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The Review of The ����������������� �������� ���������������������������������� �������� ����������������� �������� ����������������������������� �������� ��������������� �������� ������������������ ���������������������������� � ����������������� THE REVIEW OF THE volume 1 FINDINGS, ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS volume 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY volume 3 COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVES REPORT volume 4 RESEARCH PAPERS volume 5 LITERATURE REVIEWS THE HONOURABLE ROY MCMURTRY DR. ALVIN CURLING This report is available online at: www.rootsofyouthviolence.on.ca © Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 2008 ISBN 978-1-4249-7989-9 (Print set of 5) ISBN 978-1-4249-7993-6 (Print Volume 4) ISBN 978-1-4249-7995-0 (PDF set of 5) ISBN 978-1-4249-7999-8 (PDF Volume 4) ISBN 978-1-4249-8011-6 (CD-ROM) The Review has commissioned a number of literature reviews and research papers to help fulfill its mandate. Some of the leading Canadian experts in the fields of criminology, sociology and race relations have authored these materials. The opinions expressed in each paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the Review or its Co-Chairs. Veuillez noter que le Volume 4 et le Volume 5 de cette publication hautement spécialisée n'est disponible qu'en anglais en vertu du règlement 411/97, qui en exempte I'application de la Loi sur les services en français. Copies are available from: ServiceOntario Publications 777 Bay Street, Market Level Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C8 Telephone: (416) 326-5300 Toll-free: 1-800-668-9938 TTY Toll-free: 1-800-268-7095 Website: www.publications.serviceontario.ca Contents A Province at the Crossroads: Statistics on Youth Violence in Ontario ...........................1 Youth Crime: The Impact of Law Enforcement Approaches on the Incidence of Violent Crime Involving Youth and Matters Related to Understanding the Implications of These Findings ..........................................................................................................65 A Comparative Analysis of Youth Justice Approaches................................................207 Racial Minority Perspectives on Violence ...................................................................315 A Methodology to Identify Communities in Ontario Where High or Increasing Relative Disadvantage May Lead to Youth Violence ............................................................359 Governance Models for the Roots of Youth Violence .................................................415 Roots Review • iii A Province at the Crossroads: Statistics on Youth Violence in Ontario A Report Prepared for the Review of the Roots of Youth Violence Dr. Scot Wortley1 Associate Professor Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto June 2008 1. The author can be reached at the Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto, 14 Queens Park Crescent West, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3K9; phone: 416-978-7124 (ext. 228); email: [email protected]. Roots Review • 1 Volume 4: Research Papers 2 • Roots Review Contents Introduction ..............................................................................................................................5 Measuring Violent Crime with Official Data ..............................................................................9 The Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR).....................................................................9 Expressing Crime Data: Crime Counts and Crime Rates...................................................11 The Extent of “Youth Crime” ..........................................................................................12 Violent Crime: Provincial Comparisons............................................................................18 Violent Crime: A Comparison of Canadian Cities.............................................................21 Violent Crime: International Comparisons........................................................................25 Is Violence in Ontario Increasing? ....................................................................................31 The Limitations of Official (UCR) Data ...........................................................................33 Measuring Crime with Unofficial Data.....................................................................................35 The General Social Survey.............................................................................................35 Other Youth Surveys .....................................................................................................39 Ontario at the Crossroads: Disturbing Trends in Youth Violence ..............................................55 References...............................................................................................................................61 Roots Review • 3 Volume 4: Research Papers 4 • Roots Review Introduction On December 26, 2005, Jane Creba, a 15-year-old student out exploring Boxing Day sales with her mother, was shot to death in the middle of Toronto’s busiest shopping district. Six other innocent bystanders were wounded. Creba and the other victims had apparently been caught in the crossfire of a shootout between two rival youth gangs. On May 23, 2007, Jordan Manners, another 15-year-old Toronto student, was shot and killed within a local high school during school hours. The school was locked down for several hours while the police searched for the killers. Both of these tragedies received national media attention and became topics of conversation among politicians, law enforcement officials, educators, community workers and the general public. These two cases, however, should not be viewed as isolated incidents. The following is a list of other recent, but less famous, homicides involving young Ontario victims: Jeffery Watson (23 years of age): Shot to death, January 11, 2007. Patrick Barrera (23 years of age): Shot to death, January 14, 2007. Alexander Lewis (18 years of age): Stabbed to death, February 14, 2007. Rafi Quaderi (16 years of age): Stabbed to death, March 9, 2007. Allen Benn (20 years of age): Stabbed to death, April 2, 2007. Jeffery Delgado (20 years of age): Stabbed to death, April 9, 2007. Nick Brown (21 years of age): Stabbed to death, April 13, 2007. Jordan Ormonde (24 years of age): Stabbed to death, April 22, 2007. Khong Duy Nguyen (22 years of age): Shot to death, May 10, 2007. Amrinder Singh Atwai (19 years of age): Stabbed to death, May 12, 2007. Yonathon Musse (19 years of age): Shot to death, May 20, 2007. Long Sha (19 years of age): Beaten to Death, May 30, 2007. Jose Hierro-Saez (19 years of age): Shot to death, June 9, 2007. Ricardo Francis (23 years of age): Shot to death, July 3, 2007. Kimel Foster (21 years of age): Shot to death, July 21, 2007. Ephraim Brown (11 years of age): Shot to death, July 22, 2007. Amin Aafi (24 years of age): Shot to death, July 22, 2007. Tyler McGill (22 years of age): Stabbed to death, July 29, 2007. Michael George (25 years of age): Shot to death, July 29, 2007. Kevon Hall (19 years of age): Shot to death, August 4, 2007. Sharmarke Handouleh (20 years of age): Stabbed to death, August 22, 2007. Dinesh Murugiah (16 years of age): Stabbed to death, September 11, 2007. Jermaine Malcolm (24 years of age): Stabbed to death, September 22, 2007. Akila Badhanage (16 years of age): Stabbed to death, September 28, 2007. Richard Gyamfi (19 years of age): Shot to death, September 28, 2007. Rachelle Alleyne (16 years of age) Shot to death, October 9, 2007. Roots Review • 5 Volume 4: Research Papers Keegan Allen (18 years of age): Shot to death, October 9, 2007. Jamie Hilton (20 years of age): Shot to death, October 21, 2007. Eric Boateng (21 years of age): Shot to death, October 21, 2007. David Latchana (23 years of age): Shot to death, November 3, 2007. Christopher Johnson (23 years of age): Stabbed to death, November 3, 2007. Randy Roberts (23 years of age): Stabbed to death, November 17, 2007. Ryan Hyde (19 years of age): Shot to death, November 23, 2007. Kennado Walker (25 years of age): Shot to death, November 23, 2007. Delane Daley (18 years of age): Shot to death, November 25, 2007. Keyon Campbell (16 years of age): Shot to death, December 2, 2007. Fitawrari Lunan (25 years of age): Shot to death, December 16, 2007. Lois Zios (22 years of age): Stabbed to death, December 26, 2007. Demetrios Zios (14 years of age): Stabbed to death, December 26, 2007. Stefanie Rengel (14 years of age): Stabbed to death, January 1, 2008. Abdikarim Abdikarim (18 years of age): Shot to death, March 14, 2008. Jonathan Rodriguez (21 years of age): Shot to death, February 22, 2008. Shammal Ramsey (19 years of age): Shot to death, May 28, 2008. Levis Taylor (17 years of age): Shot to death, May 28, 2008. The names of so many young homicide victims can bring cold crime statistics to life. At an emotional level, they capture the reality of violence in our society. Unfortunately, the list of names provided above is far from exhaustive. Over the past decade, many other young men and women from Ontario have been murdered and countless others have been the victims of non- lethal forms of violence, including physical assault, robbery, and sexual assault. It is also unfortunate that, unlike Jane Creba and Jordan Manners, most young victims, including those listed above, will not become household names. Indeed, it would be safe to say that the general public has already forgotten many of the cases listed above. This, however, does not make these incidents any less tragic. Indeed, all
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