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PENNSYLVANIA's OTHEF I ,I .. ........ ............ .. .......... 4rw FRANK COWAN, PENNSYLVANIA'S OTHEF i ,I E Lucetta had mixed ancestry and traced at least Fortunately for Cowan, he landed on his honored though often-overlooked part of her family to the Huguenots of feet. Pennsylvania's Republican legislators States Senate Thetradition, American traces literary its hoax, roots a time- to Germany and the Netherlands. Young Frank elected his father to the United Pennsylvania. Benjamin Franklin Cowan received his education at Mount in 1861, and young Frank promptly joined As chair of the devised fake media stories for the Pleasant College, an early incarnation of him in Washington. Cowan Pennsylvania Gazette and Poor Richard's Mount Pleasant Institute. Reflecting on his Committee on Patents, Edgar clerk to that body. Over Almanack to dupe friends, satirize emerging studies as a youth, Cowan cited the Eddas installed his son as was exposed American culture, and achieve political ends. among the first writings to "interest and the next few years, Frank Cowan as well as Literary humbug, whose later practitioners excite [his] imagination." The Eddas, a body to the inner workings of Congress He also spent time in would include Mark Twain, Edgar Allan Poe, of Old Icelandic poetry and prose composed to the Supreme Court. relieving Abraham Lincoln and others, would reach its pinnacle in the between the 10th and 13th centuries, the Oval Office of land patents. An 19th century, after which modern describes the origin of the Norse from the bureaucracy rededicated communication methods and journalistic mythological world as well as chronicles the inspired Cowan subsequently oversight comomeu to make mass growth. In an impressive two-year stretch deception markedly more difficult. The Keystone State's hoax tradition between 1864 and 1866, he gained to the Westmoreland did not begin and end with Franklin, admittance and published two however. In 1867, Greensburg native County bar Curious Facts in the Frank Cowan diverted the nation's scientific tracts: of Insects (1865) and The attention from an impending History Physique of the United States Senate at the Constitutional crisis with news of an of the War (1865). He even found "extraordinary discovery." According ti Close publish a five-act play, 1866's The Cowan, archaeologists had found proof of .me to ree-Fold Love! Viking presence along the Potomac Rive The fortunes of the Cowan family placing them in the United States a full fi centuries betore te voyages or _nnstopner a,,,, eU glllll n g l O . -l ) -7~i U*Ua his bid for re-election. Columbus. The idea that Vikings had exploits of heroes such as Sigurd. Cowan was year, Edgar Cowan lost succeeded sojourned within the modern United States inexorably drawn to the evocative tales of Since Andrew Johnson had the Radical had profound implications for prehistory. An adventure and exploration, and, as a youth, Lincoln in the Oval Office, of Congress, led by expansive Viking role in the ancient past wondered if he himself had descended from Republicans had necessarily diminished the legacy of the Viking forbears. It was a distinct possibility. Pennsylvania's own Thaddeus Stevens, in a war with the new American Indian-a palatable scenario for After all, Vikings had occupied portions of his been embroiled Republicans advocated many white Americans of Cowan's day. father's Scotland and Ireland for centuries President. While these the The hoax eventually was revealed, but not beginning in 795 C.E.' a hard line in the Reconstruction of Southern Democrat who before Cowan had fooled scientists, From this steady diet of marauding tales, South, Johnson, a joined Lincoln's war ticket, did not newspaper editors, and the public alike in the Cowan very early developed an irreverent and had in treating the former Confederate defining moment of a long and distinguished at times contemptuous sense of humor. He believe the public career.1 likewise cultivated a propensity for mischief, states as conquered provinces. Over Frank Cowan was born in Greensburg, or "piracy," as he later would put it. Sunday course of 1866, Johnson vetoed several key in Pennsylvania, on December 11, 1844. He was school classes kept him on the relative bills, provoking whispers of impeachment the second of three children, between older straight and narrow for a time, but eventually the halls of Congress. Edgar Cowan, who had the Civil War, sister Elizabeth and younger brother James. he learned that not everyone appreciated deviated from his party during President and His father Edgar, a Westmoreland County his brand of comedy. In fact, shortly after sided with the embattled colleagues. lawyer, came from Scotch-Irish stock, his his matriculation at Jefferson College further earned the enmity of his recourse but ancestors having arrived in Chester County in Canonsburg, the faculty expelled him Eventually, Cowan had little during the early 18th century His mother for a prank.' to join the weaker Democratic Party. After WESTERNPENNSYLVANIA NISTORY I FALL 2007 49 Cowan's failed re-election bid, Johnson tradition of Poe and others. Ever the nominated him as minister plenipotentiary to prankster, Cowan consented and immediately Austria. In March 1867, however, the Senate sought inspiration in his long-standing "THE HOAX rejected the appointment out of apparent obsession with the Vikings. Soon, he had the political spite. Next, it was to be Frank basic outline of his story: an archaeologist EVENTUALLY Cowan's turn. After the Senate's special claiming to have found evidence of session in April, Johnson again attempted to Norsemen in America-centuries before the WAS reward the Cowan family for its support, this voyages of Columbus.' time by appointing 22-year-old Frank as In many respects, Cowan's conceit was REVEALED, his own personal secretary to manage well positioned to succeed. American science land patents.' at the time barely resembled the modern RTTT NfT profession we know today. The various nes, for the most part, lacked BEFORE rds and advanced methodology, while so-called "experts" enjoyed the enefit of university training. In fact, in COWAN HAD these days before professional certification, amateur enthusiasts FOOLED and outright quacks swelled the ranks of the community and SCIENTISTS, frequently became leading voices on public matters of science. The NEWSPAPER raw and unsettled state of American science in the first half of EDITORS, the 19th century emboldened oaxers, who repeatedly vexed scientists AND THE their manufactured curiosities as well fictional reportage.7 PTTRT.T. AT.T f all the disciplines, American A dashing Frank Cowan six years after the Viking archaeology resembled least its modern hoax. WestmorelandCounty Historical Society counterpart. Despite strides toward physical IN THE documentation and classification in E.G. With Congress adjourned, Frank Cowan Squier and E.H. Davis' Ancient Monuments of DEFINING did not expect to learn his fate until the end the Mississippi Valley (1848), American of July, or possibly even November if the archaeology remained largely an outlet for MOMENT OF Senate recessed again without taking up his armchair speculation. Much of this nomination. An interesting diversion, conjecture dealt with the identity of the so- A LONG AND however, soon presented itself. At the called "Moundbuilders," the race responsible beginning of July, Thomas Birch Florence, for the earthworks of the American South DISTINGUISHED who previously had represented and Midwest. Few antiquarians were willing Pennsylvania's First Congressional District, to concede the truth: that American Indians PUBLIC re-branded his struggling Georgetown had been responsible for their construction. newspaper The Daily ConstitutionalUnion as They considered the mounds to be beyond CAREER." the Evening Union. Florence wanted to make the artistic and architectural capability of the an according splash, and so he encouraged so-called "savage" race. Instead, early Cowan to devise a literary hoax in the grand archaeologists ascribed the construction of 50 WESTERNPENNSYLVANIA HISTORY I FALL 2007 II II II lllL i, . the mounds to seafaring Vikings, Irishmen, I ~'L. 1 1 y.Jr~AkjA,~,j Phoenicians, even to a mythical indigenous white civilization. European antiquarians likewise were not immune to the romance of a white prehistory. In fact, nationalistic impulses spurred them to identify their own MONDAY AFTERNOON I I,.11 ,1E7.. races and nations as the progenitors of modern American civilization. Over the Discovery course of the 1830s, for instance, Carl C. Extraordinary Rafn, a Danish antiquarian, corresponded Below the Great Falls of hw Potomae. with New England historical societies in an hi attempt to connect their artifacts with Viking Ic ,landieWouanL,BWried iii O15, withlI lore. In 1837, he published the fruits of that Tiukt.s, Roman Coi, &, ?.xhumedj.b dialogue, AntiquitatesAmericanae. Rafn badly misinterpreted native and colonial artifacts in concluding that the "Vinland" of A Romarkable Runi [u eriptio _ Scandinavian lore was, in fact, present-day New England. He likewise interpreted A..ihtwlis,a0f 1}i6'j1b Ihefl ri~tb. t references to a "Great Ireland," a land south and west of Vinland and visited by Irish sailors, as the region between the Chesapeake " TO 0t. .tt", of Io .. ,. ii:. Bay and Florida. Rafn's seminal publication Portsit trn, through vour eoliurnw, to did lead indirectly to the discovery of a pre- near klli5ih th details of the I Idicovery, Columbian Viking settlement in t)iA ritv of WVasbington, of the remrnlns Newfoundland, though no concrete evidence of"an Ie01andle Christian woman, who of Irish settlement has ever been found. did in the year 16711 and of the inscrip- Still, modern archaeologists maintain lioin Itunlc charaeler' .hltoh marks that Norsemen likely did not sail further than the Atlantic coast of Canada. grave, the announ(oemnt or Whieh south he In the 19th century, however, Rafn's has aleady sped by telegraph through lMd-to publish a misinterpretation of the American the Now World to the archaeological record only fueled wild and the history fltet which.
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