnew “… workingon is and nuclear itsunits all of physicalsystems security reports, (2014b) ENERGOATOM need the regions eastern the in situation aggravating the and seizur Ukraine, in crisis current The conflict. military deal thedisaster’s with colla partial system’s the of chance a leaving fully, prevent to or predict mismanagement, and mistakes human’s disasters natural deficiencies, contingencies: technological of range whole a to vulnerable likelymost remain for Russia on dependency of level high the contracts, and projects energy nuclear complete. is construction the when security energy Ukraine’s increase significantly will and NPPs, Ukrainian South and Khmelnytska Rivnynska, 2014). (CMU area exclusion Chernobyl Ukraine annually. million waste nuclear nuclear spent in implies which Russia, with contract a signed Energoatom 2010 in supply, fuel diversify to attempts Russian and And finally And Chornobyl management waste Similarly,nuclear as

a long has to

- eety anhd poet f osrcin f dy storage dry a of construction of project a launched recently enhance

ae TVEL based - (from some of VVER of some (from term

, nuclear reactors may become preferred targets for military attack in case of a a caseof in military attack fortargets may becomepreferred reactors nuclear , (1986)and Fukushima (2011) disasters disasters (2011) Fukushima (1986)and fuel hl big aal o soig oe f t ncer at a NP sites, NPP at waste nuclear its of some storing of capable being While supply of nuclear fuel ofnuclearallsupply 15Ukrainian for(WNA 2014). reactors

ercsig fo VVER (from reprocessing many yearsmany the detrimental detrimental hscl security physical RA 2012 (RNA

to come. to consequences: environmental,consequences: economic. social and t h m the at - 1000 reactors). The latter costs Ukraine more than $100 than more Ukraine costs latter The reactors). 1000 The project implies storage of spent nuclear fuel from from fuel nuclear spent of storage implies project The WA 2014 WNA ; Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

and other. Many of these are usually impossible to impossible usually are these of Many other. and oment

of is concerned is 98 - Ukrainian 4 ratr) n tmoay storage temporary and reactors) 440 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

the company is assessing the condition of of condition the assessing is company the

with on with However, due to the long the to due However, e of Crimea by force by Russian troops Russian by force by Crimea of e ) Mroe, n Moreover, . hwd ht ula systems nuclear that showed , Ukraine largely depends on Russia on depends Ukrainelargely , -

going local military action military local going Ps ret n ncsay As necessary. and urgent NPPs otwithstanding minor minor otwithstanding pse and the need to to need the and pse

aiiy ihn the within facility - n services n term nature of of nature term

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CEU eTD Collection 2012). (Plachkova MW 1,400 reached Ukraine of territory modern the on located windmills 20 made latter 15 to up horsepower 5 from capacities power various of as well as empire, Russian the of regions different in thousands in found be flour for used generally were windmills prototype windmill Egyptian an adopted earlier had south Ukraine) the (currently Slavs southern the while designs, German from copied likely significantly. not although increased, number their independence of years the During operation. in left were 3,600 N capacity to up increased be to planned (Plachkova was number their and Ukraine around operation f hydropower large with simultaneously towns. larger of supply water in applied as well as mechanisms, whe water the when is This system. transportation water expanding intensively for water provide to constructed by17 water of application of records first The purposes. industrial other for later and grains, grinding for Shumeiko Anna th The first The foremost ago, centuries wind and water of energy the using started ancestors Ukrainian 4.7. mills

century(Plachkova 4.7 PPs and TPPs, which were producing cheaper electricity, only 50 small 50 only electricity, cheaper producing were which TPPs, and PPs Renewable

in the ancient Rus’ are dated 13 dated are Rus’ ancient the in t al. et .1. History

clte wr as cntutd I 16 aot 1,000 about 1960 In constructed. also were acilities wind wind –

24 meters. Archiv meters. 24 02. oee, n h bgnig f 90 de o perne f high of appearance to due 1990s of beginning the in However, 2012). els also started being used to drive bellows, hummers, pumps and other and pumps hummers, bellows, drive to used being started also els mill

s constructions which appeared on the Russian t Russian the on appeared which constructions

energy et al. et - scale hydropower developments, a large number of smaller smaller of number large a developments, hydropower scale

2012). In17 2012). e data suggest that in 1917 an overall capacity of all the all of capacity overall an 1917 in that suggest data e system - milling and in th in and milling –

20 horsepower; diameter of the wind wheel of the the of wheel wind the of diameter horsepower; 20 th

century the first artificial water basins were also were basins waterartificial centuryfirst the ntury; they had become widespread in Ukraine in widespread become had they ntury; 99

e beginning of 18 beginningof e

(Plachkova (Plachkova small During the Soviet period, period, Soviet the During - cl HPPs scale erritories were most most were erritories th

century they could centurythey t al. et

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CEU eTD Collection for Problems of Material ScienceMaterial of Problems for conducting themis research of onapplication renewableenergy One inUkraine. of ( 2013 in MW 563.4 to Ukrainian installations solar with i launched was world the in SPPs photovoltaic largest world’s the of one 2011 In developed. be to yet are resources perspective other some and geothermal applied efficiency low todirectrecently anlimited in open combustion usehad infurnacesrelatively fire its been or of (UKRENERGO 2014) WPPs Ukrainian of capacity installed overall Tr and Tarhankutska Sakska, turbine, enterprises domestic at line production turbine wind a up setting in resulted which plants”, power wind of Ukraine high) meters 1,000 than Ai to up equipment wind the lift to time the at available technicalfacility inventions his However, MW. 1 of capacity a of turbine ( kW 100 of capacity a of production create Kondratyuk

n ntle cpct o 10 MW 100 of capacity installed an Although use of use Although inventor Ukrainian a (Crimea) Balaklava of city the in 1931 In

and o ha/oe gnrto ad ul rdcin only production fuel and generation heat/power for many decades later. In 1994 Ukraine’s Government issued a issued Government Ukraine’s 1994 In later. decades many

S “idnah ad rne f iiay nutil plants) industrial military of range a and “Pivdenmash” (SE

a subsequent a

(Plachkova d the first in the world the in first the d . bi

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as an energy source was wide was source energy an as 2012) located

operational -

Ablitsov 2007 Ablitsov fold increase in the last four years: from 8.1 MW in 2010 years: in2010 8.1MW from four inthefold increase last of the f the of . In Ukraine b InUkraine .

in Crimea in Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development PRsucs 2013) (PVResources experimental wind power wind experimental irst

wind power plant appear plant power wind

). ). 100 (Petrenko 2012) (Petrenko nrae four increased wind turbines wind historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical A

). Later on he designed a new wind power power wind new a designed he on Later ). and

ioenergy ubr o number operating since operating

ee ee apid tee a no was there applied: never were

- and spread for many centuries, until until centuries, many for spread . - at Novoazovska, Donuzlavska, Novoazovska, at n ae 1990s late in institutions f te c the n fold B . Installed electric capacity of of capacity electric Installed solar etween 2010 etween

installation for electricity for installation

n reached and decree “On construction “On decree

t o Prv, Crimea, Perovo, of ity 1955 resources starte resources

ed n a scientist a and Petri M Petri , including a 1MW 1MW a including ,

on the territory of of territory the on . The Institute The .

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CEU eTD Collection IEOE 2013) (IMEPOWER biomass five of chip wood a ofconstruction power capacity country ofthe hyd small is plants 2014 (MECIU prod electricity total is Ukraine in use common most connectedformer. tothe the yet although production, fuel and heat electricity, t in RES of advancement the promoting factors important the among are support financial international and EC the to given commitments grow. capacity installed their and launch projects renewable new as related ofnew todevelopment materialsindustry for solar 2013). (FIPMS and Ukraine in onlyheliocentre the Shumeiko Anna A number of new renewable projects are currently under development. under currently are projects renewable new of number A Table the of 0.64% made and 2013 and 2012 between doubled RES from generation Electricity visibl been has system energyUkraine’s in RES of role The

4.7 constantly growing and by July 2013 the number made 981.2 MW of solar, wind, wind, solar, of MW 981.2 made number the 2013 July by and growing constantly ro, biogas and biomass power plants, which is more than 1.5% of the total installed total the of 1.5% than more is which plants, power biomass and biogas ro, 12 .2. Current state .2. Current

b . Installed. of renewable capacities power ). ). - ie pat (oa cpct: 0 MW) 50 capacity: (total plants fired As it is shown in Table 12 below, i below, 12 Table in shown is it As cin o 13 ilo kh u o 136 ilo kh i te at year last the in kWh) billion 193.6 of out kWh billion 1.3 (or uction Te rjc i t be to is project The .

Type of Type of power plant - fired power plant of 18 of plant power fired

(IMEPOWER 2013; UKRENERGO 2013; 2014) (IMEPOWER Biogas a , importance and connections to othertosystems connections and importance ,

within the whole ex whole the within Small hydro nd biomass Solar Total Wind

PV PV

eeoe udr h large the under developed 101

981.2 7.3 74 330.4 569.5 Install e onr. E country. he MW capacity, which shall become the first becomethe shall capacity,which MW

- saldeeti capacity electric nstalled plants

Soviet space, which works on research research on works space,which Soviet

ed capacity, MW oae i te ot o te country the of north the in located

in Ukraine by 2013 July y increasing in the last years, last the in yincreasing nergy of RES is used for for used is RES of nergy Government incentives, incentives, Government Source: IMEPOWER 2013 IMEPOWER Source:

- scale investment investment scale Among them is them Among

f renewable of

CEU eTD Collection (excluding electricity produced by produced electricity (excluding Roelfsema to power electric renewable installed in increase dramatic latest the explain can and projects energy renewable the in invest to profitable highly it makes which tariffs), c feed The 2014). (Roelfsema installations renewable all to connectivity grid guarantees which prices, EIG Engineering.projectsOther include Group), Bank World (CTF, Fund TechnologyClean the and t by sponsored programme € kh o slr V n 11c and PV solar for /kWh      

n 2008 Ukraine introduced a “g a introduced Ukraine 2008 n (financed by EBRD) heat and capacity) installed MW (1.5 electricity both generating and annually gas of construc agricultural Ukrainian the betweencompanyholding Polish and KSGAgroEnergy a Polish Partners); project joint (a Rih Kryvyi in year per 60,000 tonnes of capacity with pellets fuel straw of production for plant a of construction inOdesaconstruction oblast(f SPP of 4.2MW oblast); (Kherson WPPs Beregova andat Stavki total capacity 21MW ofinstallation turbinesof ofNovoazovskaexpansion WPP 1 by oblast) (Zaporizhia Botievo of city the in park wind largest Ukraine’s of expansion 05 MW (sponsored05 MW byDTEK Power) Wind et al. et tion of the first biogas production facility in Ukraine producing 5.8 million m3 million 5.8 producing Ukraine in facility production biogas first the of tion

- in tariffs are high high are tariffs in

(2014), the greentariffpolicythe e uoen ak for Bank European he

(IMEPOWER 2013) (IMEPOWER € kh o wn (e Apni, iue A. Figure Appendix, (see wind for /kWh large large n oprsn o ol mjr economies major world to comparison in reen” tariff for electricity: a feed a electricity: for tariff reen”

: (Donetsk oblast)by (financed 57.5MW byEBRD);

hydropower plants) in country’s energy mix in 2020. 2020. in mix energy country’s in plants) hydropower Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development 102 . may lead to 8% mayto lead

historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical eosrcin n Development and Reconstruction ;

inanced by EBRD);

and implemented by implemented and

of renewableelectricity of Source: IMEPOWER 2013 IMEPOWER Source: - in scheme with fixed with scheme in

capacity. .. fr electricity for 4.7.2

the Ukrainian Ukrainian the n mk 42 make and A ccording (EBRD) et al. al. et

CEU eTD Collection certain incentives for further development of small of development further for incentives certain giving started scheme tariff’ ‘green the of Adoption owned. and sponsored privately generally Alternative ofEnergy Sources sector renewable and energy responsibilities institutions’ state the of (Kurbat Saving Energy and Regulator Electricity National Ukraine, of consumers. produced “Energorynok” c the time, same the At 2012). (Trypolska RES from consumption total a for target national clear no is there RES, from use ot some Sources, Energy Productio for Technologies Saving Energy on Projects Investment for Loans S Alternative Power, Thermal and Hydro an Energy Renewable and Alternative for Support State of Programme the on Decree greenelectricity m still w together unrest political time, same the At Shumeiko Anna restrict growth of hl lre Ps r cnrle b te tt, small state, the by controlled are HPPs large While in state The instruments policy Several hers 4.7 by use of RES, which RES, of use by

.3 (Trypolska 2012). (Trypolska

ucs f Energy, of ources . System governance . System

(

wholesale electricitywholesale Ukraine marketof CMU Decree on Production and Use of Biogas of Use and Production on Decree CMU stitutions governingare:sectorenergystitutions renewable arket. The arket. the the renewable industry ( ova , including the including , policy documents include Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine(CMU) Cabinetpolicy documents ofMinisters include

” urrent legislation guarantees legislation urrent Unti Ukraine of Strategy Energy ,

Although the policy the Although et al. et “ On Energy Saving was not sold directly to elec to directly sold not was M Dce o Apoa o te rnig f Preferential of Granting the of Approval on Decree CMU are

already adopted in Ukraine to establish and regulate the the regulate and establish to Ukraine in adopted already 2014 ).

A number of laws are laws of number A y ; see Appendix, Table A.8 for detailed descriptio detailed for A.8 Table Appendix, see ;

Law of Ukraine of Law Commis ith administrative ith Kurbatova Kurbatova 103 ”

and legal and scale hydro scale s and ion and State Agency on Energy Se Energy on Agency State and ion )

“ is obligated et al. On Alter grid access for re for access grid “ On Electric Power Industry Power Electric On

- papers defin papers

tricity scale hydropower facilities are are facilities hydropower scale , 2014;

power (HPPs of up to 10 MW MW 10 to up of (HPPs power bureaucratic governing , a , 23,a o Urie on Ukraine of 2030,Law l native Fuelsnative Parliament and Government and Parliament

Tax Code of Ukraine of Code Tax Roelfsema Roelfsema distributing companies or companies distributing to purchase the electricity to purchase the e the

the general energy energy general the newables. T newables. and other other and ” n of Alternative of n market of green of market .

et al. 2014). d Small d barriers barriers ” he curity ,

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and On On SE SE ns

CEU eTD Collection io i cmae t eeg scrt ise Urie a t fc i ntrl a spl and supply nuclear sectors. gas natural in face to has Ukraine issues security energy to compared if minor secu energy of terms in country the affects degree foreign of application and investment renewable of production in as well energy as renewable plants, running in capabilities or experience enough have not does country the thefutureprospects in RES useof for the the affect likely most will change climate hand, other the on change; climate of magnitude a decrease to way a as promoted is RES of use hand, one On density. air and temperatures power power hydroelectric turbidity, atmospheric and cover cloud to limited is generation electricity or heat for energy solar of use example, environme by constrained are RES from production and efficiency energy of water(Kalynchukand 2011). others developments, such to connected issues connectiand land purchasingof with difficultiesincluding of number However, whole a generation. face power investors for hydropower resource renewable attractive an as capacity) installed Thus, recently. only started Ukraine in projects renewable of implementation Moreover, the while term), long (in changes climate to vulnerable potentially are RES of Most

– 4.7

o aitos n topei pesr, win pressure, atmospheric in variations to technologies. technologies. .5. Vulnerabilities

Therefore,

technologies (see previous paragraph), which to a certain certain a to which paragraph), previous (see foreign technologies with associated are projects RES new many related

(Nikolova 2010). Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development –

nry qimn o equipment energy o oa hdooy n wahr atrs wind patterns, weather and hydrology local to 104 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical rity. However, such impacts are relatively relatively are impacts such However, rity.

vlct ad ieto, ambient direction, and velocity d on to the grid, high prices for the use use the for grid,prices high the to on

dvlpet f t own its of development r ntal conditions. For conditions. ntal

CEU eTD Collection ol o eetiiy eeain Te USSR’s The generation. electricity for coal metallurgy). (especially both for resources hydrocarbon and coal on dependent mostly are resources, mineral and coal with Ukraine’s electricitycrucialresource the a national for economy. a and generation the itself in combines Ukraine successfully as seen be can intentions (Ananiev national system united the energy of creation finally, and plants, power the at resources fuel local of use power of centralization processes,generat manufacturing all of electrification electricity, of use re technical implied which 4.1.2), Paragraph electricity Ukraine’s 19 of end the in place took 4.1.2, Paragraph in earlier etc.). transport to easy versatile, associa conveniences many to due productivity labour of long Shumeiko Anna

proceed According to the distribution of primary energy resources (see Paragraph 4.1.1), 4.1.1), Paragraph (see resources energy primary of distribution the to According As 4.8. Electric power oe gnrto (see generation power ion, construction ofconstruction largeelectricitygeneration securing for plants regions, whole power ion,

4.8.1. History Dienes and Shabad (1979) stated, “ stated, (1979) Shabad and Dienes electricity ed

hand in hand in hand vast vast

generation capacities differ differ capacities generation ytm tre wt te aos OEO ln fr oe eal, see details, more (for plan GOLERO famous the with started system lcrfcto o te country the of electrification “Communism is Soviet is “Communism powerelectrification plus country” ofthe whole The western The

t al. et ”: electric power became an efficient instrumental in a rapid rise rapid a in instrumental efficient an became power electric ”:

system

pedx Figure Appendix, relative

The first uses of electricity on the territory Ukraine, described described Ukraine, territory the on electricity of uses first The 97. rm h prpcie f h presen the of perspective the From 1977). most

diversity of use of different of use of diversity

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regions located near Lviv near located regions

- electrification main equipment of all economy sectors based on the the on based sectors economy all of equipment 105 A.11 ewe regions between

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Electricity generated, dramaticall changed generation power in CHPPs) and TPPs (both TPPs of role The billion kWh 250 300 100 150 200 50 0 1991 Figure 1994

accommodating , 24 1997 .

Electricity generation inUkraine Electricity energy mix in1991 2000 Year 2003

nme o TPPs of number a Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development 2006 w bi Two 106 2009 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical gh a construction of a NPP in Crimea was was Crimea in NPP a of construction a gh

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Ukraine underwent a range of substantial reforms and became the first first the became and reforms substantial of range a underwent Ukraine 1997 - at TPPs and CHPPs inUkraine andat CHPPs TPPs in1991 Soviet states to liberalise its electricity sector (DIFFER 2012; see see 2012; (DIFFER sector electricity its liberalise to states Soviet 2000 Year

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Ukra 2006 na dsue o gs upis anhd fe the after launched supplies gas on disputes inian 107 2009

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. Hydropower hydro and . 4.8.2. Current state, importance and connections to o to connections and importance state, 4.8.2. Current s is limited and makes 2 makes and limited is s

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is low (38% in 2009, in comparison to 66% in Indonesia), which is due to the to due is which Indonesia), in 66% to comparison in 2009, in (38% low is et al. about

2010; Volchyn2010; tantial interruptions. However, units of thermal power plants have been have plants power thermal of units However, interruptions. tantial

.% f elect of 5.5%

( sta see tus of transmission grid and associated lack of electricity export electricity of lack associated and grid transmission of tus a Appendix, Appendix, - ). The residual lifetime of Ukraine’s thermal and nuclear nuclear and thermal Ukraine’s of lifetime residual The ). - acc . 5 years for some of TPPs of some for years 5 – T

hermal umulating plants10.0 power take share of the installed capacity that is in actual operation actual in is that capacity installed the of share et al. iiy (Volchyn ricity Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

2013). Table 5 o te onr’ ttl lcrct generation electricity total country’s the of 45% and nuclear and - 0.9 kW/cap in Poland and2.0 kW/cap inGermany and2.0 inPoland 0.9 kW/cap peaks of electricity demand (during the busiest busiest the (during demand electricity of peaks and 25.4% and 108 A.

historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical HPPs) and NPPs produce about the same same the about produce NPPs and HPPs)

7 ; Volchyn

power generatio power t al. et

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et al. et 2013). Normally, hydropower hydropower Normally, 2013).

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2013). ; for transmission lines see Appendix, FigureA.11). Appendix, see lines transmission for ;

generated 193.6 billion kWh of electricity, out of which 147.3 billion 147.3 which of out electricity, of kWh billion 193.6 generated

45% nd rail transportnd rail (5%) duringtransmission

in the sector and is responsible for control of efficient use of use efficient of control for responsible is and sector the in f h ttl consumption. total the of - ie Brhysa P, hrceitc o oeain of operation of characteristics TPP, Burshtynska fired

109 icity, while residential while icity, (MECIU 2014 (MECIU

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Figure 26 .

Structure of electricityelectricitygovernance of Structure market and system ofUkraine n electricity system with electricity systems of other countriesother of electricitysystems with system electricity n Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development 110

National Energy Company “Ukrenergo” is a is “Ukrenergo” Company Energy National historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

n h cuty n ceto o reliable of creation and country the in

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ccording to IEA (2012), “… Ukraine needs a transformation of its energy sector to a a to sector energy its of transformation a needs Ukraine “… (2012), IEA to ccording ensur modernising energy its supply chain; expandingand development energy production of indigenous sources; untapping enormous its energy efficiency potential; enhancing policy phasinggas, forcoalelectricity outsubsidies and consumers; . Current ing regulatory reform andensuringregulatoryingreform fullimplementation of ECprovisions; re and sustainable energy system” by conforming to the following key key following the to conforming by system” energy sustainable and re strategies and policies d on natural gas supplies and the gas energy system, which is highly highly is which system, energy gas the and supplies gas natural on d

- making and implementation ofenergymaking policy measures; ding most of TPPs, HPPs and NPPs. 95% of all the TPPs and and TPPs the all of 95% NPPs. and HPPs TPPs, of most ding Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

Acrig o h Srtg (e nx Section), next (see Strategy the to According . 112

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in the “Updated Energy Strategy of Ukraine Ukraine “UpdatedofEnergyStrategy the in

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2030 (the Strategy Year 2020 2020 Year

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MECIU 2012a MECIU 2030 in Ukraine 2030 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 scenario Data source: MECIU 2012a MECIU source: Data

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it may continue to decrease in the nearest future. Similar patterns can be be can patterns Similar future. nearest the in decrease to continue may it

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. , as well as many issues connected to energy to connected issues many as well as , nry ytm s highly is system energy historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

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which is, however, according to many experts needs many further improvements, if not if improvements, further many needs experts many to according however, is, which

sources; inefficient structure and governance of energy sector, sector, energy of governance and structure inefficient sources; - seeking. One of the latest national energy policy policy energy national latest the of One seeking. 117

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13 failures; state subsidiesstate failures; reefficiency; low technologies; and equipment outdated of Use TPPs at coal of use increasing institutions; and infrastructure well 19 use from industrial and ex History of and others and industrypetrochemical industry,chemical and and steel iron sectors, andresidential Public . th

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economy of sectors practicallyall to connections sector, Transpo pipelines transmission and refineries functioning demand; of meets15 production Domestic instituti and infrastructure well 1972; since production in decline 1960s in production Extensive oil - developed developed - Oil 1970s, 1970s, rtation rtation -

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118

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Anna Shumeiko Shumeiko Anna Governance Importance Vulnera Energy Energy system bilities

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119

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CEU eTD Collection Ukraine tobe appears highly dependent onthe followingVESs: conservation. to order domestic from state: a of imperatives six the to according chapter, previous the in detail in described systems, energy seven the of ranking represents s of theory Dryzek’s survival), and order (domestic nation the of stability and functioning normal for conditions (see Paragraph 1.2). an aims primary the address to aiming and together chapter previous complex a as Ukraine of system energy closer a take will chapter current the Thus, scenarios. future of number a trends current the show ident priorities policy energy required and existing the pinpoint weaknesses, and strengths its country the of system energy national whole the of functioning of understanding better ify key drivers impelling the system’s development system’s the impelling drivers key ify 4) 3) 2) 1) identify to order In 5.1 sys energy of analysis The 5) coal natural gas nuclear electric oil 5.1.1. Identifying Ukrainian VES Ukrainian 5.1.1. Identifying . Vital

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120

AND historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

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objectives of the thesis the of objectives look at the national the at look . Table 14 below below 14 Table . Based on this, on Based :

define , and and ,

CEU eTD Collection consist of elements (natural resources, technical infrastructure, institutions), which are strongly strongly are which institutions), infrastructure, technical resources, (natural elements of consist society a of functions internal security of functioning normal for role crucial a plays used currently not is oil Although systems. energy other of that than lower is level national the on importance units) gas by substituted be can hydropower by demand peak covering hydropower, large appears It vital. also systems gas country. the of sectors economic of most to conne directly systemis The nation. the of asset fundamental most the and economy Ukraine’s of development further for foundation a became policy, electrification Union’s the of part a as times Soviet the during A. Appendix,Table *see Electricity Renewable Hydro Nuclear Gas Oil Coal Shumeiko Anna Imperative/

for power System

At thesameLeung time, according to com the and networks electrical vast The Table

cannot be perceived as supporting critical functions of society. Therefore, their their Therefore, society. of functions critical supporting as perceived be cannot

and heat in Ukraine in . Rating* ofUkraine’s energy systemsaccording tothe six ) and lacks substitutes. and substitutes. lacks Domestic

+++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ order due to overcapacity of UES of Ukraine and existing substitutes (e.g., (e.g., substitutes existing and Ukraine of UES of overcapacity to due ++ 8

for detailed description of the rating system ofthe rating description detailed for is not the only essential characteristic of VES. The system also has to to has also system The VES. of characteristic essential only the not is generation

cted to all of the other energy systems discussed in the work, as well as well as work, the in discussed systems energy other the of all to cted

as a primary fuel primary a as , however, , Survival +++++ +++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ ++

(see Figure(see 26) ++

that Revenue +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++

et al. +++ for pr for The extensive The ++ renew society (tra society

2014 (see Paragraph 2.2.3 oduction of electricity, of oduction unavoidablycorresponding the makes

plex centralized electricity system created created system electricity centralized plex 1 able energy systems of Ukraine, including including Ukraine, of systems energy able

Economic +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ growth +++ +++ + nsportation, agriculture, defence and and defence agriculture, nsportation,

use of nuclear fuel, nuclear of use

mation Legiti - ++++ ++++ ie a fired +++ ++ ++ ++ +

imperatives ofa state the oil energy system system energy oil the d coal nd ), supportof critical ), Conser coal vation ++ ++ ++ + + + + -

fired power power fired

and natur and

- energy Total 26 19+ 26 23+ 20+ 23+ 9+ + + a

CEU eTD Collection infrastructure ona singlereliant agent’. highly ‘malevolent vulnerable the created and ago decades developed countries other with system gas Ukrainian t also but domestic borders the within used only not was origin Ukrainian of gas natural and high extremely 1960s during economy Ukraine’s roo historic rigid has system The the of sensitive. while one, susceptible most the be to appears gasenergysystem natural The Europeandifferent tolocal. scale:from and on economicsectors systems energy affecting interruptions of number a to lead can Russia, from mainly imports, functioning their of failure “Naftogaz” of system energy nuclear the of functioning the supporting is “Energoatom” SE Similarly, managing and it operation. integrat highly and complex T 1990s). (before times Soviet the during mostly peculiaritieseach ofhistoric systems. because related to ofthe interconnected, strongly indeed are systems energy discussed the of elements the that showed to than more other, each to connected According to the three perspectives on energy security (see Table 5), the 5), Table (see security energy on perspectives three the to According VES the of Each infrastructu technical the of Most

natural 5.1.2.

ic t Since gas energy system energy gas the oil and gasenergythe oiland systems. Vulnerabilities supporting its infrastructure and normal operation, and infrastructure its supporting e ytm s ihy etaie, hr i a ubr f power of number a is there centralized, highly is system he asotd o te Sve rpbis Te utpe necnetos f the of interconnections multiple The republics. Soviet other to ransported s

is . susceptible

As it is shown in Table 15 below, Ukraine’s dependency on en on dependency Ukraine’s below, 15 Table in shown is it As ed

structure, requiring structure,

- of Ukraine can be viewed from the ‘sovereignty’ perspective. perspective. ‘sovereignty’ the from viewed be can Ukraine of 1970s, when the levels of extraction of indigenous gas were were gas indigenous of extraction of levels the when 1970s,

ts associated with the escalating role of natural gas for for gas natural of role escalating the with associated ts

to the elements outside the system. The previous analysis analysis previous The system. the outside elements the a range of possible interruptions, which may result in in result may which interruptions, possible of range a re and influential energy institutions were created created were institutions energy influential and re he electric he Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

ol and coal 122 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

its constant coordination and precision of of precision and coordination constant its

power system of Ukraine was Ukraine of system power renewable

headed by headed s ’

energy system the least least the system energy

SE “Ukrenergo” SE ful vulnerabilities

institutions institutions designed ,

NJSC NJSC ergy ergy

a .

CEU eTD Collection e cutis n h wrd ae h so the have world the in countries few stored? be waste nuclear the will where from? coming be fuel fabricated and enriched issues many hand, other the On environment. on effect positive a has also which domestically, produced coal replace largely hydrocarbons. and/or fuels fossil of imports decreasing by security energy national the enhance to way a as viewed often is generation electricity for power nuclear of use the hand, one On perspectives. L R N European Shumeiko Anna ocal egional ational Scale

The 15 Table

ula eeg system energy nuclear communities local territories and interruptions affecting externally country separate regions of the interruptions affecting externally wholethe nation interruptions affecting externally nations ot nationthe itself and interruptions affecting externally

her European n qetos ean wee il h ncer oe tcnlge, equipment, technologies, power nuclear the will where remain: questions and . ned bcue f t of because Indeed,

Susceptibilityof Description

- - - - or gas or caused caused caused caused caused

fired power plants and provide a substantial amount of electricity, of amount substantial a provide and plants power fired

Ukrainianenergy systems energy system e ag dsge isald aaiis f Ps te can they NPPs, of capacities installed designed large he renewables natural gas natural gas electric Ukrainian involved

nuclear coal

obns h ‘s the combines oil - ald ‘c called

ity

123 omplete imports from Russia and cut supplies from Russia enriched supplies; cut cut Europe supplies Ukraine to cut by European companies energy projects supported termination of renewable Kazakhstan

- - - off of of off R of off Russian of off gas of interruptionsof

vriny ad h ‘robustness’ the and overeignty’ Examples

to externally nuclear fuel ula cce: rm ula fu nuclear from cycle’: nuclear coking

ussian oil - off ofoff coal coal

and

- caused interruptions caused

industr iron and steel all sectors industries generation, power and heat residential, local generation and local power Ukraine most Economic sectors of affected businesses y

Only a a Only

el el

CEU eTD Collection ciet sc a sicig o h ue f oe bnat eore and resources abundant more of use the to switching as such accident, robust safety” to comes it when approach worldwide but Ukraine in only mainland. the from electricityon supplies peninsula Crimean the decreasedependency significantly of could which 11) Table (see disaster was units nuclear of number a of Construction future. to beanswered. immense require and 1994) (CFR investments. Memorandum Budapest the with contravene would possible, theoretically is although security, nuclear utter country’s the ensure to cycle nuclear world’s to have will Ukraine services, maintenance related other of number a and fuel nuclear of enrichment li production and technologies available of absence mix energycountry’s the in power nuclear of furtheruse policy energy national the if constructed, be to have units nuclear new production. Russian factory building ( Ukraine in produced been have NPPs for turbines while capacities: France,Russia, the US include These burial. and storage waste nuclear the to fabrication and enrichment extraction, At the same time, the Chornobyl accident played played accident Chornobyl the time, same the At Historically,

to possible failures. However, failures. possible to cooperate with the countries the with cooperate self - ufcet nuclear sufficient Thus, th

Trotm, hri) al f the of all Kharkiv), “Turboatom”, h ncer ytm f kan hs en id o Russian to tied been has Ukraine of system nuclear the h accident The striain f eind iepn f h Uriin N Ukrainian the of lifespan designed of termination As e ‘sovereignty’nuclearenergyUkraine’s of systemleaves many questions

and a fewand others. . Among the unfinished NPPs is the Crimean NPP: a power station, station, power a NPP: Crimean the is NPPs unfinished the Among . states mentioned above. Establishment of Ukraine’s own full full own Ukraine’s of Establishment above. mentioned states

n “ gv rs t a udmna wrdie hne in change worldwide fundamental a to rise gave “… and also

(ENS 2006) (ENS

no wh resulted in adoption of adoption in resulted

protectio Ukraine is, however,Ukraine notinthe list. ich Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

could provide the required services required the provide could , which made which , 124 n policy mechanisms caused by such a major a such by caused mechanisms policy n historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

xsig Ukrainian existing nes for construction of new reactors, reactors, new of construction for nes postponed or postponed

a (see Section 4.9) (seeSection

substantial

the n the

stricter nuclear stricter uclear terminated be terminated

role in Ukraine’s energy energy Ukraine’s in role t h pwr machine power the at

/or continues to promote to continues . However, due to the However,to due.

NPP reactors are of of are reactors NPP energy system more more system energy

prdn energy upgrading P approaches, PPs

regulations not regulations manufactur , i.e. with the with i.e. , cause of the of cause ing ing -

CEU eTD Collection decades tobe accomplished. resilienc shall out run of implementation eventually will resources fuel domestic the that decline. constant robustness system’s the time, same the At upgrading. extensive an requires and unreliability. energy coking tosufferin unlikely systemis interruptions from supplies. coal “Metinvest”). Kry Akhmetov’s Donbas, as (such regions certain affecting rather but scale, national a of be to unlikely are consequences the however, interruptions, any 2014).(WCA annuallycoking coal of in10Mt shipping coalmajor coking importers Ukrainian partially supplies. external thus of terms in on and dependent is economy, industry, metallurgy Ukrainian which resource, only the is extraction. coal domestic of levels high the to due influence, external energy country’s the to balancefuture. inthe contributor major a be to continue may it strategy, energy recent powerimportance increas thenuclear of infrastructure Shumeiko Anna One of the largest vulnerabilities of the of vulnerabilities largest the of One The o te hl sse ad nrsrcue Ti tasto, oee, a tk many take may however, transition, This infrastructure. and system whole the of e ol nry system energy coal

The system is system The se al 5, we 5), Table (see

T protection mechanisms protection incr he

easing amount and scale of technological failures and understanding understanding and failures technological of scale and amount easing Although the country’s economy will be affected, the national national the affected, be will economy country’s the Although highly

, nie a, i o ncer apas o e es ucpil to susceptible less be to appears nuclear, or oil gas, unlike e mlmne i Urie afterwards Ukraine in implemented re susceptible ed since the collapse of the USSR ofthe collapse since ed the and as a result enhance not only robustness but also also but robustness only not enhance result a as and

Ukraini to failures, accidents and major inefficiencies, inefficiencies, major and accidents failures, to 125 vyi Rih) and stakeholders (e.g., Renat Renat (e.g., stakeholders and Rih) vyi

an energy system energy an

Ukraine ranks 6 ranks Ukraine Good provoke , th

and according tothe -

is also its technical its also is quality coking coal coal coking quality among the world’s world’s the among .

the oevr the Moreover, cannot be in a a in be cannot

subsequent subsequent

In case of CEU eTD Collection energy system, and Ukraine’s high dependency on Russia in gas supplies. At the same time, same the At supplies. gas in Russia on dependency high Ukraine’s and system, energy scheme. actoras (such Russia) of backbone energy systems of Ukraine’s national energy Ukraine RE largest of Some ageing nuclear capacities. gas offset however, not, will which extraction, subsidies eliminating of Ukra hrfr, h cret ao die i rltd o h m the to related is driver major current the Therefore, 4 3 2 1 and development impeding forces are there drivers, these with Together 3 2 1. the on Based 5

...... ine’s energy systemcanine’s be distinguished:

2 Absence of pressure to changeAbsence pressure to of Tremendous change pressure to of usage Currently appeared interest to support to interestCurrentlyappeared Absence of own capacity to maintain and expand and maintain to capacity own of Absence bec o pesr t change to pressure of Absence Russia conflict: Crimea (solar),Russia eastern regions (wind). 5.2 bec o short of Absence ih cnmc udn f the of burden economic High . Energy system drivers .1. Driving forces .1. Driving the country’s electricity system. The capacity can only be supported by an outside an by supported be only can capacity The system. electricity country’s the .

analysi S potentials, however, are located in areas highly affected by the current the by affected highly areas in located are however, potentials, S . , higher efficiency of production. Current plans to increase coal coal increase to plans Current production. of efficiency higher ,

- s of the energy systems energy the of s term term system: system: (5

- 0 years) 10

oil oil

electricity Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development supply system. coal rsue o change to pressure renewables 126

natural gas natural sector. Reforms are needed: needed: are Reforms sector. imports and the eventual retirement of the the of retirement eventual the and imports , the following drivers following the , historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

energy system and the electricity market market electricity the and system energy

energy system (high feed (highenergysystem nuclear

imported from Russia s ssetbe VES susceptible ost

hydro energy system, which is a is which system, energy

electric leading

transformation

privatization, development development and . -

in tariffs). in –

nuclear h gas the

CEU eTD Collection and the rents it generates”and therents it system the of control gain to been has motivation political dominant system, the change to try a rent for opportunities the sector, coal the of example energy Ukrainian poli energy shaping in role important extremely an play sector energy the in stakeholders major and institutions Institutions in the country latter The production.coal gradualincreasedomestic ofStrategy’s athe scenarios implying follow to profitability increase urgent requires however, sector, coal The future. whole system supply oil formed historically the demand, national its meet to products enough produced never has Ukraine Since more. or decade another for operate to equipment, and infrastructure ageing the notwithstanding which systems, hydroelectric and other reasons. W and Russia historically the Ukraine, to due Russia, from supply short no be to seem there Shumeiko Anna re estimated to make billions of dollars annually. Thus annually. dollars of billions make to estimated re

h dsusd rvn forces driving discussed The policy Similarl rangeof 5.2 – , .2. Policy interests interests .2. Policy

however, will not affect not will however, , but will only allowelectricity topartially only the projected, butwill meet growing demand. , hr i a asne f short a of absence an is there y, Energy policy” triangle (see Section 3.1), where historically established energy energy established historically where 3.1), Section (see triangle policy” Energy estern Europe, estern related

system

cies and this driving the system in a certain direction. direction. certain a in system the driving this and cies and security and stakeholders and institutions and stakeholders - - formed convenient connections of Ukraine’s gas system to those of of those to system gas Ukraine’s of connections convenient formed

term interest to decrease gas consumption or dramatically reduce gas reduce dramatically or consumption gas decrease to interest term (D’Anieri 2012). is a ‘dainty morsel’ for for morsel’ ‘dainty a lobbying stakeholders and institutions promoting the gas policy gas the promoting institutions and stakeholders lobbying h wide the

of and stakeholders appear coal production. This is especially important if Ukraine is Ukraine if important especially is This production. coal the utter significance of gas and nuclear energy systems energy nuclear and gas of significance utter the spread

u t itrcin wti te Eeg system “Energy the within interactions to due

usage of gas in various economic sectors of of sectors economic various in gas of usage - term interest to change electricity, nuclear or or nuclear electricity, change to interest term 127

modernization , is unlikely to be transformed in the nearest the in transformed unlikelybe to is , eeu seekers. revenue

- seeking in the energy sector are huge and and huge are sector energy the in seeking ,

it is not surprising that surprising not is it

and restructuring, in order in restructuring, and As

t a son n the on shown was it , together with together ,

“… rather than than rather “… The

i / oil / oil are still are current current

to to

– a

CEU eTD Collection generationthe country, theenergy according and in supply to systemsanalysedpreviously. those for the oilmarket. the regulates it only Not Commission. Regulatory Electricity National the is entity state influential an Energy of Ministry the Ministers, of Cabinet the Parliament, control theand sectorrevenues its tohave is resources of management and governance sector energy in role decisive a plays still state The times. Soviet the since changed not has governance of system market)

electricity supply, but also implements pricing and tariff policies in the country, including including country, the in policies tariff and pricing implements also but supply, electricity t Notwithstanding Figure 29 rcse taking processes . Major stakeholdersgeneration inelectricity . Major he privatization (e.g., coal sector) and liberalization (e.g., electricity electricity (e.g., liberalization and sector) coal (e.g., privatization he Figure 2 lc with place 9

below shows other major stakeholders involved inelectricity major involved stakeholders showsother below i n

oe f kan’ eeg sses te centralized the systems, energy Ukraine’s of some Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development a legislative orexecutivea inthe legislative power country (the 128 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

and supply . Therefore, one of the ways to to ways the of one Therefore, . Ca Industry). Coal d activities inUkraineactivities

Another Another

CEU eTD Collection include: revenue their to according Europe Central in companies top coalgasgeneration,for and power also schemes existing The operation. their continue to 2013) thus and works, renovation and rehabilitation needed the out carry to unable profitable, less “Hydroenergo”) “Energoatom”, enterprises the a for “Energorynok” from it purchases and price s rent industry coal key of interests the receive a profit. hydro) small (gas the state of shares supply. and generation power the relation in R.Akhmetov), systems energy renewables and man electricity gas, coal, in richest shares big with company Ukraine’s by (owned DTEK is sector private the in actor Shumeiko Anna ells electricity generated at its at generated electricity ells state - a “n lcrc oe idsr” n paying and industry” power electric “On Law fired), while fired), chapt previous the in stated was it As areDecisions thecountryin in th Thus,

owns NPPs (nuclear), large HPPs (hydro) and some of TPPs of some and (hydro) HPPs large (nuclear), NPPs owns

Ksan 2013) (Kosharna

capacities. capacities. ere is a mix of state and private ownership in ownership private and state of mix a is ere - owned and privately and owned

- private seeking scheme) seeking financial and industrial groups industrial and financial State and private companies interact and make certain agreements to agreements certain make and interact companies private and State

entities own most of TPPs, CHPPs and renewable and CHPPs TPPs, of most own entities .

Such coal s a a isald lcrc oe c power electric installed as far As the companies are companies the largely . - -

owned electricity generating companies are almost equal: equal: almost are companies generating electricity owned fired Burshtynska TPP Burshtynska fired the end taken not according to the national interests, but to butto end notaccordinginterests, taken tothe national the For example, example, For schemes substituting theuse er, a number of Ukrainian companies belong to the the to belong companies Ukrainian of number a er,

ae h state the make

129 much

or family clans familyor forced to forced Ukraine’s

lower wholesale price wholesale lower for it it for

to the wholesale market for a high high a for market wholesale the to

take up take (see Appendix, Table A5). These A5). Table Appendix, (see

the only of renewable energyresourcesof

0 ls tha less 30% promote more extensive use of of use extensive more promote - we etrrss (including enterprises owned

sector. sector. (e.g., see Paragraph 4.2.2 for for 4.2.2 Paragraph see (e.g.,

electricity immense apacity is concerned, the the concerned, is apacity

( coal The most outstanding most The - ohr industrial other n fired)

legally exporter, (solar, wind and and wind (solar, loans

and CHPPs CHPPs and

(Kosharna (Kosharna bypassing DTEK

. to , CEU eTD Collection especiallyasmining coal asand concerned. far processing is is sector coal the contrary, large bring that amongthose is sectorthe that shows which energy sector, other anyfor higherthan top of number the time, same the At sector. oil and gas energ of question the to back us takes privately largely are companies gas and oil owners, Ukrainian state either are sectors electricity and nuclear coal, while that shows a coal gas, nuclear, electricity, section: previous the in identified Electricity Nuclear andOil gas Coal Energy sector

The energy sectors listed in the table correspond to the five VESs of the country, country, the of VESs five the to correspond table the in listed sectors energy The 16 Table

ofit

n i atatv for attractive is and . Tope “Centrenergo” “Energorynok” DTEK “Energoatom” Ukraine” “Alliance Oil Ukraine” “Gazprom Sbut “Galnaftogaz” “Ukrtatnafta” “Naftogaz” “Coal of Ukraine”

nergy market inUkraineaccording stakeholders torevenue Nam

largely owned by owned largely e

foreign Source coal miningcoal and processing TPPs) and distributor electricity producer (three national electricity market producer and distributor Ukraine’s largest electricity nuclear power generation oil refinery major supplier of natural gas gasoline supplier and retailer oil refinery gas, oil and oil prod refinement and production of extraction, transportation, y security, which proves to be the most topical issue in issue topical most the be to proves which security, y Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development s : investors Deloitte 2013; KyivPost 2011; Podolyanets 2014; SCM 2014 SCM 2014; Podolyanets 2011; KyivPost 2013; Deloitte the

Activity 130 state historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

and Rsi, aahtn Belarus) Kazakhstan, (Russia, - revenue oil and gas companies is much much is companies gas and oil revenue

ucts

is a much less profitable business, profitable less much a is

owned by foreign entities. foreign by owned

nd oil systems. oil nd state Kazak privately (by Russia’s “Gazprom”) privately owner) privately and Russian owners) privately state state state state owner) privately - we o have or owned

hstan hstan owners)

- - - - - owned (Russian, owned owned (Ukrainian owned (Ukrainian owned (Ukrainian Owners

they generatethey Table 17 Table

On the the On

private private This also

CEU eTD Collection maximal expansion ofthemaximal infrastructu existing by cost: possible lowest the at achieved maintaining be to planned is documents, and talks official security energy achieving of issue the Similarly, any imply not international the that means This 4.9). historically Section (see (2012) IEA the by suggested ones the from differ A5) Figure Appendix, (see environment deteriorating prices, HPPs) gas and oil of NPPs, growth gradual infrastructure, (TPPs, plants power of ageing resources, coal and long following Shumeiko Anna 4. 3. 2. 1. -

term trends, which Ukrainian energy system is tied up to: the depletion of domestic g domestic of depletion the to: up tied is system energy Ukrainian which trends, term Privatization A Achieving Maintaining Thecorrespond stateddiscussed prioritiesinParagraph also 5.2.1 thedrivers to priori The of Analysis 5 voidance of the existing infrastructure revenuesillicit . 3 . Energy empirically observable - rnwbe ehooy development, technology renewable ,

salse eeg system energy established - participation of the same stakeholders in the future, by minimal changes and and changes minimal by future, the in stakeholders same the of participation given indefining agendas national

urgent

is r msl short mostly are ties energy security in the ‘easiest’way the in energysecurity

stability the

of energysystems unpopular

policy priorities

energy systems of the country the of systems energy hne in changes , through reforms

(increased ofcoal, nuclear use power) energy policy priorities:

structure or operation of the energy system system energy the of operation or structure

support of the existing system with large opportunities large with system existing the of support - , term s while (e.g., increase ofenergy(e.g., increase households) pricesfor ,

institutions and stakeholders play a larger role than than role larger a play stakeholders and institutions n d nt ae no con a hl nme of number whole a account into take not do and

keeping keeping re. re. energy p 131

, although s although , n ohr. h pirte al priorities The others. and

: byexp : centralized and of the Strategy the of and riorities.

anding the existing c existing andingthe tands as a high priority in many many in priority high a as tands

governance

and

help

h woe energy whole the

s so dramatically dramatically so

to n short in apacities identify ,

which do

- term

and and

the the for as as . CEU eTD Collection current scenarios. the account into taken not is status peninsula’s the thus and minor, is Ukraine in supply energy and generation electricity in share Crimea’s moment the at developmen gas with becomehostile. will it or future the normalizein will Russia with current the as uncertainty important major the large, extremely is system energy Ukraine’s current the on influence Russia’s Because predict. Russia which scenario matter no system, energy Ukraine’s affect will and technologies) energy renewable of cost international/European account. have taken into tobe

large potential for development of renewable resources, as well as for shale and natural and shale for as well as resources, renewable of development for potential large Since the thesis has been written in the time of big political c political big of time the in written been has thesis the Since uncertainties and trends current the energy, Ukraine’s of future the project to order In 5.

• • • • • • t 2014 5 rends are shown on theFigure are shown rends 30 Russian gas EU lessdependent becomes on increasing interconnectionsEU energytechnologies costofrenewabledecline in NPPs, HPPs) ageing of power plants (TPPs, prices gradualgrowth and gas of oil coal depletion domesticof gas and .

Figure 30 Future

oiia cii, h otoe f h stain ean ucer n dfiut to difficult and unclear remains situation the of outcome the crisis, political is reviewed.

t s

(see Figure 7 and Table 8) Table and 7 Figure (see scenarios Trends . Trends andTrends uncertainties for

(e.g., EU becomes less dependent on Russia) to global (e.g., decline in decline (e.g., global to Russia) on dependent less becomes EU (e.g.,

The trends vary from national (e.g., depletion of domestic gas) to gas) national(e.g., to from ofdomesticThe depletion trends vary

of Ukraine’s energy . Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

, could potentially become significant. However, significant. become potentially could ,

crisis is concerned, is whether the relationship the whether is concerned, is crisis 132

development ofUkraine’senergy sector historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

• • • • economic growth demand,electricity depending on (friendly/hostile) relationship with Russia outcomethe current of crisis: market)electricity liberalization ofeconomy (incl. integration theEU with

Uncertainties The role of Crimea asCrimea of roleThe hanges and the Ukraine the and hanges Other uncer Other

tainties and tainties an areaan

CEU eTD Collection Economic growth continueby tobecontrollednormalizes. Russia and with thestaterelationship Eur no and Russia withrelationship hostile a scenario with with Russia), friendly relationship with one and hostilewith (one Europeanscenarios integrationtwo includeThese policies. and energysystem m potentially could which uncertainties, Shumeiko Anna ......

Reduced EU P energy private of monopolies. Development markets. energy in present suppliers energy external de vertical and Privatization according existing tothe NPPs Ukrainian forUkraine Russian will try tofindsubstitutes pipeline. measures other by country the in gas natural of find to try desperately will Ukraine Rehabilitation, renova Coal sector seriously weakened. reducedenergy consumption. industrial rivatization andrivatization vertical de Scenario 1 Scenario of mix certain a account into take below further discussed scenarios four The

standards on environmental measuresforstandards onenvironmental energy energy supply, efficiency opean integration, and finally, a “business as usual” scenario where energy markets energy where scenario usual” as “business a finally, and integration, opean

export

, integration with EU , integration with . -

Agreement Agreement retd nutil production, industrial oriented for some time some for tion oftion theexisting infrastructurefacilities. and long - with European countries on development of the Odesa the of development on countries European with inte - term term - nerto i al nry ytm. opttv system, Competitive systems. energy all in integration

gration of still receive still electrificat agreements

ake up respective circumstances in shaping Ukraine’s Ukraine’s shaping in circumstances respective up ake substitutes for Russian gas Russian for substitutes , liberalization e of

electricity 133 s o o dmsi haig systems heating domestic of ion

services, enriched nuclear fuel from Russia from fuel nuclear enriched services, oil .

. oe of some

sector conomy

ev industries heavy .

and decrease consumption decrease and , hostility with hostility

r bankrupt are .

n taking and Russia - Brody

, CEU eTD Collection Russia gr Economic ......

increasing of electricity export tothe west. characterist operational Bringing sustainable market electricity in Market Energy Internal EU the by de vertical and Privatization energy private of mo Development markets. energy in present suppliers energy external de vertical and Privatization Diversificationenergy supplies, of Developmentenergy shaleresources: gas. ofown renewables, constructed. P new plants power Ukraineusing in thepro C A K Rehabilitation, renovation of theexisting infrastructurefacilities. and developm O efficiency. Coal sector energy supply, energy for Rehabilitation of energy measures environmental on standards EU hasing out nuclear power in longer term, no new NPPs or nuclear power units units power nuclear or NPPs new no term, longer in power nuclear out hasing Scenario 2 Scenario

ooperation greement countries ondevelopm withEuropean eeping thecurrent s gas shale projects, renewable investments: and capital foreign for economy the pening

nopolies. owth ent, energy efficiency projects. seriously

with Rus with

, integration with EU with integration , ystem gas ofRussian weakened. sia on nuclear energy. C energy. nuclear on sia - intensive industries, suchas ironand steel production. - integration of electricity sector. Electricity market governed market Electricity sector. electricity of integration - nerto i al nry ytm. opttv system, Competitive systems. energy all in integration .

c o Uries oe pat t E sadrs and standards EU to plants power Ukraine’s of ics elimination ofelimination energy onRussia. dependency nuig a ensuring , Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

liberalization

duct supply

134 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical ive power of both countries. power ofive bothcountries. ommon nuclear projects on construction of construction on projects nuclear ommon

secure, competitive competitive secure, ent oftheOdesa

and transmission

of electricity market electricity of

- Brody pipeline. .

n environmentally and

, friendly with friendly ,

CEU eTD Collection Economic integration state no EU, decline, with Shumeiko Anna ......

Ukraine will try to find substitutes for Ukraine oil Russian and will try tofindsubstitutes coking coal. Use ofthe Ukraine existing Agreement countries oftheOdesa ondevelopment withEuropean other taking and systems measures). heating domestic of electrification by (e.g., gas natural of trying Desperately Growingcoal role of thecountry’ in consumption. of Reduction Trying theexisting tomaximallykeep energyelectricity infrastructure, marketstructure. althoughduea toliberalisation lowerof at economy. level supplies, fuel) nuclear enriched oil, (gas, fuel Russian on dependency keeping Partially Development waste storagefacilities ofown (e.g., nuclear at Chornobyl). supplies Decreased gasForeign and shale extractionprojectsfor investments export. in bothdomestic use Increasing of use units Import electricityafter phasing of outNPPs. power nuclear or NPPs new no constructed. term, longer in power nuclear out Phasing agreements.existing Ukrainian S cenario 3 cenario .

/eliminated NPPs still receive services, enriched nuclear fuel from Russia according to the to according Russia from fuel nuclear enriched services, receive still NPPs

export renewable energyresourcesrenewable

to find substitutes for Russian gas and attempt to decrease consumption consumption decrease to attempt and gas Russian for substitutes find to

eedny n usa eeg imports energy Russian on dependency - retd nutil rdcin rdcd industr reduced production, industrial oriented - Europe gasEurope pipelinesinreverse transmission mode. s energy balance

135 .

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- Brody

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CEU eTD Collection the two countries two the Ukraine the on depend enhance thecountry’senergy security. thus and oil) gas, (especially imports energy its of diversification towards Ukraine push would gas. Russian term long in Russia for favourable very be would situation Russia the keeping as well as economy, country’s the throughout gas of use further promote and sector energy Ukraine’s th allow would crisis the after relationship the of Normalization security. energy Ukraine’s of question Economic decline ......

Increasingenergy dependency onRussia. countries. Russia projects nuclear Common energy. nuclear on Russia with Cooperation Carbon lock Oil, coking nuclearfuel Russian origin. enriched coal, primarily of gasnatural energy inthenational system gas Russian of system current the Keeping Keeping , while the latter the while , h ftr rl o ncer nry ytm n kan wl also will Ukraine in system energy nuclear of role future The relatio that show scenarios The 4 Scenario

crety xsig a ad i lbyn gop t cniu ter nlec on influence their continue to groups lobbying oil and gas existing currently e

on construction of new new of construction on On the other hand, establishment of hostile r hostile of establishment hand, other the On the existing energy infrastructure

in. in nuclear power development power nuclear in

, no integration, no with

is developing is - usa eainhp E relationship. Russia - EU gas transmission system operating. The convenience of of convenience The operating. system transmission gas EU alternatives and new infrastructures substituting the use of of use the substituting infrastructures new and alternatives NPPs nship with Russia will be playing a major role in the the in role major a playing be will Russia with nship

EU, stateEU, Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

in Ukraine using the productive productive the using Ukraine in

and industrial sectorand industrial

tbihet f long of stablishment and electricityand marketstructure

136 would allow Ukraine to Ukraine allow would

supply and transmission. transmission. and supply - historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical controlled markets,controlled

- term, as well as for the EU in shorter in EU the for as well as term, elationship with Russia in the future the in Russia with elationship

- em cooperation term

to an immense immense an to friendly with Russia with friendly ensure it can meet its its meet can it ensure Increasing role of of role Increasing .

power of both both of power sponsored by by sponsored between between such a such extent

CEU eTD Collection nerto wt te U il ed o h ne to need the to lead will EU the with integration overcapacit by both characterized currently of is system supply case in imports, energy Russia of of deterioration and diversification normalization time same the at and monopolies deve to lead would This markets. energy country’s the in present suppliers energy external with system energy competitive a bring would market electricity as amajor domesticabun coal of who use further promote and infrastructure energy existing the keep groups, maximally to try would interested and clans energy stakeholders, existing the from lobbying implies energy where and substitutes, gas Russian Russia, with hostilities for nucleargeneration can powerofelectric including be found, import alternatives many and improving in is economy where 1, Scenario of case (in to urged be not will or decline) in is economy where 3, Scenario of case (in afford to able be not either investments high extremely coal). gas, (shale resources energy domestic and dramat by or French) non of services and fuel enriched equipment, the of some using NPPs new developing by either future: the in demand electricity its meet to ways other for look to have Ukraine of Deterioration times. Soviet the since have they powers manufacturing and productive the combining projects, nuclear of range whole a implement to cooperate could countries two the normalizes, Russia with relationship if o end an to come NPPs current the when future, the in demand electricity Shumeiko Anna Integration with the EU and subsequent liberalization of Ukraine’s economy and and economy Ukraine’s of liberalization subsequent and EU the with Integration of scenarios the under grow to likely is balance energy national the in coal of role The

ically changing its electricity mix with an increased role of renewables renewables of role increased an with mix electricity its changing ically

especially under the Scenario 3 Scenario the under especially dant energyresource. required to launch new nuclear power projects, which Ukraine wi Ukraine which projects, power nuclear new launch to required - - Ru Ukraine relationship. relationship. Ukraine markets are controlled by the state. The latter latter The state. the by controlled are markets ssia relationship would mean that Ukraine will will Ukraine that mean would relationship ssia

137 The former is unlikely to happen due to the to due happen to unlikely is former The

moderniz , where Ukraine has to look urgently for for urgently look to has Ukraine where , and y e

h system the s o otae technologies outdated of use While While ity from other from countries).ity omn o piae energy private of lopment - kan’ electricity Ukraine’s f their service. Thus, service. their f Russian origin (e.g., (e.g., origin Russian ,

brin g

operational

ll ,

CEU eTD Collection polluting energy resources. energy possible the all when measures term, efficiency longer in stabilize and improve The to projects. likely RES is situation of implementation notwithstanding decades, next the in environment gro Economic simultaneously. change and demand electricity growing the meet to alternatives different for look to Ukraine urge would which Russia, with relationship hostile and growth economic own renewable and energyefficiency resources potential. energy rehabilitate and infrastructure system, simultaneousgr economic its out phase Russia when anymore case the be not will capacities standards EU to plants power Ukraine’s of characteristics eeomn o RS is RES of Development

efficiently large ula pwr aaiis Seai 2). (Scenario capacities power nuclear r tkn n eeg mx hne i fvu o te s o ls o non or less of use the of favour in changes mix energy and taken are and and owth would to increase expo increase to

wth, however, would would however, wth, iey o pro to likely also Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development rt of electricity to the EU countries. EU the to electricity of rt provide Ukraineupgrade withachanceprovide energy to its - kan eainhp osn n kan a to has Ukraine and worsens relationship Ukraine ed fast ceed - nesv idsre, hl atvl developing actively while industries, intensive 138 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

simultaneously

under the Scenarios 1, i.e. in case of of case in i.e. 1, Scenarios the under

which , C oe te wt te U n a and EU the with ties loser

imply

ol alw o s the use to allow would growing pressure on pressure growing the This, however, however, This, energy mix mix energy -

CEU eTD Collection security, role of renewables). of role security, while sectors) coal and nuclear of development (e.g., ene national the why clarify to sector, energy Ukraine’s of challenges future and current the better understand to allowed situation, present the at only into further Looking sector. energy Ukraine’s of analysis contemporary further developmentof interconnections actors and triangle. systems “Energy the through systems energy and policies af andchains supplyenergy shapingin role important an stakeholders)play ( interests institutional that idea the and systems of thenational energy system. management. and governance its in stakeholdersinvolved and institutions major nation/society, the for importance its sectors, connection its state, current its system, each of development gas,oil, hydroelectric, renewables,electricity) nuclear, systems energy separate country’s the of analysis implied framework The policies. and nationalenergythe of processofsyste establishment the explain follow and to allowedwhich the out carry to order In time. policies energy and Shumeiko Anna h sae rsac am n ojcie wr ahee truh h his the through achieved were objectives and aim research stated The The the explains and examines thesis This The results of the research the of results The

framework draws from the recent Global Energy Assessment concept of vital energy vital of concept Assessment Energy Global recent the from draws framework 6 were

. KEYFINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

they largely they historically n kan, n analyses and Ukraine, in Ukraine’s national energyUkraine’ssystem national

A comprehensive A affect

The systems were then viewed in an integrated manner as parts parts as manner integrated an in viewed then were systems The formed research

the country’s energy policy priorities policy energy country’s the show

, a theoretical framework was proposed and applied, applied, and proposed was framework theoretical a , n Ukraine in

that establishment and establishment

primary

a number of number a integrated integrated 139 historically established institutions and institutions established historically

an by answering the questions onhistorical questions by answering the

considerably rvr fr hi dvlpet through development their for drivers rgy strategy prioritizes certain aspects certain prioritizes strategy rgy . d

historic analysis of establishment of establishment of analysis historic that – s to other systems and economic and systems other to s vital energy systems, energy vital

development of energy systems energy of development Institutions through through disregards others (energy (energy others disregards

the past, rather than than rather past, the the fect national energy national fect and are driving the the driving are and –

nry Policies” Energy existing existing institutions oi and toric

strong

major (coal, (coal, m CEU eTD Collection itrcly salse te ad oncin bten nry ytm, ifrn economic different andstakeholders.sectors, institutions systems, the energy as between well connections as and challenges, ties and established issues historically current the consideration into taking Ukraine, of strategies and policies energy future build to help could perspective in which analysis, an such done been energy national Ukraine’s 

------Main

Gorbachov’s policy of economic liberalization in 1980s, weakening of institutions and institutions of weakening 1980s, in liberalization economic of policy Gorbachov’s and aft units plants power nuclear new of construction terminate to pressure public and international 1970s in mix electricity USSR’s and Ukraine’s in generation power nuclear of role growing 1970s, growing importance ofUkr oil and gas natural of role growing centralized supply system power a united energy and system; po for of policy Soviet the fuel large energy of establishment west), the on extraction of which inthe end started of 19 gas natural east, the on (coal resources energy abundant of presence elites at the “public rent for possibilities increasing apparatus, state .1 . Key findings historic drive rvosy Tu, h cret hss ersns n tep t ly a lay to attempt an represents thesis current the Thus, previously. supplies industrial centres starting from the end of 19 of end the from starting centres industrial wer generation, electrification of all manufacturing processes, establishment of a a of establishment processes, manufacturing all of electrification generation, wer –

1980s; er the(1986); Chornobyl disaster ;

and drivingand forces system and system private interface” private nationwide nationwide - intens

v idsre (uh s rn n sel rdcin and production) steel and iron as (such industries ive electrification, which implied implied which electrification, of

aine as a natural gasasaine anatural gas and transit a producer Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development formation of the national the of formation ;

for

for develop

140 Ukraine’s th historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

–

beginning of20 - seeking schemes seeking ment of Ukraine’s energy system: th

century, which required continuous required which century, n USSR’s and

energy policies has never has policies energy th the use of local resources resources local of use the

century;

, formation of corrupt corrupt of formation , economy

onain for foundation

in 1950s - state;

–

CEU eTD Collection Anna Shumeiko Shumeiko Anna     

- - - - - system: Main national externally to susceptible most systems Energy Vital energy systems 2) 1) Major stakeholders - - - Currentdevelopment ofthe energy forces andtransformations impeding system:

absencecapacity ofown nuclearexpand energyto maintain and system; absence ofshort currentlyappeared supportand renewables to develop interest energy system. absence of pressure to change oil supply system, electricity energy sy energy electricity system, supply oil change to pressure of absence high economic burden of the coal sector and need of reforms: privatization, elimination privatization, reforms: of need and sector coal the of burden economic high tremendous

“Naftogaz” (s market structure; of from Russia; and other establish since early 1990s; press TK ( DTEK supply and subsidies, modernization; subsidies, urn drivers current

ure from Russia from ure energy security

ment of ment

rvtl owned, privately countries since 2000s (with certain sincecountries

political

export tate - term pressure and tochangeenergy hydroelectric term systems; nuclear

- closer political and economic ties with the neighbouring western neighbouring the with ties economic and political closer

owned, oil and oil gas sector); owned,

in Ukraine’sin

) of Ukraine:gas,of electricity, nuclear, natural oil. coal,

;

n economic and

n dr and in regard of unpaid gas bills and threats of cutting off gas supplies supplies gas off cutting of threats and bills gas unpaid of regard in ): natural gas,): natural nuclear, oil.

vn forces iving

coal energy(according to sector - gas ,

pressure to change usage of natural gas imported imported gas natural of usage change to pressure - wind ,

for 141

temporal temporal further - - ae eetiiy generation, electricity based asd nerpin (iety affecting (directly interruptions caused

eeomn o Ukraine’s of development fluctuatio

influence and revenues):and influence ns).

em or electricity or em

electricity energy energy

CEU eTD Collection

  

- Future and energyinstitutions which drive policies, theenergya national certain way. systemin a is There - - - - e Main 4) 3) - -

“Energoa “Energorynok”(state priva avoidancemaximal reforms; ofunpopular opportunities forrevenues; illicit large with system energy existing the of support through mainly stability, keeping h ‘uies s sa’ cnro mle a ute dciig nry euiy and security energy declining slowing of renewables. downof development further a implies scenario usual’ as ‘business The diversificationsupplies; of energy and systems energy existing the of state the improving significantly with markets and renewables energy of role growing balance, of energy in coal of liberalization role declining subsequent Ukraine for means EU with Integration power future; Friendly renewables), enhanced of thus energyand energy diversification supplies security gas, (shale resources energy own of development generation, electricity for power Russia with relationship Hostile infrastructuresexisting (increasedcoal, use of power). nuclear and capacities expandingexisting way:achieving the ‘easiest’ by energyin the security

nergy of Ukraine’ of tization, whilekeepingtization, systemgovernance; theSoviet’s centralization of constant tom” (state

relationship with Russia Russia with relationship

policy prioritiespolicy

s energy system:

intera - own - owned; ofUkraine); electricity market ction ed; nuclear power generation).ed; power nuclear

(unofficial):

ewe eeg sses historically systems, energy between

s iey o eut n hsn out phasing in result to likely is Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development s iey o eut n kan’ long Ukraine’s in result to likely is

142

historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

salse energy established h ue f nuclear of use the

infrastructure, infrastructure, - em nuclear term

CEU eTD Collection shall guideenergy the future policy ofUkraine inthe Ukraine’s importer. electricity energy however, will, security situation. inthis dramatically improve to exporter electricity net a from turning while capacities, ph of necessity the to lead and decades for Russia with hostile relationship a in Ukraine leave may EU the to integration full A accomplished. be can properly task difficult immen an is however, this, Achieving electricity). as (such products energy own and exporting imports energy diversifying while sector, energy its reform and modernize to Ukraine w Cooperation coerce to lever a as energy using continue to Russia facilitates quasi and state to belonging remains market energy Ukraine’s in manyener in Russia on dependencyincreasing and decay into falling infrastructure energy law, of rule weak a sector: energy country’s the energy systemwill any sides of the or side, another with relations breaking necessarilynot t Ukraine make soon shall which economic Ukraine Shumeiko Anna ma the summarize and identify to help also can findings thesis’ The The t conditions, historic and geographic The 6 1. .2

decrea mrvn e Improving , . Conclusions rae a aprn coc bten usa n te uoen no (et in (West) Union European the and Russia between choice apparent an created

‘ political b usiness as usual’ scenario usual’ as usiness rqiig long requiring ,

ith EU and Russia simultaneously Russia and EU ith sing natural gas consumption nationwide gas naturalsing consumption . The choice will have a direct impact on the country’s economy and the wayand theits country’seconomy directimpact onthe a have choice will . The

develop. develop. and other and eg scrt ( security nergy

and recommendations

em lnig n srn pltcl oenne bt f managed if but governance; political strong and planning term terms o make a make o . This is especially topical in the view of the current crisis, current the of view the in topical especially is This . iesfcto o eeg iprs ue f renewables, of use imports, energy of diversification could potentially become the most deteriorating one for for one deteriorating most the become potentially could

decisive gy 143 - related issues. related is one of the of one is gte wt te eet oeg policy foreign recent the with ogether

choice: :

to find a way out by itself not following following not itself by out way a find to )

to go either of the ways the of either go to Ukraine into following its rules. its following into Ukraine

best options, which could help could which options, best In the scenario the central role central the scenario the In - state actors, which further further which actors, state

asing out nuclear power power nuclear out asing in priorities, which priorities, in , although although , sely of of

CEU eTD Collection consideration countries. other in well as Ukraine, in policies energy and systems energy of development of topic the on studies manytransitions, and challenges with todeal a implies Ukraine for system energy secure and sustainable towards path mea This stakeholders. sector energy major the of preferences and schemes energy 3 2. 1. be potentially can research present The 6 long are These 5. 4. 3. 2.

. .3

Elimination ofvulnerabilitiesElimination (technical ed modernization, Increasing t The findings are to a big extent generalized. Further research requires a comprehensive requiresaresearch generalized. Further extent big a arefindingsto The Improving e Improving akt eom i eeg sco (rvtzto, tt icnie fr nry security energy for incentives state (privatization, sector energy in reforms Market owtsadn te at that fact the Notwithstanding efficiency energy use non the to due questioned be can validity their papers, scientific and documents reports, and final energy consumers. f energy system), energy heat the (including systems energy the all of analysis discussed. h work The . Implications for future research - : transparentpresent schemes throughout the cou

, environmentally

ransparency data,decisions)(access to information, s hoeia ad eurs rcia isgt ad pnos n h issues the on opinions and insights practical requires and theoretical is nergy efficiency nergy h tei hd nme o lmttos wih hl be shall which limitations, of number a had thesis The - term priorities, many of which go into big contrast with the existing existing the with contrast big into go which of many priorities, term - sound energy projects

from fuel extrac fuel from

aa sd n h wr wr tkn rm official from taken were work the in used data Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development many sd s tertcl ai t cry u further out carry to basis theoretical a as used 144 historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical more

tion to power to tion years togo through. )

ntry’senergy sector. ucation and training)

and heat and

generation to generation whole

taken into into taken number of of number ns that the the that ns

lows lows final final state ,

CEU eTD Collection Shumeiko Anna 6 5 4. . .

Some of required data could not be found be not could data required of Some The data used in the work include data from Crimea, as an autonomous republic of of republic autonomous an as Crimea, from data include work the in used data The Ukraine’s energy sector energy Ukraine’s howtheyand institutions, oil trans gas of (e.g., time through informa institutions energy of transformations full on and stakeholders patterns, consumption energy final on data historic Ukraine, from electricity of export on data historic include These issues. other Ukraine before (i.e., 16 studied and followed be can separately, theresearch tocomplement thefuture. inorder in potential, energy renewable large a and province and oil Sea Black region’s the with together Russia, by Crimea of annexation country. the in situation changing quickly the h rcn pltcl n eooi crisis economic and political recent The

could not be be not could

March 2014). formed between 1980sand 2000s). between formed taken into account due to many uncertainties and and uncertainties many to due account into taken

145 , acquired ,

n is osbe mat n h futu the on impact possible its and The consequences of the crisis, such as such crisis, the of consequences The

or cal or culated due to technical and technical to due culated

tion on energy sector sector energy on tion

re of of re gas CEU eTD Collection Vydavnychyi Dim. slovnyk encyclopedychnyi Girnychyi Energygovernance marketsconcepts, economics: issues, and Cambridge:University Press. Cambridge http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business Econo al., Ukraine. in energy Geography andEconomics energy reso 1967 USSR: 1977. M.P. Yaganov, A.V., Stolyarov, Galaxy “Ukraine”. Ukrainian diaspora: Kyiv: eminentfigures]. KYT. 293 Bilets S.C. Bhattacharyya, In challenges. energy global of Overview 2011. S.C. Bhattacharyya, 1984. R. Eden, and R. Bending, 2014. BBC. narrative.In revolution industrial the and property, Energy, 2011. S. Barca, 2009. V.N. Pavlovych, and L.L., Jenkovszky, L.A., Babenko, democracy. and economy market a became Ukraine How 2009. A. Aslund, 2013. B.P. Chirkin, and B.Z.,Piriashvili, A.S., Anishin, Stekl P.S., Neporozhnyi, S.G., Mhitaryan, V.A., Baryshev, G.D., Ananiev, 2007. V. Ablitsov,

mics - 318.SpringerB.V. Science+Business Media 70: urces inUkraine. ky, V.S., Boiko, V.S., Zolotko, O.A., Saranchuk, V.I., V.I., Saranchuk, O.A., Zolotko, V.S., Boiko, V.S., ky, –

1977]. Moscow:Izdatelstvo “Energiya”. 1309

In - 1315. rges n high in Progress kan rejects Ukraine

aatk “kaia. kaisa isoa vdti postati vydatni diaspora: Ukrajinska “Ukrajina”. Galaktyka

42 (5): 313 Studies on Russian EconomicStudies onRussian Development - 26902522 – - Elektrifikatsiya SSSR: 1967 SSSR: Elektrifikatsiya

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)

) ) ) ) ) )

) )

in Central in Central Ranking Ranking Europe Europe 2013 399 349 321 303 299 290 279 275 241

transportation businessand Consumer transportation businessand Consumer resources &Energy resources &Energy transportation businessand Consumer transportation businessand Consumer Manufacturing resources &Energy Manufacturing Sector Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

182

and sunflower oil sunflower and ofgrain market,exporter agriculture Ukraine’s player in major A Ukraine in forwardingcompany freight Largest private Gr AME of Rih,part Kryvyi in mine, located ore Iron companies generating electricity thermal largest OneofUkraine’s fats and oils rapeseed, sunflower, wheat,of production exports, Grain trade and manufacturing Tobacco inUkraine manufacturers equipment largest transport ofthe one railwaycars, producing enterprise building Machine gas ofnatural supplier domestic major A surf post on engines helic and aircraft of Aproducer leading historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical oup

Description

soybean, - Soviet opter opter

agriculture giant Cargill giant agriculture US Subsidiaryof Group SCM ofHoldings Part / R.Akhmetov LLC(Russia) Smart Group S.A.and Group Evraz by Owned private state 78% traders traders commodity global the largest Subsidiaryof S.Tygypko businessman Ukrai companyand building car Russian by the owned rest (25%), Britishcompany a companies (40%), TwoEstonian Gazprom giant gas natural Russian the Subsidiaryof businessmen domestic by owned Majority Business group Business

– Owner/

SwissGlencore - owned, 22% 22% owned,

- based based nian

CEU eTD Collection Plant Ferroalloy Nikopol Ukraine of Coal (OPZ) Plant Port Odessa Ukraine Oil Alliance Shumeiko Anna Khersonrefinery Company “Khersonnafto (LLC “Linos”) (LLC “Ukrtatnafta”) Kremenchuk Lysychansk Lysychansk pererobka”) Refinery

Refinery refinery ( ( Table

OJSC OJSC OJSC

A.6.

billion EUR

Revenue in Revenue

2012/2011) (revenue ( ( (23.9% 2012 , 2012 change - - Ownership theUkrainian of refineries oil (5.9% 16.8% 24.9% 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 capacity

18.6 Mt 18.6 16.0 Mt 16.0 ) 7.1 Mt 7.1 Rated Rated )

) )

in Central in Central

Ranking Ranking Europe Europe 2013 485 476 462 413

billion of investments to increase quality ofrefin quality increase to ofinvestments billion 0.5 estimatedUSD for need the of because 2005 in stopped was refinery The (Kazakhstan). “Kazmunaigaz” company state and (Russia) Group” “Alliance Ukra between agreements intergovernmental of basis the on implementing been has project upgrading and reconstruction Since1999 in1938). (built Ukraine in oldest The TNK holding Russian of part a is which LINIK, corporation closed a by owned Fully “Tatneft”. Russian Ukraineand Naftogazof are shareholders 1994, in Created

Data sources: Deloitte 2013; KyivPost 2011; Podolyanets 2014; SCM 2014 SCM 2014; Podolyanets 2011; KyivPost 2013; sources: Deloitte Data Manufacturing resources &Energy Manufacturing resources and Energy Sector ‐ BP inUkraine. BP ine and Kazakhstan. The main foreign participants are OJSC OJSC are participants foreign main The Kazakhstan. and ine

owned by a closed Ukrainian corporation Ukrtatnafta. Main Main Ukrtatnafta. corporation Ukrainian closed a by owned

183

A major supplier of supplier major A processingcompany mining and Coal mostlyexported market,but domestic to sold fertilizers Ukraineproducing of enterprises chemical largest Oneofthe Kazakhstan Russiaand in operations integrated with vertically company I worldwide ferroalloys ndependent oil and gas gas and oil ndependent

Short description Short

Description

ing products. ing

Joitly controlled by a Joitlycontrolled State State partners and businessmen Kazakhstan and Russian V.Pinchuk b a and with partners along I.Kolomoisky billionaire usinessman usinessman Business group Business - - owned owned

Owner/

‐ British British

CEU eTD Collection 2013 2012 2011 2010 200 2008 2007 2006 2005 2003 in 2003 (OJSC “N (OJSC Drogobych refinery Drogobych Odesky Refinery”) Odesky Nadvirna refinery Nadvirna Year ( Odessa refinery Odessa Prykarpattya”) OJSC OJSC (OJSC “NPK (OJSC Galychyna”) 9

Refinery

A. Table

“Lukoil – aftohimik aftohimik

capacity 201 installed installed mlnkW Total Total 54.5 53.8 53.3 53.2 53.0 52.6 52.2 52.2 52.0 50.9

3 -

, Structure of Structure capacity 3.6 Mt 3.6 3.6 Mt 3.6 Mt 3.2 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 11.8 Rated Rated mln kW NPPs

% of total 25.4 25.7 26.0 26.0 26.1 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 23.1

installed 16.8% 17.5% fund, property State the to belong shares of 26% by controlled ofshares 72% around and state the to belong which of shares 25% takes place. fraud fuel duty Russ court: Ukrainian by seized 2005 in modernization for operation its Stopped corporation. LUKOIL Russian by owned fully be to used refinery The

Pryvat Pryvat 27.6 27.4 27.3 27.4 27.3 27.2 27.2 27.1 27.1 28.1 mln kW Large TPPs Large

‐

e PryvatBank and 14.3% PryvatBankand Sources: 2008; Herasimovich lectricity

group companies. group % of total 50.7 51.0 51.1 51.4 51.5 51.8 51.8 52.0 52.1 55.1 Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development

generating capacities of power plants power of capacities generating 184 Data sources: UKRENERGO 2014; Volchyn 2014; sources: UKRENERGO Data mln kW CHPPs and and CHPPs 6.7 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.2 small TPPs

historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical

Short description Short

‐ ia’s ownership is questioned, investigation of of investigation questioned, is ownership ia’s

% of total 12.2 12.1 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.1 12.0 12.0 12.1 12.1

Copland Industries S.A. (Virgin Islands). (Virgin S.A. Industries Copland

–

2008. Since April 2014 the refinery’s refinery’s the 2014 April Since 2008. All HPPs and and All HPPs mln kW 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.1 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.8 QCE 2012; HAPPs

% of total 10.0 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.2 9.7 9.6 9.4 9.1 9.4

‐

REUTERS 2014 REUTERS “ mlnkW Lider Estate Lider 0.935 0.581 0.309 0.094 0.084 0.084 0.083 0.081 0.075 0.059 WPPs) (SPPs, Renewables Renewables of

et al. et

Ukraine % of total 1.71 1.08 0.58 0.18 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.12 ”

2013

Ltd,

CEU eTD Collection order Domestic imperative State Shumeiko Anna Energy Saving of State Agency on State institutions Government of Commission of Parliament of Efficiency & Regulatory Electricity National Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Energy

Table A. Table A.8 Table

the national ES thenational offunctioning in interruptions major will cause not its and absence domest of in support role minor playsa ES 9

. State institutions governing energy renewable inUkraine the .

Ranking – – – – as awhole – – – privileg – of work andservice of Ukrainian origin in the value of energy plants building – – feed

ic order order ic Provides realization of effective s Realizes the state policy in Defines main directions of t develops p develops Con establishes rules of connection of generating equipment to electrical networks, etc. forms and provides aregistry of the plants of renewable energy licenseselectricalthe p energy prvs h soe f rdcin hc i ipre t te ertr o Uriei the in Ukraine of territory the to imported is which production of scope the approves salse mi rgt ad biain o mre priiat, urned minimum guaranteed participants, market of obligations and rights main establishes +

- in tariff, etc. fi rms the feed e way, etc. of

;

energy systems(ES)according tostateimperatives rocedures for the changes of share of raw materials,scopematerials,buildingraw of share of changesthe roceduresfor local businesses local small for critical is functioning its although order, domestic of in support role minor/secondary playsa ES

- in tariffs for electricity generated from renewable energy sources ++

the sphere of renewable energy; he state policy in the sector of renewable energy

roduction from the renewable energy plants and its supplyitsenergy roductionrenewableplantsfromtheand enterprises and businesses local for critical is functioning its and order domestic suppo in substantial role playsa ES tate policy in the sector of renewable energy 185 Responsibilities Ranking rt of rt

+++

enterprises enterprises and businesses nationallarge regionalto for critical is functioning its and order domestic of support in important role playsan ES

++++

Source: Kurbatova Kurbatova Source:

;

short in the exists ES for substitution No nation. whole the and sectors variouseconomic for critical is itsfunctioning order, domestic of support crucial playsa ES - ; +++++

term.

role in role et al. et

;

2014

CEU eTD Collection Legitimation growth Economic Revenue Survival imperative State

and social terms, terms, social and in economic role minor playsa ES ES operation ES unaware societyis legitimized, barely is isnotES or of Functioning future nearest the in importance in increase to expected is notand growth economic country’s in the role minor playsa ES amounts small only rarelyin and provides it or rev provide not does ES businesses local on effect short minor a economy,but national/regional theon effect significant hav inthe ES interruptions no + ofthe

enue - term term

e a e

economic and and economic in role secondary playsa ES familiar withthe familiar societyare of circles certain only legitimation, of stages first isthe onES of Functioning future the in importance in increase to expected growth,but is economic country’s in the role minor playsa currently ES revenue smalla irregular with the country provide to, linked it is sectors economic and ES economy regional to local destabiliz short maya cause economy,but national effect on no have interruptions major terms, social - term

ation ofation

Development of energy systems and energy policies of Ukraine: Ukraine: of policies energy systems and energy of Development sectors it is sectors economic and ES economy theon national effect devastating short have interruptions major terms, social and economic in substantial role playsa ES the operation ES with familiarized societyis being legitimation, of process the isunder ES of Functioning future nearest it inthe playing continue to expected are growth, and economic thecountry’s in substantial role to, linked it is sectors economic and ES revenue constant small relativelya with the country provide to, linked 186 Ranking

historical analysis, current state and future scenarios and state current analysis, historical +++

playa -

term

sectors it is sectors economic and ES nationaleconomy of destabilization medium causeshort may interruptions major terms, social and ineconomic isimportant ES thenation within accepted well legitimized, well isES Fun future nearest impor in increase to expected are growth, and economic thecountry’s in important role play to, an linked it is sectors economic and ES annualbasis on revenue substantial with the country provide to, linked ctioning of ctioning tance in the tancein ++++ - term

- -

t o

sectors it is sectors economic and ES economy thecountry’s of destabilization term long and chaos may cause effect, haveimmediate interruptions major terms,any social and economic important in iscrucially ES thenation within accepted widely levels and all at legitimized isfully ES of Functioning long play a to it in expected are and growth economic country’s in the role crucial play to, a linked it is sectors economic and ES decades for annualbasis on revenue large with the country provide to, linked - term future term +++++

CEU eTD Collection Conservation imperative State Shumeiko Anna

measures re not re measures Conservation importa as perceived not are rarelyand taken takenor nt +

measures within measures Conservation operation ES receive a revenue a receive to inorder or statefrom the coming pressure to mostlydue basis, anirregular taken on are ES ++

annually increases operation ofES efficiency regular basis, a takenon are measures Conservation 187 Ranking

+++

impacts environmental minor with highefficiency operates ES ++++

at a at improvements improvements and maintenance impacts,constant environmental minimal with efficiency possible highest a at operates ES +++++