Loxahatchee River W a T E R S H E D Science

LOXAHATCHEE RIVER W ATERSHED SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM th Research-based Decision Making 5ABSTRACTS

For 25 years, the Loxahatchee River has been recognized as a national treasure. Scientists, environmental professionals, students, and residents have come together to present and discuss our most recent findings and exciting results.

March 29 - 30, 2011 Jupiter Community Center Jupiter, Florida www.loxahatcheeriver.org/symposium 5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

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5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS

5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Loxahatchee River Preservation Initiative: Working for Our River

D. Albrey Arrington, PhD, Chair, Loxahatchee River Preservation Initiative

The Loxahatchee River Preservation Initiative (LRPI) is a multiagency partnership formed in 2000 to develop funding opportunities for projects that improve, protect, and restore natural resources within the Loxahatchee River watershed. The LRPI motto is “Working for our River”, and to date we have completed well over $36 million in ‘turn dirt’ water quality and environmental enhancement projects within the watershed. Completed projects have addressed critical issues such as stormwater runoff, pollution from septic tank effluent, siltation, habitat fragmentation, proliferation of invasive species, and over-drained wetlands. These projects were proposed and prioritized by local agencies working collaboratively, and they were funded through 50/50 cost share between the local agency sponsor and the Florida State Legislature. While a variety of successful projects have been accomplished, much work remains. A number of human-derived influences continue to negatively affect the health of the watershed. For example, stormwater runoff continues to deliver excess nutrients to some parts of the river, and invasive species are flourishing in areas with altered hydrology and modified habitat complexity. The LRPI looks forward to continued collaboration among agencies, the legislature, and interested stakeholders in order to eficiently and effectively improve the health of the Loxahatchee River and its watershed.

Palm Beach County's Efforts in the Loxahatchee River Watershed

Richard Walesky, Palm Beach County – Department of Environmental Resources Management

Palm Beach County, through its Department of Environmental Resources Management (ERM), owns and/or manages 11 natural areas in the Loxahatchee River watershed that together contain over 26,000 acres of environmentally sensitive land. These lands constitute approximately 28% of the watershed that lies within Palm Beach County. The natural areas were acquired as part of the Environmentally Sensitive Lands Acquisition Program with bond funds authorized by a citizen-approved referendum. Although the lands are environmentally sensitive, most had not been managed and had been adversely affected over time by drainage, exotic vegetation, and the absence of fire. ERM's restoration efforts have focused on reversing the effects of those impacts. The purpose of this presentation is to provide a general overview of ERM's acquisition and restoration efforts and the actions we have taken to provide public access and public uses that are compatible with the natural resource values of the lands. The presentation also will include information on the economic benefits that these lands provide to the citizens of and visitors to Palm Beach County, and identification of the long-term challenges ERM anticipates in the future management of the natural areas.

5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Partnerships in Restoration

Paul Millar, Martin County

The restoration and preservation of the Loxahatchee River starts in the watershed that feeds the river - clean, fresh water, at the right volume, in the right place and at the right time. Martin County, along with a myriad of partners, has committed major resources to the acquisition and restoration of thousands of acres that flow to the federally designated “Wild and Scenic” Northwest Fork of the Loxahatchee River. This presentation will focus on the various agencies and organizations that have come together to create and implement a restoration plan. It will address the steps necessary for total ecosystem restoration including acquisition, plan formulation, hydrologic overhaul, exotic removal and passive recreational access. Once complete, these actions will assist in reducing saltwater intrusion upstream within the floodplain of the river. This saltwater intrusion has long been recognized as one of the most substantial threats to the quality and biota of the river, especially during periods of drought. Other benefits of watershed restoration include floodwater attenuation, protection of fish and wildlife habitat, and enhancement of water quality. Much of the work done in this area has been directly attributable to the involvement of the Loxahatchee River Preservation Initiative – which has matched State funds with local funds to implement a very aggressive program of acquisition and restoration. A program that could never have been carried out without the leadership of local and state elected officials and the support of local residents.

Jupiter Environmental Academy: Connecting Students with the Loxahatchee River

Neal White, Jupiter Environmental Research and Field Studies Academy

In 1985, the Loxahatchee River became the first federally designated “Wild and Scenic River” in Florida due to the efforts of a few individuals creating a large following of community support. The Loxahatchee River and the people living around the river have been dependent on each other and interlinked for centuries. Protecting and keeping the Loxahatchee River healthy is everyone’s responsibility. There is no better way to create stewards of the Loxahatchee River than to “connect” students to the river. This presentation will illustrate how the Environmental Research and Field Studies Academy has done just that. Since its creation in 1993, the Academy has partnered with many agencies to actively engage students in the monitoring, protection and enhancement of the Loxahatchee River. Today, as the Academy continues to connect its students to the Loxahatchee River, many of its graduates are employed by agencies working to protect and preserve the Wild and Scenic Loxahatchee River.

5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Exotic Species and Community-based Restoration: Using Scientific Research as Basis for Adaptive Management

Craig Layman, PhD, Florida International University

Estuaries are among the most impacted ecosystems at a global scale, with threats ranging from habitat loss/degradation to invasion of exotic species. Scientific information is essential to understand the extent and magnitude of these impacts, as well as to establish adaptive management strategies and restoration initiatives. I provide examples from my lab’s research on the Loxahatchee River, primarily focusing on two on- going projects: (1) documenting recent invasion of the lionfish (Pterois volitans) and (2) evaluating small-scale oyster reef restorations under homeowner docks. In addition, I use examples from our research program in The Bahamas to provide context as to the challenges and opportunities with resource management in the Loxahatchee. First, I describe the on-going threat to the Loxahatchee River from lionfish, including the population size-structure, persistence and focal diet items. I compare and contrast this estuarine invasion to the established lionfish population in Bahamian nearshore waters. Second, I show how oyster restorations under individual docks can alter the degree of fish utilization of these habitats, and emphasize the role of such small-scale community-based initiatives as part of broader conservation strategies. Each of these examples illustrates how scientific information provides the framework for long-term management of the river’s resources, and is essential for long-term adaptive management strategies.

5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Loxahatchee River Watershed Overview

Boyd Gunsalus, South Florida Water Management District; D. Albrey Arrington, PhD, Loxahatchee River District

The Loxahatchee River watershed comprises approximately 175,000 acres, and includes the National Wild and Scenic Northwest Fork of the Loxahatchee River. While the watershed includes large tracts of relatively unimpacted wetlands (e.g., J.W. Corbett Wildlife Management Area), watershed hydrology has been degraded by landscape fragmentation driven largely by regional flood control efforts and development. As a result of fragmentation and human impacts, the volume and timing of water delivered to the Northwest Fork Loxahatchee River has been reduced and downstream impacts have occurred to both flora and fauna. In an attempt to offset these impacts, several management and restoration efforts for the River and its watershed have been completed and/or are being planned for environmental enhancement. Fortunately, a large portion of the watershed is in public ownership, and these lands are being restored to improve habitat quality, hydrologic connectivity, and increase basin water storage capacity. To better understand current and planned restoration efforts, this presentation will give an overview of watershed hydrology and resource management activities within the Loxahatchee River watershed.

5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Loxahatchee River Science Plan

Yongshan Wana, Miao-Li Changa, Boyd Gunsalusa, Fawen Zhenga, Marion Hedgepetha, Chris Buzzellia, Daniel Haunerta, Richard Robertsb, Rob Rossmanithb, Bud Howardc (a South Florida Water Management District, b Florida Park Services, c Loxahatchee River District) The Loxahatchee River Science Plan identified eleven research objectives for data collection and analysis to measure the success of the restoration of the Northwest Fork of the Loxahatchee River. These research objectives are centered on the science needed to understand the responses of the Loxahatchee River valued ecosystem components (VECs) to variations in estuarine abiotic conditions (e.g., salinity, stage and water quality) and watershed freshwater inflows in terms of quantity, quality, distribution and timing. Since enhancement of the watershed and abiotic conditions is a requisite to enhancing VECs, a list of resource- based research questions was created to further guide specific research methods. By structuring individual projects to address the resource-based questions, the science plan focuses on obtaining information and tools to rationalize potential water management decisions and infrastructure for enhancement of watershed and river ecology. Information gaps and technical needs for each research objective are identified. The science plan may serve as a guide to prioritize and coordinate future scientific efforts for the restoration of the Loxahatchee River.

5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Assessing Loxahatchee River Water Quality Relative to EPA’s Numeric Water Quality Standards for Florida

Bud Howard, Loxahatchee River District; D. Albrey Arrington, PhD, Loxahatchee River District

On November 14, 2010, EPA Administrator Lisa P. Jackson signed final “Water Quality Standards for the State of Florida’s Lakes and Flowing Waters.” When this rule takes effect in February 2012, it will establish numeric limits, or criteria, on the amount of nutrient pollution (total nitrogen and phosphorus) allowed in Florida’s freshwater lakes, rivers, streams and springs. The purpose of EPA’s action was “to improve water quality, protect public health, aquatic life and the long term recreational uses of Florida’s waters which are a critical part of the State’s economy.” EPA’s numeric water quality standards are expected to affect nearly all aspects of water management in Florida. Here we will evaluate observed water quality conditions at 19 freshwater sampling sites within the Loxahatchee River watershed for the period 1998 through 2010, relative to EPA’s proposed numeric nutrient criteria. We first compare EPA’s numeric water quality standards to the Loxahatchee River’s water quality targets, which were published in the Restoration Plan for the Northwest Fork of the Loxahatchee River. By comparing observed water quality conditions to EPA’s published numeric nutrient criteria we are able to identify sites that have exhibited impaired water quality. By working collaboratively with sister governments through the Loxahatchee River Preservation Initiative we are able to focus water quality improvement efforts within sub-basins with the poorest water quality.

5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Loxahatchee Slough Restoration Project

Frank Griffiths; Melissa Tolbert; Harper Carroll, Palm Beach County Department of Environmental Resources Management

The restoration of the Loxahatchee Slough has been a decade long project designed to improve the biological habitats and increase the water storage capacity of the property. The Loxahatchee Slough Natural Area is the County’s largest natural area comprising a total of 12,836 acres and serves as the headwaters for the Wild and Scenic Loxahatchee River. The South Loxahatchee Slough Restoration Project completed in March 2009, restored a major portion of the historic Loxahatchee Slough, overdrained by the canals and impacted by invasive exotic vegetation. This work included mechanical removal of 215 acres of melaleuca, 26 acres of Australian pine, and 13 acres of Brazilian pepper; and the filling of 1.5 miles of drainage ditches and shell mining pits. The Sandhill Crane East Restoration Project (2008 to 2011) will restore another major portion of the Loxahatchee Slough impacted by overdrainage. This work includes the backfilling of approximately 15 miles of agriculture ditches; and the treatment and removal of non-native invasive vegetation, construction of G-160 Water Control Structure, and replacement of culverts. Grants and assistance received from Restoration Partners: SFWMD, FTA, FDEP, FWC, LRPI, NRCS. Additionally approximately four miles of equestrian trails have been developed in designated portions of the natural area, and approximately 4.5 miles of Florida’s 63 mile Ocean to Lake Trail have been developed.

5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Palm Beach County’s Hungryland Slough Natural Area - Acquisition & Restoration

Steve Pisano; Brenda Hovde, Palm Beach County Department of Environmental Resources Management

Palm Beach County, through its Department of Environmental Resources Management (ERM), owns and/or manages 11 natural areas totaling over 26,000 acres in the Loxahatchee River Watershed. The 3,000-acre Hungryland Slough is the third largest county natural area within the watershed. Over half of the site was formerly subdivided into an area known as “Unit 11 of the Acreage” (Unit 11). Unit 11 is the largest environmental restoration project ERM has completed. The 1,769 acre site is a permitted Regional Offsite Mitigation Area (ROMA), that consists of 1,303 individual lots with over 900 different owners. The area was slated for development, and had a series of roads and canals installed which significantly altered site hydrology. Restoration of the Unit 11 tract took place over a 7-year period, and included the physical removal and treatment of exotic vegetation, removal of over 40 miles of dirt roads and berms, and the backfilling of 16 miles of canals and ditches. The restoration occurred concurrently with an extensive 10-year acquisition program. Portions of the natural area, other than the Unit 11 tract, were overrun with exotic vegetation, and were hydrologically altered due to the installation of seven unpermitted culverts. Four of these culverts were removed, the remaining three were rebuilt, and all exotic vegetation was treated. The entire natural area is now treated annually for exotic vegetation. Lastly, a prescribed burn program is well under way. This presentation will focus on the status of acquisition and restoration of the site.

5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Pal Mar East Hydrologic Restoration Field Study

Jason A Moretz, PhD, Ecology & Environment, Inc.; Boyd Gunsalus, South Florida Water Management District; Steve Magee, Martin County

Pal Mar East (also referred to as Nine Gems) is approximately 3,100 acres and is located in southern Martin County, just west of the Florida Turnpike. As late as 1940, the site remained mostly unimpacted and consisted primarily of depressional and freshwater marshes. In its unimpacted state, water was transported from west to east (and north) via distinct conveyances, with the majority of the water flowing to the Loxahatchee River via Kitching Creek. Over the past 50 years an extensive drainage network of canals and swales has diverted the property’s water to the Cypress Creek Canal and drained the entire project area resulting in a continual progression of wetland communities to upland communities. In support of evaluating potential measures to be implemented as part of the North Palm Beach County (NPBC) Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), the SFWMD, its consultant team (Ecology and Environment Inc.) and Martin County conducted field assessments, analyzed the resulting data and assessed potential restorative actions for the Pal Mar East Property. The broad objectives for this study were to determine whether it is feasible to rehydrate Pal Mar East, to determine potential hydrologic connection points with Pal Mar and to determine pools levels that if achieved would result in wetland coverage more representative of historic conditions. If realized, these measures would help to reestablish sheet flow and hydrologic connectivity across currently fragmented areas and help to ensure adequate and timely flows to the Loxahatchee River. Results from this study indicate substantial changes to the site’s hydrology are possible resulting in increased inundation periods of existing wetlands, reestablishment and rehydration of historic flow ways and an increase in wetland area of approximately 70% from current conditions.

5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

How are Florida Scrub Jays Doing in Jonathan Dickinson State Park?

Rob Rossmanith, Jonathan Dickinson State Park

The Florida Scrub Jay (Aphelocoma coerlescens) is a rare species that is endemic to Florida. More specifically, Scrub Jays occur only in the rare scrub or scrubby flatwoods ecosystem and reproduce successfully only in recently burned habitat. Jonathan Dickinson State Park (JDSP) includes approximately 3,000 acres of scrub and scrubby flatwoods and has a small population of Scrub Jays (<75 individuals) because of a history of fire suppression. The potential size of the Scrub Jay population is much higher than the current population (~300 individuals). The value of the JDSP Scrub Jay population cannot be underestimated both regionally and statewide. Since 2007, during the months of June and July Scrub Jay occurrence and nest success was documented on permanent plots. In the areas that were surveyed there are a variety of fire histories including wildfires in 2003 and 2006 and prescribed fires in 2007, 2009, and 2010. Results of the surveys indicate that prescribed burn efforts positively impacted Scrub Jay nesting success and that continued application of fire will help Scrub Jay populations in JDSP become more ubiquitous rather than relegated to small portions of the park. In addition, sharing these results with the public helps demonstrate one of many reasons fire is important in maintaining the diversity of Florida’s native fauna.

Potential Impact of Sea Level Rise on the Stage of the Northwest Fork Tidal Floodplain of the Loxahatchee River

Detong Sun; Fawen Zheng, South Florida Water Management District

In this analysis, an analytical solution was obtained based on a tidal-averaged, one-dimensional model. The analytical solution was able to include major important factors that may influence upstream stage level such as bottom friction, freshwater inflow, wind, tide and downstream stage level. The solution suggested that the stage at the upstream tidal floodplain could be influenced by the stage downstream. Therefore low frequency (sub-tidal) variation including sea level rise at the open sea could have a significant impact on the stage and inundation at the upstream locations. This was supported by data collected from 2002 to 2010. A numerical model was also used to compute stage and inundation on the Northwest Fork tidal floodplain for both dry and wet season under the assumption of sea level rise. The results showed how sea level rise can be translated into the upstream stage level and indicated potential impact on stage and inundation of the tidal floodplain.

5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Short Term Changes to Shrub and Groundcover Plant Communities Affected by Hydrological and Salinity Alterations within the Floodplain of the Loxahatchee River

Richard E. Roberts, Florida Park Service (retired); Marion Y. Hedgepeth, South Florida Water Management District; Sarah V. Martin, Ameri-Corps; Lauren O'Neill, University of Miami (student intern)

Shrub-layer and groundcover communities have long been used as short term indicators of health in plant communities. While shrub-layer plants show a more intermediate response between the tree canopy and groundcover, groundcover communities are subject to quick changes in their status. Shrub and groundcover communities were examined on 10 vegetation transects (138 plots, 10m2 x 10m2) in 2003, 2007 and 2010, as well as, river stage, flow and salinity. With regards to hydrology, 2003 was intermediate between the severe drought of 2007 and the wet dry season of 2010. During the 2007 drought, salinities above the targeted 2ppt did encroach into soils and surface waters of the floodplain at RM9.1. Species diversity of both shrub and groundcover communities was high following the hurricanes of 2004-2005 and highest during the drought of 2007. Diversity was generally lower in 2010 following the rainy dry season. Shrub diversity was highest in 2007 on Transect 7 (37 species) at RM9.1 while groundcover diversity was highest on Transect 5 (60 species, RM 10.33) in 2010 on Cypress Creek, which suffered heavy damage to its canopy community during the hurricanes. With an average monthly flow of about 103cfs over Lainhart Dam in the 2010 dry season, freshwater groundcover species such as bald cypress, pond apple, red maple and water hickory showed significant increases in stem count while white and red mangroves seedlings decreased. Winter rains kept surface and soil salinities reduced even on Transect 9 (RM6.46) where bald cypress seedlings were observed for the first time during vegetation monitoring.

5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Fish Assemblage Response to Dry Season Flows in the Upper Loxahatchee River, Florida

David B. Snyder, PhD, CSA International, Inc.; Marion Y. Hedgepeth, South Florida Water Management District; Andrew Flanner, Florida Park Service

Fishes were sampled by electrofishing along four reaches between river mile 10 and 16 within the upper northwest fork of the Loxahatchee River, Florida. Fishes were sampled during low (<35 cfs); medium (36 to 65 cfs), and high (66 to 90 cfs) flows. A total of 32 species from 19 families was collected during the study period. Species collected were classified into the following major groups: freshwater (11 species), marine (16 species), catadromous (1 species), and exotic (4 species). The most species-rich families were sunfishes (Centrarchidae) with 6 species, followed by sleepers (Eleotridae), and snooks (Centropomidae), represented by 3 species each. Percent contribution to the total number of fish collected among major groups were 31.9% freshwater, 41.9% marine, 23.4% exotic, and 2.8% catadromous. Data gathered suggest that fish assemblage response (both aggregate and compositional variables) to categorical flows in the upper northwestern fork of the Loxahatchee River during the dry season was subtle. Only the aggregate variables of total species and numbers per minute exhibited any statistically significant change in association with categorical flows. Biomass per minute and average weight per individual did not respond significantly among the three flow categories. These data indicate that during low-water sampling, more fish were collected, including a greater portion of smaller individuals, whereas during medium and high flows, fewer numbers of fish were collected but larger (heavier) individuals continued to be collected.

5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Monitoring in the Loxahatchee River

Melanie Parker, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute

In Florida, oysters occur in nearly all estuarine and nearshore waters exhibiting suitable salinity regimes. In southeast Florida those coastal waters have experienced altered patterns of water delivery and quality as a result of water management practices. In particular, the redirection of freshwater out of inland basins and into coastal waters has altered both the timing and range of salinity variation in those waters. Due to their wide distribution, essential habitat value, and sensitivity to extremes of salinity, the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) has been chosen as a target species for monitoring the success of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. Oyster monitoring in the Loxahatchee River was initiated in early 2005 and included the following parameters: oyster distribution and abundance, reproductive development, recruitment, and prevalence and intensity of the oyster disease Perkinsus marinus (dermo). Those biological measures along with several water quality parameters were monitored at three stations in each of the northwest and southwest forks of the river. Mean live oyster density and recruitment were higher at reefs in the northwest fork, while dermo infection rates and intensities were similar between sites. Mean annual salinities in the northwest fork varied from 13 to 22 ppt, falling within the optimal range for oyster reproduction and survival. However, mean annual salinities in the southwest fork were higher (21 to 30 ppt), suggesting that these oyster populations experience conditions similar to those of oysters found at the mouth of a typical estuary where increased predation and competition can negatively impact oyster densities.

5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Snook Island Natural Area: A Comparison of a Created Oyster Reef to Natural Reefs in Lake Worth Lagoon

Susan Laramore, PhD; John Scarpa, Florida Atlantic University/Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution; Alessandra Medri, Palm Beach County Department of Environmental Resources Management

Restoration and enhancement of natural oyster reefs and the creation of additional oyster reefs are important components of Palm Beach County Department of Environmental Resources Management’s (PBC-ERM) mission in Lake Worth Lagoon (LWL). From March 2008 to February 2010 the health and productivity of an artificially created bed [Snook Islands (SI)] was compared to existing natural oyster beds [Ibis Isle (IbIs) and MacArthur Park (MP)]. Oysters were sampled monthly for condition index, reproduction, recruitment, growth and disease status; density was assessed semiannually. Average live oyster density at SI was similar to MP in year one, but lower than IbIs. In year two, density at SI was similar to both natural sites. Condition index (CI) of oysters varied monthly, but the mean CI for the entire period was similar between sites. Bi-modal reproduction (late-spring/early-summer and fall) was evident at SI in both years, but only in year one at MP and IbIs. Recruitment was highest overall at SI. Final shell height of recruited juveniles was less at SI compared to the two natural sites in year one, but similar at all sites in year two. Mean dermo intensity for the entire period was similar and low at all three sites with an overall mean prevalence at SI of 59%, IbIs of 67% and MP of 66%. Oyster health and productivity at the artificially created site was comparable to the natural beds. This study indicates that restoration projects in LWL may be successfully implemented by providing substrate and relying on natural recruitment.

5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Establishing the Success of Small- and Large-scale Oyster Reef Restoration in the Loxahatchee River

Zachary R. Jud; Craig A. Layman, PhD, Florida International University

In many temperate and subtropical estuaries, oyster reefs represent a critical habitat type, providing shelter and nursery habitat for a variety of small organisms. Oyster reefs support a diverse and abundant faunal community (e.g., small shrimp, crabs, and fishes), which in turn sustains upper levels of the estuarine food web, including numerous ecologically, commercially, and recreationally important species. In recent decades, oyster reefs throughout North America have experienced significant declines. As the ecological and economic importance of oyster reefs has become more widely acknowledged, efforts to create human-made oyster restoration reefs have increased substantially. Between October 2008 and August 2009, the Loxahatchee River District, The Nature Conservancy, and local residents partnered to create nine small-scale oyster restoration reefs beneath residential docks in the Loxahatchee River. Following restoration, biomass, species richness, and total abundance of oyster-associated fauna increased dramatically at the restored docks. Live juvenile oysters rapidly colonized the reef sites, and are currently thriving. Acoustic tracking revealed that mangrove snapper utilize the restoration sites more frequently than unrestored docks. Following the success of these small-scale restorations, NOAA, Martin County and the Loxahatchee River District partnered to create a total of 5.8 acres of oyster restoration reef in the Loxahatchee River during the summer of 2010. Initial monitoring of this large-scale restoration has shown rapid colonization by a number of small crab, shrimp, and fish species. Over time, we anticipate that the structure and function of these restoration reefs will begin to closely resemble natural oyster reefs, representing a substantial benefit to the ecology and health of the Loxahatchee River.

5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Ecology of Juvenile and Sub-adult Mangrove Snapper (Lutjanus griseus) in the Loxahatchee River and Estuary

Lauren A. Yeager; Craig A. Layman, PhD; Caroline M. Hammershclag-Peyer, Florida International University

Mangrove snapper (Lutjanus griseus) are one of the most common fish predators in the Loxahatchee River and estuary, and are found in diverse habitats including freshwater shorelines, mesohaline oyster reefs, manmade structures, and mangroves. Many habitat types that may be important to mangrove snapper are threatened by on-going anthropogenic impacts, including changing salinity regimes and coastal development. We examined diets, prey quality and growth of juvenile and sub-adult snapper throughout the estuary in order to understand which habitats may be most valuable in supporting snapper production. Juvenile snapper fed on benthic crabs and shrimp (exclusively from oyster reefs where they occurred), while sub-adults shifted to a diet that included many inter-tidal crabs and some fishes. Sub-adults downstream fed on higher quality prey items (like fishes and shrimp), although they ate less often when compared to snapper upstream. In spite of feeding less often, snapper from the mesohaline and marine portions of the estuary grew faster than snapper upstream. Our data indicate that structured habitats such as oyster reefs may represent critical nursery areas for juvenile and sub-adult snapper in the Loxahatchee. As such, restoration efforts may help increase snapper production in the estuary.

Johnson’s Seagrass (Halophila johnsonii) - Why It Does the Things It Does

Lauren M. Hall; Lori J. Morris, St. Johns River Water Management District

Halophila johnsonii (Johnson’s seagrass) is one of the rarest and smallest seagrass species in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL). This species, listed as threatened in 1998, is being monitored at 35 sites between Sebastian and Jupiter Inlets and in the Loxahatchee River. This study reports trends for long-term monitoring of H. johnsonii along the transects within its range in the IRL (sampled biannually from 1994 through 2010). H. johnsonii has a dynamic nature with an unpredictable distribution and density. Between 1994 and 2007 there appeared to be a cyclical trend, with 2-3 year increases in abundance followed by a precipitous decrease. The past three years, however, has not seen this abrupt decline but rather a leveling off in abundance. During the period of highest abundance in 2007, H. johnsonii extended its range 21-km north of the previous northern limit. Whether or not the new northern limit will remain likely depends upon environmental parameters (e.g. water clarity, temperature and salinity). The driving force behind the apparent increases and decreases and an overall review of the trends of this seagrass species will be explored in this study.

5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Spatial and Seasonal Seagrass Dynamics in the Loxahatchee River Estuary Six Years Following a Major Disturbance

Lorene Bachman; Jerry Metz, Loxahatchee River District

Since 2003 the Loxahatchee River District (LRD) has monitored seagrass occurrence in the Loxahatchee Estuary. This patch-based approach quantifies seagrass presence or absence at four sampling areas located along an upstream-downstream salinity gradient within the Loxahatchee Estuary (river miles 3.1, 2.5, 2.0, and 1.3) and a reference site in Hobe Sound. Data were collected to document the natural range of variability in occurrence of each seagrass species within the estuary. Furthermore, such baseline data will be used to evaluate potential effects of restorative flows on estuarine seagrasses. It has been well documented that the multiple tropical storms in 2004 and 2005 adversely impacted seagrasses in the Loxahatchee Estuary, and after more than six years manatee grass still has not recovered at river mile 1.3 and 2.0. Shoal grass has recovered or exceeded pre-disturbance abundance, and Johnson’s grass continues to exhibit marked seasonality in abundance. Two plausible explanations for the lack of manatee grass recovery are: (1) segrasses in downstream reaches have entered an altered stable state where manatee grass is less abundant, or (2) recovery of manatee grass is a slow, non-linear process. In order to better interpret these patch-scale data, we will show results from our 2010 species-specific, estuary-wide seagrass mapping efforts, which included quantification of species-specific seagrass occurrence data at 1,667 sampling sites within the estuary. These data show broad spatial patterns of seagrass abundance, and illustrate the limited occurrence of freshwater intolerant seagrass species, such as turtle grass and manatee grass, within the Loxahatchee estuary.

5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making POSTER ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

POSTER ABSTRACTS

19 5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making POSTER ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

An Analysis of Long Term Water Quality Trends in the Loxahatchee River

Bahram Charkhian, South Florida Water Management District; Bud Howard, Loxahatchee River District

Each estuary has unique, often complicated, spatial and temporal water quality characteristics. It is often a challenge to develop and maintain monitoring programs to capture this variability. We analyzed nineteen years of water quality data collected in the Loxahatchee River and associated tributaries to identify short and long term trends in selected locations in the River. The results showed that nutrient concentrations demonstrated strong spatial and temporal variations. While temporal variations were mostly affected by the seasonality, spatial changes in nutrient concentrations were linked with land use and flows from the contributing watershed and salinity conditions of the River. Long term trends were not identified for total nitrogen. However, total phosphorus demonstrated decreasing or increasing trends, depending on locations in the river and land use changes in the drainage basins. The analysis has practical implications for water quality management and ecosystem assessment of the Loxahatchee River.

Estimates of Nutrient Loads to the Northwest Fork in the Loxahatchee River, Florida

Zhiqiang Chen, South Florida Water Management District

Information on nutrient loads (TN, TP, DIN, DIP) from three tributaries to the Northwest Fork in the Loxahatchee River, Florida has been unknown due to a lack of concurrent measurements of flows and nutrient concentrations at those stations. Using flows and water quality data collected by USGS and the Loxahatchee River District, these nutrient loads were estimated. During the study period (2003-2008) both flows and loads show distinctive seasonal variations with the majority of flows and loads (~95%) delivered from June- December with their peaks around September. Total annual flows range from 100 million cubic meters (2006) to 260 million cubic meters (2005) with more contributions from the Lainhart Dam (LD, ~48%) and the Cypress Creek (CC, 44%) and less from the Kitching Creek (KC, 8%). TN loads range from 150 to 390 tons per year with relative contributions from the tributaries similar to those of flows, whereas DIN loads are 3-33 tons per year with more contribution from LD (>66%) than CC(31%) and KC(3%). TP and DIP loads are 6-14 tons and 2-4 tons per year, respectively, with major contributions from CC (>50%) rather than LD (40%). Overall TN and DIN loads show better relationships with flows than TP and DIP loads, and increasing flows are associated with higher N: P ratio. The responses of water quality in the Northwest Fork to the flow and loads were further analyzed. The results provide baseline loads and water quality responses, and help assess impacts of future restoration efforts on loads and water quality in the study area.

20 5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making POSTER ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Loxahatchee Northwest Fork Stage Flow Relationship and Floodplain Inundation

Cecilia Conrad, South Florida Water Management District

To refine the stage flow relationship and inundation analysis in the Restoration Plan for the Northwest Fork of the Loxahatchee River, 3 stage recorders were installed in August of 2008 to monitor the stage of the river at 15 minute intervals. Additionally, terrestrial LiDAR was flown over the entire floodplain in February of 2007 to create a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the floodplain. The collected stage data and flows over Lainhart Dam were analyzed to augment and improve the original flow stage analysis in the Restoration Plan. Surveyed elevation data and field measurements of river stage were also used to determine optimum flow and stage scenarios for the swamp and hydric hammock communities. This analysis, coupled with the DEM, was used to analyze inundation of the entire floodplain.

Herbicide Effectiveness in Controlling Wild Taro in the Floodplain of the Loxahatchee River

Richard E. Roberts, Florida Park Service (retired); Andrew J. Flanner, Florida Park Service; Jeffrey T. Hutchinson, University of Florida - Center for Exotic and Invasive Plants

Wild taro (Colocasia esculenta) was introduced into Florida and other southern states in 1910 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and was considered an “aggressive weed” by 1974. This plant thrives along rivers, lake shores and swamps often forming dense monocultures and displacing native vegetation. Along the Loxahatchee River riverine floodplain, wild taro was first documented in 1997. Past management activities using herbicides and manual removal by state contractors and Florida Park Service personnel have not resulted in long-term control. We initiated a study in November 2010 to evaluate the efficacy of triclopyr (Renovate 3) and imazamox (Clearcast) on wild taro and their impacts to non-target vegetation along the Loxahatchee River. Triclopyr was applied at concentrations of 1.7 (1.5% product) and 3.4 (3.0% product) g a.e. L-1, and imazamox was applied at concentrations of 0.7 (2.5% product) and 0.35 (5.0% product) g a.e. L-1. Three replications of each herbicide treatment and untreated checks were randomly assigned to 16m2 plots along the Loxahatchee River. Within each plot, percent cover and number of stems of all species, and the average height of wild taro were recorded in two 1m2 sub-plots. Dry weight biomass of all wild taro tissue above soil level was collected from two 0.5m2 sub-plots prior to treatment. Cursory results one month post- treatment indicated greater control of wild taro and more non-target damage with triclopyr compared to imazamox. Full evaluations will be performed at 6 and 12 months post-treatment.

21 5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making POSTER ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

RECOVER Northern Estuaries: Refining Systemwide Performance Measures with Loxahatchee River Data

Patricia Goodman, South Florida Water Management District

Performance measures are used by the Restoration Coordination and Verification (RECOVER) branch of the Comprehensive Everglades Plan (CERP) to characterize the health of ecosystems, predict system-wide performance of alternative plans, and assess actual performance following implementation of restoration components. Northern Estuaries performance measures characterize the health of the St. Lucie River Estuary, Loxahatchee River, Lake Worth Lagoon, Caloosahatchee River Estuary, and their watersheds and provide targets based on the best, most recent data provided by Principal Investigators (PIs) and state and local agencies. The update of the Northern Estuaries performance measures is using the most recent salinity/water quality, submerged aquatic vegetation and oyster data collected by the Loxahatchee River District, state and federal agency staff and RECOVER PIs to support research-based decision-making. Collaboration and communication within the research community allows for further refined targets, which will be used in the assessment of restoration efforts. The data provided by these various sources and expertise within the research community provides a clearer picture of the health of the Loxahatchee, and potential benefits of water management improvements, and the resultant improved salinity regimes, floodplain restoration, and oyster reef restoration.

22 5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making POSTER ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Recent Invasion of the Loxahatchee River Estuary by the Lionfish, Pterois volitans / P. miles

Zachary R. Jud; Craig A. Layman, PhD; Jessica A. Lee, Florida International University; D. Albrey Arrington, Loxahatchee River District

The invasion of lionfish (Pterois volitans / P. miles) in the western Atlantic and Caribbean is emerging as a serious ecological problem. While lionfish have been identified on coral reefs and other marine systems, additional ecosystems may be impacted as the invasion spreads. Here we identify the first estuarine intrusion of lionfish in their invasive range. Between August and November 2010, we captured 124 lionfish in the Loxahatchee River estuary (Florida), with some individuals located up to 4 km from the ocean. Ninety-five fish were harvested for stomach content, stable isotope, and otolith analyses. The remaining 29 fish were tagged and released to estimate growth rates and movement patterns within the estuary. Lionfish exhibited very high site fidelity, with some individuals occupying the exact location for >3 months. Multiple size classes were documented (24-174 mm SL) and small post-settlement juveniles (< ~40 mm) were collected throughout the sampling period, implying that recruitment was an ongoing process rather than a one time, chance event. All individuals were found in close association with anthropogenically created habitats (e.g., docks, sea walls, debris), suggesting that human-driven changes in habitat availability may facilitate estuarine invasion. Since estuaries are already highly threatened, and provide critical habitat for numerous commercially, recreationally, and ecologically important species, establishment of lionfish in these ecosystems is of particular concern. To better understand the ecological impacts of a lionfish invasion in the Loxahatchee River, we will continue tracking the movements of a small number of tagged fish, while maintaining a regular river-wide lionfish eradication program.

23 5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making POSTER ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

New Record of Box Jellyfish in South Florida Estuaries

Evan Orellana, Gumbo Limbo Nature Center; Allen Collins, National Systematics Laboratory, Smithsonian

A male specimen of Tripedalia cystophora (Cubozoa, Tripedaliidae) was collected from Lake Wyman, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. This is the first report of this species from the continental United States and brings the total known number of cubozoan species living in this region to four. Lake Wyman is a natural lagoon/estuary ecosystem part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. The box jellyfish was found in shallow water around the roots of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, where it was observed feeding on copepods attracted to light. This finding may indicate a local population in the waters of south Florida, USA, but an isolated occurrence cannot be ruled out. Since the discovery of the initial specimen, several others have been found in mangrove ecosystems on the southwest coast of Florida. Due to these findings it is possible that a population may be present throughout the state and even in the Loxahatchee River Estuary system.

High-Quality Recycled Water Meets Landscape Irrigation Needs and Safeguards Water for the Natural Environment

Dave Porter; Abbey Wilkison, Loxahatchee River District

Since 1983, the Loxahatchee River District (LRD) has recycled more than 13 billion gallons of treated wastewater (i.e., reclaimed water or irrigation quality water) to meet landscape irrigation needs within our community. Every day the LRD receives, treats, and recycles approximately 7 million gallons of water at our water reclamation facility, and this recycled water is used to meet landscape irrigation needs of numerous golf courses, residential communities, public parks, and recreational facilities such as Roger Dean Stadium. LRD’s water reclamation efforts are subject to stringent regulations established by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Here we show data provided by an independent laboratory that illustrates the quality of LRD’s IQ water relative to EPA’s primary and secondary drinking water standards. For example, laboratory analyses indicate 95% of the hazardous parameters were not detectable, while all remaining parameters were well below EPA’s drinking water standards. These data clearly illustrate the high quality of LRD’s IQ water. These data, as well as similar data statewide, illustrate the value of water recycling efforts. Such water recycling efforts are essential to ensuring safe and sustainable water resources for present and future generations. In addition to providing a drought- proof source of landscape irrigation water, recycled water preserves our precious natural water resources. Because, every gallon recycled represents one gallon that was not extracted from the natural environment.

24 5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making POSTER ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

NENA Bluegill Trail

Ginny Powell; Sally Channon, Palm Beach County Department of Environmental Resources Management

Phase 1 of Northeast Everglades Natural Area’s (NENA)* Bluegill Trail between Sandhill Crane Access Park in the City of Palm Beach Gardens and Riverbend Park in Jupiter was recently completed. This 5.4-mile multiuse trail follows the east side of the C-18 Canal through Palm Beach County’s Loxahatchee Slough Natural Area. A 10-foot wide shell rock path provides an improved surface for hikers and cyclists. The grassy swale area east of the shell rock path is reserved for equestrian use. The project also includes a chickee shade shelter, four informational kiosks, mounting blocks, hitching rails, a well with hand pump offering non-potable water for equestrian use, and native trees and shrubs for habitat and shade.

*NENA is a collection of more than 165,000 acres of conservation lands and a dozen activity and education centers in southern Martin County and northern Palm Beach County. It provides residents and visitors a wide range of nature-based outdoor recreational opportunities. The Bluegill Trail is one of 5 NENA connector trails and the first to be completed in Palm Beach County.

Dancing Lady Orchids: A Last Ditch Effort to Ensure Their Survival in Jonathan Dickinson State Park

Rob Rossmanith; Scott Tedford, Jonathan Dickinson State Park

Dancing Lady Orchids (DLO; Tolumnia bahamensis) occur only in Martin and Palm Beach Counties and the Bahamas. Within Jonathan Dickinson State Park (JDSP) the plants occur only in 3 populations. Since the inception of JDSP in 1950, populations have been dwindling. The causes of decline include a variety of reasons: destruction of habitat, hurricanes, wildfire, frosts, and collection by poachers. In order to prevent DLO from disappearing from the park a project was initiated in 2006 to collect seed and then have Atlanta Botanical Garden grow out seeds in the laboratory so that they could be later planted in the park. In 2009 and 2010 approximately 2,000 plants were placed in various populations around the park including a few areas where they previously did not occur. Overall, planting success rate is about 40% with frost kill, fire, and other stressors being the main sources of mortality. The foundation for the future long term survival of this plant continues to be laid, although efforts to ensure the survival of this species must continue into the future for DLO to survive in the long term.

25 5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making POSTER ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Wildlife Distribution and Abundance along the Northwest Fork of the Loxahatchee River, 2008 to 2010

Rob Rossmanith, Jonathan Dickinson State Park

Data were collected on 6 sites in the floodplain of the Northwest Fork of the Loxahatchee River from March 2008 to May 2010 on birds, frogs, and small mammals. In addition, American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) were surveyed in 2009 in the channel of the river from River Mile 15 to River Mile 6. The objective of the work was twofold: (1) obtain baseline data prior to hydrological restoration of the river; and, (2) compare wildlife occurrence in the freshwater versus more saline portions of the river. Upper and lower portions of the river revealed statistically significant findings for all vertebrate groups. For example, overall birds and small mammals were more abundant and species rich in the upper part of the river compared to the lower part of the river. In contrast, overall frogs were equally distributed in the upper and lower portions of the river but specific species were not equally distributed. Lastly, alligators were found to very clearly prefer freshwater (less than 1 ppt) and were much less commonly found in water that had salinity higher than 1 ppt. In addition, some of the groups of vertebrates were found to use the floodplain on a seasonal basis. The data set that was collected in this study provides baseline data for the restoration scenario and helps us understand what animals are using the various reaches of the river.

26 5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making POSTER ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Exploration of Porewater Salinity Dynamics for Tidal Floodplain in the Northwest Fork of Loxahatchee River

Fawen Zheng; Detong Sun; Yongshan Wan, South Florida Water Management District

Porewater salinity plays a very important role in determining the distribution of vegetation, plant productivity, and biogeochemical processes in coastal floodplain ecosystems. In this study, three years (2005 to 2007) of floodplain porewater salinity data collected at Transect 7 in the upper tidal floodplain of the Loxahatchee River were analyzed with other hydrologic and meteorological factors including river stage, river water salinity, and rainfall. A series of porewater salinity contour maps were created based on measured data to show spatial and temporal porewater salinity variation along the floodplain. River water salinity data, which clearly revealed seasonal changes and intertidal variation, when combined with daily floodplain inundation and changes in seasonal rainfall, provided an explanation for the observed variation in floodplain porewater salinity. During the dry season, porewater salinity in the floodplain was measured as high as 0.6 S per m (S/m; equivalent to 3.6 ppt) during the extended drought in 2007 mainly due to saltwater intrusion into the floodplain during high tide. In the wet season, porewater salinity decreased to approximately 0 S/m since the floodplain was inundated with low salinity freshwater from the watershed. This study also identified that the system takes approximately two months to allow porewater salinity to drop below 0.3125 S/m (equivalent to 2 ppt), the threshold value for Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum) germination. The porewater salinity dynamics investigated provide a better understanding of floodplain vegetation changes and more insight into salinity management within the Northwest Fork of the Loxahatchee River.

27 5th Loxahatchee River Watershed Science Symposium Research-based Decision Making POSTER ABSTRACTS March 29 & 30, 2011 Jupiter, Florida

Surface Water Recharge System Improvements

David Brown, Town of Jupiter Water Utilities

Originally initiated in 1990, the Town constructed a system of control structures, flow-ways and salinity barriers intended to increase surface water storage and surficial aquifer recharge utilizing freshwater that would otherwise be wasted to tide. The system is intended to be capable of storing and recycling up to 16 million gallons of water per day. The primary benefit of the system is long-term sustainability of regional water resources and natural systems. The recharge system when fully implemented is expected to offset the effects of periodic drought while continually replenishing the resource, thereby minimizing the risk of environmental harm including wetland drawdowns and saltwater intrusion. By design, the system interconnects surface water conveyance systems with the intent of maintaining established water control elevations even through periods of drought. Freshwater supplies within the Loxahatchee River basin are very limited and subject to the risk of saltwater intrusion and periodic drawdown impacts to wetland areas. The recharge system provides the following essential benefits to the region and river system: replenishes limited freshwater supplies, minimizes the risk of saltwater intrusion, provides added freshwater storage for river system, reduces risk of wetland impacts resulting from prolonged drought and ground water withdrawals, protects natural systems and wildlife habitat. The system is a component of the Northern Palm Beach County Water Supply System as set forth in the Central Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). It is expected that the South Florida Water Management District will soon be in a position to initiate flows to this system to further sustain and protect the freshwater resources and habitat in the Jupiter area.