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Universi^ Micrxîilms Internatkxicü INFORM ATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. 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These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. U niversi^ M icrxîilm s Internatkxicü 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8318339 Grand ell, William F. A PARTY DIVIDED AGAINST ITSELF: ANTICOMMUNISM AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE REPUBLICAN RIGHT, 1945-1956 The Ohio State University PhD . 1983 University Microfilms I n te rn St iO n â I 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 A PARTY DIVIDED AGAINST ITSEI.Ij /'JÎTI COMMUN ISM AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE REPUBLICAN RIGHT, 1345-1956 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By William F. Crandell, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1983 Reading Committee: Approved by Warren Van Tine Allan R. Millett Gary W. Reichard Department of History ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe a great amount of thanks to Gary W. Reichard, Warren Van Tine, and Allan R. Millett for their advise and helpful criticism of this work from start to finish. Their patience in persuading me to pare it down to a reasonable size has been vital. Fred I. Greenstein of Princeton was also generous in his time and comments. The Harry S. Truman Library Institute funded part of my research. Several people at major repositories were quite helpful; Bendict K. Zobrist, Dennis Bilger, Warren Orville, Eliza­ beth Safly, and Erwin Meuller of the Truman Library; Kathleen Nowak and Lois Hinson of the Eisenhower Library; Jean Halliday of the Seeley G. Mudd Library at Princeton; and Julia Young and Margie Baritt of the Bentley Historical Collections at the University of Michigan were all partic­ ularly free with their time and recommendations for finding specific materials. I also received a great deal of help and encouragement from outside the academic community. This was especially true of my brother Terry E. Crandell, my mother Lillian B. Ward, and my late father William P. Crandell, to whom 11 I am very grateful. Jim Fechin, Mary Ann Settlemire, and Ron Aarons challenged and encouraged-me when I needed both, Most of all, my dear friend Carolyn Ban gave me courage when it was tough, offered useful criticism rather than bland praise, and shared with me the joy of discovering buried truths. Ill VITA September 7, 1942 Born - Lansing, Michigan 1964................................. B.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio 1965-1967........................... Lieutenant, Infantry, United States Army 1975............................... M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1975-1981 Partner, Sylvan Studio t Sylvania, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Twentieth Century American History. Professor Gary W. Reichard Nineeteenth Century American History, Professor Merton L. Dillon Colonial and Revolutionary American History, Professor Paul G. Bowers British History in the Tudor and Stuart Eras. Professor Clayton W. Roberts IV TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................... ii VITA.................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES.......................................... V LIST OF FIGURES..........................................vi INTRODUCTION.............................. 1 Chapter I. INTERNAL DIVISIONS WITHIN THE G.O.P............ 22 II. THE REPUBLICANS, ALIENS, AND ALIENATION....... 95 III. TERRA INCOGNITA, 1945-1948...................... 141 IV. CRUSADE IN AMERICA: EISENHOWER"S ELECTION AND FIRST YEAR................................ 201 V. CONTINUING PROBLEM OF JOE MCCARTHY............ 281 VI. THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE COLD WAR, 1954-1956...................................... 342 VII. CONCLUSIONS..................................... 386 LIST OF TABLES FIGURE PAGE 1. GOP Senate seats resulting from the elections of 1936-1948 .................................. 154 2. GOP House seats resulting from the elections of 1936-1948.................................... 154 3. GOP House seats resulting from presidential elections, 1936-1948 ......... ................. 155 4. GOP House seats resulting from off-year elec­ tions, 1936-1948 ............................... 155 5. GOP Senate seats resulting from presidential elections, 1936-1948 ...........................156 6. GOP Senate seats resulting from off-year elec­ tions, 1936-1938 . ............................156 7. GOP percentage of the presidential vote, 1936-1948 . I.................................... 157 8. Dewey gains and'losses, 1944 to 1948........... 173 9. Dewey victories in 1948 .................... 174 10. Dewey gains and losses, 1944 to 1948, victories in 1948 ...............................175 11. States with a simultaneous decline for both parties .......................................... 177 12. States with a major GOP decline and a minor Democratic gain ................................. 178 13. Recapitulation cf states in which most lost Republicans from 1944 clearly did not vote for president in 1948 .......................... 179 14. States with a major Democratic gain and a minor Republican loss .......................... 180 15. States with a major Democratic gain and a minor GOP loss (from figure 14) shown wi±h-_ states in which most lost Republicans clearly abstained (from Figure 13) ............182 VI 16. "Eisenhower support" scores of Republican Senators in the 83rd Congress ................ 312 17. Relationship between Eisenhower support rank­ ing and vote on censure 313 18. Relationship between period of entry and vote on censure ...................................... 314 19. Relationships between regions and vote on censure ......................................... .315 20. The Easterners Shift............................. 394 V I 1 INTRODUCTION This is a study of the use of anticommunism — and in particular McCarthyism — as a political device by a Republican party that was desperate for electoral victories. American historians have shown increasing interest in the losing side of historical struggles, such as Loyalists in the American Revolution, Northern Democrats during the Civil War, and American Indians. The present study is a part of this re-examination. It is an exploration of the effects on the Republican Party of its disastrous defeats during and after the Depression. For twenty years the GOP could not win a presidential election. In that period, it had only one congressional majority, the 80th Congress of 1947-1948. In the four congressional contests from 1930 through 1936, Republican ranks dwindled from 56 to 16 sena­ tors and from 267 to 89 respresentatives. In many cases, these losses were mirrored at the state and local levels.^ Had such defeat affected only the losers, the study of what the New Deal realignment did to the Republicans would be of interest only as a collective human interest story; How Hundreds of Politicians and Millions of their Supporters Coped with Adversity. What made the Republican debacle significant was that the effects of continued defeat changed the party, and the altered GOP in turn had its own impacts on American politics. Foremost among these 2 was the party’s contribution to the anticommunist hysteria that followed World War II. This period of hysteria was widespread and pervasive, and what is called "McCarthyism" was merely its cutting edge. The broader phenomenon has as yet no name, although David Caute’s label "The Great Fear" 2 seems applicable. The Great Fear had something to do with foreign affairs and the growth of Soviet power, but it was overwhelmingly a domestic fear. It had something to do with the traditional American paranoia of radicialsm, but it was a concern all out of proportion to the actual power and influence, let alone numbers, of radicals
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