THE AMERICAN 20c . AUGUST 1971

MAGAZINE

If people will buy more recycled materials, industry will recycle more. The Easiest Way to Destroy the Dump Piles —— .

A barber gets $1.50 plus tip for a shave with his electric razor. straight and neat for today's new "styled" look. The high- For years he's kept the brand name hidden with adhesive tape. impact plastic housing is sculpted to fit your hand effortlessly. Removable stainless steel head rinses clean under running wa- Can you rightly blame him? For this professional instrument ter. On-off switch, plus separate switch to operate trimmer. outshaves his hand-honed ! You won't find it in The specially counter-balanced drive gives you a smooth, stores. It's been a secret weapon of master barbers for years. vibration-free shave, and won't cause radio or TV interference. It delivers a barber-close shave that lasts all day long. It does

it faster and with less chance of irritation than a straight It all adds up to an amazing shaving experience. An electric

razor. That's why barbers use it on the toughest beards and shave that makes your face come cleaner than a hand-honed the most sensitive skin. surgical steel barber's straight razor — and in a lot less time.

Now the secret is out. A blabbermouthed barber talked. We Expecting a hefty price tag? Forget it! The Oster Professional have it. The Oster Professional Electric Shaver. Shaver was designed for barbers who don't go for expensive, Contoured Head unneeded frills. The price is only $22.98, complete with carry- ing case — containing separate cord storage, cleaning brush Like a Barber's Fingers and head cover. The design is a barber's dream. Technically, the shaving head design is called a "double arch contour," because it sets up wmmmmmmm iq-DAY FREE TRIAL! like a does with his fingers. It means you whiskers just barber Treat your face to the Oster Professional Shaver for 10 every whisker at one pass— as clean as if you had drawn get days — 10 days of the smoothest, fastest, closest, most a hand-honed, surgically sharp, straight razor over your face. irritation-free shaving you've ever enjoyed . . . either 4,000 Comb Traps or electric! Then, if not completely satisfied, 152 Surgical Steel Edges return for a full refund. Four thousand comb-like perforations trap each whisker right at the skin line. Powerful 120-volt, 60-cycle motor drives the 152 surgical-sharp cutting edges to make the toughest beard BUY WITH CONFIDENCE disappear magically—without the slightest irritation to even MAIL NO-RISK COUPON NOW! the most sensitive skin. So Powerful,

Whiskers Turn to Dust! 227 E. 45 Street, Dept. AK-53, New York, N.Y. 10017 ordinary electric shaver and you'll find bits and Open an Show me! I'd like to treat my face to the Oster Professional pieces of whisker. That's because these run-of-the-mill shavers Electric Shaver's barber-close shaves! If it doesn't deliver hack and chop your beard. But the Oster Professional Electric smoother, faster, closer, more irritation-free shaves than I've ever enjoyed, I understand that I can return my shaver Shaver operates at nearly twice the speed—on ordinary house- in 10 days for full refund or cancellation of charges. (22.98, hold AC current— and actually pulverizes whiskers into fine plus $1.00 postage and handling—total: $23.98.) N.Y. resi- microscopic dust. dents add sales tax.

Enclosed is check money order Separate Trimmer Charge my Master Charge Other Great Features No expense was spared to make the Oster Professional Shaver Account No. to rigid, master-barber specifications. Motor-driven trimmer Signature operates independently to trim moustaches and sideburns Name (Please Print) Address

City ....State Zip

227 E. 45 Street, Dept. AK-53, New York, N.Y. 10017 The American

AUGUST 1971 Volume 91, Number 2

CHANCE OF ADDRESS: LEGION Notify Circulaiion Dept., P. O. Box 1954, Indianapolis, Ind, A(>206 using Post Office Form .3578. Aitacli old address label and Magazine give old and new addresses with ZIP Code number and current membership card number. .\Iso be sure to notify your Post Adjutant. CONTENTS FOR AUGUST 1971 The American Legion Magaiine Editorial & Advertising Oflites I.145 of Americas THE EASIEST WAY TO DESTROY THE DUMP PILES . Avenue the New York, New York 10019 BY PETER D. BOLTER

Viibliihei- . lames F. O'Neil The outlay of millions of dollars for solid waste Uditor disposal has been largely unsuccessful, hut here's Rolx ri B. Pitkin a simple plan that can do the job and cost us .In Editor Al Marshall cent. hardly a Aifhtant to Publisher loiin Andreola

ANOTHER SAD NOTE ON AMERICAN JOURNALISM . . 12 ,'liiistant Editor lames S. Swartz BY R. B. PITKIN

. J.<.

THE EARTH FROM SPACE . . . Copy Ediior YESTERDAY, TODAY, TOMORROW 16 (rail S. Hanford Circulaiion Manager BY HARVEY ARDMAN Dean B. Nelson Indianapolis, Ind. Space exploration can tell us a lot about the earth Advertising Sales that living on it never could. Here's what the Roller! Redden .Associates, Inc. 121 Cedar Lane spnceboys are doing to help solve some of the Teaneck, N.J. 07666 problems on their home planet. 201-836-5755 The American Legion A LEGION ROMANCE FOR VIETNAM AMPUTEE 21 Magazine Commission:

A PHOTO FEATURE lames E. Powers, Macon, Ga. (Chairman); Benjamin B. Truskoski, Bristol, Conn, {Vice

C/iairman) ; James K. Kelley, Radnor, Pa. CAUSES OF TEEN-AGE AUTO ACCIDENTS 22 (National 's Tiepresentative); Lang BY .\rmstrong-, Spol^ane, Wash.; Charles E. Booth, JACK HARRISON POLLACK Huntington^ W. Va.; Raymond Fields, Ouy- Two studies which pinpoint causes accidents by young ifion, OliUi.; Milford .\. Forrester, Greenville, of S.C.; Chris Hernandez, Sat/annah, Ga.; Mylio S. ICraja, drivers can help teen-agers and parents alike. Youngstoiun , Ohio; Russell H. Laird, Pes Moines, loiua; Howard E. Lohman, Moor- head, Minn.; Frank C. Love, SyraciisCj N.y.; SHOULD WE ENACT A NATIONAL SERVICE PROGRAM? . .24 Arthur M. .VlacCarthy, Tallahassee, Fla.; l.o\d McDermott, Benton, Morris Meyer,

TWO SIDES OF A NATIONAL QUESTION S:drhi>ille, Miss.; J. H. Morris, Baton Rouge, La.; Frank W. Naylor, Jr., Kansas City, pro: rep. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM (D-N.Y.) Kans.: Harry H. Schaffer, Pittsburgh, Pa.; George Sinopoli, Fresno, Calif.; George B. con: rep. PARREN J. MITCHELL (D-MD.) Stover, Jonestotun, Pa.; Wayne L. 'Falbert,

Delphi, Ind.; J. Cornelius Tromp, Manhattan, THE THINGS WE'VE USED FOR MONEY 26 III.; Robert H. Wilder, Dadeville, Ala.; Ed- w.ird .McSweeney. Netu Yorli^, N.Y. (Consult- BY LYNWOOD MARK RHODES .1111); Ciiester K. Shore, Helena, Mont. (Con- sul i. mi). Our colonies used seashells. tobacco, corn, etc., — The .\mcrican Legion Magazine is published for money then relied on foreign coins. Later monthly at 1100 West Broadway, Louisville, paper money, hank issues and the gold standard Ky. 40201 by The American Legion. Copyright 1971 by The American Legion. Second-class plagued us with problems we aren't out of yet. postage paid at Louisville, Ky. Price: single copy, 20 cents; yearly subscription, %2.00. Here's a look at what has served us for money. Order nonmember subscriptions from the Cir- culation Department of The .American Legion, COVER: SCULPTURE BY STANLEY GLAUBACH / PHOTO BY JOSEPH REYNOLDS P.O. Box 1954, Indianapolis, Ind. 46206.

Editorial and .idvertising oflices: 1345 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10019. Departments Wholly owned by The American Legion with National Headquarters at Indianapolis, Ind. 46206. .\l(red P. Chamie, National Commander. LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 2 LIFE IN THE OUTDOORS 46 NONMEiMBER SUBSCRIPTIONS VETERANS NEWSLETTER 31 PERSONAL 50 Send name and address, inclndin;; ZIP num- ber, with $2 check or money order to Circula- NEWS OF THE AMERICAN LEGION ... .33 LEGION SHOPPER 55 tion Dept., P.O. Box 1951. Indianapolis, Ind. 46206. DATELINE WASHINGTON 41 PARTING SHOTS 56 POSTMASTER:

Manuscripts, artwork, cartoons submitted for consideration will not be returned unless a selt-nddressed, Send Form .i57<) lo P.O. Bo.x 1954 stamped envelope is included. This magazine assumes no responsibility for unsolicited material. Indianapolis, Ind. 46206

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 1 Here's where you start LETTERS saving money. TO THE EDITOR 1^ Letters published do not necessarily ex- press the policy of The American Legion. Keep letters short. Name and address must be furnished. Expressions of opinion and requests for personal service are appreci- ated, but they cannot be acknowledged or answered, due to lack of magazine staff for these purposes. Requests for personal serv- ices which may be legitimately asked of The American Legion should be made to your Post Service Officer or your state (Department) American Legion Hq. Send letters to the editor to: Letters. The American Legion Magazine, 1345 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10019.

THE PEACE CORPS sir: The article, "The Peace Corps Echoes Its Influence Here" (May), states a truth which The American Legion, almost alone of the big U.S. organizations, has long recognized: that Americans abroad "are wise ... in the facts of life around the world, thanks to their substituting first- hand experience for cocktail party talk on what's going on in the world." The recognition given by the Legion to its members abroad has been a profitable two-way street. The national councils have received the benefit of the experience and knowledge of thousands of veterans residing in dozens of countries, and these, in turn, have been encouraged to carry out some of the fine Legion programs in For 10 copies or more, no copier their communities. We feel that this is one more reason can duplicate the economy of why so many of us consider The Ameri- can Legion the finest organization in the Gestetner duplicating. world. Harry Wright, President If your office uses a copier to make multiple copies, they Foreign and Outlying Departments and are wasting your money. Posts of The American Legion Mexico City, Mex. With Gestetner duplicating, one copy is inexpensive, but

set the automatic counter for anywhere from 1 0 to 1 0,000 and THE MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX the savings really start piling up. sir: The article, "The Pentagon's Alliance With Industry" (June), by political scien- Even on jobs that you would normally give to outside tist Albert L. Weeks is excellent. It effec- printers. tively refutes the accusations of those who No one has to type or draw anything on a stencil. Our elec- believe there is evil, per se, in a military- industrial complex. He put into words tronic Gestefax cuts them automatically. From the stencil, the facts which many have been thinking Gestetner duplicator produces duplicates of photographs, about for some time. We need a military- charts, clippings, office forms, letterheads and direct mail industrial complex kept up-to-date, effi- cient and always ready for the defense of pieces. our nation. Unpreparedness for WWl, Crisp clear copies (in any of 19 colors or any combina- WW2 and Korea cost us dearly in pre- tion) with a sparkling printed look that only your printer knows cious young lives, to say nothing of much treasure. he didn't print. The anti-complex people may be And it's as easy as pushing that money-eating copier sincere in their belief, but their leaders button. are letting their intellectual brilliance far outshine their common sense. More- over, they ardently seek abolishment of Name the draft. Every able-bodied young citi- Gestetner zen ought to undergo a period of training Dept. AL-8 for the military defense of his country. Organization backed by Gestetner Park, A comparatively small army reserves, navy kept up-to-date Yonkers, N.Y. 10703 trained a Address and a superb air force, kept within the boundaries of the USA, all working with complex, constitute City a military-industrial a fail-safe insurance against attack. Robert F. Steiner Please tell me more. State Zip Topeka, Kan. {Continued on page 4)

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 It comes ill all sizes.

UNION ARTILLERYMEN ON THE ALERT IN CIVIL WAR B-17 ON A WORLD WAR II BOMBING MISSION

USSfeSfiOR LOADINS-LANDINC CRAfT AT WUNGNAM. KOREA WW 1 DOUGHBOYS GOING INTO "NO MAN'S LAND"

"MUSHROOM CLOUD" FROM THE A-BOMB-HIROSHIMA, 1945

WORLD wars. Six-day wars. Jungle wars. Hot wars that last 1 00 years. Cold wars that never end. Wars change men's destinies, also. A Kansas farmboy liberates Europe as 875. FLYING FORTRESS. Edwitd ilb- lonski. The B-17s and the men who Supreme Commander. A beloved Field flew them 400 photo album pictures Marshall becomes a hated collaborator. (you might spot an old crew member). A house-painter overturns the world. Pub. ed $10.95 But one thing all wars have in com- 893. < LEAP TO ARMS, lick Cimeroa mon. They are endlessly fascinating Dierlri. The incredible story ot our "splendid little war" with Spam A to read about. In fact, we've built our war game played in -and won in reputation on them. The Military 3 months. Pub. cd. $6,95

Book Club. 871 . THE TVVO.OCEAN WAR. S. E. Mori- We offer books about war that son. Pulitzer. Prize. winning author tells story ot in . . . raise explore old questions and new action from 1939 to V.J Day Pub "d. ones. Books that expose blunders and $15.00

shatter myths. Books on guerrilla 359. INSIDE THE THIRD REICH. Albert warfare and military strategy. Impor- Speer. "I recommend , without res- tant biographies and controversial ervations," N,y. Times "An astonish- ing performance." Sat Review Best memoirs. Books that offer insights into seller. Pub. ed, $12,50 war and peace. And history itself. 890. THE WARS OF AMERICA. Robert Our authors. Distinguished scholars. Leckie. U.S. conflicts— colonial wars World statesmen. Pulitzer Prize winners to Vietnam, 2 vol, set, 1,000 pages. Hanson Baldwin, Bruce Catton, Barbara "Dramatic narrative," N Y, Times. Pub, ed. $12 50 Tuchman, Samuel Eliot Morison. In 892. THE CEROHIMO CAMPAICN.Odic' are the mak- many cases our authors B. Faulk. The capture of Geronima ers of history; Eisenhower, Chur- told against background of Army life chill, Mao Tse-tung. and Indians' struggle for survival. Pub, ed, $6.00 We invite you to try the Take Military Book Club on a 903. UNCOLN AND HIS GENERALS. T. Harry WHIIimt. Pulitzer-Prize author. trial membership basis. ", His war years , , holds the reader in To winyou over, we'll give suspense." N.Y. Times. Pub. ei*. ., you any four books on siiiY 4 $6.95 this page for 98(S, plus ship- ping and handling. (These books are worth over $45.00 in original publishers' editions.) books foi As a member, you simply agree to take four if you join the Military Book more books during the coming year . . . from dozens Club now and agree to accept offered. And you get any book you want at average sav' ings of 30% plus shipping and handling. only 4 selections or alternates during the next year. Begin your trial membership now by selecting any four books on this page. Send no money. Just mail the coupon to Military Book Club, Garden City, N.Y. 11530. Dept. I The MILITARY BOOK CLUB, 18-LDX I Garden City, N.Y. 11530 Please accept my application for mem- instructions on the form provided. I bership and send me the 4 books need take only 4 selections or alter- whose numbers I have printed below. nates in the coming year, at average Bill me 98*" (plus shipping and han- savings of 30%, plus shipping and dling) for all 4 volumes. handling, and may resign any time Each month new selections will be de- thereafter. scribed in advance in the Club's NO-RISK GUARANTEE: If not delighted monthly bulletin. Battles and Leaders. with the introductory shipment, I may If I do not wish to receive the monthly return it within 10 days to cancel mem- selection, or prefer an alternate, I give bership. I will owe nothing.

901. The First to Fly. 899. The Battle for 885. Iron Coffins. 894. The Mighty En- Mr. Aviation's Pioneer North Africa. John Herbert A. Werner. deavor. Charles B. Mrs. ... (please print) Days. Sherwood Har- Strawson. Why did it German U-boat cap- MacDonald. W.W. II Miss ris. '96 "birdmen" to take 3 years? Illus. tain's memoirs of battles from North WWI death machines. Not avail, in Canada. submarine warfare in Africa to V-E Day. Address Pub. ed. $7.50 Pub. ed. $7.95 W.W.II, Pub, ed. $7.95 Illus. Pub.ed. $12.50

City State Zip Sook club editions are sometimes reduced in size, but they are all full-length, Members accepted in U.S.A. only 1-M9 iard-cover books you will be proud to add to your permanent library.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 3 CONTINUED sir: The facts presented in your article FURTHER WORD ON HOUSTON shatter the myth of a dangerous military- SIR: Allow me to congratulate you on LETTERS industrial complex in the United States. the excellent article describing and prais- This myth is accepted by too many of ing our great city of Houston ("A Look HIHHi TO THE EDITOR our people as being true and this pleases at Houston, Texas," June). We do, how- no one as much as our potential ene- ever, have a fair-sized gripe: Of all the mies. The article should receive wider highlights which you included in the sir: Compliments to you and the author distribution. article, you failed to mention our VA for the article on the military-industrial Harold H. Bilbo Cemetery with its beautiful and colorful complex. It is my fervent hope that the El Paso, Tex. Hemicycle/Chapel (the only one within 'doves," who seem to some extent to pop- the scope of veterans' cemeteries) and its ulate the areas which least support our sir: Congratulations and thanks for pub- huge carillon bells system—one of the defense activities, and all those who are in lishing the article on the military-indus- largest and finest systems in the world. accord with the theories of Marx read and trial complex. It is unfortunate that those Joe Presswood digest this article based on facts rather who most need to will not read it. If Houston, Tex. than propaganda. only CBS would give it equal time!

James E. Misenhimer Lawrence D. Conway The Houston VA Cemetery is located San Anioitio. Tex. San Francisco, Calif. about 15 miles north by west of down- town Houston—not far west of Interstate 45, north of the airport.

THE sir: As a writer and writing teacher as Brooks well as Ezra a WW2 rifleman I want to com- mend T. R. Fehrenbach for his article, "The Korean Campaign of 1950" (June). Salutes the Legion. Those bloody transactions must need re- telling for many comrades who, like me, were too busy pulling things together for ourselves to pay much attention to the Korean War. Fehrenbach does strategies and combat details with equal merit. Where this article is finest is in the minor details—infantry soldiers coming into ac- tion without infantry training, possessing only one BAR per platoon, burning the grease ofl: their new rifles in actual com- bat. A man's heart goes out to the kids in starved regiments like the 34th In- fantry who had less than 100 rounds per 53rd National man to fire off. Fehrenbach is too kind Convention to the blunderers who caused these things Commemorative to happen, but his account of what did Whiskey Bottle. happen is stirring and memorable. Genuine Heritage Robert Brainard Pearsall China emblazoned Las Vegas, Nev. in 24 carat gold. NINTH INFANTRY'S OCTOFOIL ASS'N sir: On Feb. 27, 1971, at Fort Belvoir, Va., the 9th Infantry Division's Octofoil Association was reactivated. We are now striving to reach all former Old Reli- ables who served, were assigned or at-

tached to the division from Feb. 1, 1966, through Nov. 1970. We invite all former members to spread the word. For information con- tact Maj. T. B. King or Capt. J. B. Martin, U.S. Army Engineer Center, Fort Belvoir or Fort Belvoir Information, 664-3556/ 2821, Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060. William B. Fulton, National President The Octofoil Ass'n Fort Belvoir, Va.

Coming! The first ceramic available at the Houston HELPFUL CONTRIBUTION whiskey bottle approved by Convention while quantities sir: This is just a quick note from an Indiana high-school teacher commend- the National Committee. last. The molds for this hand- ing you for your fine magazine. I am a Filled with Ezra Brooks some bottle have been de- non-member subscriber, but I find every issue of the magazine extremely valu- limited stock, 12 years old, stroyed and no more will be able. Your regular feature "Washington: 90 proof, Real Sippin' made. It's truly a valuable Pro and Con" is excellent. I find that nearly every issue contains a historical Whiskey, it will be made collector's item. article which is useful in my teaching. Kenneth P. Dodson Topeka, Ind. KENTUCKY STRAIGHT BOURBON WHISKEY • 90 PROOF • EZRA BROOKS DISTILLING CO., FRANKFORT. KY.

4 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 —. — " - " "" HOW DOES THIS POKER A GUARANTEED DOOK START? INCOME FOR LIFE "You can earn $50,000 a by using the year by playing poker . . ADVANCED CONCEPTS yes, even more if you want OF POKER" to. Any man or woman can 5th LARGE PRINTING Why are tens of thousands of poker players from AVAILABLE FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY get rich by applying the all over the world quietly buying this book? Why are Rx Sports and Travel Reports. Poker. non-poker players starting to buy this book? What Advanced Concepts of is so valuable about this book? Consider what the "A lot ofpeople who have almafs figured themselves reviewers are saying;. to be poker players are going to find they belong is for the penny- This book But more important, consider what those who have' with the ribbon clerks before they 've read two pages ante novice as well as the paid hard cash for this book are saying (in writing and of a new book by a plain-talking scholar. on file in our office): • "Starts in where the other poker manuals fold. professional poker player; • "Dr. Wallace POKER PLAYERS "demolishes many a cherished poker rule of thumb. it is for anyone who will "Since reading Dr. Wallace's book, I have won 5 con- • "tf you're a poker player, this book would have to secutive times. At ten times the price, it is still a " ever pick up a poker hand. he the best (12. SO investment you've made. bargain." H.B., Kentucky

Once familiar with the Ad- "I have read your poker manual with great enthusiasm. This lOO.OOO wotd manual is now available altci Most poker books attempt to tell you how to play poker, vanced Concepts of Poker, many years of preparation by frank R. Wallace, Ph.D. yours tells you how to win money." S.V., Texas This book shows, step by step, how you can win your only limitation in win- "I can recall losing money in games where the tech- considerable troney by applying the "Advanced Con- niques Dr. Wallace describes were used against me. cepts of Poker ". Thousands ol players from all over is extent ning money the After reading the book, I am gradually applying the world are quietly buying this book. This is what you choose to apply these Wallace's principles to my game, with 100% suc- reviewers are saying cess so far!" J.S., Colorado "Cutthroat. May shock the casual reader. One of the" concepts. "Excellent application of one-upmanship. Already paid most readable and informative volumes to appear. for in $ and pleasure of observation." N.W., Texas New Haven Register " What is your goal in poker? "Outstanding! Changed me from a consistent loser to "A valuable eye opener. a consistent winner!" G.E., Tennessee The Providence. Vancouver, Do you want to get rich, be " B.C. "The most superior psychological book I ever read. "Presumably unobtainable at las Vegas. the biggest winner in the Increased my winnings without getting better cards." Milwaukee Journal and King Features Syndicate N.S., New Jersey game, gain confidence, pvm- "// poker is your thing, then this is your book. "Remarkable results. Won 4 out of 5 sessions. For first Bookman's Weekly time really can control the action." D.O., New Jersey ish another player, or just "Concentrates on the most important aspect- "Increased winnings by 500 percent." F.J., Texas my winning!" The Book Exchange, London have more fun? Define what "Paid for the bo.ok ten times over the first two games "Shows how to psycho-poker-analyie opponents, after I read it." J.M., Texas increasingly how to read them, and how to milk them to their you want, then "My game has improved 1000%." G.H., Georgia last dollar. loss first 75 pages." apply the Advanced Con- "Haven't had a since reading the American Bridge Teachers Association Quarterly T.K., Kansas "Designed for players who want to make poker a cepts of Poker until you "I know it's not luck now." A.M., Ohio means ol livelihood. " Rouge et Noir News reach your goal. How far "Wish I could have obtained it 30 years ago. I don't dare let my fellow players read it." L.M., New York HERE ARE A FEtW OF THE should you go? . . . That "A decidedly new outlook and fresh approach to the 120 ADVANCED CONCEPTS REVEALED: old game of poker." Dr. P.J., Indiana * How to be an honest player who cannot lose at depends on you and your poker. "Of all the poker books I have, I find this one the * goals." most knowledgeable." L.R., New York How to Increase your advantage so greatly tliat "The best poker book I've read out of about forty." you can break most games at will. * to avoid winning too fast. I.S., Washington How * How to extract maximum money from opponents. "Most realistic of all poker books." W.L., Virginia * How to keep big losers in tlie game. "The best book on the subject of poker period!!" — * How to drive winning players from the game. HOW OOES THIS P.H., Washington, D.C. * How to lie and practice deceit. (Only in poker I've ever read "Excellent. As useful a poker book as can you do this and remain a gentleman.) I've seen." Dr. D.B, Texas and I've read every one ever * How to see unexposed cards without cheating. written." "The Poker Manual is the best ever * How to remember all exposed cards and ghost eOOK END? Professor T.C., California hands. "The book was fantastic. I'm only 16 yrs. old. I've gone * How to read closed hands of opponents. "John Finn gains a large from losing to winning poker." N.G., Canada * How to beat dishonest players. income by applying the "Decided to give our son these books instead of send- * How to control the rules. ing him to college." Z.P., Virginia * How to stimulate poor attitudes in opponents. Advanced Concepts of Poker. "Thank you for writing such an outstanding book on * How to make a good player disintegrate into a poker. Have found it literally invaluable." A.W., N. Y. poor one. By maintaining the above * BUSINESSMEN, PROFESSIONALS, STUDENTS, ETC. How to manipulate opponents through distrac- system of games, he will tions and hypnosis. "One of the most fascinating books I have read. I felt * How to locate or create new games for bigger earn over $1,000,000 from impelled to read some or all of this book twice or more profits. times with increasing appreciation of this masterpiece. * How to operate Major and Minor League games poker over the next twenty Had so much thought provoking carryover that 15 min- with a Farm System. years." utes to an hour of reading drew me into an additional hour or so of enjoyable reflection." H.F., Mass. Any or all ol the 120 "Advanced Concepts of Poker" can be mastered by using the unique DTC technique, "One of the most intelligently written books I have ever which will allow you to control poker games and their read regardless of the subject." A.S., New York — players. "Have read it 3 times. Very readable—even for those I n addition lo oiler ing these power lul, money -ma king who couldn't care less about poker." R.C, Washington concepts, this book is an in-deplh, delinitive "A many faceted book. You get additional meaning on treatment ol poker The appendix, lor example, contains the most the second reading and more on the third." R.E., Texas complete glossary, bibliography, history . and the "Poker manual is a thinking program." J.L., Pa. only accurately delined tables ol odds ever published. "Have read it 5 times." H.H., Missouri And, very important, the lundamental errors em- "Page 6 is the key to stock market success!" W.K., III. braced by the 133 poker books published in the past "Worth reading for every successful businessman." ninety years are systematically pointed out in this radi- B.K., Ohio cally dillerent book. "Immensely practical psychology." R.H., California This book is also crucial lor defense ... for protection "Keen analysis of greedy minds." J.L., Colorado against players secretly using these concepts to "A good insight into human behavior—and greed." extract your money. W.B., California You can buy this $12.50 hardbound book from "It really opened my eyes." C.E., Ohio the publisher for $9.95 (postpaid) until 10/31/71 "More cutthroat than would have imagined." E.R.„Tenn. " ". . . but above all, inspiring." R.M., New York TsTpiTBLlsmNrCOMPANY" (An empty envelope returned in protest.) Rev. H.M., N.Y. I 901 Washington St., Wilmington, Delaware 19899 "Sorry, but to protect myself, I vividly realistic I've read." J.S., Illinois "The most book Enclosed is my check or money order for $9.95 must discourage poker players I n "The most amazing book I have ever read." J.B., Ga. :„for POKER, A GUARANTEED INCOME FOR LIFE. wealth of ideas F.L., York from buy'mg this book." "A new and concepts." New Enclose Gift Card Master Charge "Great—Comprehensive and explicit." R.G., Texas John Finn. Jj Chg. Diners Club Chg. American Express "It has everything." M.Z., Florida f "Really startling." B.M., Kentucky I'^'Chg. Card# "One helluva good book!" A.M., Pennsylvania The largest men's magazine NAME "The book is fantastic." M.W., Texas in the world declined to "It's great." T.M., Switzerland STRECT advertise this book because "Definitely a great help." Dr. E.H., Guatemala —"It would give the reader "Dr. Wallace's Poker Book is a Knockout." E.B., Mexico CITY too much advantage over This book is not only crucial to poker players, but is STATE ZIP his competition." important to all individuals interested in the principles (10-day money-back guarantee) of maximizing money-making situations . . . while re- Each manual shipped in non-identifying carton. maining impeccably honest. [I Nationally Advertised in WALL STREET JOURNAL, N.Y. TIMES, FORTUNE, ESQUIRE, DUN'S AMERICAN BANKER, TRUE, U.S. NEWS, AMERICAN SCIENTIST, NEWSWEEK, TIME MAGAZINE, ETC. A meaningful and impressive gift with life long value. Not distributed through bookstores.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 5 By PETER D. BOLTER

ARGUMENTS ARE raging today that we

^ must put up more hundreds of mil- lions, even hilHons. of dollars of city, state and federal funds to get rid of the

solid waste matter that is now plaguing every city and threatens to bury us in rubbish. Yet, all that new tax money can do with most of our solid waste is

to find fresh ways to cart it, burn it, pile

it. bury it or sink it. With few exceptions, such as the burning of garbage in plants that will give us its heat where we need the heat, this is exactly what we don't want.

Meanwhile, the fact is that something no more complicated than a change in your buying habits and mine could get rid of most of our solid waste, and leave The Easiest Way a relatively tiny problem behind. And it would hardly cost us a cent.

By now, almost everybody is aware that much if not most of our solid waste

is reusable, even if millions of tons of it are not being reused as they should. In the last year, the term "recycle" has be- come popular. Almost everybody under- stands what it is. The bottles, the tin cans, the paper, the scrap metal, the old cloth can be reprocessed instead of thrown away, to be returned to us again and again as a part of the new products we buy. In a very short time, general knowledge that this is possible has be- come old hat. And most people under- stand that if we recycle more we will conserve a lot of our raw materials that are presently being used once, then thrown away permanently.

Yet, recycling is not happening on anything like the scale that it easily could. Why? Today, recycling is so well understood—and approved—that peo- ple all over the country are hauling their used bottles and jars to collection centers set up by glass companies, which convert them by the billions into perfectly good new bottles and jars. The same thing is now happening to tin cans. A group of major can manu- facturers is setting up some 200 collec-

Shoppers can vastly reduce our dump piles by insisting that products they buy show the above symbol. The alternative is to spend millions and get dubious results.

tion centers to accept used, clean paper- now reclaiming bottles by the billions, free old cans from the public. The can both the can and the bottle reclamation companies are counting on public en- projects depend on an enthusiasm re- thusiasm to bring in the cans—for re- quiring volunteer public effort that may use of their steel, tin and aluminum in- fade. Such projects don't get everyone stead of consigning them to the growing to save cans and bottles for collection. dump piles. Not even the most enthusiastic of the can

While all of this helps, it does not solve makers think that they are apt soon to M. J. MIghdoll, Executive VP of the Nat'l Ass'n of Secondary Materials Industries. the problem. Though glassmakers are get back the 60 billion cans sold new

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 each year. A couple of billion would be virgin materials stop moving off of store first two are supporting their own nuln- good. That would make a sizable and shelves, they'll stop moving onto them. wood growths. Meanwhile, New York welcome dent in our practice of throwing Admittedly more than that is necessary taxpayers are putting up about $36 a away cans made of perfectly reusable in some areas of extravagance whose cost ton just to haul unwanted newspapers

material. Yet it will be only a dent unless and nuisance is being passed off to the to the overloaded dump piles. Congress the project goes over better than anyone public. This applies particularly where has appropriated a new $150 million to imagines. the product is not one that competes cut down the dumps, and "environ- But the public could do something with others on shelves. mentalists" are saying that that isn't much simpler, requiring less effort, that Take newspapers—terrible sinners enough, while they are protesting that could cause the recycling of almost all where the choice of products is limited. the President is only spending $19 mil- rubbish that is reclaimable. If it should Until recently, the major use of old lion of it. Discarded paper is the biggest do that "something," private business- newspapers was largely limited to mak- single item in the dump heaps—almost men would bear the cost and do the ing various cardboard-like products. half of it. Most of it need not be a work. Basically, the public contribution They couldn't begin to absorb the news- public problem at all, if we'd insist that to Destroy the Dump Piles

How shoppers have it in their power to clean up our sohd waste.

Wheels in the dump piles. The rubber and metal would be reused if there were a market for them.

need be only this simple little act: print that rolls off printing presses every those who sell us newspapers, cardboard, When you buy something new, insist day, (though much more old paper could stationery, business forms, etc.. use all

that it contains recycled materials, if be reused as cardboard, etc.). It is now the recycled paper they can. Many have

possible. possible to make today's newspaper out long been using it, but not all they could. We are all buying tons of products of yesterday's newspaper. A technique Only a handful of newspapers around

that would be just as good if they con- that gets rid of the old ink makes it pos- the country is regularly using a signifi- tained recycled materials—but they sible. Yet this spring in New York, the cant percentage of used newsprint. No- don't. As controllers of our own purse Daily News was using I % old paper and body expects a paper to commit itself to strings, we could insist that they do. If the New York Times none, while the total use of recycled newsprint, but that's products that are needlessly made of Post was using a significant amount. The what the Ann Arbor News does in Mich-

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 7 NASMI

CONTIN u ED The Easiest Way to Destroy the Dump Piles

We are running out of space and landfill to hold our present extravagant waste of reusable materials. igan. Newspapers that make considerable though to the public rather than to States get a competitive advantage over use of recycled paper include the Chica- the newspapers. Some "environmentally used paper suppliers by virtue of a 10% go Sun-Times, the Long Beach Inde- concerned" citizens' groups are propos- or more federal tax break, not unlike the pendent Press Telegram (Calif.), the ing public heat to tax all newspapers that oil companies' "depletion allowance."

San Bernardino Sun Telegram (Calif.), don't do their share of recycling and The net result is that we are using more the Riverside Press Enterprise (Calif.), thus stick the public with the cost of virgin paper all the time and reclaiming

the Newark News (N.J. ), the New York staging their virgin materials to the dump proportionately less of it. Which is why Post and Newsday (N.Y.). heaps. "Then we'd see which meth- paper is the biggest single item on the Every paper in the country could do od was 'economical." " says a woman dump piles. The United States recycles

it, but some of them will tell you that it spokesman for a New York group. "Let 18% to 20% of its paper. Japan re- isn't "economical." Some, as we've seen, them put up the S36 a ton that we pay to cycles 50%. Miners of metals get the are simply supporting their own pulp- remove their used product. They'd play same tax break, imposing a competitive wood subsidiaries. Where the reprocess- a different tune—the one they play on handicap on reclaimers of used metals. ing plant can be located fairly close to their editorial pages where they lecture It will take more public effort than

the printing plant, it is fully as economi- everybody else about pollution." simply asking for recycled materials at cal to use old newsprint. The recycled Even the use of old paper to make the supermarket to straighten out some

paper is even whiter than some news- cardboard, paper hoard, etc.. is shrinking of these factors which give virgin ma- print presently in use. at the same time that we are using more terials purely arbitrary advantages that The use of virgin pulp to print news- such products. Many of the reasons for stubbornly defeat more recycling. But papers is only economical when the shrinkage are purely arbitrary, such as the "supermarket" approach by individ-

public is put to the cost of getting rid of freight rates that often make it cheaper ual consumers is nevertheless a potent the old paper. Count that cost and pulp is to ship pulpwood than to ship reclaimed one with enormous potentialities. vastly more expensive than used paper. paper. Pulpwood growers in the United Too few of us have realized that noth-

1- W Al. I K KOI. I,

Left, newsprint made from old newspapers by a new process. Right, the New York Times, one of many papers that still use virgin pulp while old issues pile up and cost taxpayers up to $36 a ton to be carted away.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 a

ing recycles and nothing will recycle has been going on all along. Yet if we and it reveals how endlessly complex re- unless there's an ultimate user for it— are serious about wanting more recy- cyUng is when we consider it in all its market. If all the shoppers in the United cling, a buyer preference for recycled aspects. Our biggest use of silver is in States would each individually insist that material at the time of purchase is an photography and our biggest loss of sil- new products contain recycled material unlimited way to increase the end ver is in unredeemed photographic when we buy them, we'd make the mar- market. It is probably the only way to get wastes. ket— and there's no end to the material a really significant increase in the re- There are many other industries which that would then be reclaimed at no cost cycling of our total national waste. If reclaim some or all of their own wa^(e>. to the taxpayer. the makers of new products find that and they are paying more attention to it There have been some sad examples reprocessed materials sell better they'll today. Some discarded industrial wastes of the failure of well-intentioned clean- fall over backwards to use them. Any and all household and municipal wastes up efforts because there was no market who don't will lose out to competitors are beyond the reach of the original man- at the end of the road. During the first who do, if you insist on buying recycled ufacturers. But the waste dealers will Earth Day in 1970, numerous volunteer materials. reclaim anything for anybody who'll pay groups collected old paper, sorted and There are some 620,000 Americans enough for it to permit a profit. baled it, and enthusiastically got rid of who make their living recycling wastes, The "secondary materials"' industries it. They gave or sold some of it to com- exclusive of junkyard operators. Given are the biggest customers of junkyards mercial users of paper, who gladly ac- a profit incentive, they do it without any and scavengers. If there's no market they cepted it to the limit of their storage public appropriations. Double their aren't interested. But to the extent that space. This killed the market and /or de- market and they'll get rid of twice as there is a market, they'll take all the rub- pressed prices for their normal suppliers, much as they have been saving from the bish they can get and do all that has to he who had been feeding them all the old dump heaps all along. Triple the market done to it. paper the market would take at a steady and they'll triple the cleanup. If we give them the market, they'll rate. Where there is a market for any rub- clean our house for us. If we don't, we

Waste or wealth? It Is basically up to shoppers to decide which way their rubbish will go, by demanding or not de- manding recycled materials when they do their shopping. Materials at right were all made from redeemed wastes.

With the market temporarily ruined by bish. someone somewhere in 800 major can tax ourselves to clean it by burning the Earth Day volunteers, some of the companies stands by to collect, sort and or burying our refuse or piling it on regular scavengers of paper went into process it for the makers of new prod- newer, bigger dump heaps. other things. In the weeks that followed, ucts. The men in this business are abso- The 800-odd major companies are or- more old paper piled up or went to lutely ingenious in getting their hands on ganized in a trade association called dump heaps than in the weeks before the stuff, and in developing ways and NASMI (National Ass'n of Secondary

Earth Day. In some areas the volunteers means to convert it back into useful Materials Industries), with ofiices at 3.^0 collected and baled more paper than form. Madison Ave., 1 00 1 7. commercial users could store. It. too. Those who are chiefly in this business M. J. Mighdoll runs the operation there wound up on dump heaps, and it was a say they are in the "secondary materials" as Executive Vice President. Mighdoll is sad sight to see it there, all neatly baled, industries. Many firms that make new a dark haired, articulate, alert man on and nothing but garbage. products are also in recycling on the the youngish side of middle age. He has In Houston. Tex., a federally aided side. Eastman Kodak, for example, re- in his head almost every major fact worth project to sort and bale the city's solid cycles photographic industry solvents it knowing about recycling in all its aspects. waste had to fold up. There was no uses, to reclaim silver and many other NASMI is naturally excited that the market for the material after a small constituents. Eastman and other large public wants its house cleaned, since it fortune in government and private funds processors will redeem the silver dis- has the boys who can do it — if the public had been invested in processing it. solved from film that they develop. Small will make the market. Without an increase in the end market labs don't deal in large enough quantities "The country is selling the free enter- for recycled waste, all the volunteer or and the dissolved silver goes down the prise system short in its efforts to clean government collection and cleanup ef- drain in exhausted hypo. This is a case up solid waste at public expense." says forts in the world cannot steer much where it takes a big plant to make re- Mighdoll. "The companies in our busi- more used material into new goods than cycling of a precious product feasible. ness will satisfy any demand. Make a big

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 9 — —

CONTINUED now, some conglomerates are in so many to Destroy the Piles The Easiest Way Dump fhe^proTuc^^ofrsTbLdia^^^^

doesn't hurt that subsidiary at all. It will enough market and others are standing goods which Americans cheerfully buy hurt another subsidiary of the same con- by to chmb aboard. Where there's an without the "reprocessed" label, and with glomerate. economic basis, their ingenuity and will- the presumption that its foreign label This is all in the cards. Virgin ma- ingness to invest their own assets know indicates superiority. It is often undetect- terials producers will be telling the truth no bounds. Most of the technology al- able from virgin wool under the micro- when they say their industries and their ready exists to reclaim most reusable scope, and it can take a subtle lab test to people are having their expectations hurt. products. To meet new demands they tell the difference. Dislocations are certain. develop new technologies. They used to One thing we are up against is that Evasions are certain and have already reclaim copper from insulated wire by we cannot recycle a great deal more of happened. President Nixon not long burning olf the insulation. When air pol- our waste without upsetting to some ago wiped out arbitrary federal buying lution required an end to the burning. degree many of our industries that now practices which required that what the

W RInrON' STKEI. T CHEMICALS IND.. SUBSIIIIARY OF AMI.HICAN CAN CO.

Left, old tin cans collected by Weirton Steel, and right, ingots of tin and steel converted from o'd tin cans. Can companies are now setting up 200 collection centers all over the country to redeem cans. they came up with a new commercially depend on selling us virgin materials. Un- U.S. buys must be made of virgin ma- feasible way almost overnight. less they get into some part of the re- terials. He ordered, for instance, that "The American people are buying fan- cycling themselves, they are bound to government purchases of various paper tastic amounts of goods made of virgin lose some of the future business in their include from 3% to 50% recycled ma- materials when recycled materials would fields that they expect. terials. This June, some pulp paper mills be every bit as good— in certain instances This makes several things certain. were arguing that they recycle some of better. Most recycled metals are the Probably most virgin materials producers the wastes within their plants, and this same as those refined from ores. They will resist any significant recycling of ought to satisfy the new government re- are pure, they meet every specification. their products to the bitter end. Token quirements. Should the argument pre-

Used newsprint is better than newsprint recycling, public relations recycling vail, it would defeat prospects that the made from virgin pulp in some respects, yes. Serious recycling—no. They will re- President's order would result in much and in no way commercially inferior. sist it for good reason in legislatures, in more used paper finding its way into There's a consumer prejudice against re- business practices, in publicity, in ad- government purchases. processed wool, which must be labeled vertising and in any way possible. Because virgin materials makers will as reprocessed. I'm all for labeling it It is only those who will share in re- be genuinely hurt by recycling if they but without prejudice. If the people are cycling their own products who won't re- don't anticipate the inevitable and find serious about wanting to keep perfectly sist significant changes. substitute activities, we can expect high good wool off the dump heaps, they The glassmakers. and now the can WALTER BOLL should ask for more reprocessed wool makers, have moved into recycling vol- instead of rejecting it when they buy untarily. They are dealing in material suits and sweaters. Their failure to do that comes back to them, and thev still so keeps us from recycling much more expect to sell as many new cans and wool than we do. It's a pity to see so bottles as before. But virgin wool growers much of this wonderful material turned will lose some of their future when we to rubbish before its time." use more reprocessed wool. It is because American salvagers find overseas some big newspapers have their own markets for some of our used wool. Some pulp paper interests that they are stub- Compulsory labeling of reprocessed wool. of it comes back here as imported dress bornly against using old newsprint. By Prejudice against it hurts recycling.

10 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 level attempts to find more such evasive by any packager who meets standards of What we are all up against is that the interpretations of direct government or- recycling that are mutually worked out use of virgin materials has to have its ders to encourage increased recycling. by NASMI and the makers of various pace slowed, and is gomg to have its Here is where the power of the in- products. The public has a built-in pace slowed willy-nilly. The handwriting

dividual consumer is almighty. High- guarantee against deceitful use of the is on the wall because our solid waste level high jinks have a tough time manip- symbol. NASMI controls its use, and problem, now absorbing $5 billion of ulating him when he makes his choices NASMI's interests lie in all the recycling public funds each year in a fruitless ef- in his personal buying. He can be lied that's reasonable. fort to deal with it, is caused by our to, evaded, kidded—but the decision There's nothing compulsory about use excess use of virgin materials and cannot making can't be taken away from him. of the symbol, but of all the recycling disappear until we rein it in. The con- If he demands recycled materials, if he symbols that may appear on packages, buys the product that uses it in prefer- this will be the only one whose message ence to the one that doesn't, he becomes includes the judgment of the people in almighty in the court of last resort, the the recycling business. marketplace. Six weeks after the symbol was un- Today, we are facing for the first time veiled, 12 corporations had NASMI's the problem of reliably guiding any con- okay to use it. Rtght now, the public sumer who cares about cleaning up the will find few if any products bearing this dumps by buying recycled materials. precise symbol. None had reached any What symbol or statement on a package stores at the time of this writing. Those can best serve as a guarantee that there's who want to hurry it up can keep telling a reasonable amount of reused materials their merchants that they are looking in the product? for it, and want products showing it. Several corporations, seeing the trend, Being able to rely on NASMI's mu- have independently advertised symbols tual interests is a godsend to consumers of their own design to tell buyers they who may want to get in the act. "Rea- using recycled materials. These were sonable standards" of the use of re- Waste dealers will sort, clean and up- symbols multiplied in recent months to cycled materials vary from product to grade as much waste as the market will the point of confusion, while they product (and even from time to time, take. And it doesn't cost taxpayers a cent. weren't hitched to any set of standards. depending on how much recyclable ma- sumer is the one person who can rein it Did a "recycled" symbol or statement is available). can't terial Some products in fast, without endless bickering, side- of the product mean that 1% or 30% stepping, propagandistic evasion, con- was recycled? And is that good, or just troversy and political overtones. He can a token performance? do it almost overnight. of this year, held On April 26 NASMI Yet, says MighdoU, we could keep a poorly reported press conference in right on using some virgin products at New York. (Some of the newspapers close to the present pace if the normal represented clearly didn't like what was growth in their use were switched over said about their use of virgin pulpwood. ) to recycling. There would be an immedi- Mr. MighdoU unveiled a registered "re- ate increase in recycling, and, eventu- cycled" symbol that NASMI would per- ally, future expansion could strike a bal- mit cooperating industries to display on ance between the use of new and old their products. It's the symbol on the materials. (Our use of many products package that the mannikin on our cover that produce solid waste is growing rap- is looking at approvingly, though it Ingots of pure copper redeemed from idly, while in the case of paper and wouldn't be used that big. Shaped like waste. Half of the copper we use some others, the amount we recycle is is recycled and of the other much actually less.) half could be if buyers demanded it. The way things are going, if many of use any recycled materials. One percent those who are in virgin materials that recycled materials could be "good" for we are wasting needlessly can get out of some products, 50% could be "poor" this mess with a loss of nothing more for others. No consumer could possibly serious than their future expectations, keep in his head all the different stand- they will be well off, and have ample ards. Nor could a manufacturer's state- time to find their growth in other di- ment, "contains 14% recycled mate- rections. rials," indicate to a buyer if that were In general, NASMI does not intend good or bad for the particular product. to demand economically suicidal But any consumer can have faith in amounts of recycled materials as the NASMI's symbol, since NASMI would price of the use of its emblem. A huge

be cutting its own throat if it allowed cleanup is possible short of that.

deceitful use of the symbol. Of course, the situation is highly com- say that they are plex. serious victim the coming Baled used paper gone to dump piles NASMI spokesmen The of

for lack of a market for it. Shoppers can as concerned as anyone else about the recycling is almost purely the virgin ma- make a market by demanding recycled harmful effects on our virgin products terials producer (or his conglomerate paper in various products that they buy. industries of an excess of recycling, and owner) . There is little sympathy in the a racetrack, it is made of two arrows they would not demand a mischievously rest of the business world for him, espe- that suggest recycling. Many earlier sym- high percentage of recycled materials in cially when the public temper and the bols used the arrows in a circle. Across a product as the price of the use of their gravity of the situation are so clearly the "racetrack" is written "contains re- symbol. Its own firms depend, in the against continuing our waste. cycled materials." end, on a proper flow of virgin materials Some corporations that are only cus- NASMI proposes to authorize its use to the market. {Continiied on page Al)

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 11 Another Sad Note On American Journalism

The Wall Street Journal reveals slippage from

its earlier greatness in a story on the Legion.

By R. B. PITKIN said that the "fact" that we don't do it "anymore" is a sign that we're slipping. Editor, The American Legion Magazine The best available figure on Vietnam veterans in the Legion in 1970 was 325,000 (now nearing 400,000, which will make WALL STREET Journal on May 19, 1971. published a THE them second in the Legion to WW2 veterans). These figures long story about The American Legion which has resulted are a projection of samplings. There are presently no central- in our receiving mail from Legionnaires who were disturbed ized figures available to the Legion or the Wall Street Journal by the story. on the exact numbers. The major point of the Journal story The essence of the story was that the Legion is "slowly fad- was that it knew that the Vietnam enrollment was pitiful. We ing away," "ebbing," "declining;" that most posts are shrink- asked Mr. Phillips on what basis the Journal reported an en- ing, their members losing interest; that a few posts are grow- rollment of about 325,000 Vietnam veterans as a "failure to ing but they are "exceptions;" that the Legion "fails to recruit" recruit them." Vietnam veterans, that younger veterans in general just aren't There is a shift of local strength in the Legion following interested. It said that the Legion is so weak in its influence shifts in the general population. Some rural areas and central that it does not try "anymore" to get legislation passed in cities are dying, while suburbia is growing. True of our coun- Washington by threatening to defeat Congressmen who op- try, true of the Legion. The net is growth, in both cases. The pose us, and quoted Herald E. Stringer, our legislative direc- Journal story cited details of quite a few posts that are having tor, to that effect. Mr. Stringer denies the direct quote (and a rough time in declining areas, to support its contention that they got his name wrong). He says he told the Journal's man the whole Legion is following the same pattern as the areas of that browbeating is not the best to their Congressmen way get decline. support. It got around the compelling fact that since the Legion The story was loaded with inferences and direct statements is growing its typical posts have to be growing. The Journal that were snide or derogatory to the Legion. It quoted anony- simply repeated determined assertions of its own that the Le- mous people who made contentions about the Legion that are gion is declining, waning, ebbing, and that growth posts are ex- contrary to available facts, or about which it was impossible ceptions. The Journal's leading example of what it reported for them to have had the information attributed to them.

We have written a 1 3-page letter to Mr. Warren H. Phillips, Vice President and Editorial Director of the Wall Street Jour- nal. We'll spare you the whole letter, but give you an idea of it. The Legion, we advised him. has lost close to a million older veterans to death in the last decade. It has replaced them all with younger veterans, and in six years has added 150,000 to its total membership, for a net gain of new members of right around one million. The Journal did report the net gain of 150.000 (though not the replacement of close to a million deceased ) . But it barged ahead in the face of the Legion's growth to say that dying posts are the rule and growing posts are "exceptions." We asked Mr. Phillips where his writer is hiding a net gain of members greater than the total population of Little Rock or Berkeley, if, on the average, a post that is growing is an "exception." We advised him correctly that most of the Legion's legisla- tive mandates are adopted by Congress—and chiefly without a struggle. We advised him that the Legion pledged itself to be non-po- litical in 1919 and in that year asked Congress for a charter specifying that it would be non-political (which it got). We advised him that 50 years ago a proposal for the Legion to take sides in elections came before the convention, was soundly defeated the floor, never again. on and came up The Legion as seen by the Wall Street Journal: We advised him that The American Legion never attempted At socials, Legion posts dance to to defeat a Congressman, and wanted to know why the Journal nothing more modern than the polka.

12 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 there of all 16,200 that has never played anything "more avant garde than the polka?" If so, please write, and we'll forward the news to the Wall Street Journal to help along at least a part

of its tale. The polka, says Webster, is a lively Bohemian couple dance with three steps and a hop in duple time, and polka music is music in the same time. It's of unknown age

but it was extremely popular more than 125 years ago. Even -r^^^tgxon, Once if the hottest thing you ever danced to was the Charleston or Alexander's Ragtime Band, they are too recent to vindicate Power the Journal's clouded view of the Legion. Even Camptown and Social Races is too avant garde for the Journal's mythical Legion. CWic if your post never played any music whose Away However, has Fading style is less than 125 years old, perhaps that news would Ts Slowly salvage something for the Journal's staff. There was a good deal more to our letter to the Journal covering more areas of error and unfounded assertion. One of the anonymous sources quoted was a VA official who pre- i^^^^ dicted the early demise of "all veterans organizations." We Vietnam, . Of asked Mr. Phillips on what facts his informant based his pre- AlaofHaW^shness&Age| diction, in view of the recent strong growth of both the Legion and the VFW. We did not ask why the name of the prophet was concealed. FishFvyinC^oUsvUle,Ohiol He needs protection from anyone who might ask him for the basis of his prediction, as we would certainly do if the Journal the grace to identify him. p. F. KtUGB ^^^^^^^ had By STKE > o/TH^^Wxi^t^ Another anonymous "Washington source" available to the ^ Reporter I^eg. its readers was quoted to the effect that all but ANG^BSr^^ ATner^can Journal but not I^OS Riders 25,000 or 50,000 of Vietnam Legionnaires are career soldiers, of Teddy , _ ^ bar "many" of Korea and WW2 vintage, who stayed in service until 1964 or later. This means that about 300,000 or more as the national trend in the Legion was a dying post in the Vietnam era vets in the Legion were military holdovers from largest city of a weak Legion state. earlier times. The concealed source in this case shored up the

Today it is hard for a central city post to contact a signifi- Journal's theme that the Legion isn't for genuine Vietnam vets. cant percentage of central city veterans, or for such veterans The more you look at that, the more astonishing it is. to contact a post. This writer and a couple of Legion commit- We advised Mr. Phillips that no central figures are available tees believe the Legion should establish a limited form of at- from Legion sources separating career servicemen from draft- large membership, so that any eligible veteran who wants to ees and term volunteers in our membership—and there is no belong could be signed up by any Legionnaire from anywhere other source. We asked him why the Journal quoted an anony- —instead of having to be in contact with a particular post. mous source as the authority for unavailable information. There are ways to do it without upsetting the internal structure The Journal's hidden source on this subject hedged on the of posts, departments or the national organization. matter of just how many of these 300,000 career soldiers The Journal's story said that the Legion's leadership is whom we call Vietnam vets go back to Korea and WW2. It

"conservative Republican," and that the Legion is trying to just said "many." That makes it tough to analyze. However, on shake this image. It would be good to shake it, and the way to the basis of the percentage of veterans who join the Legion it do it is to get publications like the Wall Street Journal to stop would take 2.8 million old career soldiers to have been dis- saying it without checking. We told Mr. Phillips that of 54 charged since 1964 for 300,000 of them to join the Legion. National Commanders, 31 were Democrats, 20 Republicans, Two point eight million is almost exactly every single serv- while the politics of three was unknown to us. iceman of Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines and Coast Guard At least one old saw about the Legion died with this story, discharged from August 1964 to August 1969. The Journal if it wasn't dead already. They used to say that the Legion was seems to be giving us a real scoop. If its unnamed source is the "tool of Wall Street." Now if we can just get rid of the tire- right, there are relatively few true Vietnam veterans, no more some stereotype that we are "conservative Republicans," or than were discharged in fiscal year 1970. Fully three quarters that we are all anything at all but American war veterans, of all who've fought in Vietnam are old career soldiers, we'll be making headway. We advised Mr. Phillips that since "many" going back to Korea and WW2. WW2, 17 National Commanders were Democrats, 10 Repub- This will astonish the Defense Department, Vietnam vets, licans—that the present Commander and his two predecessors the draft boards. Congress, the President, the National Secu- are Democrats. We noted that two National Commanders rity Council, the VA. protesters, etc.. quite as much as it as- were party leaders of national renown—Paul V. McNutt and tonishes us. Here's another case where it's understandable Louis A. Johnson—both New Deal Democrats, and that "con- that the Journal's source ia unnamed. servative Republican?" Harry Truman often served as a Le- The Journal, which is owned by Dow Jones & Co., pub- gion convention delegate from Missouri. We had already lishers of financial news and reports, said that the Legion pointed out to him that partisan politics means nothing in the "maintains'" that the Legion is "strong and healthy in the Legion, and we asked him on what basis the Journal character- small-town heartland of America." The Journal then "un-

ized us or our leadership as conservative Republican. maintained" it by stating that a "visitor [to the small-town

In the snide and posturing area, the Journal story said that, heartland of America] cannot discern it readily."

in attempts to woo 'Vietnam veterans, rock music is now being We told Mr. Phillips that a visitor could discern it if he tried, played in Legion posts that had never played anything "more but not if he turned his head. We told him that more than half avant garde than the polka." We'd like to help the Journal in of all veterans in North Dakota are Legionnaires, and the this matter. If it's silly, it's also harmless. Is there one post out posts there are centers of community life in cities and hamlets

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 13 —

CONTINUED Another Sad Note On American Journalism

alike. We gave him the membership figures for Minnesota for it had a good story if growth is decline, if Democrats are

1 970—up approximately 20% from the peak year after WW2, Republicans, if recruitment is non-recruitment, if legislative and setting new records every year. We cited to him six success is legislative failure, if a flood is an ebb, if the ignorant

state and overseas departments hitting ail-time membership are experts, if unascertainable facts are ascertainable, if the highs in 1970, the most in any year since 1947. We cited atypical is typical, if unverified cliches make reliable report-

the growth, or the already large percentage of all veterans age, if gossip is research. enrolled, in such "small-town" America as Iowa, Nebraska, Last year's Legion convention in Portland received more South Dakota, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maryland. We worldwide press coverage than any other in recent years. admitted that they couldn't hold a candle in gross numbers The Journal said it passed "almost unnoticed." We ofl'ered to Pennsylvania, with 256,000 members. Pennsylvania is the to provide evidence of the worldwide coverage of the Portland largest state organization, though if there were a separate convention if the Journal had any further use for information department for Vietnam veterans, they would comprise our on the subject. biggest department—by far. The Journal said that the "Legion generally has a sizable

The Legion as seen by the Wall Street Journal: When Legionnaires get together they hash over bygone battles.

Dr. DeHaven Hinkson, a Philadelphia Legionnaire, was net gain in membership after a war," and immediately char- disturbed by the Wall Street Journal story. He noted in a acterized the net gain from Vietnam service as "little" by this

letter to us something that we'd told the Journal—that it standard, according to nameless "Legion critics." If it is wrote a very long story without discovering a bit of what "little" in these vague terms, then the Legion has had a the Legion is doing. We had mentioned seeking and helping sizable gain after only one of the four wars which produced to get higher educational benefits for Vietnam veterans, Legion eligibles—WW2. It took 20 years—as we advised Mr. and a nationwide job-seeking Legion program for unem- Phillips—to build our best WW I strength, and Korea vets ployed or underemployed Vietnam vets. Dr. Hinkson added did not enter the Legion in a rush after their war, but slowly

a few more items to the list of Journal unmentionables over many years. Skipping the fact that the isn't nationwide Legion youth programs, all on the upswing; aid over, so that enrollment of Vietnam vets can't be character- to the disabled and to veterans widows and orphans; concern ized at all in terms of how many veterans enter the Legion for national security in an era when many are getting dan- "after a war," there remains the fact that the Journal cites

gerously careless about it. He dismissed the dour and devious one war in four as being the general case, according to the portrait of the Legion in the Journal with what are probably best construction you can make of its vague use of "sizable" wise words: "We shall see what we shall see" about the and "little." As we told Mr. Phillips, the Journal made its Journal's predictions and strange trend-reading. generalities out of gloomy exceptions throughout its remark-

Howard J. Baker, Commander of Post 136, Greenbelt. able story. Md., sent us a copy of a letter he'd sent to the Journal. Green- The Journal story had the familiar style of negative, biased belt Post had hit a new membership high for the fifth straight writing. It got considerable information from Legion sources. year, growing from 641 in 1966 to 1,352 in 1970. It had en- Whatever supported its theme it reported straight—such as rolled 135 Vietnam veterans in the last II months. It was details of declining posts procured from those posts directly. financially sound, hardly "selling out." and important in its It also reported straight, without challenge or questioning community. "Other posts in our area," he told the Journal, intonation, the various and sometimes silly statements of ' as well as throughout the State of Maryland are growing and anonymous sources—when they were derogatory to the Le- active with very few exceptions. We feel that your reporter gion, or supported the idea that it is already "ebbing" and did not avail himself of the trend of the Legion in general, soon may be dead. but took undue notice of the exceptions." But when it reported information contrary to its theme it

He couldn't have said it better (or more politely), though adopted a questioning, challenging, skeptical "don't-you-be- the Journal hasn't printed Mr. Baker's letter as we write. lieve-it" style of writing. The Legion "maintains" this, We weren't as polite as Mr. Baker. We told the Journal that "claims" that, is optimistic "at least for the record." A strong

14 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 post "claims" 1,000 members, a weak post simply "says" on it? Short of that, is there any way to educate people who

it is slipping. The National Adjutant "insists" that the Le- want to write about the Legion to find out what they are

gion is still influential. This negative qualifying of whatever writing about first? Much of what national publications write was contrary to the Journal theme was consistent with several about the Legion is a grab-bag of old 'saws that they heard

passages in which it discussed reasons to help "explain" the from somebody years ago who didn't know better either.

Legion's "decline." The Legion is growing, the Journal knew The Journal headline "Bygone Battles" is quite typical of this

it, and had little to discredit the basic facts with except business of the Legion being ignorantly characterized. a style that cast doubt on the positive and strongly asserted It was particularly grievous to us to see this kind of re- the negative. porting showing up in the Wall Street Journal. We opened Such a style is not necessarily deliberate. Good writers our letter to Mr. Phillips as follows:

have to train themselves to avoid it, for there is a natural "For many years. The American Legion has indicated to tendency to support what you believe and discredit what you the 41/2 million readers of its magazine that the Wall Street

doubt, even if you are wrong. When a writer is trying to Journal is one of the few remaining important American make a case that doesn't hold water (as no good writer should) newspapers that is intelligently edited, that digs for its facts, he will find it to be a subconscious necessity to ignore or appraises them in balance and presents them in relation to cast doubt on all contrary evidence and shore up the flimsiest their meaning. In articles on national and international af- material that supports his purpose. A lawyer with a weak case fairs, our magazine has freely quoted the WSJ as an authorita- will do this deliberately—but he's fighting for his client in a game where the rules allow it and there's a lawyer on the other side to expose him. A good writer must avoid such things if his publication pretends to inform the public cor- rectly. A good publication has editors who bring their writers up short when they write copy that plays this game. An unprofessionally biased style wasn't enough in this case. The Journal story made repeated declarative assertions of Legion "decline" in the face of its growth. It as repeatedly volunteered to "explain" the non-existent "decline." It "explained" the "decline" in part via the "generation gap"

It "explained" it again as being "due to the nature of the Vietnam war."

It followed that with another paragraph devoted to "other reasons for the Legion's decline," besides "the generation gap and the nature of the Vietnam war." The story in several instances cited what the "Legion's critics" say. At no point did it identify such critics. However, it quoted them as saying that the Legion is an "anachronism," an "echo from the past," "left far behind." It is a common device in many of today's media to at- tribute their own hostilities to unnamed "critics," and thus strike the posture that their biases are the views of others.

The Journal or its writer may have been the "Legion's Journal has critics" in this case. The story revealed that the The Legion as seen by the Wall Street Journal: a lot of odd notions about the Legion which, if true, would The Legion is slipping in its influence make the Legion an "anachronism," "an echo from the past," when it doesn't try to bully Congressmen. or "left far behind." The peculiar idea about Legion posts live and reliable source, in a nation where authoritative and tripping to nothing more recent than the polka was the reliable sources in the popular press are becoming somewhat Journal's own precious concept, and not the only one that scarce. WSJ's article on the Legion of May 19 gives us sec- was so far from the truth. In one instance it got a Vietnam ." ond thoughts. . . vet who'd never been in the Legion to shore up one of its odd ideas about the Legion. It is more grievous for American journalism than for the The Journal, it seems, believes that what Legionnaires do Legion that the Wall Street Journal should take up this sort is sit around and discuss old battles. This phony stereo- of reporting. The Legion has survived dozens of similar type is 53 years old and suffering not a bit from a generation stories and whole books about it that were fictitious, flimsy, gap. The first words in the Journal headline were "Bygone posturing and derogatory. The Legion is still growing, its Battles." It quoted a San Diego Vietnam veteran who'd never programs expanding. You can't fool people who know bet- been in the Legion to the effect that he and his fellows didn't ter by striking a posture. In gaining approximately a million want to sit around discussing the battles they were in, they new members in the last decade—to fully replace the high wanted to forget them. And that's why they didn't want the death rate among its oldsters and exceed it by 150,000—the Legion. Legion got approximately as many new members as in the We advised the Journal that in 25 years of attending first 20 years of its existence. Legion meetings at the post, state and national level we had But the United States has few newspapers that stand as never heard Legionnaires discussing battles—and that's the tall as the Wall Street Journal stood only a few years ago. It truth. We wouldn't want to speak for all Legionnaires, but had the priceless ingredient of good sense—from which all it is our impression, based on a quarter of a century in the other aspects of good journalism must flow. But about a year Legion, that Vietnam vets have much in common with Le- ago the man who raised it to that stature died. We mourn gionnaires if they don't want to discuss their battles. We were him. Our country needs more newspapers of the former caH- in them too, and they were just as horrible for us as for them. bre of the Wall Street Journal. It is another sad note on Is there any way to stop people whose heads are full of American journalism to see such evidence that it is slipping empty cliches about the Legion from being the public experts ILLUSTRATED BY CHARLES WATERHOUSE in the standards that made it great. the end

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 15 —

By HARVEY ARDMAN weather forecasts. There never was a MOUSE, as such, but Singer's idea 1961. WHEN John Kennedy promised IN spawned a whole bunch of specialized America that U.S. astronauts would mice, with more to come. be walking the surface of the moon be- In 1957, Russia launched the first fore the end of the decade, nothing artificial earth satellite. Sputnik. Three seemed more exciting. years later, after orbiting several Dis- Earth The ] Then, it happened. On schedule. Again coverer and Explorer satellites, the and again. We got bored. Earth-bound United States launched a direct descend- problems—ecology, race. war. drugs ent of the MOUSE idea, it was TIROS A peek at what the space seemed far more important. (or Television and Infrared Observation Today, when we think of a giant Saturn rocket lumbering off the launch pad at Cape Kennedy, we can't help

thinking of how much it cost us and what

little practical value it probably has to most of us. Actually, the aerospace boys have been doing plenty for us here on earth all along—for you with TV by satellite, for the Department of Agriculture, the Bureau of Fisheries, the U.S. Weather Service, disaster control agencies, etc. Now they are turning more of their at- tention to our real, everyday problems. NASA scientists. General Electric. Ben- di\ and other firms are putting together the first of a new family of space ve- hicles, an Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS). Launch date: late March 1972.

ERIS is no match for a manned moon shot in glamour. It's an ungainly-looking collection of cameras and sensors de- signed to orbit the earth about 565 miles up and accomplish the apparently un- impressive leat of radioing back millions of TV pictures of its home planet. These pictures, if they're properly The Florida peninsula, seen looking south from it used, will probably do much to help Apollo 9 as passed about over Jacksonville in orbit around the earth. solve some of our worst problems. They may help insure adequate food supplies Satellite). Singer's suggestion had be- and natural resources for our exploding come a reality. population, catch pollution at its sources, TIROS inspired a dream of its own. and generally search the environment, Reading about the new weather satel- giving us clue after clue on how we lite. UCLA geology professor John can manage it more successfully. Crowell wondered if a similar vehicle Possibly the best news about the might be able to spot ;^eologiial features

ERTS program is that it will cost us of the earth that are impossible to see less than l/lOOth of what we paid to close up. He mentioned the idea to one put American astronauts on the moon, of his favorite students. Paul Merifield, while the experts are sure we'll get our and suggested that Merifield do his doc- expenses repaid in practical benefits, tor's thesis on the subject. many times over. That suggestion was the spark behind VIen dreamed of going to the moon the earth resources satellite program. for centuries. So. when the technology Merifield went for help to another became available, a manned moon trip young geologist. Paul Lowman. Jr.. who was an obvious and nearly unanimous worked for NASA in jobs involving goal. But watching over the earth's nat- precise photography. They looked at the ural resources by remote control from photos John Glenn had taken when he Most earth study from space has been experimenti ;i sn ico s itellile was something no one made the first American orbits of earth put into clear words until 1953, when in February 1 962. ihe ph\sicist S. Fred Singer described These looked promising, but the pictures were blurry. Next, they tried his idea, the MOUSE. young geologists agreed they needed Wally Schirra. His photos were overex- MOUSE, or Minimal Orbital Un- more (and better) pictures to see how posed. Finally, in May 1963, L. Gordon manned Satellite of Earth, he said, space photos could be more useful in Cooper gave the two geologists 15 use- could carry a photoelectric cell and u.se the study of the earth. ful pictures, after his 22-orbit flight. One it to take crude pictures of the earth's They approached Scott Carpenter, shot showed Tibet's great plateau so cloud cover, and ice and snow forma- about to take an orbital trip. They asked distinctly that Lowman was able to tions. Radioed back to earth. Dr. Singer him to take some snapshots of craters draw from it the first map ever taken suggested, these pictures might improve in the U.S. southwest. He did, but his from a space photo.

16 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 :

The first of these satellites, ERTS-A, will be launched in late March 1972, by a Delta rocket at California's West- ern Test Range. It will weigh 1,788 pounds. If all goes well, ERTS will slip into an almost perfectly circular orbit 565 miles above the earth, passing over both

the North and South Poles. It will circle the poles 14 times every day. passu,;

over every point on the planet f which, of course, will be revolving below it) once every 18 days.

Shortly after it goes into orbit. ERTS will begin to send pictures back to NASA ground stations in Alaska. Maryland and Texas. During its expected one-year

lifetime, the satellite is expected to send

back 1 .5 million pictures of the earth below. Then, in 1973. when the cameras and instruments of ERTS-A are worn out. another Delta rocket will put ERTS-B into orbit. When ERTS-B

conks out. it will be replaced by other, more sophisticated (and longer-lived) resource satellites. The pictures that ERTS (and the satellites scheduled to follow it) will send back to earth will clearly show forests and oceans, cropland and grazing land, cities and deserts. In the hands of experts, these pictures can (a) Reveal diseased crops and allow exact crop yield surveys. (b) Locate schools of fish. (c) Show the source of air and water pollutants, (d) Locate mineral and oil deposits, (e) Detect warning signs of coming volcanic eruptions, maybe even earth- quakes. (f) Monitor forests for possible fires. (g) Analyze urban growth. (h) Measure snow on mountains, thereby aiding flood control. fi) Show damage from floods, tor- nadoes, etc.. helping damage assessment and recovery measures. (j) Determine the efficiency of irri- gation. (k) Help planners estimate the proper size for a given year's kill of antelope, or the right length for a duck hunting season. (1) Allow tougher enforcement of strip mining restoration regulations. (m) Reveal rough seas so ships can take safe courses. though it has told us much. ERTS (above) will start exclusive earth study in 1972. (n) Spot insect infestations in crops and trees. By now, NASA was seriously inter- mand from space headquarters on earth. (o) Predict the formation of smog. ested in the project. The picture-taking By this time. NASA and the U.S. That such detailed information can continued throughout the voyages of the Geological Survey were heavily involved come from pictures taken by a tiny two-man Gemini capsules and the three- in a study to determine just how satel- sateUite as far from the earth as New

man Apollos. At first, they were lim- lites could be put to work to give us York City is from Cleveland. Ohio, may ited to snapshots. But. on Apollo 6, useful information about our planet. seem like science fiction, not reality. But finely calibrated photos were taken auto- As a result of that study. NASA pro- the cameras and other instruments have matically. Apollo 9 carried three fixed posed a series of experimental earth already been tested, in satellites and in cameras, which were operated on com- resources technolosv satellites. high-flying airplanes. They work. Even

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • Ai'-ucj 1971 17 CONTINUED The Earth From Space. . .YESTERDAY, TODAY, TOMORROW the equipment tests have provided valu- damage assessment and recovery teams. blindness" to crop conditions. Film able and. occasionally, vital information. In the fall of 1970, NASA aircraft, emulsions sensitive to various colors, test In 1965. cameras aboard Gemini testing new sensors for ERTS, flew over exposed through various filters, make 4, the manned orbital flight during the Indiana corn belt. The resulting pic- blight, moisture, soil conditions, etc., which astronaut Ed White took the first tures showed exactly where the South- stand out in patterns invisible to the walk in space, provided valuable pic- ern leaf blight had hit most severely, human eye. The high view takes in vast tures of water drainage patterns in and where damage was lightest. scenes in such detail. In such a photo western Texas. These showed Texas was That time, information was received over an Oregon stand of wood, blighted losing water to Arizona because of dif- too late to be of any practical value to trees came out blue and green, healthy fering irrigation regulations. Other pic- the farmers. But this year, NASA and trees in red. tures taken on the same flight revealed the Dept. of Agriculture will be sur- On other test flights, the infrared potential oil deposits in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. In 1969. the hospital ship Hope was rescued from pounding seas off Mada- gascar with the help of infrared sensors aboard ESSA 7. a weather satellite. These sensors, early versions of those scheduled for ERTS. showed a course the ship could take to avoid the storm. How well Admiral Halsey could have used such help in WW2. when his car- rier fleet suffered enormous damage by taking the worst possible course when on the edge of a Pacific typhoon. Her- man Wouk's novel. "The Caine Mu- tiny," was based in part on Halsey's earth bound blindness to the caprice of A potato field, with some rectangles purposely blighted to see how they'd look in a local storm. infrared. They showed up dark, days before the blight could be spotted below.

General storm north of Hawaii, 1969, seen from Apollo 9, and (right) Hurricane Gladys west of Tampa, seen by Apollo 7, 1968.

In May, 1970. a NASA C-130 air- veying 210 selected sites in the midwest sensors have helped map the oil fields plane, using a high-resolution camera corn belt to discover leaf blight damage on Alaska's North Slope; determined being tested for the earth resources sur- while there's still time to plan crop- whether an underground nuclear test on vey program, took pictures of a tornado saving early harvests, to plant more one of the Aleutian islands might have that had hit Lubbock. Tex. In a few blight resistant seed, or treat damaged undermined the island, making it sub- hours, these were in the hands of the areas before destruction is complete. ject to earthquakes (it hadn't); spotted Office of Emergency Planning and local As the cameras and sensors eventu- sick citrus trees in California and Flor- organizations directly involved in dam- ally destined for earth resources satel- ida long before damage was visible to age assessmen*: and recovery. They lites went through development and the eye; detected insect infestation in showed the precise extent of the de- testing, it became clear that these early peach and pecan trees; and revealed the struction in great detail and in one eye- accomplishments weren't just lucky hap- extent of underground steam basins- ful —a picture that can only be put penstance. potential sources of cheap, clean elec- together slowly and spottily by field Another test revealed unhealthy cot- tricity—in the U.S. southwest. reports. ton crops—before the farmers on the One aerial photo in the test program One month later, NASA aircraft took ground noticed them. Still another test even revealed why the Van Norman similar pictures of the area damaged by flight spotted winter wheat badly in dam in California's San Fernando Val- the Peruvian earthquake, at the request need of additional fertilizer and differ- ley had been leaking. The picture of the government of Peru. These pho- ent drainage. It's relatively simple for showed that the dam crossed an unsus- tographs were considered invaluable by such photos to overcome man's "ground pected earth fault line. This knowledge

18 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 weather at any hour of the day or night. Their cameras can view the same areas as planes do, but with longer lenses, hence less distortion. From 565 miles out they can take in larger areas to reveal patterns that a plane, at 75,000 feet, is "too close" to see. Satellites can cover the earth pho- tographically much faster than planes can. ERTS will need only 20 minutes to cover a 100-mile wide band of the U.S. stretching from Mexico to Canada, and need only a dozen or so photos to do

it. Airplanes would take hours to do the same job and would glut interpreta- tion teams and computers with thou- sands of pictures. Satellites can provide instant, up-to- date information on every remote corner of the earth. It might take days to get

Forest fires in northern Australia, seen by Apollo 7 from 150 nniles up. a photo-taking plane to a particular re- mote scene of sudden interest, and made repairs possible. The fault caused Most of the past accomplishments of planes are restricted by man's interna- the recent earthquake there which the ERTS cameras and sensors haven't in- tional borders. repaired dam survived. volved satellites as much as high-altitude With enough earth observation satel-

Useful as these early tests have been, airplanes, flying about 1 3 miles up—not lites in the sky, information about any space scientists say they're only a tan- 565 miles. For earth studies, planes and spot on earth as seen from above would talizing hint of what full-fledged, full- satellites have some functions that one never be more than an hour or two time earth resources technology satellites can carry out, and the other can't. In away. will tell us, once they're in orbit. its own domain (the far out view) the Worldwide, it would take 20 years

The Dept. of Agriculture, for in- satellite is in a class by itself, but it for aircraft to assemble as much data as stance, has made such great practical can't take as close a view as a plane can could be obtained by a single satellite use of even the earliest scanning by when that's what's needed. in the 18 days it would take to survey high-atmosphere and near-space earth Satellites, though more expensive per the earth from pole to pole— if all na- watches that if you've heard of it you unit, can do some things better than tions would permit plane flyovers. At may not have realized that, to date, this planes when either could do the same the end of that 20 years, many of the is only the experimental stage. job. They can make observations in any earlier airplane pictures would be out- dated. When you equate their cost to what they can deliver, satellites turn out to be a far cheaper way to keep track of the earth's resources than airplanes. Earth observation satellites are also superior to airplanes for another tech- nical reason. They can take a picture of exactly the same area at exactly the same time of day. under identical light- ing conditions, again and again. This reveals subtle dift'erences that would be obliterated by airplane photos taken at slightly different times, of slightly dif- ferent areas, from slightly dift'erent angles. Nevertheless, NASA scientists expect spacecraft, aircraft and ground systems to complement each other in their stepped-up earth study—since all three have their own special roles. Aircraft are unmatched in gathering especially clear pictures of small areas, or in statistically sampling data reported by

satellite. Instruments ( or direct observa- tion) on the ground can also spot details beyond the capabilities of satellite cam- eras or sensors. Both airplane and ground observation can help verify satellite findings. The project for earth observation satellites to extend our vision of our NASA engineers reading Tiros weather data from space, Wallops Station, Va. own planet comes not a moment too

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 19 CONTI NUEoThe Earth From Space . . .yesterday, today, tomorrow

soon. The human race needs all the

help it can get to control its resources and environment. As industrialization

spreads and population grows, it's fortu- nate that advancing technology can lend a helping hand to tame environ- mental problems, aid in food produc- tion, help discover new resources. The advanced technology to be used in ERTS consists of two major systems. The first is an unusual three-camera aerial TV system, called a "return beam vidicon system." It's so sensitive that

it will be able to pick up any object on earth 100 feet across or larger. Each camera in the system concentrates on a different color. Once every 25 seconds, each camera radios the image it is pick- ing up back to earth. There, the three images are combined into a single pho-

Oregon timber stand. Light trees are blighted, dark healthy. Original was more marked—sick was blue, well was red.

frared light day and night when they different from elms. Diseased oaks look give oft" heat they have absorbed or different from healthy oaks, sometimes produce. Radiated infrared light tells its showing entirely different colors when stories too, and the scanner will reveal transcribed to film. From space, the both kinds of infrared light, reflected scanners can tell experts which are the oaks, which the elms, which are healthy, which blighted—even though it can't separate the leaves and twigs from each other clearly. It can do the same for wheat, oats, corn or what have you. It can tell if the

ground is moist or dry, if the soil is Water gradients off Cape Lookout, N.C., fertile or infertile, and even suggest seen by Apollo 9. Color original reveals what the soil is rich in or lacks—be- much more of the underwater detail. cause every substance and condition has its own infrared signature or writes it tograph. This is a lot like your TV set into the plants that grow on it. From works—except that the pictures in this 565 miles up, such reporting can show case will be ten times as sharp as those conditions at a glance across a state on your TV set. and each shot will cover far better than a farmer can describe an area 100 nautical miles square. them while standing on his own acres. The second device is called a "multi- Eventually, the experts won't have to spectral scanner." It gives a picture of analyze every ERTS picture. The "sig- a long strip of earth 100 nautical miles photo for Peru of quake-earthslide NASA natures" of each object or crop will be wide. Unlike the vidicon system, the showing how the fainter arm of slide taught to a computer, along with the scanner specializes in infrared light. (right) leaped ridge, buried 20,000 people. variations in that signature caused by "Objects on earth reflect, in different season, time of day, temperature, mois- degrees, the daytime infrared light from and radiated. It's so sensitive that it can ture, etc. sunlight that's invisible to the eye. The feel the "heat" radiated from an ice Before long, it will be possible to feed scanner will record these daytime re- cube a mile away. Like the camera sys- an ERTS photo into a computer and flections which tell their own subtle tem, the scanner will radio its images get back a written report of everything stories. to earth. that's there. Or it will be possible to Objects also radiate their own in- In infrared pictures, oaks look a little set up the computer so it says nothing

unless it finds something out of the ordinary. "Wheat blight 3.23 mi. S-SW of Iowa City, Iowa." "Snow depth, Adirondacks to Maine, could mean flood all watersheds south if tempera- ture rises as indicated by Canadian low pressure system now centered Mani- toba." "Possible natural gas field de- tected 9.7 mi. N-NE of Columbus, Ga.," etc. Radar view (not photo) of San Francisco Bay area pierces cloud and haze, brings topographic features into sharp, revealing relief. (Continued on page 42)

20 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 PHOTO; JOHN AKDREOLA

V

Chuck Mason, a Vietnam Marine formerly of Baltimore, who be- came a triple amputee in a 1969 action, does the twist with his fiancee, Donna, daughter of Bill Ebbe, Bergen County, N.J. Le- gion Commander. Scene is at the installation ceremonies of Cresskill (N.J.) Legion Post 21. Donna and Chuck first met as a result of her helping entertain at a Christmas party at Post 21 for hospitalized Vietnam vets from East Orange, N.J., Veter- jr ans Administration Hospital. fSL

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 21 —

Causes of Teen-Age

4

ILLUSTRATED BY CHARLES WATERHOUSE

^ Auto accidents account for the deaths of more teen-agers than any other cause. In 1970, teen-age fatalities were up 6%.

JACK HARRISON POLLACK records, and youths with such records may precede a teen-age traffic accident tend to have fathers with such records. —reaching draft age. starting a career, WHY DO MORE tecH-agcrs die from Young men, especially, adopt the fam- getting married or leaving home. A fist auto accidents than any other ily's attitude toward authority, aggres- fight before driving is often followed by cause? There was another 6% increase sion and conformity (in this case to- an accident. In short, either a rebellious last year. Why are two out of five of ward traffic and safe driving rules, for or nervous attitude about something our I 1 miUion licensed teen-age drivers better or worse). Moral: Parents should else, or a state of excitement, carries annually involved in traffic crashes? set good driving examples for their chil- over to recklessness or inattention at Certainly they have keener vision, dren. Youngsters should avoid trying the wheel. quicker reflexes and better coordination to imitate Pop if he's reckless. Adults aren't perfect in this respect, than adults. And many have had high 2. Accident-prone youths were fre- but on the average they are more able school driver education. Yet nearly a quently "in trouble" elsewhere—for de- to separate their other problems from third of the 56,000 persons who died in linquency in school or as drinkers, etc. their behavior when driving. Moral: car crashes last year were between 15 Those with a record of trouble in gen- When driving, pay attention to good and 24. eral had twice as much trouble handling driving—save your other worries for Assuming that youthful readers of cars as their more trouble-free class- when you aren't pushing a high-pow- these words and their parents don't want mates. There doesn't seem to be any ered engine at death-dealing speeds them to crack up their cars and kill moral, only a warning that if you are if you can. It's a sign of growing up. themselves or others, they may be in- always getting into trouble in other 4. The habitual traffic offender often terested in the findings of a series of things, you're more apt than others to uses his car to achieve status. Americans studies at the University of Michigan smash up your car. have always admired the risk-taker, be and Michigan State University, which 3. Unsettling influences in a youth's it the astronaut, the soldier, the ex- reveal these striking driving patterns; life are reflected in poor driving and plorer, the aviator—or what have you. 1. Good or bad driving runs in fam- accidents. Sons of broken marriages are A boy of ten may try to impress people ilies. Fathers with numerous traffic con- frequent traffic violators. Almost any by riding his bike with no hands. As a victions tend to have sons with similar event in life that is a cause of concern teen-ager he may drive with no hands,

22 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 uto Accidents If two studies of young drivers who get

into accidents are right, parents and teen-agers alike may profit from them.

Good or bad driving runs in the family, and studies have shown Risk-taking comes easily to some youngsters wlio that youths with numerous traf- want to impress ottiers. Too often this trait is fic convictions tend to have retained when they get behind a steering wheel. fathers with similar records.

An excited or nervous state about something else before driving — a fist fight, say — is often the cause of accidents.

or pass on a blind corner. Some, but mileage, who are out of school, em- and educators because it is insufficient fewer adults, never grow up and pull ployed and own their cars. Moral: It's (about 30 hours as a rule) and the in- the same stunts. But the risk-taking that dangerous to think you can drive more struction is most often inadequate. It

is admired is done for a useful purpose, inattentively once you've had your li- doesn't include freeway driving, night

and it's only admired by fools when it cense for a while. There's no such thing driving, or how to react in road emer- endangers us and others senselessly. as safely graduating to careless driving. gencies. Moral: No course of training Show-off risk-taking gets more sneers It's death at any age. makes you automatically safe for your- than cheers. Moral: Always drive as if 6. High school driver education self and others—only your lifelong at- your life depended on good sense. It (which only 65% of eligible youngsters tention to good driving can do that. does. take) hasn't solved the problems. It Probably anybody who cares can 5. Contrary to popular belief, the will reduce your insurance premiums apply these points to himself to make 16-to 18-year-olds (who are worried more than your teen-age boy's chance himself a safer driver. Those who don't about losing their licenses) aren't as of having an accident. Driver education care are fairly hopeless until they learn dangerous as those 18 to 20 with low is now criticized by some safety people the hard and expensive way. the end

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 23 . A

Opposing Views by Congressmen on The Question . SHOULD WE ENACT

HE PROPOSED National Service Act (H. R. 1000) In time of armed con- would repeal the Selective Service draft law and flict, the lottery could be would replace it with a National Service System. Un- used to meet necessary der this system, a young man who reaches age 18 military manpower re- could make one of three choices: quirements, but the civil- 1. to volunteer for military service; or ian service option would 2. to volunteer for civilian service; or still be an alternative to

3. to take his chances in a military draft lottery. the draft unless Congress Under this system, any young man could perform declared war. Only in that civilian service instead of facing the draft. Yet the extreme case could civil- plan is not universal service and would not, therefore, ian service registrants be entail the high costs involved in any universal pro- drafted. Rep. Jonathan B. Bingham gram. Most young men would likely choose the lot- The National Service (D-N.Y.) tery and would only be required to serve if drafted Act has the support of 23rd District during their one year of liability. 73%. of the American people (80%, in the 21- to 29- The National Service Act makes it possible for any- year-old age group) according to a Gallup Poll. It has one who volunteers for military or civilian service to won the support of many organizations and newspa- go on to college or receive further training. Such a pers, such as the New York Times. person may postpone his actual service for up to four I recognize that this approach is not favored by years of education or training. those who oppose the draft in any form. Many thought- Young men who volunteer for civilian service would ful people, however, such as Massachusetts Sen. Ed- find their own job, working for private employers, ward Kennedy and Harlem Congressman Charles such as hospitals, relief organizations or educational Rangel, have raised serious questions about an all- groups, as well as governmental groups like the Peace volunteer army. The National Service Act meets Corps, local police departments and correctional in- many of the objections to the all-volunteer approach stitutions. Peace Corps Director Joseph H. Blatchford while replacing an unfair and unworkable system. has told me that he would welcome such a National Service approach. Anyone who is unable to find a job on his own, and who does not want to take advantage of the four-year postponement for education or training, could join a Civilian Service Corps which would train him. He could then go out and find a job on his own or he could remain in the Corps and do such work as re- forestation or urban renewal.

If you wish to let your Congressman or one of your Senators know how you feel on this

24 TH£ AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 NATIONAL SERVICE PROGRAM? "NO" As DISENCHANTMENT But beyond these practical considerations, I am op- with the Selective posed to forceable military conscription, and I am just Sei'vice System grows, the as opposed to coerced National Service. The Supreme concept of a National Court, which approved the concept of a limited draft Service Program has come for defense purposes, is likely to find comprehensive into increasing promi- National Service unconstitutional because it violates nence. Though there is the 13th Amendment's prohibition against "involun- some variance among dif- tary servitude." I would applaud such a decision by ferent proposals, most of the court, for I can see no reason for substituting a them agree on the follow- greater tyranny for the one we already have. ing points. First, they In the New Republic, Congressman Bingham stated: ". would allow a youth, if he . . many jobs which are necessary become in- Rep. Parren J. Mitchell may (D-Md.) so desires, to substitute creasingly hard to fill if the affluent society is extended 7th District civilian service for mili- to more and more Americans. For instance, how many tary service. Second, they would do away entirely coal miners will we have in 20 years if the young men with the conscientious objector status. And, finally, in mining areas are given real opportunities for alter- most of them are compulsory — some for all males, native employment, which in justice they ought to some for all citizens, male and female. have?" Though under his legislation as written, Con- To begin with, there are serious questions as to gressman Bingham would not have the authority to whether such a proposal could work. Certainly, its draft youth to be coal miners, it is quite clear that he operations would require another huge federal bu- sees this as a future possibility for the National Service reaucracy to administer the program. Not only would Program. I do not even want to begin to grant this we have to provide jobs for these young men and type of authority to the government. women, but we would have to provide the training In replacing forceable conscription, we must look and the supervision as well. The Peace Corps, The for ways of raising the necessary military manpower Teacher Corps and VISTA have taught us well that that are consistent with American ideals. It Is for this youth who join for ulterior motives (i.e., to escape reason that I support the concept of a volunteer army. the draft) perform poorly and do both themselves and the program a disservice. There is no reason to believe that National Service will become anything but a kind of "Jumbo Job Corps." As the White House Conference on Youth concluded: "The cost would be staggering — about $20 billion a year for the estimated

4 million young men and women between 17 and 21 I 1

I read in The Magazine for Au- who would be expected to serve for two-year periods." have American Legion j gust the arguments in PRO & CON: Should We Enact A National Service Program?

IN MY OPINION A NATIONAL SERVICE PROGRAM SHOULD issue, fill out the "ballot" and mail it to him. ^ BE SHOULD NOT BE ENACTED.

SIGNED

ADDRESS

TOVI/N .STATE

I

You can address any Representative c/o U.S. House of Representatives, Wash- ington, D.C. 20515; any Senator c/o U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C. 20510.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 25 — —

By LYNWOOD MARK RHODES

THE PEOPLE OF the United States have used a lot of odd things for money in their history. We remember one—wam- pum—and have forgotten more. Maybe we don't care to remember, though the history of what we've used for money is fascinating if not always useful knowl- edge today. Of course, as Congressman Wright Patman said, what most of us know about money is that we "don't have enough."

Right now, it seems that we have too much, thanics to inflation. Our ancestors had a different problem. While we are al- lowed to have so much money that it loses its value, they were forbidden to have good, solid currency. When we were colonies, the British pounds, shil- Wampum (beads made of shells) used by Ben Franklin lobbied for the wild turkey lings and pence were our official money Indians as money was legal tender in instead of the bald eagle as the image —but chiefly for bookkeeping purposes. some of our colonies. our national currency should carry. England hoarded her gold and silver in support of her mercantile policy, and from 1695 on she forbade its export to the colonies. Meanwhile, to coin money locally violated the king's privileges, and there was no genuine paper money until The Things We've it was invented by Massachusetts. As a result, says historian Thomas Cochran, our forefathers got around the chronic shortage of coin by using "the most in- for Money convenient, confused, heterogene- Used and ous currency in history." Heterogene- ous, of course, means "made out of all Before dollars and cents, our monetary system was sorts of different things." Our ancestors didn't need a lot of money, particularly at first. Many early the most unhandy, confused and varied in history. settlers were poor and had little cash to begin with. Some had hocked them- selves as indentured servants to pay for the boat ride over. Once here, they make up a large family of marine shell- foot lengths, worth about MVi cents, worked for room and board, or grew fish, including snails, with thick shells, or in a "fathom" (six feet) of 300 white and made most of what they needed. often white. The quahog is a thick- beads or 1 80 black ones, equal to about Few would dispute the man who could shelled clam that was found in abun- five shillings or 70 cents. Sometimes un- jingle a few Spanish coins if he claimed dance along New England shores. Qua- strung beads and shell portions were to be the richest man in the county. hog shells made beautiful black cash counted out loose when making a deal, Still, settlers needed some money. The or "black peage." as Edward Everett and that became the practice of "shell- more they developed their trade and called it in 1833. It consisted, he said, ing out." settled in cities the more money they of "the small round spot on the inside The earliest Yankees couldn't stand needed. Once they put cobblestones in of the quahog shell . . . broken away the slow Indian pace of making wam- the streets they couldn't grow corn there and brought to a smooth and regular pum by hand—cleaning and polishing any more, and had to buy from their shape, drilled through the center" and it at the rate of "only a few pence a country cousins. strung as beads. day." Soon, two factories were set up Even earlier, when they'd barely White peage. said Everett, was made to mass produce wampum (our first landed, there were things they wanted of portions of shells, strung to be worn mints) —one in Hackensack, N.J.. the to buy from the Indians. New England- as bracelets or necklaces. "They pos- other in Babylon, Long Island. But one ers and New Yorkers simply adopted the sessed an intrinsic value with the natives Philip Livingston thought that British

Indians" money and gave it the local and were readily taken by them in ex- industry could do better. He sent sam- Indian name — wampiim-pea^e, later change for their furs. As soon as they ples of wampum to a London agent, and shortened to just wampum. It was the began to be used as currency they ac- ordered its manufacture in the home wrong half of the word to shorten it to. quired a convertional value." country, stressing that it should look as Wampum simply meant "white." Peage Conventional is too mild. They were if it were "made in America by native meant "strung beads." and what we now official. In 1 640, Massachusetts made Americans." recall as wampum was actually peage wampum legal tender, and Roger Wil- "Very bad wampum is circulating beads of almost any color usually made liams reported that "six white or three here," a Dutch trader in New Amster- from sea shells. Dark blue or black blacke beads" were worth a penny. dam complained in 1641, "and payment beads made from quahogs were worth Wampum was currency among the is made in nothing but rough unpolished more than white (or wampum) peage English and Dutch as well as with the stuff—of stone, bone, glass, mussel- made from periwinkles. Periwinkles Indians. It was generally strung in one shells, horn, yea even of wood and

26 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 "Not worth a continental" derives its significance from fact that Shortage of English coins forced the Colonials to cut Spanish tradespeople refused to accept our Revolutionary War currency pesos into smaller pieces in order to make the right change,

(continentals) as a means of payment because it was worthless.

Early Harvard students often paid their tuition with cattle. Many farm products were legal tender.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 27 —

CONTINUED A History of the Things We've Used for Money

broken beads." Plus, he could have mg." The minister might get his salary ing back with him a beautiful and vir- added, counterfeit in the form of white in such truck as firewood and onions. tuous young wife." wampum painted black. A farmer might buy axes and molasses He exaggerated. Ship skippers of the Wampum became so common and of from the general store by swapping bar- time demanded 100 to 150 pounds of such poor quality that it wasn't worth reled cider on one trip, his wife's home- leaf tobacco to pay the fare of young the string it was strung on. Yet it con- made cheese on the next. A woman ladies who had been brought over to tinued to be used as small change for might offer her weaving for sale "for find husbands. Not many eager grooms years. Passengers on the Manhattan- cash or truck that will answer." She on these shores had that much ready Brooklyn ferry could still legally toss would accept whatever she could use tobacco whenever a ship showed up, or wampum in the fare box as late as 1701, flour for baking, yarn for winter knitting, the ability to tuck such weight and bulk the last year that it was legal tender in tallow for candlemaking. If the negotia- New York. In some parts of Bergen tions soured, she said exactly what peo- County, N.J.. and in southern Rockland ple do today when they don't want to Co., N.Y., descendants of Dutch settlers have any more dealings with a person: went on paying their grocery bills with 'i'll have no truck with you!" strung beads well into the 19th century. Country-pay was legal tender at one A waterwheel-operated wampum fac- time or another in practically every col- tory owned by a Campbell family at ony. Various colonial laws specified

Park Ridge, N.J., didn't shut down fi- certain items that could be passed to nally until after the middle of the last discharge debts legally. An old Massa- century. Long after a better system was chusetts law declared: "It is ordered

Colonials often drilled holes in gold and silver coins, plugged the holes with lead and sold the extracted metals.

under one arm and hasten with it to the waterfront. It was more common to buy brides with "tobacco notes," private pledges against crops that were con- signed to colonial warehouses to back up the paper. In 1727, Virginia made "tobacco notes" legal colonial currency,

though it had officially recognized and controlled them as private currency earlier. Farm products made a poor money base right down to this century. Crop values rose and fell rapidly between har- vest seasons, and from year to year. Good crops depressed the prices, poor crops increased them. Prices fell with each harvest. The value of Virginia's tobacco tumbled when planters started growing more tobacco than the market

could take. A pound of it was worth three shillings in 1619 and a ruinous

halfpenny in 1 667. A few bad years sent it sky-high again. In 1755, the Virginia legislature tried to fight such fluctuations by giving to- bacco a pegged price of twopence a Descendants of early settlers continued paying bills with wampum as late as the 19th pound in paper tobacco notes, no mat- century, and one New Jersey factory turned out wampum beads well after the 1850's. ter what it sold for. This soon infuriated used in the east, wampum of sorts cir- that corne shall passe for payment of preachers, whose salary was pegged at culated on western frontiers. The Bis- all debts at the usuall rate it is solde for." 17,200 pounds of tobacco a year. It was marck (N.D.) Tribune reported in 1885 North Carolina designated more than selling for sixpence a pound, or three that gopher tails still passed for money 20 different commodities which were times the paper price, and they were in some sections of the Dakotas. acceptable. Around 1650, when tobacco legally bound not to refuse the paper in Naturally, settlers with little money was the only legal currency in Virginia, lieu of the tobacco. used goods in trade extensively. "Coun- one old writer commented: "It would In 1759, "the Parson's Cause" was try-pay" or "truck" it was called in our have done a man's heart good to see the taken to the king, who vetoed the co- nation's early years. The word "truck" gallant young Virginians hastening to lonial law. The clergy sued for what stood for goods to barter—often farm the waterfront when a vessel arrived they'd been shortchanged over the pre- goods—before it meant a vehicle. This from London, each carrying a bundle of vious four years, and won a hollow vic- use of it survives today in "truck garden- the best tobacco under his arm and tak- tory. They were right in principle, said

28 THE Af/iFR'^-'N LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 a jury. But it was furious over the king's meddling, and let the defense attorney,

Patrick Henry, persuade it that the clergy "preferred chaos to order in the colony which was feeding them." Dam- ages in the amount of one penny were awarded. The fluctuating value of truck and

Once, money took form of "country-pay" or "truck," goods used as cash. From this came phrase, "I'll have no truck with you."

Many items that didn't pass between individuals as legal tender had to be made acceptable for taxes, and they were listed as being acceptable for "pub-

lic receivability." This hurt the colonial governments. Connecticut, for example, its unwieldy bulk plagued all the colo- had to establish a rate of value for wheat

nies. A Springfield constable had to for taxes while it let private trade arrive transport 130 bushels of peas to Boston at its own value, often higher. to pay Massachusetts taxes, making an entire year's tobacco crop. The situ- John Winthrop, the first governor of eight trips down the Connecticut River ation led to riots in 1683 and extensive Massachusetts, told the tale of a settler to Hartford and two overland from there damage on tobacco plantations, insti- named Rowley who paid his servant in to Boston. On one of the river trips, gated by people who were furious at oxen, and had to lay him ofl" because water damaged part of the cargo and the cheapening of their tobacco he had so few of the creatures left. When he ended up petitioning the General "money" holdings. the servant protested, the master asked Court for relief. Harvard students paid Where "country-pay" was made legal how he could pay him when his cattle

tuition in "lanke cattle." An early co- tender it liad to be accepted in payment were gone. The servant said that Rowley

lonial business ledger includes this en- of debts. Then if the price of, say, corn could work for him when that hap- try: "Received a goat, 30 shillings, dropped in a lush market, debtors would pened, and "so you may have your cat- which died." rush to pay their debts in corn not worth tle again." The plague that this sort of thing more than a fraction of what they owed. During the first 20 years of the Mas-

visited on the colonies was a veritable The colonies avoided, as much as sachusetts colony it became clear how web of mischief. possible, making legal tender for the the barter, truck and country-pay sys- Virginia's problems because she made discharge of all debts any more prod- tem was forced into being. The earliest tobacco the base of money were far- ucts than they had to. But they were merchants wanted hard coin for their

reaching. Farmers grew vast amounts, stuck themselves when it came to col- goods, though there was little more of

often of poor quality, because it was lecting taxes. A colony, for example, it around than settlers had brought in "only money." The colony on occasions could take from Jones only what he their pockets. In 1640, Governor Win- destroyed half the crop by official edict, had. Since he had little or no money, throp wrote in his journal that "men set up commissioners to check the qual- the colony had to take beans as taxes could not pay their debts though they ity of tobacco and to deny the use of if Jones only had beans. And if he only had enough." In their desperation to

paper to pay debts if it were backed by had beans of poor quality, the colony get the fev/ available coins, colonists inferior tobacco. On one occasion, Vir- could take that or nothing from him. were offering their land and cattle for ginia and Maryland joined in banning ILLUSTRATED BY JACK RUGE a half or a quarter of their former value.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 29 CONTINUED A History of the Things We've Used for Money

By 1652. Massachusetts was so sick 20 years after the mint was closed. redeem the nails in it (most houses of all this that it built a mint and started And the cost its listed sixpenny were held together by wooden pegs producing coins without— the king's con- price in "hard money," which meant and chains). In 1646, Virginia offered sent. These coins "flatt and square on European coin or, believe it or not, to pay the owner for as many nails as the sides"—were the first real American wampum. Things of great value didn't were in an abandoned house if he'd money, and the Bay Colony turned them sell for wampum, but as small change leave it up. out in numerous designs. The best it still rated the equal of the hardest Nails passed for money readily, and known had pictures of trees on them European money. we still identify the sizes of nails by —a willow on the threepence, an oak In 1695, Massachusetts issued paper the money value blacksmiths gave them on the sixpence, and a pine on the "bills of credit" to pay for a military —fourpenny, sixpenny, tenpenny, twen- shilling. The Crown let this go on for venture, since its minting of coins had typenny, etc. 30 years—but put a stop to it in the been stopped. This is now generally ac- I680"s when Massachusetts was no cepted as the first true paper money in longer just a few villages. the world—backed by a government Many other efforts were made to pledge to redeem it on demand, with provide coin for the colonies artificially. no time limit, and payable to the bearer. In 1722, an Englishman named Wood Various forms of paper pledges to got a grant (by political bribery prob- pay had passed as money since at least ably) to make coins for Ireland and the 10th century (in China), while pri- America. They bore the royal rose and vate paper, endorsable to others, had were known as Rosa Americana. But long been used. The "pledge" of the the Crown soon bought its spurious Chinese emperor was death to those who grant back and put Wood voluntarily refused his paper money in settlement out of business by giving him a pension of debts. The bulk of business between of 3,000 pounds a year. our colonies and England was carried out by "bills of exchange," since Eng- land would send none of her coin here. A Virginia exporter of, say, tobacco, got a bill of exchange from his English customer worth so much in trade with

England. He spent it to import English

manufactures here, or endorsed it over to a colonial importer of such goods in exchange for credit or goods here. But

paper money as we know it is considered to have originated with the Massachu- setts bills of credit. Paper money worked beautifully as Dixes, $10 notes used in French-speaking New Orleans, gave South the name "Dixie." long as it was firmly backed and con- servatively administered to maintain its Of course, there was some hard cash value. For some time, Massachusetts' in the colonies, in silver and gold coins paper money was excellent and a great and some copper money. But little of

spur to commercial activity. Pennsyl- it was English. There was Dutch coin vania adopted it and administered it from New York in small amounts, rigorously. Ben Franklin attributed the and French coin from Louisiana. But sudden prosperity of Pennsylvania in most importantly there was Spanish the 170()'s solely to the availability of coin, which later became the father of paper currency (which he printed) as the American dollar. a boost to trade. Dealings with pirates fed some coin But popular and political pressures into the colonies. A growing private quickly came to bear on all the colo- trade with the brought in In early days, money was so scarce that a nies to produce wealth on the printing an increasing amount of silver Spanish with a coins in his pocket could man few press with little regard to its value, pesos, or "pieces of eight." claim to be the richest man around. while vast counterfeiting activities eas- These Spanish-Mexican pesos became Lord Baltimore minted some grandi- ily imitated the crudely printed bills. the commonest of silver coins in the ose coins for his Maryland colony, but Overissue and counterfeiting of paper colonies and, later, in the United States.' the Crown soon made him stop. money have continued to destroy its They circulated worldwide as a stable

A European traveler of 1 704, one value right down to today. currency. Madam Knight, described how a six- As colonial paper frequently became Pesos were known all over the world penny knife sold in Connecticut. It cost worthless in the owner's hands, coin as "dollars," a word corrupted from 12 pence in "pay," which meant barter and goods continued their popularity the Bohemian "thaler." which also had goods at the exchange value officially as the best items of true value. Nails great international currency. The $ sign set for them by the Connecticut Gen- were extremely valuable until a ma- was originally the Spanish sign for eral Court. The same knife cost eight- chine process to make them was in- "pesos" and is still so used in Argentina. pence in "pay money." That meant the vented late in the I700's. Before that Our colonists weren't bashful about same barter goods at their market value, they were forged by hand by black- cutting Spanish dollars up to make or Spanish-Mexican coin, or the Mas- smiths. On occasion, a colonist would small change. It took eight Spanish or sachusetts tree coins—still circulating tear or burn down his old house to {Continued on page 50)

30 THE AMERIC N LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 . —

A DIGEST OF EVENTS WHICH VETERANS NEWSLETTER ARE OF PERSONAL INTEREST TO YOU AUGUST 1971 LEGION JOINING MASSIVE NEW two years for drug-related problems, EFFORT TO COMBAT DRUG ABUSE about 11,000 received less than AND HELP VETERAN ADDICTS: honorable discharges thus becoming In an effort to initiate local ineligible for admission to VA drug Legion involvement in the national treatment and rehabilitation cen- fight against drug abuse. National ters . . . The American Legion is Commander Alfred P. Chamie, on July already on record to support a 2 wrote to all post commanders program for the treatment and re- urging their concrete participation habilitation of veterans who have and cooperation in programs to meet become addicted to habit-forming this national crisis ... He asked drugs them to check with local police departments, hospitals, mental health BILL INTRODUCED WOULD PENALIZE clinics and medical societies as to PUBLIC DISPLAY OF VIET CONG FLAG: what Legion posts could do to help Legislation calling for a fine of combat the drug problem and also to not more than $1,000 or imprisonment make post facilities available to for not more than five years, or veterans and servicemen who need help both, for any person who publicly in this connection. displays the Viet Cong flag or North The letter followed by a few days Vietnamese flag so long as hostili- the launching of a new all-out effort ties continue in Southeast Asia and by President Nixon to prevent the so long as American prisoners are drug menace from destroying the held by the Viet Cong or the gov- nation ... In a special message to ernment of North Vietnam has been Congress, the President asked for an introduced by Rep. Frank T. Bow additional $155 million to fight drug (Ohio) and others . . . HR8147 is abuse and for authority to establish supported by the Legion which will a central office in the White House testify in its behalf if hearings to direct a national attack on the are held . . . The Legion's National problem. Executive Committee adopted a resolu- Both actions coincided with the tion at its Oct. 1970 meeting testimony of Legion National Veterans calling for similar legislation. Affairs k Rehabilitation Director Ed Golembieski before a Senate LEGION GIVES ITS POSITION ON subcommittee considering the problems NATIONAL DEFENSE TO CONGRESS: of drug use and abuse which was In recent testimony before appro- directed to five specific areas: priations subcommittees of the Senate (1) the extent of the drug problem and the House, James R. Wilson, among our servicemen and returning Legion Director of National Security- veterans (2) the effectiveness of Foreign Relations told the members methods used to evaluate the extent of Congress that "The American of the problem (3) characterization Legion has by National Convention of the discharge of those armed expressed its firm belief that the forces members found to be users U.S. has no other course than to or abusers (4) responsibility for remain militarily strong ... By this treatment and rehabilitation of those we mean, our weapon systems should identified as being drug experi- be kept as modern as American tech- menters or users, i.e., the military, nology can provide in sufficient or the VA and (5) enforced or quantities and at a high state of voluntary treatment for drug and readiness ... We feel it is of the drug-related problems. utmost importance that our nation No exact figures exist as to how not allow its strategic retaliatory many GI addicts there are but various capability to deteriorate for it sources estimate that 10-25% of our is shield against overt attack." servicemen in Vietnam—perhaps 30- The substance of the testimony 65,000 men may be affected. was based on 17 National Security The emphasis now will swing toward resolutions adopted at the Portland bringing the problem under control National Convention in 1970 which and rehabilitating the drug user brought Legion policy up to date and and abuser via treatment programs called for—among other things instead of the utilization of increased and improved defensive punitive measures ... Of some 16,000 and offensive weaponry, missile and servicemen discharged in the past anti-ballistic-missile systems.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 31 " .

CONTINUED VETERANS NEWSLETTER air, naval and strategic superiority, ant Deputy Administrator of Veterans nuclear attack aircraft carriers, Affairs on June 7 ... In addition support for ROTC programs at uni- to his ten years in Congress, during versities, and a re-ordering of which he represented Indiana's 5th, national priorities. 6th and 10th Congressional Districts Mr. Wilson noted that in contrast and sponsored many veterans benefits to the U. S. S. R. 's aggressive arms bills, Mr. Roudebush has a history development and deployment in nearly of service to veterans which goes every aspect of strategic and con- back to the date of his discharge ventional weaponry, the U. S. has from the U.S. Army ... He served "virtually neglected the devel- six years as the Chairman of the opment of major strategic v/eapons Indiana Veterans Commission and also systems . as Dep't Service Officer for the V. F. W. of Indiana and brings to his NORTH DAKOTA VIETNAM ERA BONUS job a rare depth of experience in APPLICATIONS ACCEPTABLE OCT. 1: all facets of veterans affairs. The State of North Dakota has approved payment of a bonus to P.O.W. ESCAPEE MAJ. JAMES ROWE WRITES BOOK ON HIS EXPERIENCES: veterans of Vietnam Era service . . . Servicemen who had legal residence Major James N. Rowe, who spent in the state for six months prior more than five years as a prisoner to entry into the service and who of the Viet Cong in Vietnam and who served honorably for more than sixty narrates the Legion's film entitled days after Aug. 5, 1964 up to the "1,600 Brothers," which was produced end of the Vietnam War, may be to attract attention to the plight eligible for this bonus ... In the of U.S. P. 0. W.'s in Southeast Asia, case of deceased eligible veterans, has written a book on his experiences

payment may be made to certain other entitled "Five Years to Freedom" . . . family members on a priority basis Published by Little, Brown & Co.

. . . Amount paid will be calculated for $7.95 and available at book at the rate of $17.50 per month stores for foreign service and $12.50 per

month for domestic service . . . The AMERICAN LEGION BASEBALL FILM beneficiary of an eligible person NOW AVAILABLE FOR POST SHOWS: who dies while on active service A 16mm, 45 minute color/sound during hostilities will receive at film depicting American Legion base- least $600 . . . Applications from the ball as it happened at the 1970 office of Adjutant General, Bismarck, Legion World Series at Klamath Falls, N.D. 58501, and may not be filed Ore., is ready for rental to in-

until Oct. 1, 1971 . . . Bonus eligi- terested groups . . . Because of the bility period ends three years after limited number of prints, place Vietnam War ends. orders for at least 30 days prior to first choice of showing date and HAMPSHIRE FLAG TO NEW LAW AMENDED include two alternate dates . . . ADD STEALING AND ILLEGAL LOWERING: Complete rental fee and postage is

The theft of flags and the dis- $2.50 . . . Orders and inquiries from: closure of some cases of unauthorized American Legion Motion Picture Li - lowerings on certain occasions in the brary, National Headquarters, P.O. State of New Hampshire prompted that Box 1055, Indianapolis, Ind. 46206. Legion Department to reread state law

on the subject . . . Discovering that HELP SCHOOLS BRIDGE THE GAP the crime of stealing a flag was It's not too soon for incoming post merely a misdemeanor, although muti- officers to begin thinking of their lation or desecration was a felony post participation in American Educa-

and carried a maximum fine of $1,000, tion Week, Oct. 24-30 . . . The theme six months in jail, or both, the of the program this year is "Help

Legion was instrumental in having the Schools Bridge the Gap." . . . American law amended to add the same maximum Education Week is jointly sponsored penalties for stealing or unauthor- by the Legion, the National Educa- ized lowering of the U.S. Flag and' tion Ass'n, the National Congress" of the Flag of the State of New Hamp- Parents and Teachers and the U.S. shire. Office of Education ... To get a packet containing samples of all ma- FORMER INDIANA CONGRESSMAN terial necessary for planning a APPOINTED TO HIGH VA POST: community observance, send $3 to Richard L. Roudebush, a former Help Schools Bridge the Gap, American

Indiana Congressman and Life Member Education Week, P.O . Box 327, Legionnaire, was sworn in as Assist- Hyattsville, Md. 20781.

32 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 OF THE NEWS AMERICAN LEGION AND VETERANS AFFAIRS AUGUST, 1971

starring role in the television special, Houston, Tex., Awaits Legion's "Swing Out, Sweet Land," originally aired Nov. 29, 1970 on NBC-TV. 53rd Annual Nat1 Convention • The Senior and Junior Drum & Bugle Corps Championship Finals will Nation's sixth biggest city ready for Legion conclave be held in Houston's Astrodome Sun., Aug. 29, 7:00 p.m. Twelve senior and 2; Pres. Nixon, Bob Hope and others Aug. 27-Sept. junior corps will compete for top hon- invited; Drum & Bugle Finals set for the Astrodome. ors and prizes at which large crowds are expected. Visitors should get tickets as as registered at the convention. The week of Aug. 27-Sept. 2, 1971 Here are some other details: soon has been designated American Legion • The Legion's Auxiliary Hotel Head- Registered Legionnaires may get 500 off seat each using the coupon Week in Texas by Governor Preston quarters—the site of all of its functions on one by in packets while seats last. Smith and that state's legislative bodies. —will be the Shamrock Hilton Hotel. registration Thousands of Legionnaires from around • The Legion's Nat'l Hq Office will • The 25th Annual Drawing for the the nation and some from distant lands be in the West Hall, Albert Thomas Con- four Ford automobiles donated by the Posts of the Legion (658, will converge on Houston—known as vention and Exhibit Center. Seagram III., N.Y.) will Space City, U.S.A.—during that period • The National Executive Commit- Calif., 807, and 1283. judges are to attend the 53rd Annual National tee will meet twice during the conven- be held at the Finals while Convention of The American Legion. tion period: Sun., Aug. 29. 2:00 p.m.. determining competition winners. Fill the In addition to conducting Legion Crystal Ballroom, Rice Hotel, and again in the free coupon that appears on don't business or just visiting attractions in immediately after the convention ends next page and send it in. You the nation's sixth largest city (and one at the Convention Center. need to be present to win. A prize of Sea- of the fastest growing), Legionnaires • The Legion's Fourth Estate Award $250 will also be awarded by the car will have the opportunity to see two for distinguished public service in the gram Posts to the post of each of the nation's great pageants, the field of communications for 1971 will winner. National Convention parade and the go to Anheuser Busch, Inc., and actor • The Past Department Commanders Drum & Bugle Corps Championship John Wayne for the sponsorship and Club will hold its annual luncheon meet- Finals at the air-conditioned Houston Astrodome. Commemorative Bottle Created For Houston National Convention At presstime it was too early to re- lease a list of distinguished guests or speakers who have accepted invitations but among those invited were: Presi- dent Richard M. Nixon, California Gov. Ronald Reagan, an Apollo Astro- naut, a representative of the State of

Israel, Gen. A. J. Goodpaster. U.S. Army, Supreme Allied Commander Europe, SHAPE Belgium; VA Admin- istrator Donald E. Johnson, George Meany, President, AFL-CIO and Auxil- iary President Mrs. Charles C. Shaw. Actual convention floor business be- gins at the Sam Houston Coliseum on Aug. 31 and culminates on Sept. 2 with the election of the new National Com- mander for 1971-72 by approximately 3,000 delegates. The election of the Legion's national leader and other na- tional officers is the last big piece of above ceramic bottle convention business. In the immediate Shown are front and back views of the beautiful Distilling the Legion's days before convention sessions. Legion created by the Ezra Brooks Co., to commemorate national commissions and committees 53rd Annual National Convention in Houston which will be available for It is an will hold meetings, hear reports, listen purchase at local liquor stores by Legionnaires in attendance. to speakers and debate resolutions for accurate, three-dimensional, color replica of the Legion's Emblem em- will be final action by the convention body blazoned in 24 carat gold, is made of genuine Heritage China and a itself. Those pre-convention meetings filled with 12 year old bourbon. But, filled or empty it should become will be held for the most part at the true collector's item. Only 15,000 bottles will be produced and the molds Legion's Hq Hotel, the 1,000-room Rice will be destroyed after the run is completed to protect the value of existing Hotel, and at the Albert Thomas Con- copies. The cost will approximate $15.00. vention and Exhibit Center.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 33 NEWS

from Monday through Friday. Reserva- Mail to: tions in advance by writing to I I Special The Posts I Seagram I Events Office, APS, NASA Manned

American Legion P.O. Box 53086 I Spacecraft Center, Houston, Tex., j Houston, Texas 77052 77058. State exact number of visitors I | and specific dates of visit required. Families will find Gentlemen: I am a member of Post ±t American the Astroworld j [ amusement park almost completely air- I Legion, or a member of Unit # American Legion i conditioned, even to picnic umbrellas Auxiliary located in (City) (State) , j and shaded waiting areas. For baseball j Please enter my name in the free drawings for four Ford I | fans, the Pittsburgh Pirates and the

I Galaxie 500 2-door hardtops, donated by the Seagram Posts I Los Angeles Dodgers will play the to the 1971 American Legion Corporation of Texas. Draw- Houston Astros at the Astrodome dur- j j ing the week the is in ings to be held Sunday, August 29, 1971 at the Astrodome Legion town. I | Frankly. Houston is hot and humid I in Houston, Texas. Entries must be received no later than I in summertime but nearly every man- midnight August 27, 1971. made public and private facility, sta- I | (Please print) tionary or movable, indoors and out- I I

I doors, is Name I air-conditioned. Houston could Address well be the most air-conditioned city in j j the world, so sweaters are advisable. I City State Zip I In addition to being called Space Legion or Auxiliary Membership Card # City, U.S.A., Houston may also rate j { I I the title, Boomtown, U.S.A. While most of our bigger cities are in an economic ing in the Grand Ballroom of the Rice registrant must be a member of The slump, Houston's economy has been Hotel at noon on Aug. 30. Its second American Legion or Auxiliary or a soaring. Reports indicate that in the annual "Good Guy" award will go to member of the immediate family of last two years employment rose from noted journalist. Bob Considine. such member or a distinguished guest 780,820 to 882,900, bank deposits • Legion National Security Commis- at the convention. Winners must be passed $7 billion and an average of sion members will attend pre -convention present and show proper identification more than 100 new homes or apart- briefings and firepower demonstrations when their names are called. Legion ments were started every day. Unem- at Ft. Hood. Tex.. Aug. 25-27. National Organization employees and ployment, at last reports, was hovering • A Vietnam Veteran Legionnaire families are ineligible. around the fantastically low 2.5 per- Workshop will be held Aug. 30. 10:00 • The American Legion Press Ass'n centile while the rest of the nation a.m., in the Crystal Ballroom. Rice will hold its functions at the Sheraton- ranged upwards from 6%. Houston Hotel, and is open to all Vietnam Era Lincoln Hotel. Its Annual Awards could be the fastest growing city in the Legionnaires at the convention. Banquet will be held in the ballroom, nation right now or quite soon. • The National Convention Parade 7:00 p.m.. Sat.. Aug. 28: the Executive It's worth a visit. will be held in downtown Houston on Board business brunch in the Bayou Mon., Aug. 30. starting at 7:00 p.m., Room. Sunday morning, Aug. 29; and from the intersection of Rusk and the Annual Meeting in the Mirador Convention Contest Schedule

Louisiana Streets. From there it goes Room, 2:00 p.m. Sun., Aug. 29. Below is a list of the sires, dates and north to Texas St., makes a right turn • The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.'s times of comoetitions and other Legion cast to Main St., makes a right turn south blimp, the America—based at Houston sponsored events which will take place to Bell St.. makes a right turn one block —is scheduled to appear over the city at the 1971 National Convention. west to Travis St., goes north past the during the convention period carrying Saturday, Aug. 28 reviewing stand between Polk and words of welcome to visitors and mes- • Junior Color Guard Contest. 8:00

Dallas Streets to Walker St., where it sages about Legion programs such as a.m.. Junior Field, Jeppesen Stadium, goes v/est to the disbanding point at the Jobs For Veterans campaign. 3800 Cullen Blvd.

Smith St. The route is about 1 '/t miles. Legion families who use the conven- • Junior Band Contest. 9:00 a.m., • The National Commander's Ban- tion as part of summer vacation will find Cullen Auditorium, University of Hous- quet for Distinguished Guests will be Houston rich in attractions. ton, 3801 Cullen Blvd. held at the Astroworld Hotel's Grand The two most widely known are the • Senior Band Contest. Cullen Audi- Ballroom at 7:30 p.m., Tues., Aug. 31. NASA Manned Spacecraft Center torium. Time to be announced. • For the second year in a row, (about 25 miles southeast of the city) prizes will be awarded to registrants and and Astrodomain. composed of the Sunday, Aug. 29 some others who remain at the conven- Astrodome. Astroworld (an amusement • Junior Drum & Bugle Corps Pre- tion during the final minutes of the ses- park), Astrohall (world's largest trade liminaries. 8:00 a.m.. Jeppesen Stadium. sions. The prizes are a Sylvania console show and exhibition building), and the color television set. a matched set of Wil- Astroworld Motor Hotels, which is lo- • Senior Drum & Bugle Corps Pre- son golf clubs with bag, a 35mm Insta- cated about 8 miles southeast of down- liminaries. Jeppesen Stadium. Time to malic camera with slide projector, a town Houston. be announced. set of matching luggage, a Colt WW2 The Manned Spacecraft Center is • Senior Color Guard Contest. 9:00 commemorative .45 cal. nickel plated open to the public seven days a week a.m.. Junior Field. Jeppesen Stadium. pistol with display case and special from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., except on • Firing Squad Contest. Junior Field, Colt American Heritage picture history Federal holidays. No admission charge Jeppesen Stadium. Time to be an- of WW2, and a Legion blazer and and no need for advance reservations for nounced. slacks. Registration for awards will self-guided walking tours. • Auxiliary Music.il Groups Contest. take place at the convention and the However, guided tours are available 9:00 a.m.. Music HaiL 810 Bagby St.

34 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 —

• Chorus & Quartet Contest. 1:00 firms and federal and state agencies par- President Boosts p.m., Music Hall. ticipated in the event. Jobs For Vets • Motorcycle Drill Team. 2:00 p.m. In Clinton, Hobbs-Ogle-Power Post Site to be announced. On June 11, President Nixon di- 41 hired a full-time employment counse- • National Convention Patriotic and rected Secretary of Labor James D. lor and placed him in its building so he Memorial Service. 4:30 p.m., Houston Hodgson to intensify efforts to place would always be available. Music Hall. unemployed Viet-vets in jobs or • In Sioux City, Iowa. Mayor Paul • National Drum & Bugle Corps training and urged priority to the Berger kicked off that city's Jobs For Championship Finals. 7:00 p.m., the following six points: Veterans program by proclaiming a Astrodome. 1. Draw upon the resources of the month for the program and ordering all National Alliance of Businessmen. city hall outgoing mail to carry the can- Jobs For Veterans 2. Work with the Secretary of De- cellation stamp "Hire a Returning Vet- Here are the latest happenings around fense to expand substantially the eran." Sioux City business establish- the nation on the Legion's Jobs For Vet- TRANSITION Program. ments are donating marquee and erans programs and related efforts. 3. Immediately augment the num- window space for messages and displays • In Arizona, two Legion Job Fairs ber of training opportunities for supporting the program and local taxi were held. One on April 22 in Phoenix returning veterans and encourage companies are riding with lighted signs and the other on April 29 in Tucson. A veteran and employer participation. atop cabs. A large billboard at a strate- total of 62 employers were represented 4. Require listing of all job open- gic intersection reminds citizens that and over 1,200 veterans attended. Thus ings with the U.S. Employment "Returning Vets Need Jobs!" far, 132 vets have been employed by 42 Service by all agencies and con- • In Montana, Yellowstone Post 4 of employers, 78 have been referred and tractors funded by the federal gov- the Legion and the Montana State Em- 31 were called in later by employers. ernment. ployment Service combined to present a Over 30 veterans were enrolled in voca- 5. Greatly increase the effectiveness "Veterans Job Fair" in Billings on June tional schools and 387 registered with of the U.S. Training and Employ- 10. Booths were manned by 30 large the State Employment Service. All local, ment Service. employers and agencies dealing in vet- state and federal agencies participated in 6. Provide special Labor/VA serv- erans affairs. Almost 150 veterans at- the fair and news coverage was excel- ices for Vietnam-era veterans who tended (95% Viet vets) and some 10% lent. Arizona Legion posts will in the have been drawing unemployment received job offers for permanent work future act as referral agencies by chan- compensation for three months or while another 35% got summer work neling veterans to the Veterans Employ- longer. the latter mostly college students. ment Representative in the State Em- • In Texas, a Veterans Assistance ployment Office nearest his home. the National Guard Armory on April Day was held at the University of Texas • In Grand Forks, N.D., Post 6 spon- 21 to register with some 40 employers in El Paso on April 27 under the spon- sored a Veterans Job Fair on May 13 in and discuss veterans job and training sorship of Rep. Richard C. White (Tex.) cooperation with its counterpart Legion problems with federal and state agencies. and the United Veterans Organization post in East Grand Forks, Minn. Over Early incomplete reports show two vets of El Paso to which the local Legion 51 employers participated along with hired on the spot and 50 more slated for belongs. More than 1,000 veterans at- the Employment Services of North Da- followup interviews and physicals. tended at which nearly 30 employers kota and Minnesota and Air Force per- • In Oklahoma City, Okla., the Le- participated along with federal, state sonnel from nearby Grand Forks Air gion combined with the State Employ- and local government agencies. Some Base. Over 220 veterans came from ment Service and the office of Gov. 500 interviews were held with employers more than 55 cities and towns in the David Hall to put on a hugely successful and 50 jobs obtained on the spot. two states to seek employment. Fifty Job Fair at Shepherd Mall in that city • In Colorado, the Legion, along vets got immediate work. on June 23. More than 6,300 veterans with the Veterans of Foreign Wars, the • In Ohio, the Legion—along with attended and early reports indicate over Disabled American Veterans and the the Ohio Bureau of Employment Serv- 1,000 were hired on the spot. Legion American GI Forum have jointly cre- ices and the Veterans Employment Serv- buses and cars brought hundreds of vet- ated an organization to collect funds and ice—held its third Job Mart at Spring- erans to the Fair and lines were three operate a job training program for vet- field. Over 400 veterans showed up at blocks long at one time. More than 80 erans. Known as the Colorado Veterans

HARTFORD COURANT PHOTO BY HARRY EATZ

Connecticut Job Fair drew 5-7,000 job-seeking vets on May 26, here shown lined up outside the State Armory in Hartford.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE ' AUGUST 1971 35 NEWS Queens County American Legion Night at Shea Stadium

N.Y. Dep't Cmdr Ray Wellington is shown above making with youth and contributions to baseball. In photo at right, an appeal for Jobs For Veterans before 45,000 fans at the grinning Yogi has just received from Event Chairman N.Y.'s Shea Stadium just before the Mets-Philadelphia Bob Cutler a framed photo of himself sliding home safe in Phillies game on June 18. Mets announcer Ralph Kiner is in a Legion Regional baseball tourney in Hastings, Neb., back background. In second photo. Yogi Berra is shown getting a in 1942. This was the third year in a row the Mets and the plaque from Queens County Cmdr Sam Picker for his work Queens County Legion got together to host a Night.

Entry Training Program, it will seek $3 Prime Minister Golda Meir and De- mott Post 7 and the tournament will be million from the U.S. Department of fense Minister Moshe Dayan and vis- held at Hi Corbett Field. Labor's Manpower Administration to ited government and military installa- Here is a list of the eight regional sites fund the on-the-job training program. tions. A representative of the State of and the state teams which will compete • In New York, a special "hotline" Israel is slated to come to the Legion in the various areas before going to the telephone number and a daily job bul- National Convention in Houston. World Series. letin are two items adopted by New In Italy he visited with officials of NEW ENGLAND REGIONAL York City and Buffalo in an effort to the U.S. Embassy, including Ambassa- Keene, N.H., Alumni Field, Aug. 25- broaden job opportunities for veterans. dor Graham A. Martin, and met with 30. Host: Gordon-Bissell Post 4. Mass., Employers in those areas who wish to leaders of the Legion, Dep't of Italy. N.Y., R.I., N.H., Vt., Conn., Maine and hire vets can now have the position The tour was capped with a busy host team. listed by calling a special "Jobs For Vet- Memorial Day weekend in Paris. Cmdr MID ATLANTIC REGIONAL erans" telephone number which auto- Chamie met with Ambassador David Lyndhurst, N.J., Riverside County matically places the job order with the K. Bruce, chief of the U.S. delegation Park, Aug. 25-30. Host: Barringer-Walk- State Employment Service Offices, the to the Paris peace talks and a group er LoPinto Post 139. W.Va., Md., Va., N.Y. City Division of Veterans Affairs, of wives and parents of U.S.P.O.W.'s N.J., Del., Pa., D.C., and host team. the Bureau of Apprenticeship Training, then also visiting Paris in an effort to SOUTHEASTERN REGIONAL the of the U.S. persuade the North Vietnamese to re- U.S. Dep't Labor and Sumter, S.C., Riley Park, Aug. 25-30. patriate the captured servicemen. Veterans Assistance Center. Host: Sumter Post 15. Ga., Panama, • Cmdr Chamie attended ceremonies In Connecticut a huge Job Fair was C.Z., N.C., Ala., Puerto Rico, S.C., Fla., at the the Lafayette Es- mounted by the State Employment Serv- Monument of and host team. ice, with the VA and The Hartford cadrille, Garches. At the Arch of Tri- MID-SOUTH REGIONAL Courant as co-sponsors on May 26. umph, in the company of American Memphis, Tenn., Blues Stadium, Aug. Nearly 7,000 unemployed veterans Ambassador Arthur Watson, he par- 19-24. Host: Memphis Post 1. Okla., flocked to the State Armory in Hartford ticipated in the flame rekindling cere- Miss., Ark., La., Ky., Tenn., Tex., and and stood patiently in line most of the mony at the Tomb of the Unknown host team. Soldier. He also visited The American day seeking word of employment from GREAT LAKES REGIONAL some 1 60 employers. Connecticut has Legion Mausoleum, New Cemetery, Wyandotte, Mich., Wyandotte Me- one of the highest unemployment rates Neuilly-sur-Seine, and placed a wreath morial Field, Aug. 25-30. Host: Lincoln at the American Military Cemetery at (9.5% ) in the country with 29,000 vets Park Post 67. Mo., Ind., Ohio, Mich., registered unemployed. Some 1.800 jobs Suresnes where he delivered a Me- 111., and host team. were available but it would be many morial Day message. weeks before figures could be compiled The Commander attended memorial CENTRAL PLAINS REGIONAL Williston, N.D., Municipal Baseball to ascertain just how many got jobs from services at the American Cathedral with Park, Aug. 25-30. Host: Edgar M. Boyd the fair although comments were unan- Ambassador Watson and was presented Post 37. Kans., Minn., S.D., N.D., Neb., imously positive on the effort. with an honorary decoration from the City of Paris during a program hon- and host team. National Commander Abroad oring him and his guests. ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGIONAL In late May and early June National He was accompanied by Mrs. Sheridan, Wyo., Thorne-Rider Sta- Commander Alfred P. Chamie visited Chamie, Past Nat'l Cmdr L. Eldon dium, Aug. 25-30. Host: John Donald four Middle East and European na- James and Mrs. James, and his aide, Garbutt Post 7. Mont., Ariz., Colo., tions during which time he got on-the- Norman Conn. Wyo., Utah and host team. scene briefings on the Arab-Israeli con- WESTERN REGIONAL frontation and participated in Me- Legion Baseball Medford, Ore., Miles Park, Aug. 25- morial Day ceremonies and high-level The Legion's 1971 Baseball World 30. Host: Medford Post 15. Hawaii, discussions of the U.S.P.O.W. situation. Series will be held in Tucson, Ariz., Wash., Nev., Alaska, Cal., Ore., Ida., In Israel, Cmdr Chamie met with Sept. 2-7. Host post is Morgan McDer- and host team.

36 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 Memorial Day Observances ture, a joint effort of the posts and units Gardens in memory of their sons, John of Lincoln County, Mo., took place on Peter Manzi, Jr., and William Money, the lawn of the County Court House in killed in Vietnam. Post Cmdr Willard Troy, reports Joe Lenk, Adjutant of Troy Owen designated Past Cmdr George Post 94. Photo shows Congressman Wil- Woods to present the awards. liam L. Hungate, dedication speaker, Post 248, Corpus Christi, Texas, standing beside the monument. Others sponsored services in Sherrill Park present were Dep't Cmdr Frank Marko- jointly with Armed Forces units sta- vitch; 9th District Cmdr Harry Stone: tioned at the CC Naval Air Station. and 9th District Auxiliary President Post 195, Baltimore, Md., joined with Mrs. Mildred Williams. Post 10142, VFW, and Units of both Veterans Memorial Park, Provo, Utah Post 35, Canon City, Colo., held flag- groups to conduct services. Dundalk Nine hundred American flags flying in lowering services at the Colorado State Post 38 supplied the honor guard. unison from white crosses marking Penitentiary and graveside services at the A new flag pole for Post 510, Lad- graves of war dead attracted throngs of prison cemetery. The post was chartered donia. Mo., was dedicated and used for people to the City Cemetery in Provo, early this year at the penitentiary. At the the first time on Memorial Day. Russell Utah, for the second time on Memorial cemetery, a few hundred yards outside Mitchell built the pole and the posts Day weekend this year. The Provo Vet- the walls, a post delegation planted flags which support the post sign. Members erans Memorial Park was established and on the graves and heard prayer and taps. set them into concrete. dedicated in 1970 through the joint co- Some dozen inmates were buried there A program honoring some 600,000 operation of Provo City, the Veterans who saw war service. American war dead in this century was Council, and the Provo Memorial Board. held at Forest Lawn, Giendale, Calif., The Veterans Council—comprising The immediately following the Giendale Vet- American Legion, VFW, Veterans of erans Council's parade. Maj. Gen. Rob- WWl, and DAV—was the moving force, ert Linvill. Deputy Cmdr of the U.S. with Legionnaire F. Orval Singleton as Sixth Army Reserve, was the chief speak- chairman. City officials set aside the plot er before some 2.000 participants and of ground in the cemetery for permanent spectators. Giendale Mayor Vern Allen use as the memorial, honoring vets from was MC. the Indian Wars of the Utah pioneer era to Vietnam. Formerly, the veterans Colorado State Penitentiary Observance groups decorated the 900 individual The Peshastin, Wash., Post 85 firing graves Day. the task on Memorial When squad fired three volleys in memory of almost insurmountable because became deceased veterans in the Leavenworth of difficulty in locating that graves, many and Peshastin cemeteries, a tribute re- developed. the Memorial Park idea inacted every year since the post was Crosses placed in rows for a three-day chartered in the mid- 1920s. As each vol- Memorial Day period are inscribed with ley is fired the granite crags surrounding the veterans' and their wars. In Lynbrook, N.Y., Hempstead Town names the valley echo the tribute. Presiding Supervisor Francis T. Purcell, Nat'l Cmdr Alfred Chamie's visit to The Kansas Legion and the Kansas the guest speaker, leads the big parade. East four Middle and European Coun- Highway Safety Div. cooperated for the tries was climaxed by a busy Memorial 1 1 th straight year in co-sponsoring a On Saving Land and Lakes Day week-end in Paris, prefaced by a Light Up and Live program. Posts passed Legionnaire Charles Pulaski, of Post meeting with Ambassador David K. out to motorists at busy intersections 411, Islip (Long Island), N.Y., deplored Bruce, chief of the American delegation 200,000 safety leaflets and made use of the migration of bluebirds from Suffolk to the Paris Peace talks and a group of 10,000 safety posters. Motorists were County. To lure them back he got the wives and parents of Americans held asked to turn on their lights and leave County Legionnaires to build bird prisoner of war or listed as missing in them on while driving during the four- houses—over 3.000 of them. The blue- action in Southeast Asia. day weekend. Gov. Robert Docking birds didn't get the message but the signed a proclamation stressing the im- County residents did—there was a lot portance of the Program. Dep't Cmdr that could be done to better the environ- Marvin Jardon expressed pride for the ment. Charlie found himself taking sides posts that participated this year. in what was for him a new ball game. Elmhurst-Jackson Heights Post 298, "I figured," he said, "if we could get N.Y., had a two-hour service which in- people interested in finding out what cluded the appearance of the Marine happened to our bluebirds and where Corps firing squad. The Senior Citizens they went. I'd have myself a flock of Glee Club was in charge of the musical conservationists on hand." selections. He did just that. Charlie became the New York City's 7th Regiment Post Legion Conservation chairman for the 107 members marched from their Arm- County. He helped found the Sufiolk Co. ory to the Regiment's Memorial Monu- Conservation Council, and he serves it ment on Fifth Ave. at 67th St. for ser- as chairman of the board and treasurer. vices. More than any other individual, the Post 260, Millbrook, N.Y. honored residents say. he was responsible for sav- parents of two of Millbrook's dis- ing Suffolk's San Souci lakes (in Say- tinguished war dead—Mayor John P. ville) last year. Charlie and the Civic and Mrs. Manzi and Mr. and Mrs. Wil- Assoc. convinced the voters and county Eternal Flame, Troy (Lincoln Co.), Mo. liam G. Money. They were presented oflflcials that planned apartment buildings Dedication of the Eternal Flame struc- Legion Appreciation medals at Tribute and industry development would displace

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGU'-T 1971 37 NEWS

and pollute the lakes and dispossess a College. General Committee members Academy Choir as part of the annual Ciirl Scout camp. were Guy Holt, Jr., chairman; V.C. Easter Sunrise Service at the Hollywood Pulaski was prominent in the resist- Obee: R. J. Gilliland; Bob Holford and Bowl. The nationally televised program ance that halted a plan to turn the George Pankratz. Obee was the Tourna- included three selections by the Choir Sagtikos Manor Estate in Bay Shore into ment Director and Al Wagler the As- before more than 23,000 persons. The an apartment development. The Estate sistant Director. On the Tournament singers, flown in by the Air Force, spent has been looked upon almost as a histori- Committee were Post Cmdr Bill Baughn, two days in Los Angeles and were domi- cal shrine—George Washington and the Holt, Obee and A. H. Elland, president ciled in Post 43 members' homes. A late President Kennedy slept there, etc. of Hutchinson Community Junior Col- breakfast was prepared and served by Pulaski and the Legion, the Boy Scouts, lege. Thirty-nine committee chairmen Hollywood Women's Post 185. and civic groups obtained 13,000 signa- worked on the tournament. In the photo, tures asking that the Estate be preserved. a Hutchinson J.C. player (14) goes up As a result, the area will be free from for a shot at the basket. The other play- development for some time to come, at ers shown represented Ellsworth Com- least. munity College, of Iowa Falls, Iowa, Topping off the successful campaigns who became the 1971 champions. Chair- was a Charles Pulaski Day in honor of man Holt, a past Nat'l Executive Com- his efforts "as a warrior against environ- mitteeman (1952-54), was honored by mental degradation." wrote Harry Pear- the NJCAA for his tourney efforts. son in Newsday.

"The best part of it all, for me. Legion- wise," said Charlie, "was that some youngsters put up a sign in a school: The 5,000th member inducted into the Le- gion by Peoples Gas Post 336, Chicago, 'Charlie Pulaski is a Real Nice Guy!" III., Ritual Team is George Bell, here con- gratulated by Robert LeMay (left) and Paul BRIEFLY NOTED DeChene, co-chmn of the Team. Bell, a A Vietnam Veterans Day observance in four-year WW2 Coast Guard vet, is now a Bottineau, N.D., sponsored by the Vet- member of Post 21, Chicago. erans Club of North Dakota State Univ., Bottineau Branch, with participants from NEW POSTS Legion posts and the Canadian Legion, The American Legion has recently drew praise from President Nixon. Don- chartered the following new posts: ald E. Johnson, VA Administrator and Orange County Viet Vets Post 312, Legion Past Nat'l Cmdr. passed along Garden Grove, Cal.; East Bonneville the President's comments in a letter, and Post 139, Ammon, Idaho; Silver Springs added, "Your . . . observance ... is an Post 13, Silver Springs, Nev.; Parkwood outstanding example for the entire nation Post 151, Flint, Mich.: Bowling plans Post 4, Durham, N.C.; Jose Luis Santos- of the sincere support of our fighting men When Post 151, Flint, Mich., sponsored Lopez Post 145, Ceiba, P. R. so necessary in these trying times" a Junior Polio Sweeper in the American Junior Bowling Congress, over 1,900 POSTS IN ACTION youngsters from Genesee County par- COMRADES IN DISTRESS lieaders who can help these veterans are urged ticipated. A $.50-each entry fee was to do so. Usually a statement is needed in support donated by the post to the March of of a VA claim. Notices are run only at the request of American Dimes. The Post and the Auxiliary Legion Service Officers representing claimants, using Search For Witness Forms available only worked the complete tournament, with from State Legion Service Officers. the help and advice of Frank Sczepan- Sii; Corps, 140th Sig Bn 32nd Gen Hosp, Brisbane, and 4th Hosp, Melbourne, Australia, (Oct.- ski, publisher of the 1 1th Frame Bowling Gen Nov. 1942, May 1943) —Need information from News, and originator of the Senior Polio Major Mack of 32nd Gen Hosp and Capt Walt- zer. Wing 5W, Melbourne, and others who knew 1 years the Seniors Sweeper. In the past 8 that William F. Kel-sey had encephalitis. Write from Genesee County have donated over "CD89, American Legion Magazine, 1345 Ave. of the Americas. New York, N.Y. 10019" $225,000 to the March of Dimes. This USS Pollux (AKS4 , Japan, Oct. 20, 1965)—Need information from Peters, Williams, for the first time the Juniors do- year Taylor, Sattel, Huskey, Chief Bruner, Chief nated money $957. The Junior Polio Weber and other comrades who knew that L. J. — Young while on shore leave was beaten by four Sweeper will be an annual event. The men. Write "CDyO. American Legion Magazine, 1345 Ave. of the Americas, New York, N.Y. final 19 junior champions received their 10019" trophies and awards at a special ban- 974th Ord Evac Co (Fosses & Ayeneux, Belgium, Sept. 4-18, 1944)—Need information from Struz- quet. Maj. Gen. Earl C. Bergquist zala (from Dorchester, Mass.), Sgt Kain (from near Atlanta, Ga.), and any other comrades who (U.S.A. Ret.) was the featured speaker. recall the night raid by the Germans between In the photo, planning the tournament Sept. 4 and 18, 1944, whereby Eugene P. Scorti received injury and treatment for nerves as a are, center, 1. to rt.. Betty Hubbard, sec- result of said raid, A second raid occurred a week or ten days later in or about the same area. retary, Flint Junior Bowling Assoc.; and Write "CD91, American Legion Magazine, 1345 Lilas Fingland, former secretary, Flint Ave. of the Americas. New York, N.Y. 10019" 2nd Special Bn Seabees (Solomon Island, Guadal- Women's Bowling Assoc.; also, from canal, May 1944)—Need information from Dr. Flovd Keller, Base 8, New Hebrides, Oakie. winch lege Basketball Tournament. Held in left: Art Chase. Post 151 Cmdr: driver and any other comrades who recall that suffered an injury to left hand, Hutchinson's Sports Arena, which seats Burnham, Jr.. VC; and Bob Pankey, pro- Jesse S, Larson arm and shoulder when, while unloading cargo 7.000 for basketball and is one of the motional chairman. ship USS Crescent City, a pile of cargo fell on left side of body. Winch driver took him to 6th largest four in Kansas, the tourney had Marine Hospital, Guadalcanal. Dr. Keller as co-sponsors the Nat'l Junior College Hollywood, Calif., Post 43 sponsored the treated him. Write "CD92, American Legion Magazine, 1345 Ave. of the Americas, New York, A. A. and Hutchinson Community Junior appearance of the 56-member Air Force N.Y. 10019"

38 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 —

attended the organizing caucus in Paris Lynn U. Stambaugh, Legion Past in 1919. A lawyer and investment National Commander, Dies at 80 banker, he also served as executive direc- tor of the Denver Civil Defense Office, as lights had appeared the same day as the director of central services for the City newlyweds. His law practice thrived. of Denver, and as chief of the investment On Sept. 4, 1917, Stambaugh enlisted company division of the Small Business in the U.S. Army. Mrs. Stambaugh re- Administration. turned to Fargo. John Moses, who had been rejected for service because of poor Paul R. Baldwin, 77, of Clearwater, Fla., eyesight, took over Lynn's practice. He a Michigan Legionnaire and a founder of was later Governor of North Dakota. the Legion. Lynn served 22 months, 16 of them overseas. He was a private in Bat. E, Charles Francis Cocke, 84, of Roanoke, 338th Field Artillery, and was commis- Va., an incorporator of the Legion, who sioned a second lieutenant in June 1919. attended the St. Louis Caucus. Returning to Fargo, he joined the law B firm of Pierce. Tenneson & Cupler and Ewell T. Weakley, of Dyersburg, Tenn., became a partner before he was National Past Dep't Cmdr (1945-46). Commander. Stambaugh was a charter member of George A. Caldwell, 83, of Knoxville, Post 2, in Fargo, and served as vice com- Tenn., Nat'l Executive Committeeman mander and commander. He served as in 1950-52 and Past Dep't Cmdr in the 1944-45. Lynn Stambaugh when he was Nat'l Cmdr North Dakota Legion's Employment Officer, as state Legion Commander in D Lynn Upshaw Stambaugh, 80, of 1934-35, as the Legion's Nat'l Publica- Harry L. Cole, of Medford, Ore., who Washington, D.C., Past Nat'l Cmdr of tions Chairman, as Nat'l Legion Reha- held Legion membership in the Dep't of The American Legion (1941-42, North bilitation Chairman, and as Alternate Washington and served as its Dep't Dakota) and the first Vice President of Nat'l Executive Committeeman for the Commander in 1951-52. the U. S. Export-Import Bank, died May North Dakota Legion. 27. Burial was in Arlington Nat'l Ceme- In late 1945 he was sworn in by Presi- Dick Warren, of Olustee, Okla., Past tery. dent Harry Truman as first vice president Dep't Cmdr (1949-50). The Legion's National Convention in of the United States Export-Import Milwaukee, Wis., in September 1941 Bank. In 1960 he retired to become an Walter Reed Gage, of Manhattan. Kans., chose Stambaugh unanimously to be its attorney for a Phoenix law firm for gov- Nat'l Executive Committee, 1948-50. National Commander two and a half ernmental services in Washington. A months before Pearl Harbor. He pre- brother, Scott U. Stambaugh, of Mar- Charles E. Sims, of Aberdeen, Miss., Past sided over the Legion as it placed its re- gate, Fla., is the only survivor. Dep't Cmdr (1936-37). sources at the disposal of the govern- "One central idea that I have," he ment's war effort in 1941-42. wrote in this magazine in September Luther W. Maples, 79, of Gulfport, Lynn was born in Abilene, Kans., on 1942, "is that when this war is over we Miss., Past Dep't Cmdr (1931-32) and July 4, 1890. His father, William Scott must not sink our Navy, or disband our Nat'l Executive Committee, 1942-44. Stambaugh, was the third marshal to Army, or drive munitions makers out of serve in Abilene succeeding Wild Bill — PEOPLE IN THE NEWS business . . . We must remain so strong Hickok. When Lynn was six, his family John M. Carey, of Blanc. that the next time a Hitler pokes his head Grand Mich., moved to Fargo, N. Dak., which was his a member of the Legion's Public Rela- up we can tell him to put it down or we'll home when he became the Legion's Com- tions Commission. Past Nat'l Executive mander. shoot it off, and he'll mind us. We must Committeeman, and Past Dep't exercise our God-given ingenuity to the Cmdr, "Lynn's military career," wrote the appointed by Gov. William Milliken to end that this shall be the last World War, late North Dakota Legion Adjutant Jack serve a six-year term as a member of the because another one, increased in de- Williams in The American Legion Mag- Board of Managers of the Michigan structive magnitude in the same ratio as azine (January "really 1942), began Veterans Facility. Carey was originally this war, would be a world-consuming back in 1905. With other Fargo boys he appointed in December 1967 to fill the catastrophe." organized the Fargo Light Infantry. It unexpired term of the late Bernie C. a was group of some 20 lads. Their mili- Other deaths: McLeish, former member of the Legion's tary equipment included .22-caliber Jared Maddux, 59, of Cookeville, Tenn., Nat'l Legislative Commission. Carey rifles. They were dressed in uniforms of of a heart attack. Currently vice chair- also serves as mayor of Grand Blanc. that day, gave demonstrations before the man of the Legion's Nat'l Legislative State Fair crowds at Grand Forks and Commission, he was Dep't Cmdr in Richard L. Roudebush, of Noblesville, Fargo, and were a featured attraction as 1958-59, and served four terms as lieu- Ind., Legionnaire and former Congress- a marching unit in any parade in Fargo tenant governor of Tennessee. man, sworn in as assistant deputy Ad- of the 1905-1910 era. Lynn was the cap- ministrator of Veterans Affairs in a tain and commanding officer." Audie Murphy, the most decorated sol- ceremony conducted in the office of VA Stambaugh graduated from the Univ. dier of the American Forces in WW2 Administrator Donald E. Johnson. In of North Dakota's Law School in 1913, or any war in American history—met ten years in Congress, Roudebush spon- the fourth generation of Stambaughs to sudden death in a plane crash on Memo- sored many veterans benefit bills. practice law. Two years later he married rial Day weekend. He was a member of Enid Erickson, a school teacher, and they Post 627, San Mateo, Calif. A. R, Tyner, Jr., resigned as director of moved to the western North Dakota the Legion's Nat'l Americanism Divi- town of Hazen. The railroad had arrived Canton O'Donnell, 83, of Denver, Colo., sion. Formerly Oklahoma Dep't Adju- there a short time before and electric a Founder of The American Legion, who tant (1955-70) and a former member of

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 39 — NEWS the Nat"l Field Service (for Oklahoma 820th Tank Dest Bn— (Oct.) Steven Siekierka, Peter Williams (all 1971), Post 72, Saugerties, 24931 S. Sylbert Ct„ Detroit, Mich. 48239 N.Y, and Texas) of the Legion's Veterans Af- ,3937th QM Gas Sup Co— (Sept.) Murray Cash- Algoth Anderson and Harold S. Pullin and dollar, 1432 Avon PI., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15221 Charles Strobel (all 1963), Post 106, Brooklyn, fairs and Rehabilitation Div., he has ac- Base Hosp 19— (Oct.) George Taylor, 121 Glen- N.Y. cepted a rating board position at the briar Dr., Rochester, N,Y. 14616 William Glen and Lewis A. Gracey and Fred Otranto-Kashmir Disaster (U.S. Troops) Habberfield and James S. Kirkpatrick (all 1971), Houston. Texas. VA Regional Office. (Oct.) Harold Rath, 2114 California, Cedar Post 355, Penn Yan, N.Y. Falls, Iowa 50613 Charles J. Garber (1971), Post 556, Frews- burg, N.Y. OUTFIT REUNIONS Louis Wenglinski and Kaiser J. Wojtaszek NAVY and Walter Zaieski and Casimir Zielinski and Reunion will be held in month indicated. Joseph S. Zolnierowski (all 1970), Post 782, 1st Marine Aviation Force (Oct.) Albert Kin- For particulars write person whose address is — Rochester, N.Y. caid, Jr., 5009 Weaver Terr. N.W., Washing- given. Eugene S, Pawlicki Post Sodus, ton, D.C. 20016 (1971), 910, Notices accepted on official forms only. For N.Y. 19th Seabees— (Oct,) Herbert McCallen, 97 return envelope Francis Crowley Form send stamped, addressed Lawrence Park Crescent, Bronxville, N.Y. and William Gaylor (both Legion Magazine. 1056, to O. R. Form. American 10708 1971), Post Staten Island, N.Y, i:!45 of the Americas, York, N.Y. Kenneth Bame and Bernard L. and Avenue New 20th Seabees— (Sept.) Otis Joslyn, 6014 Signal Canaday 10019. Notices should be received at least five Julian K, Canfield and Leo P. Dennis and Wil- Hill Rd., Mechanicsville, Va. 23111 months before scheduled reunion. No written liam S, Doran, Jr, (all 1970), Post 1231, Clinton 28th Seabees (WW2)— (Oct.) Bruno Petruc- necessary to get form. Heights, N.Y. letter cione, 12 Imperial Dr., New Hartford, N.Y. of Robert Middlemiss L.yle H. Earliest submission favored when volume 13413 and Roy and requests is too great to print all. Daniel Sullivan (all 1970), Post 1342, Lisbon, 42nd Seabees (Oct.) George Rapp, 42-37 Union — N.Y. St., Flushing, N.Y. 11355 K, W. Broome and E. G. Cashion and S. C. 69th Seabees (Oct.) Eric Arenberg, 270 104th — Duncan and George C. Elders and Fred G. El- ARMY St., Stone Harbor, N.J. 08247 rod (all 1970) Post 48, Hickory, N.C. H4th Seabees, 627th. 628th, 629th CBMU— 1st La. lilt & 114th Eng— (Oct.) G. L. Jean- Griffin P, Smith (1971), Post 82, Shelby, N.C. (Sept.) Bud Kindseth, 711 S.W. 1st St., Fari- sonne, .3514 Halsey St., Alexandria, La. 71301 Charles H. Drinkle and Frank A. Dwyer and bault, Minn. 55021 2nd Cav— (Oct.) Louis Holz, 726 Mancill Rd., Kussel Dunlap and Clarence Epstein and L. L. 136th Seabees— (Oct.) Nicholas Kolovos, 501 E. Strafford, Pa. 19087 Evans (all Post Lancaster, Ohio, University, Apt. Rochester, Mich. 48063 1970), 11, :!rd Cav— (Sept.) Hugh Bodell, 4161 Lincoln 105, Lester L. Campbell and Gail Clark and Leo Seaman Guard Band (Pauillac, France, WWl) Blvd., Dearborn Heights, Mich. 48125 Held (all 1970), Post 331, Ravenna, Ohio. — (Oct.) Floyd Smith, 3, Central City, 6th Port Hq, TC— (Oct.) Jerry Cirrincione, 85 RD Buff L, Coleman and W. L. Moore and Mar- Iowa 52214 St. James Terr., Yonkers, N.Y. 10704 shal Walters (all 1971), Post 9, Easton, Pa. USS Boise ( 9th Tank Bn. Co B— (Oct.) Clyde Undine, 9417 (CL47)— Oct.) Don Fitch, P.O. Box Pierce A. Kramnies and Minnie Kurtz and 15325, Salt Lake City, Utah 84115 5th Ave. S.. Bloomington, Minn. 55420 Samuel R. Kurtz and John P. Leininger and USS Canberra (CA70, CAG2)— (Oct.) Jerry 10th Arm'd Div— (Sept.) James Revell, 10433 Miles H. Mertz (all 1970), Post 286, Cressona, Pa. Der Boghosian, P.O. Box 1602, Portland, S.W. 99th Terr.. Miami, Fla. 33156 Alan D. Reynolds (1970), Post Pittsburgh, 04104 874, 2:!rd Eng. Co C (WWl)— (Oct.) Stephen Mul- Maine Pa. USS New Mexico— (Oct.) A. P. Lofurno, 2076 lerv. 231 Marine Ct., Lauderdale-by-the-Sea, Charles H. Barber and Ernest Bourgault and 54th St., San Diego, Calif. 92105 Fla". 33308 Walter Buckley and Thayer Comings and Albert USS New Mexico (Marine Det) (Oct.) Robert 27th Div— (Sept.) George Rogers, P.O. Box 985, — Fortier (all 1969), Post 12, Richford, Vt. Emmons, 1777 N. Union, Decatur, 111. 62526 Troy, N.Y. 12181 George R, Hersey (1971), Post 33, Morrisville, USS Quincy (CA71, (Sept.) Vic Ruf- 31st Rwy Eiig (AEF)— (Oct.) K. J. Nelson, 2521 WW2)— Vt. fenach, 4900 Township Line, Drexel Hill, Pa. 3rd Ave. N., Great Falls, Mont. 59401 James P. Coolum and Sheridan P. Dow (both 19026 47th Gen Hosp (WW2)— (Oct.) John Harrison, 1970), Post 35, Cambridge, Vt. Box 218. Rt. 7. Easley, S.C. 29640 Ovilla Lacroix (1958) and Leon Hinton (1966) (i2nd CAC Sup Co— (Oct.) Neal Pfaffenberger, AIR and Leland Avery and James Barnes and Joseph Rt. 1, Sevmour. IN 47274 367th Ftr Gp, 3y2nd, .393rd, 394th Sqdns— (Oct.) Biron (all 1971), Post 80, Island Pond, Vt,

(ilith Field Art'v Brigade (WVVl )— ( Oct. ) Rich- J. T. Curtis, 1719 Timber Oak, San Antonio, J. I. Henderson and H. C. Rogers, Sr. (both ard Martin, 12105 S.W. 72nd Ave., Portland, Tex 78232 1970) and Carl O. Beckner and Tom J. Dudley Ore. 97223 451st Bomb Sqdn (other 322nd Gp Sqdns wel- (both 1971), Post 93, Buchanan, Va. 74th & 174th Inf Reg— (Sept.) Joseph Vollmar, come)— (Oct.) Kenneth Cohen, 220 Madison Clarence O. Borgen and Louis P. Caron and 43 Hawlev St.. Buffalo, N.Y. 14213 Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016 George Craig and John Desler and James A. 77th Div (I'ri-State Area)— (Oct.) Harry Pag- American Balloon Corps— (Oct.) Herschel Ferris (all 1969), Post 155, Longview, Wash. liari, 19;!5 Alcoa Dr., Arnold, Pa. 15068 Shrader, 5711—19th St., W., Bradenton, Fla. Daniel J. Hanly, Sr. (1970), Post 46, Benwood, !)Oth Div— (Oct.) C. D. Steel. 7816 Crescent St.. 33505 W. Va, Raytown. Mo. 64138 Romania POW— (Sept.) Anthony Polink, RD 2, Frank Harris and I. D. Julian and Joseph M. !)3rd CA AA— (Oct.) William Gundel, 4020 W. Box 463-A. Uniontown. Pa. 15401 Kneeland and Raymond J. Leider, Sr. (all 1970), Potomac Ave., Chicago, 111. 60651 Post 170. Mineral Point, Wis. 105tli Field Arfv— (Oct.) Jerome O'Brien, 177 Leo F. Kaufman (1969), Post 476, Loomis, Wis. E. 75th St., New York, N.Y. 10021 inuth Fiehl Art'v— (Oct.) Fran Saelzler, 15 LIFE MEMBERSHIPS Life Memberships are accepted for publica- Waltham Ave.. Lancaster. N.Y. 14086 The award of a life membership to a Legion- tion only on an official form, which we provide. lOStli Evac Hosp— (Oct.) Ora Daniel, 409 N. naire by his Post is a testimonial by those who Reports received only from Commander, Ad- Park St., Kewanee, 111. 61443 know him best that he has served The Ameri- jutant or Finance Officer of Post which awarded 108th Inf. 2nd Bn— (Oct.) Marco DiRisio, 33 can Legion well. the life membership. Water St., Fairport, N.Y. 14450 Below are listed some of the ijreviously un- They may get form by sending stamped, self- to: 114th Field Sig Bn (WWl)— ( Oct.) Frank Wor- published life membership Post awards that addressed return envelope rell, P.O. Box 154, Ruston, La. 71270 have been repoited to the editors. They are "L.M. Form, American Legion Magazine, 1345 N,Y. 10019," 123rd Gen Hos|)— ( Sept. ) Dr. Thomas Glennon. arranged by States or Departments. Avenue of the Americas, New York, 82 Arlinyto Rd Woburn. Mass. 01801 On a corner of the return envelope write the 13.=;th Eng (c) Bn (WW2)— (Sept.) John Dwyer, Curtis E. Lord. Sr. (1970), Post 153, Prichard, number of names you wish to report. No writ- 95 E. 24th St., Hmitington Sta., N.Y. 11746 Ala. ten letter necessary to get forms. 13Hth Inf. Co D— (Oct.) Lloyd Hemphill, 314 N. Lucio Espejo and Keynaldo Lopez and Calis- State, Caney, Kans. 67333 tro Soza (all 1970), Post 41, Phoenix, Ariz. Inf, I Tobin. I41st Co (WWl)— (Oct.) R. H. Box John R. Wolfe, Sr. (1971), Post 100, Rogers, American Legion Life Insurance 811, Fredericksburg. Tex. 78624 Ark. I44th Inf, Co E (WWl)— (Oct.) T. N. Winston. Elsie M. Lyon (1970), Post 121, Watsonville, Month Ending May 31, 1971 812 W. 6th St., McGregor. Tex. 76657 Calif,

31, 1971 . , , ,$ 848,626 164th Inf— (Oct. ) Dennis Ferk, 2036 Catherine Joseph Rocha (1971), Post 211, Lompoc, Calif. Beneiits paid Jan. 1-May Dr., BisniRi-cVr, N.Dak. 58501 Norman G. Boyd (1971), Post 284, Mill Val- BeneHts paid since April 1958 10,669,402 246th Coast .\rfy— (Sept.) Ray Cross, 1209 ley, Calif. Ba.sic Units in force (number) 108,700 Kerns Ave.. Roanoke, Va. 24015 Kenneth L, Boesiger (1970), Post 314, Haw- New Applications approved since 2,';5th Field Arfv Bn— (Sept.) Marvin George, thorne, Calif. Jan. 1, 1971 9,583 4601 63rd St Apt. 12, San Diego, Calif. 92115 Tom O. Moore (1970), Post 392, Sacramento, New Applications rejected 1,753 .302nd Inf, Co L— (Oct.) Charles Misner, 4641 Calif. Warsaw St., Ft. Wayne, Ind. 46806 Richard Blackmore and Martin Gouveia and American Legion Life Insurance is an oflBcial pro- 328th Inf Combat Team— (Oct.) Allen Gordon, David Jones and Frank Poso (all 1970), Post uram of The American Legion, adopted by the Box 123, Rockland. Me. 04841 419, Santa Clara, Calif. National Executive Committee, 1958. It is decreas- 34Sth Sta Hosp (WW2)— (Oct.) Milt Bloom- Angelo Navarro and Daniel A. Navarro and ing term insurance, issued on application to paid-up quist, P.O. Box 262, Lansing, MI 48902 Robert M. Robbins and Raymond H. Stevens members of The American Legion subject to ap- 351st Inf, Co I (WWl)— (Sept.) Chester Comer. (all 1971), Post 67, North Grosvenor Dale, Conn. proval based on health and employment statement. Bussey, Iowa 50044 Joseph Kumpis and Elmer A. Walker (both Death benefits range from $46,000 (four full units 3.54th Inf (WW1&2) — (Oct.) Frank Whaley, 205 1970), Post 600, Chicago, 111. up through age 29) in decreasing steps with age Ruby St., Paris, Mo. 65275 Edwin Krochmal and Stanley Piorkowski to teriTjination of insurance at end of year in which .361st Eng (SS) Keg't— (Oct.) John Zirafi. 92 and Adolph Sylvester (all 1971), Post 1109, 75th birthday occurs. Quoted benefits include 15% Morris Ave.. Girard, Ohio 44420 Chicago, 111. "bonus" in excess of contract amount. For calendar 38!)th Field Art'v. Bat C— (Oct.) G. M. Goetze, Paul S. Eberts (1959) and Harry Ludy (1964) year 1971 the 15% "across the board" increase in 6276 Charlotteville Rd., Newfane, N.Y. 14108 and Willard H, Anderson, Sr. and Archie B, benefits wiil continue to all participants in the 501st Eng Lt Ponton Co— (Sept.) John Telech, Pace and Homer Stonebraker (all 1969), Post group insurance plan. Available up to four full Jr., 920 Lackawanna Ave., Elmira, N.Y, 14901 500, Speedway, Ind. units at a flat rate of $24 per unit a year on a 505th MP Bn. Co B— (Oct.) Samuel Ruff, 166 Thurston Johnson and Ollie M. Keel and calendar year basis pro-rated during the first year Butler Ave., Staten Island. N.Y. 10307 Jack Knox and E. C. Lackie and H. B. Liles at $2 a month per unit for insurance approved after 572nd AAA— (Oct.) Norman Evans, P.O. Box (all 1971), Post 141, Vivian, La, January 1. IJnderwritten by two commercial life 241, Scranton, Pa. 18509 William J. Drambour (1971), Post 127, Great insurance companies. American Legion Insurance (ifilst Tank Dest Bn— (Oct.) Millard Mellinger. Barrington, Mass. Trust Fund is managed by trustee operating under Sr., R.D. 1, Wright.sville, Pa. 17368 George W. Daro (1971), Post 125, David City, the laws of Missouri. No other insurance may use 701st MP Bn (WW2)— (Oct.) Charles Bradford, Nebr. the full words "American Legion." Administered 1710—9th Ave., Belle Plaine, Iowa 52208 Samuel Holdforth and William C. Morgan by The American Legion Insurance Division, P.O. Box 5609. Chicago. Illinois 60680, to which write 724th TROB ( Korea)— ( Oct. ) Lynn Moore, 40 (both 1971), Post 34, Shortsville, N.Y. Lowther and Thomas Vaclavicek and for more details. W. Nippon St . Philadelphia, Pa, 19119 John

40 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 , — * ,

Datelitte Washington PUNISHING THE SKYJACKIRS. LiiSIIRE-TIM£ POLLUTANT. CONTROLLING INSECT PESTS.

' stiff sentetices . await airplane vehicles noisier than, standards permit. hijackers caught in the act., or who

return to the . United . States. The Hormones and viruses may be the next

Federal Aviatjon Administration recently approach to control of insect pests , but released statistics revealing that 28 the National Science -Foundation wants skyjackers have been convicted, with to make sure that there will be no sentences ranging up to 50 years and adverse side effects upon "non-target \ life_^ Twelve "Other skyjackers are creatures. " With reaction to DDT in mind,- Gurrently awaiting trial. the federal agency is financing two

According to the FAA , ,146 persons have •studies, to make sure that hormones and " . been involved in' 113 successful or viruses will not be harmful to man, beast at t empt ed hi j ackings o f U . S . . ai rc raf t or to living links in the food chain. ' over the past ten years. Of these, 92 NSF says that . hormones, which control persons are still listed as . fugitives. , the life oycle, can be synthesized to

Fifteen who skyjacked planes to, Cuba abort the insects ' process of maturing have returned and been tried. and reproducing . Use of insect viruses Skyjacking U.S. planes, both conmieT-' is likened to waging biological warfare, cial and general aviation., has become, a.' on pests. "Attractants". of the kinds major problem only since the beginning insects secrete might be ,us:ed to, lure of 1988. Before that, just 11 attempts pests into' traps, where they would be were made, and, only seven were successful, infected by lethal" viruses or bacteria Cuba is the most popular destination and released to spread doom among the 75 of a total of 84 successful rest of their, population.. But first the. ' hijackings landed .in Havana. t, Foundation wants to make sure . this

' approach doesn't cause havoc elsewhere .. Increased population, .lei sure t ime and affluence are creating an environmental — —^ -PEOPLE AND QUOTES r~^-— - hazard for Americans—noise pollution JUSTICE SERVED? UNIVERSITY'S ROLE . from . recreational vehicles and power "The preoccupation' . with- "The university is either a- e quipment. So v states a report of the. fairness for the. accused ..has plac'e of reason or it is pn in- National Industrial Pollution Control done violence to fairness for tellectual fi-aud." W. J.-Mctiill, ' Council, prepared for the Secretary of the' accuser.. Is justice served president. Colunihia U. ' now by shackling the prosecu- ' ' • ' A BUSINESS VIEWPOINT , : Commerce. , tor and' giving more weapons "'The pure profit view ^he report blames the 2.5 million to the defense?*' Att'v Gen. ix- John N. Mitchell. riores. the Ipng-rartge depend- motorcycles on the streets, and the : ence of business, upon a viable, increasing tfse of snowmobiles, power UNRULY UWYERS healthy social environment" , boa ts, chain saws, power mowers and snow "... lawyers who know how Artth0ny G. Lorenzo, vice president. General Motors. blowers for the mushrooming noise to think but have hot learned how to behave are a n>enace pollution . Motorcycles and sno.wmobiles FOR A TOUGHER U S

and . a liability, not an asset, v;ere cited as being the noisiest. ^ 'We have been soft becau.^ie to the administratidn of jus- we have Ijeen the world's lenc'- Noise nuisance factors, from the tice " Chief Burger., Justice ing econornic power. We don't ar.e,..consid"erabA,y recreational sources have the superiority we once VULNERABLE CITY less a problem, however, than frbin other had. We can't afford to be soft" common everyday noise makers, such as ."The complex technological any longer." Commerce Sec'v city of today has be.eome in- Maurice H.' Stans. , triicks plants , repairs buses , road , , creasingly vulnerable to ; any trains,, construction jobs , and,, even kind of disruption . .'. even . ADVICE TO DISSENTERS autos, according to the report. The small mishaps rhay have tre- 'Freedom of speech is indi- Council recommends that cities draw up mendous consequences for hu- visible.. You cannot deny it to ' man life and health." Gunnar one man and save it for oth- model codes for noise abatement and Randers, Asst. NATO Sec'y ers. " Archibald Cox. U.S. So- that users' be penalized for making* Gen.,. Scientific Affairs. licitor Gen.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 41 THE EARTH FROM SPACE—Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow farmers and even government agencies (Continued from page 20) are notoriously inaccurate.

ERTS will also relay local data col- But aerial photography is a slow, tedious ERTS will provide valuable forestry lected from ground stations and auto- way to get this information. information. Right now, the Forest Serv- matically radioed up to the satellite. A ERTS will help get the data agricul- ice of the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture number of ground data instrument pack- turalists want about the type of crop keeps a continuing inventory of this ages will be placed throughout the U.S. on every planted field in the United country's timber, to assure proper vol-

and its coastal regions. These will sam- States, and it will do it very quickly. ume and growth. But some of this data

ple local conditions, like stream flow, It will also show the size of the field, is nine years old when it's first re- snow depth, soil moisture, etc. ERTS the vigor of the crop, the identity of ceived, because of the trouble and ex-

will be the central receiving bank for any damaging diseases or insects, and penses involved in collecting it. ERTS

this information and will radio it back the probable yield. will be able to do all this in a matter to one center on request. The agricultural agencies will send of days. Infrared sensors can tell the The receiving headquarters for ERTS pertinent information to the farmers difference between hardwood stands and photos, infrared pictures and relayed involved, who'll then know when disease softwood, or combinations, letting for- ground data is the NASA/Goddard threatens their crops—and when early esters survey timberlands almost at a Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. harvesting or spraying is in order, or glance at ERTS pictures. There computers will receive, process and store all the information sent by ERTS. Starting in 1972, the Greenbelt head- quarters will print around 300,000 pic- tures every year for use by business, industry and governmental agencies at all levels. Farmers, foresters, fishermen or any other interested parties may de- scribe their needs, and get high-quality prints of ERTS photos—plus interpreta- tion—at NASA's cost. NASA investigators will try to piece ail the information sent by ERTS into a single, cohesive whole. Someday, they hope to be able to make a computerized model of all the factors that might af- fect our resources and environment. If they can, it may eventually be possible to relate all these factors. We may know how ocean current circulation affects rainfall, how temperatures affect plant disease, just what effect water pollution or oil spills have on fish, etc. "I don't see the problem. Why don't you just pay off what ultimate actions that we might The you owe on one credit card with another credit card?" take for the benefit of mankind when we get such information are as yet THE AiMEHICAN' LEGION MAGAZINE largely unimaginable. It will open new possibilities, as well as national in scope, which will put us to quite a whether or not their crops are disease ERTS will be able to detect forest test. resistant, whether the farmers should fires before smoke is visible. The heat plant additional acreage of other grain of a campfire's embers is visible in MANAGEMENT of the earth's re- types, what they should do about fer- infrared. In a few years, major forests sources and environment is like a tilizer and drainage, if anything. will be monitored day and night for gigantic, jumbled jig-saw puzzle, at least On a worldwide basis, ERTS can destructive fires by ERTS-like satellites. for now. But ERTS and its more ad- provide knowledge that might make The same satellites will quickly spot vanced descendents should help us put it the difterence between feast and famine. any illegal lumber operations in out- together, piece by piece. The world has 22 principal agricultural of-the-way places. WhatevcT remarkable future benefits regions, totalling nearly four billion In geology, ERTS photos will have ERTS might bring us, we already have acres of cropland. Because the seasons immediate dollars-and-cents value, also. an eye on immediate, directly practical vary from hemisphere to hemisphere, The pictures ERTS sends from space results. NA.SA scientists expect these to crop production is a year-round opera- will reveal geological patterns on earth be concentrated in six major areas: tion. characteristic of gas and oil fields. agriculture, forestry, geology, ocean- This means that if ERTS discovers They'll also show the kinds of forma- ology, hydrology and geography. that, say, the cereal crop is off in the tions usually associated with ore fields The first two ERTS vehicles will prob- Northern Hemisphere, health authori- —but hard to see on the ground or from ably mean more to farmers and those ties may know in time to have sufficient airplanes. concerned with food supply than to cereal crops planted in the Southern In oceanography, ERTS will send anyone else. Hemisphere to avoid shortages. back pictures clearly showing the dis- Agricultural agencies in the U.S. have ERTS will be invaluable in world tribution of sea ice. This will go a long long depended on aerial photos to help food surveys. It can easily report in- way toward making navigation of such them locate and measure crop fields, formation about production in back- waters safer. ERTS should also be able and to come up with crop-forecast data. ward nations, where reports from local (Continued on page 44)

42 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 Now! World's First 100% Lycra Spandex and Nylon POWER ELASTIC BODY CONTROLLER UNDERSHIRT INSTANTLY HOLDS STOMACH IN! UNDETECTABLE TORSO-TRIMMING DESIGN

• BUILDS UP CHEST MEASUREMENTS • RAISES SHOULDERS • CINCHES WAIST • SLIMS ABDOMEN • STRAIGHTENS BACK

Powerful Two-Way Stretch Controls and Reshapes

BEFORE

SPECIAL LOW INTRODUCTORY PRICES:

Chest size 32 to 42 — only $7.98; 2 for $14.98; 3 for $20.98 Chest size 44 to 52 — only $8.98; 2 for $15.98; 3 for $21.98

Add 70c per order for postage and handling. An original Tru Health Product An original MONEY BACK IF YOU DON'T LOOK YOUNGER, FEEL BETTER! Tru IHealtfi MAIL NO-RISK COUPON TODAY! Product

JAY NORRIS Corp., 227 E. 45 St., Dept. AK-49, N.Y.C. 10017 BODY CONTROLLER. New! Revolutionary! Effective! Now ... a man can control Please rush me Body Controller Undershlrt(s), and conceal flab — without having to wear womanly-looking girdles, corsets or under your money-back guarantee. bulky "support" belts. A brand new concept in undershirts with unprecedented My chest Is inches. I want white slimming power built-in like never before! Slips on as easily as an ordinary under- light blue sun tan nude shirt, looks like an ordinary undershirt (except for its panel) — but works for you size 32 to 42—$7.98 plus 70c pstg. & hdlg. like nothing you've ever seen before! ALL NEW RUGGED MAN design holds you size 32 to 42—2 for $14.98 plus 70c pstg. & hdlg. gently but oh-so-firmly all around as it reshapes you to more manly proportions size 32 to 42—3 for $20.98 plus 70c pstg. & hdlg. . . . instantly! Reinforced diamond panel eliminates "spare tire" as it lifts your size 44 to 52—$8.98 plus 70c pstg. & hdlg.

chest! Vastly improves your posture, at once! You must feel great . . . look sen- size 44 to 52—2 for $15.98 plus 70c pstg. & hdlg. sational . . . appear younger as you move about in complete freedom and slimmed- size 44 to 52—3 for $21.98 plus 70c pstg. & hdlg. down comfort all day ... all evening. (N.Y. Residents add sales tax.) TOTAL $ Enclosed is check or money order Completely machine washable and fast-drying. Wash it at night; wear it the next Charge to my Master Charge morning! Durable power elastic just won't lose its stretch-and-control qualities! Account # (Minimum charge $15.00) SATISFACTION GUARANTEED, or your purchase price refunded. Available in white, light blue, sun tan nude. Chest sizes from 32 to 52 inches. Signature Name (prlnt)- 45 St., Dept. AK-49, Address 0017 -State- -Zip-

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 43 THE EARTH FROM SPACE- -Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow After reading all of this you may think (Continued from page 42) ERTS will do everything and anything,

to keep track of kelp beds and schools More important, the ERTS maps will be or that NASA claims it will. But it can't. of fish, allowing more efficient use of exceptionally current, showing cities and All it can really do is to provide informa- the ocean as a food source. towns at the present size, and the exact tion—huge mountains of it, maybe, but Space photos show currents, water path of new roads, or old, meandering just information. If this data is to be of sedimentation and vegetation, water streams. any use in helping us guard the environ-

temperature gradients, etc., which easily ERTS can be of great benefit in pol- ment or locate resources, it has to be suggest to fisheries where the lish are. lution control. It will be able to see pol- acted upon, by business and industry, by One of the early photos showed a fishing lutants as they enter streams, rivers or federal, state and local governments, and ground off of Taiwan whose richness the coastal waters. With an ERTS photo, by as many foreign countries as possible. native fishermen hadn't suspected. properly interpreted, it should be a cinch Fortunately, many parties have already ERTS pictures will also show sandbar to find out exactly where any particular said they want to see ERTS data.

and sediment shifts in coastal regions, water pollutant is coming from. The However we use ERTS, it won't break to make possible thoroughly up-to-date same goes for air pollution. ERTS sen- the national bank. The moon landing charts of the shallow waters where sors will be able to detect foreign parti- program cost us somewhere between $24 pleasure boats usually congregate. The cles in the air—and track them down to and $40 billion, depending on what you pictures should also make it possible to sources. include. The ERTS program is expected figure out how and why sandbars and shoals form and predict their shifting. As for clarity, coastal photos from Apollo 9 prove that no map, chart or near-earth photo can duplicate the visi- bility of the various gradients in water that comes with space photography. Evidently, the farther away the camera in such pictures, the better the contrast. ERTS pictures will also be very use- ful in helping us find the fresh water we need. The satellite will be able to keep track of drainage basins, glaciers, snow fields, lakes, rivers and streams. With this information, we should be better able to use the water sources we have, locate new sources and plan the man- agement of watersheds in ways not sug- gested by our view from the ground. As anyone knows who has ever seen the magnificent pictures of earth taken from near the moon, we live on a big blue ball with patches of green (mead- ow, forest and field) and white (clouds). 'Listen, Maude . . . I know it's only my word against hundreds of yours, but, The blue, of course, is water. But the THE AMIiniCAN LKGION MAGAZINE remarkably detailed ERTS pictures will provide us with a much better picture

if always as of earth than that— not The ERTS sensors will be able to spot to cost between $100 and $200 million we're talking about dramatic. What now smog clouds gathering, ahead of man's for the first two satellites— peanuts com- is maps. senses. This may make possible pollution pared to the lunar landing venture. is, of the land surface Fact only 6% alerts and controls before we start gag- It's expected to save American indus- of the earth is mapped to the mile-to- ging. try an estimated $1 billion a year by help- that the-inch scale or better. This means In addition to these major areas there ing to prevent crop and forest damage, don't on much of the earth's surface, we are several other fields where ERTS reduce mineral exploration costs, con- exactly. know where we are, at least not photos could be stunningly useful to trol damage from natural disasters, etc. And we don't know exactly where our mankind. The obvious beneficiaries will include rivers and lakes are, or our roads, or Human health. Malaria mosquitoes us- foresters, farmers, fishermen, mining our mineral resources—or our bound- ually breed in newly-cleared areas. ERTS concerns and oil companies, to name a pose aries. This lack of knowledge can will be able to spot new clearings all over few. problems ranging from inefficient trans- the world. Industry is intensely interested in the portation to ownership disputes, some- Law enforcement. ERTS will be able ERTS program. NASA has already re- times on an international scale. to check up on strip mine restoration and ceived more than 400 inquiries from ERTS can help geographers map the illegal lumber operations, identify remote American business—and state and local earth with incredible speed, and at a very opium or marijuana fields. governments, while 70 foreign countries reasonable cost. A precise mapping of Urban planning. ERTS photos will have also stated their interest. If, as ex- the United States by aerial photography provide up-to-date pictures of urban pected, ERTS data is made available would take three years of flights and in- growth, helping officials plan zoning and worldwide, yearly benefits of the pro- volve the assembly of nearly a million transportation better. gram could hit a global total of $2.6 bil- pictures. ERTS will be able to do the Land conservation. ERTS will be able lion. Such estimates only take in the im- same job in 18 days for less than $1 to spot potential erosion areas, check on mediate uses, already seen. million, and with just 400 photographs. soil moisture, monitor grazing lands. Several other kinds of satellites, some

44 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 more familiar than others, are already ing processes which may only be con- helping the home planet day in and day ducted in "free-fall." We'll find out then out: whether factories in space might be able The weather satellites. NASA is now to create entirely new materials. The re- operating a worldwide weather satellite sult could be lenses, bearings, electronic system called TOS (for TIROS Opera- devices, and even vaccines of now unat- tional Satellite). The TOS system has tainable quality. provided weathermen with more than All of this doesn't mean NASA has half a million usable cloud-cover pic- forsaken the space spectacular. There tures, via several TIROS (Television and will be several more Apollo moon flights Infrared Observation Satellite) and in the current series—just how many will ESSA (Environmental Survey Satellite) be determined by the holders of Congres- vehicles. sional purse strings. There will also be Through TOS, the U.S. Weather Ser- a flashy space shuttle program. This will vice has issued thousands of storm bulle- consist of craft that can go back and tins to countries around the world. The forth between earth and space instead of Nimbus satellites, in some ways fore- having to be dropped, red hot, into an runners of ERTS. have added to this in- ocean after one trip out. The shuttles will formation by tracking hurricanes and be used in connection with Skylab Work- other storms, measuring the earth's ab- shops, eventually, ferrying crews back sorption of heat from the sun. and mea- and forth from earth. suring atmospheric temperature. These All in all, NASA will continue to are all more sophisticated weather ob- spend more than $3 billion a year lor a while, continuing existing programs, servations than we ever had before. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE The communications satellites. The maintaining its huge and talented space first of these was Early Bird, launched team and its complex, computerized with data aircraft flights share April 6, 1965, but there have been sever- compared from ground stations. Only the mouse's al more since. Among them are Telstar, and ERTS. On Skylab, the crew will of this will go to ERTS, the weather Syncom and Relay. They've made pos- supervise an earth resources experiment satellites, the communication satellites, sible instant global TV (like the Japanese package which will include sensors im- etc. But even this small amount signals a Olympics), and proved that it is possible possible to use on the unmanned ERTS. revolution in NASA thinking and NASA to send telephone calls by satellite. Many These will be aimed at specific spots on responsiveness to public opinion—and to more are on the way. They promise to earth, with a viewfinder and tracking real problems here on earth. improve phone service, to vastly increase system. We've had our first fling with space the number of TV shows you can receive Aside from backstopping and double- drama. NASA and the American astro- from various parts of the world, and to checking ERTS, Skylab crewmen will nauts have rewritten the history books. make possible Picturephone. the com- perform a variety of experiments with Their accomplishments should never be bination TV set-telephone now being high potential practical value. On forgotten. We learned a lot in going to -nnly developed by Bell Labs. earth, for example, the heavier compon- the moon which we now propose to The navigation satellites. The Depart- ents of fluid mixtures settle during cool- to some very real, very important prob- ment of Defense now operates an experi- ing and solidification, due to gravity. We lems that need dealing with at home. If mental navigation satellite program that know very little about what we can do NASA can genuinely help us solve these, consists of four Transit satellites. These with fluids in the absence of gravity. In as it seems it can, it may accomplish are so positioned in space that properly orbital zero gravity, the distribution something even more memorable, in the equipped ships and planes are taking ac- should be consistent. The astronaut crew long run, than putting men on the curate navigational fixes about once ev- will test and assess possible manufactur- moon. THE END ery hour and three-quarters, regardless of weather or time of day. Conventional navigation, which uses stars, is difficult HAVE YOU CHANGED YOUR ADDRESS? during the day, or in bad weather. To insure that your magazine will follow you if you've changed Eventually, it's hoped that the system your address recently or expect to shortly, fill out this coupon and will have enough satellites to allow al- mail to: Circulation Dep't, The American Legion Magazine, P. O. Box 1954, Indianapolis, Ind. 46206. Also, notify your post adjutant. most instant navigational fixes by every I 1 ship or plane, anywhere in the world. ATTACH ADDRESS LABEL FROM YOUR CURRENT I I Someday, this concept may be ex- ISSUE IN THIS SPACE OR PRINT OLD ADDRESS I | panded, so that satellites wou'd not only provide navigational information, but I I

I I would transmit the location of all air-

I planes—the exact identity, position, al- I titude, speed and bearing. This would go I I I I far toward solving our growing air traffic PLEASE PRINT Dote problems. The Skylab workshop. In early 1973. NAME POST NO. NASA plans to launch a three-man ex- (member's name) perimental space station, to orbit the CARD NO. YEAR DEPT._ earth at a distance of 235 nautical miles for eight months. During five of these NEW ADDRESS (street) (route or P.O. BOX) months, it will be manned. Since Skylab CITY or TOWN STATE will fly during the lifetime of ERTS A (ZIP CODE) and B, data from Skylab sensors will be

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 45 you fall. Tighten the belt while you are wading after water pressure has forced out LIFE IN THE OUTDOORS as much air as possible.

WHEN CAMPING in the wilderness, hang Smokehouse Cookery some spare food on a tree limb about 50 yards from camp, advises Charles Hartzell of Shippenville, Pa. Any raccoons or bears SMOKING is the backwoodsman's method simply a small shelter to confine the smoke that might come around will concentrate on of preserving fish and game. And any so it circulates freely around the meat. The it and leave your camp and food alone. sportsman-camper planning an extended standard design is made of wood a few feet stay in the wilderness can use it to advan- square and about ten feet high with a slant- tage, especially when the weather is mild ing roof to shed rain, an access door, and DUAL BEAM FLASHLIGHT produces enough to spoil fresh meat and the flies are two screened ventilators on opposite sides wide-angle floodlight, sharp spotlight or it delicious the to the to numerous. Also adds a smokey near top allow smoke and heat both with power from its heavy duty, nickel flavor: smoked trout and venison are gour- escape. The meat is hung on strings from cadmium rechargeable batteries. Solid-state met dishes. You might even try it on other several poles set horizontally inside the fish and meats, such as steaks, frankfurters smokehouse, or placed on shelves of chicken and hamburgers, in preparation for your wire. The fire is made in a pit in the ground backyard barbecue. at the bottom. Smoking time is 24 hours per The method does not cook the meat, but pound of meat in the heaviest piece. Many just exposes it to the smoke. Build your fire sportsmen improvise their own smokehouses in a spot sheltered from the wind and erect from old stoves and pipes, empty oil drums, your grill about four feet above it. In the etc. One hangs meat down the chimney of backwoods you can make such a grill of his fireplace. Any design will work as long green-wood sticks. The fire must be slow- as it succeeds in exposing the meat to the burning, not hot enough to cook the meat or smoke and not to the heat of the fire, and as draw out the juices—less than 100 degrees. long as the fire is slow-burning with the right And a heavy smoke isn't necessary. The best wood. woods to burn are poplar, willow, alder and Some outdoor chefs add smoke flavor to birch; resinous woods such as pine and food by treating it with a liquid-smoke prep- Rechargeable dual beam flashlight. spruce blacken the meat and give it an ob- aration available in food stores. It's not bad. jectionable taste. For preserving the woods- But once you've tasted meat or fish that recharger included enables IV2 hours use man's way, the meat must be sliced thin; really has been smoked, you'll realize there's on single charge. Sells for $14.95 from The fish should be filleted, or cleaned and spread no substitute for the real thing. Gallery, Amsterdam, N.Y. 12010. open on the grill skin-side up so the smoke can penetrate. Smoking time should be at WANT TO KNOW when fish are biting? DON'T use cologne, after-shave lotion, per- least a day. In preparing your barbecue Watch the cattle, advises W. C. Pallmeyer fumed deodorants before your trip into the food, however, when you desire just the of Matador, Texas. If they're up and graz- outdoors, advises Robert Schwehr of San- smoke flavor, this period can be shortened. ing, the fish are biting; if they're just resting, born, No. Dakota. They attract stingers like But the longer, the better. When finished, so are the fish. It's an old Indian belief, bees, wasps, hornets. Too bad there isn't an the food still will be raw, and must be based on the idea that all animals are af- apple-scented after-shave; it would be great cooked the usual way. can treated fected alike by position, weather, etc. Meat be moon for deer hunters. with oil and spices before smoking, if de- sired. SAFETY TIP for wader-wearing anglers If you intend to do a lot of smoking to comes from M. Campailla of Mogadore, ICE in your cooler will last longer on camp- preserve food for storage for later barbe- Ohio; always wear a belt on the outside of ing trips if you freeze your foods, especially cues, you might build a smokehouse. It is the wader so it won't fill with water should meats, before storing them in it, writes Mrs. Elwyn Carlson of Minneapolis, Minn. Just chill milk and carbonated beverages.

AIR CONDITION your shoes and boots! It's now possible with a new insole called "Walkool," which draws air through a one- way valve in the heel as you walk, then your

weight pumps it out through vents around your toes. Light and thin, washable, made of foam. In standard men's and women's sizes. Price: $2.98 a pair from Advance Industries, 372 Riverside Station, Miami, Fla. 33135.

ON A CAMPING trip, when the ground gets muddy, slip a plastic bag over each shoe before leaving your tent or camper, suggests Joye Rilthford of Texarkana, Ark. A rubber

band will hold it in place. This precaution will keep you and your youngsters from tracking mud on the floor.

If you have a helpful idea for this feature

send it in. If we can use it we'll pay you $5.00. However, we cannot acknowledge, re- turn, or enter into correspondence concern- ing contributions. Address: Outdoor Editor, The American Legion Magazine, 1345 Ave- nue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10019.

46 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 — —

THE EASIEST WAY TO DESTROY THE DUMP PILES if virgin materials were used. One does -(Continued from page 11) suspect that if a greater public demand tomers of virgin materials producers are NASMI's symbol will refer to the re- for recycled materials shows itself, shady following the example of President cycled content of a package, not to the characters will offer inferior products Nixon, and taking the lead ahead of the container. It has no present plans to made from recycled goods simply to ex- public in demanding recycled materials. provide a symbol to designate that the ploit a gullible public if they can. Tne The Ford Motor Company has notified container meets NASMI standards for problem for the buyer is no different its numerous suppliers that it wants the recycling, though—as we have seen from his usual problems in discovering cartons in which they deliver their prod- it compiles lists of firms that are cur- which products are inferior. In very few

ucts to Ford to include recycled paper. cases could it be the use of recycled Some other corporations, local gov- materials that would bring a product ernments as well as the President, and down in its specifications. For many some organizations are moving faster products there would be a limit on their than the general public to demand re- content of recycled materials. This is cycled materials in what they buy. hardly true at all for any of the metals. The American Legion has delegated We have been using recycled metals like its concern about pollution to its In- new all along. Half of our copper is re- ternal Affairs Commission, the national cycled, and more of the other half could body that's in closest normal contact be just as well. Recycled gold, silver and with local Legion units. The Internal lead are identical to what is refined from

Affairs staff has recently circulated to U.S. ores. Glass is wholly recyclable. The Legion purchasing offices a list of manu- glass people, who have shown so much facturers who use old paper to make initiative to old glass, are de- T0^\ woJAhiv redeem stationery, business forms, envelopes, veloping many new uses for it, even ledgers, xerographic paper, tissues, tow- "Do you fellows happen to know where using it as constituent of roadway pav- els, folding boxes, cartons, corrugated they're holding the great roundup in the ing. and other shipping containers. Also on sky?" The member companies of NASMI the list are manufacturers who recycle THE AMEIUI AN LEGION MAGAZINE deal, in large quantities, with more than old cotton to make similar items. It was a dozen basic commodities redeemed recommended that the Legion buy such rently recycling to make many packag- from waste—the major constituents of products from among those listed. The ing materials. our national solid waste except for iron list was provided by NASMI. In general, products that contain re- and food wastes. Another group of firms, The strong focus of attention on pa- cycled materials are as good (or bad) as {Continued on page 48) per, of course, stems from the ease with which it can be used in many ways where there's a will to do it—and from It's easy to make up to the enormous amount of waste paper that plagues us as rubbish. Among the most difficult of materials to recycle are some of the plastics, your spare time and get though there are fairly standard reuses of some of them and ingenious uses of others. Many plastics are so useful that we'll probably keep accepting them as ultimate rubbish until and unless we find better ways to reuse them. In talks with NASMI people, one senses that there are only a few such manmade items that we throw away in any great quantity that aren't largely redeemable, and that would be redeemed by business if buyers demanded recycled materials. Though we probably don't want to give up all of our non-recyclable plastics, when you accept as few as 5 orders Mighdoll points out that we might want a month as a Mason Shoe Counselor to review our use of some of them. For How would you like to collect a handsome YOU GET FREE SHOES FOR LIFE-a pair instance, the plastic bubbles on some "second salary" week after week and every si.x months, as long as you send as few packages were developed by merchan- get FREE SHOES FOR LIFE, too.' It s easy! as 5 orders every month. You take orders fast Just introduce nationally-advertised Mason because you offer bigger selection than any disers who concentrated on their attrac- Shoes to friends, neighbors and other folks retail store—more than 275 styles: sizes 4 tiveness for display in stores. As throw- you see every day. to 16, widths AAA to EEEE. Send for FREE Regardless of age or experience — even if Outfit TODAY . . . NOW! away items, nobody wants them, or you've never sold a thing before in your life wants to separate them from their card- —you can make S5 to SIO in an hour in your RUSH COUPON FOR YOUR FREE OUTFIT! spare time as a highly re- board (a tough task, you'll agree). They spected Mason Shoe Coun MASON SHOE MFG. CO., F-329 add to the dump piles or burn with a selor. You don't invest a cent! Chippewa Falls, Wise. 54729

OK, show me how I con moke up to SlOO a stench, and carry their cardboard with We send you a FREE Demon- stration Outfit that rings up week in spore time—ond get FREE SHOES FOR LIFE! Rush me— FREE and without obligation— them. Perhaps, he suggests, we should sales virtually automatically everything i need to start making BIG MONEY. take a second look at such packaging . . . makes you good money from the very first hour! and some other uses of unrecyclable NAME. You can earn up to S50, (Please Print) plastics and other materials, to compare S75. 51 00 or more a week, maSON SHOE ADDRESS- their original attractiveness with their and get jree shoes tor life. f^^Q qq now! Fill in and Get started aep\. F-329 TOWN. .ZONE STATE. ultimate contribution to ugliness. mail coupon TODAY! Chippewa fold, wis.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 47 —

THE EASIEST WAY TO DESTROY THE DUMP PILES worth a separate look because of what's (Continued from page 47) new. organized in the Institute of Scrap Iron ket. 'Suppose you get an old computer. According to tin can manufacturers, and Steel (Washington-based) handles There are a lot of wires you've got to their new war on old cans can take all old iron. The sole limit on the extent of clean out. It may have platinum, copper, the old cans the public in 32 states will their redeeming most of our wastes, aside gold, silver, zinc—and the casings will turn in. They say they'll either use them from food garbage which can be burned be aluminum. If the market is there, our all themselves, or put 'em where they'll where heat is needed anyway, is the size people will study the original manufac- be used as new steel and aluminum. of the profitable market. turer's specifications and learn their way Industry has been using old tin cans The member companies, each in its through any such complicated device to in all sorts of ways for a long time. But own field, collect, process and sell the get at the various components, item by even though it has been converting mil- redeemed waste to the manufacturer item. It might bug you to separate from lions of cans back into prime materials, who will use it. They search it out. They a car the smaller parts that are redeem- the problem is 60 hilliun cans a year sort it. They clean it. And they upgrade able, but the people in our business know and growing. it to meet the buyer's specifications. De- the models and right where everything is. About a year ago. Weirton Steel, in pending on the product and its original If there's a buyer at the right price, West Virginia, ran a demonstration—in condition, there are of course hundreds they'll dig it out—and it is demand that conjunction with a group of can com- of different procedures whereby they makes the price right." panies—on a new approach to convert- do all of this across the whole sweep of "It's never happened." says Mighdoll. ing tin cans. It converted 500,000 of waste materials. "but if there were suddenly a market for them in the trial run. { Problems arise be- Metals may be salvaged from old TV more graded waste paper than is at hand, cause the weld is sometimes solder, sets. etc.. by plucking them out by hand, you could bet that our people would sometimes aluminum; some cans are and the same applies to the higher-grade start sorting and cleaning mixed waste as steel, some aluminum; the tops of some metals in automobiles, such as copper never before. There are 30 million more steel cans are aluminum.) The Weirton wiring. It is now virtually impossible to tons of waste paper available in solid project showed the way around these separate wool or cotton from cloth in waste each year. Its use depends solely problems to the point where the can which they are mixed with synthetic on the market demand." makers were ready to invite the public fibers. But. says Howard Ness, of to turn in their cans all mixed together. NASMI: "In almost all cases our people So tHlHIRE you have an idea of how This spring they announced the open- buy wastes and upgrade them. They will you and 1 could clean up most of ing of 200 metal can collection centers buy a mixed bale with contaminants in our solid waste, save our resources and in 32 states, and the steel industry added it. They'll go through it. sort it. clean it. hold taxes down. Just insist that what we 80 more. The centers aren't in every rebale it for mill processing and deliver buy contains recycled materials—and town. But in many areas, various com- it to the mill." If it's economic, they'll kecji insisting until we see the recycled munity groups could collect cans and do likewise with almost anything. But symbol on product after product that wouldn't have far to go to take them to where low demand keeps the price down lines our store shelves. It's worth a hun- a center—when they'd amassed enough they have to be more selective. Unless dred Earth Days, because it's guaran- to haul. the price of used paper is made healthy teed to produce results—and what else The can and steel companies ask that by a strong demand, paper collectors will? old cans: may refuse to take a mixture of maga- There's a lot more to the subject be- 1 . Be clean. zines and coarser paper. The gloss on cause there's waste going on that needs 2. Have all paper removed. magazine stock is made of clays which different approaches. 3. Have the two ends removed and are unsuitable for some of the major The tin can collection, for instance, is included separately. bulk uses of old paper. In a poor market, it isn't worth the work simply to separate magazines (and books with glued bind- ings) from a general lot of paper. In a good market, it is.

P AiM K and used textiles are two of the principal waste products whose pres- ent market is marginal. Slight Huctua- tions in price see scavengers seeking, or ignoring, old paper and old cloth. Mighdoll says that if you live in one of the many suburban areas where non- garbage waste is picked up at the curb on given days, instead of along with the food garbage, you can readily tell how the market is going in used paper. If it's good, a scavenger will beat the city to the paper at the curb. If the market is down, you'll see no scavenger, or he'll select valuable metals and leave all else for the dump heaps. Many of the cleaning and sorting processes today are extremely complex, says Ness. They may include chemical 'I know I was supposed to come alone and unarmed, but my rod and my staff they comfort me!" and electronic analysis—a difficult pro- IHt .AMERICAN LEGIO.\ MAGAZINE cedure, but worth it when there's a mar-

48 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 ; NOISY LAWNMOWER?^

Fix it witli an

TTuiomarlf.

MlllU/UUiUII'UlllulUIIU|lll

Universal Replacement Muffler.

Our ultra-quiet Balflemaster muffler fits 90% of all power mowers. It installs in a wink— just screw it in. The Bafflemaster's computer-designed sound trap cuts racket to a whisper, yet still provides full power. H/leets or exceeds all original equipment requirements. Works on Briggs & Stratton, Clinton, Kohler, Tecumseh, and McCulloch engines and others with incii-thread exhaust ports. Get one for your neighbor, too. At better hardware and garden supply outlets or direct from us for $2.00 postpaid.

AUTOMARK INDUSTRIES, INC. 641 S. Vermont, Palatine (Chicago), III. 60067 U.S.A.

•What are you making—a trap?'

THE AMERICAN Ll-:GIO.\ MAGAZINE Free Chair/Table Shipping CATALOG Points — 4. Be squashed flat. The American Legion Magazine, 1345 • OFFICE & LOUNGE FURNITURE My wife and I ran a trial program and Avenue of the Americas, New York, ATLANTA • BANQUET & MEETING CHICAGO found all of this even simpler than it was N.Y. 10019." Send no letter (the trick FURNITURE ^ PITTSBUIOH • TENNIS TABLES in WW2. Our electric can opener re- address explains all ) . Enclose a self-ad- p lOS ANGELES • COAT/HAT RACKS A. moved the ends nicely from all but beer dressed, return stamped envelope. cans. The paper came off easily. A rinse Of course there are no centers as yet Adirondack in 1 states. write if there's at the time of emptying each can cleaned 8 Don't none 276-0 fork Ave. So.; N.Y.C. 10010 it without trouble. The wife tossed the in your state. At present there are one or Baked Enamel cans into a carton in the cellar. I came more centers in these states: 33rdlNFANTRY; 3x4 Metal Division Badge on by the carton from time to time and Alabama (4): Arkansas ( 1 ); Califor- ... DIVISION 5x7 inch wall plaque, tromped on cans that hadn't yet been nia (31): Colorado ( 2 ) : Connecticut with name and unit en- flattened. flattened cans ( ) ; Florida ( ) ; ( 3 ) ; Illinois The took so 1 5 Georgia graved $3.50. 3x4 metal little space that in two months' time we (15); Indiana (13): Iowa (1); Kansas auto badge, $2.50. Di- hadn't yet filled the carton with metal. (1): Louisiana (4); Maine (1); Mary- visions available ! to 10, 24 to 45, 63, 75, The next step (we haven't done this land (11): Massachusetts ( 3 ) ; Michigan -17, 82, yet) will be to get a community group (6): Minnesota (7): Mississippi (1); 84, 85, 90, 91, 101 A/B Navy, Air ( we have a Legion Post in mind ) to col- Missouri (4): Nebraska (1): New Jer- Force, all Armd. Divs. lect cans and deliver to sey + them from time (8); New York (12): Ohio (27); Auto Badge Co., 144 E. Santa Clara, Arcadia, Calif. 91006 time to the nearest center, which is about Oklahoma { 1 ) : Oregon ( 5 ) ; Pennsyl-

ten miles away. vania ( 26 ) ; Tennessee ( 1 ) ; Texas ( 10) THE KEY TO RACING SUCCESS We'd gladly do this all the time, and Utah (2); Washington (7); West Vir- haul them to the center ourselves about ginia (4): Wisconsin (8). the end once a year if we can't get anyone else to do it. It beats paying taxes to have the

I I i'-.uii s included metal hauled away as waste. CHANGE OF ADDRESS itii ,iiiil aver- (.i Jiuine copy- Well, we're using 60 billion cans a / pitl.H.-.heTs. Wins ~, iU >%••,. Write for year—soon to be 70 billion. .Anybody Notify Cir( Illation Dept., P. O. Box i]Clu(U- zip code. HITCHINGS, Box S71S-HAIVJ1, CariiKl, Calif. 93921. Cut out and sond this ad NOW tor Bonatiza Offer! else want to save some tax money? And 19.i4. liidiuiiapolis, Ind. 46206. iisin^ cut the dumps? save our re- down And Post Oflice Form 3.57K. Attach old sources? address label and give old and new It would be great to see some Legion FLUSHES UP addresses with zip code and eiirrent Posts contact nearby can-collection cen- to sewer or septic tank nieinhersliip card number. Also be no digging up floors. ters to see if such Posts could be—or could help form—community groups sure to notify your Post Adjutant. WRITE , . . McPHERSON, INC that would accept clean, flattened cans BOX 15133 TAMPA, FLA 33614 locally from householders and have them regularly delivered to the nearest center. The list of addresses of the 280 FIND BURIED TREASURE collection centers is too long to publish Find buried gold, silver, coins, treasures with powerful new here. But ... electronic detector. Most powerful made. Ultra sensitive. This magazine will send you the ad- Penetrates deep into earth. Works through mud, beach sand, rock, wood, etc. Signals dresses of collection centers in your state when object is detected. if you'll do as follows: Address an envelope to "Metal Cans, Write for Free Catalog, treasure hunting tips and 5 POWERFUL ANSWERING ADS- $12950 unusual souvenir coin. MODELS WHEN GIVE YOUR ZIP CODE RELCO Dept. 0-199 Box 10839, Houston, Tex. 77018

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 49 — —

PERSONAL THE THINGS WE'VE USED FOR MONEY (Continued from page 30) Mexican reales to make one dollar FEW CHANGES FOR '72 AUTOS. (hence "pieces of eight"). But reales WHY WIVES NEED LEGAL WILLS. weren't in wide circulation here. To make change, the dollars were com- NEW MEDICAL DEVELOPMENTS. monly cut into four quarters, each worth two reales. The English had a way of When the 1972 autos begin appearing at the end of this month and the start calling very small coins "bits." They had their of next, there's going to be less to-do than in other years. The big i-eason is own threepenny bits and sixpenny bits. that, on the whole, the new models don't differ spectacularly from the 1971 In British Guiana both the versions. But you will notice that: fourpence and a sixth of a florin were called bits. 1. Next year's cars are equipped with warning devices that blink and buzz The Spanish reales were also called bits. until the driver buckles his seat belt. So a quarter of a Spanish dollar was 2. On many models, power steering, power transmission and power brakes called "two bits," two of now are standard equipment and are included in the base price, which has them were been adjusted upward accordingly. "four bits," and three of them were called "six bits." 3. While price comparisons between 1971 and 1972 are hard to make (and As everyone knows, we carried this sometimes aren't valid, anyway), a broad guess is that tags will be up in a slang over to our range of 2% to 4%. own money system later, including the habit of never re- * * ferring to one bit (12'/2 0), or three bits Should your wife have a will? It's a good idea, say legal experts, for the (37'/2 0) but only to even numbers following reasons: two, four, six. For many years after • If a wife doesn't have such a document now, and decides to make one Independence, however, Americans after her husband's death, she make it under stress and with dubious may called their own dimes "short bits." advice. If fails to it at all, state's intestacy she she do the laws take over when Though now forgotten, the Spanish passes away. dollar was so important and familiar • The same situation could happen in a common disaster—that is, when to Americans for 226 years that it is husband and wife perish simultaneously in accident. Usually the an hus- worth jumping out of an orderly history band's will specifies that in such a case it is that he died first (this presumed for a while to take a brief separate gives the estate a tax break via the marital deduction). But if the wife —who look at a few of the highlights of our inherited the estate ever so momentarily—has no will, the property will be use of it —and often our dependence distributed according to local state law. on it. • It's even more important that a wife have a will when she has some The first colonial ship to trade in wealth of her own. She may want her husband to have it all. If she dies in- the West Indies started bringing in testate, he may get less than she desires. Conversely, if the husband has a Spanish coin, which v/as minted in the substantial estate, the wife may want to leave her property to children and Spanish colonies from the great silver grandchildren. But if she dies without a will, the husband could be allotted a mines in Mexico and South America. substantial share which would be taxed a second time when he dies. — That ship was launched in Massachu- * * setts in 1631. The volume of Spanish Two new developments in the field of medicine could have widespread eflfects: MULTIPLE VACCINES: The government now is licensing Merck Sharp & Dohme to distribute shots that simultaneously guard against several dis- eases. One such is a double-header for measles and rubella (German measles). The other is a three-in-one dose for measles, rubella and mumps. The idea of multiple vaccines is to make immunization less scary, reduce visits to medical centers and maybe bring costs down. "SOFT" CONTACT LENSES: Bausch & Lomb is starting to market new hydrophilic (water absorbing) contact lenses, trade-named Soflens. Unlike the standard "hard" type, the new ones pick up moisture from the eyes so that they stay in place with more comfort. Presumably Soflens can be fitted in a single session, often can be worn continually right from the start, and are just about loss proof because they cling to the eyes so well. On the basis of the comfort factor alone, demand is expected to be high (millions give up on "hard" lenses because they can't tolerate them). Price: Considerably higher than for "hard" lenses. * *

For the first time in years, some leveling off—and even minor reductions are in sight for auto insurance rates. But it's a mixed picture. • Most of the relief is coming in bodily-injury coverage. Insuiance people think that the improved situation results from new safety features in cars which are reducing, or even eliminating, bodily injuries, so insurance charges are being adjusted downward in some areas. But property-damage rates are ". climbed the . . SO he killed the dragon, another story. They aren't coming down noticeably in fact, the general — mountain, slew the giant and married the ." trend still is upward. . . lady . . . then, the real trouble began By Edgar A. Grunwald THK AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE

50 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 — 1 .

coin coming here mounted as our trade originally had smooth edges, and folks STAIR CLIMBEB in the Caribbean prospered. All coin had a way of clipping a little silver by WECOLATOR that came here tended to end up in off the rims to sell separately before England, which wouldn't take wampum passing their dollars on. This "clip- Enjoy your multi-story home or truck for all the manufactured goods ping" may be the origin of the use without climbing a single step. Ride upstairs on a com- ordered from the mother country by of the word "clip" to mean "cheat," fortable, dependable, mainte- nance free Wecolator Stair the colonists. Even so, our Latin trade as in "clip joint" and "he clipped me." Climber. Installs quickly and neatly on straight or curved grew so with each passing year that To stop this practice, many nations stairways without remodel- ing; leaving ample room for the Spanish dollars were the most nu- began milling the edges of coins made normal use. Operates on standard 110 volt household merous and familiar coins in North of valuable metal. Little vertical ridges service. America. went on them whose absence revealed There was one occasion when Eng- at a glance if the coin had been clipped. WRITE OR TELEPHONE FOR FREE BROCHURE THE CHENEY COMPANY land felt an obligation to ship a large If you have a quarter on you right Dept. L 7611 NORTH 73RD STREET see its milled edge. An- amount of hard money here. In 1745, now, you can MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN 53223 the New England colonies helped out other famiUar trick to get precious metal

[<1

Huge savings on tiny, all-in- the-ear, behind the ear, eye- glass and body models. New space age models are so tiny • and well concealed your clos- est friends may never even notice. FREE HOME TRIAL. No down payment. Low as $10 monthly. Money back guaran- tee. Order direct and save. If your doctor recommends you use a hearing aid, ask him about Prestige aids. Write today for free catalog and confidential booklet. PRESTIGE, Dept. D-91, Box 10947, Houston, Tex. 77018. LEARN L MEAT CUTTING am quickly in 8 short weeks at Toledo T a bright future with security in vital teat business. Big pay, full-time jobs -HAVE A PROFITABLE MARKET OF YOUR OWN! Time payment plan avail- able. Diploma given. Job help. Thou-

I sands of successful graduates. OUR .18! h ?f 0197T YEAR! Send now for big new ilUisti-nted FREE catalog. No obligation. G.I- Approvt-il. NATIONAL SCHOOL OF MEAT CUTTING Dept. A-45. Toledo, Ohio 43B04

To

ID WINSlowTO 1 YOURS with maKic' '10 to 1' woniioi race- track cr. EasiJv works out for vou 10 to 1 fab place wins, e

the British army by sending a force out of a coin was to drill a hole in it and against the French in the Gulf of St. fill it with baser metal. Lead, because Lawrence that captured Louisburg. of its color, often substituted for silver. England repaid Massachusetts for her This fraud obviously went on for a long mihtary costs by sending her 187.000 time. Nickels appeared only recently in pounds in 1749. It was nearly all in our national history, yet the most fa- Spanish dollars, and the hard money miliar phrase referring to plugged coins greatly stimulated commerce in the is "not worth a plugged nickel." colonies. Alexander Hamilton, as first Secre-

England, be it noted, was short of tary of the Treasury of the United her own coin and discharged many of States, established the value of the her overseas debts in foreign coin American silver dollar by including as largely Spanish. In spite of her adher- much silver as was found on the aver- ence to traditional pounds, shillings and age in a random assortment of Spanish pence until 1970, she was doing much dollars then in circulation. It came to SPARE vTIME/ CASH! SELLS ^Ta"wv™™'T'" on of her overseas trade in dollars in 1700. 37114 grains. These were worn coins, JEU new lifellm., Gold.n Mela! SIGHTI '^-^a^ lUII I When our colonies rebelled in 1776 so the American dollar's value in sil- Social Security Platei in jpore time for BIG PROFITS. Millioni waiting to buy. and issued paper "continental currency" ver ended up 5% grains lighter than No inveitment or obligation whatsoever. SEND FOR FREE SAMPLE AND to support the war effort against Eng- new Spanish dollars (377 grains). We COMPLETE SALES KIT NOW.' land, the pledge written on the conti- rated the American gold dollar at the RUSSELL PRODUCTS CO. P. O. BOX 286 AL-22 PULASKI, TENN. 38^78 nental bills promised to redeem them supposed equivalent value in gold—24% in "milled Spanish dollars." Had the grains. This was a serious mistake. The Big opportunities. Big prof- its. Earn qulcl

the: AIVIERICAN legion IVIAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 51 THE THINGS WE'VE USED FOR MONEY -(Continued from page 51) This was the beginning of a long Before 1763, New York had put out series of troubles that the infant United paper money based on the "Lyon dol- States had with its money (for a variety lar," a trade coin that the Dutch had of other reasons as well). Consequently, probably introduced earlier. They were when we were well into the 1800's it also called "dog dollars," because the was necessary to make foreign coin lion imprinted on them looked more like legal tender again, including the Span- a dog. ish dollar. Of course, that meant that Money in all forms, not just taxaiion, if you refused it in payment of a debt, was the root of the break with England the law wouldn't help you collect the —which is natural since the basis of

debt in any other way. Not until 1 857 all English colonial policy was to get was the United States able to abolish rich at our expense. When we finally the Spanish dollar as legal tender. revolted, money gave us the worst prob- The Spanish dollar was a godsend lem yet. The Continental Congress had

This IS a summer cottage.

\biir kid's education. An ocean voye^e. Retirement

Pretty practical way to look at something as patriotic as U.S. Savings 'Sure, we have an incentive plan . . . make a mistake and your fired. Bonds, right? Well, THE AMEIUC AN LEGION MAGAZINE there's nothing un-Amer- ican about being practical. from the start, but hardly enough for no authority to tax, and the states were Which is exactly what the needs of the colonies as they grew. too timid to try. Taxation, the leaders you are when you put your In spite of all the finagling with paper had told the people, was what we were savings into U.S. Savings money, it wasn't all bad. It was the fighting against. Yet a war had to be Bonds. only money that the colonies controlled fought and paid for. Except for pos- And, if you like to save themselves thanks to England's get- sible foreign loans, Congress had no time as well as money, — ting most of our coin in the end and choice but to issue paper money. It Savings Bonds are surpris- never allowing us any of hers. did to the eventual tune of $240 mil- ingly easy to buy. Just — lion in continental dollars, pledged, as pick them up at your SAY that taxation without rep- we've noted, to be redeemed in milled bank, or join the Payroll THEY resentation the American Spanish dollars. As Congress had no Savings Plan where you brought on work. Revolution when England taxed us to Spanish dollars, nor any treasury at all, of the real pledge was plucky words, the So put your savings in pay what she considered our share a ragtag army, and Savings Bonds. You could the French and Indian wars. This was grand hopes of efforts hard coin from foes eventually end up with the just the last of a long series of griev- to borrow summer cottage and the ances that were basically economic. of England overseas. college education and the One of the worst arose when Eng- Paul Revere engraved the first batch, ocean voyage and retire- land suddenly forbade the issuance of and their value shrank before the ink ment. And whatever paper money in New England in 1751, was dry. "Those who do receive it," else you want to save for. and in the rest of the colonies in 1763. financier Robert Morris told the Ameri- By 1771, commerce was so crippled for can commissioners who were seeking lack of currency in New York that help in Paris in 1776, "do it with fear Parliament had to relent a bit and let and trembling." Take stock in America New York issue "bills of credit" that "Instead of the creditor pursuing the Buy US. Savings Bonds were actually treasury notes, bearing debtor with an arrest," griped Robert interest for a stated period, and not Moore, son of a Philadelphia merchant, The U S. Coyernmcnl does nol pa/ (or ihis ad 5ervice_in coope Ih The 'frjl- II is presented as a_pubiic "the pursues the creditor in tri- DeoartiTicnl ol lb« 7 and The Advcrlismg Council. really money in permanent circulation. debtor

52 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 — —

umph with continental money . . . pay- obvious that the threadbare soldiers ing him without mercy." officers and men alike—would receive In Rhode Island, creditors leaped their reward only in the next world. from windows or hid in attics to escape "They did not receive it in this." their in continental One soldier was sure he'd be a bach- payment of debts FOR PERMANENT dollars. elor for life. "The young women dread Even George Washington hesitated us, the picture of poverty, and the FUND RAISING Ea»y way to raise money for your Organization selling his lands faster than he could speculators, to our great mortification, §^ became everyone has fun playing BINGO! reinvest the purchase price in other are running away with the best of Thousands of Organizations are making up to property. As he advised John Parke them." S500.00 per week using' BINGO KING" supplies and FREE Idea Bulletins. Write for FREE sample Custis in present During the war, the British in August 1779, "At the New Be: card and details on raising money for your Or- nominal value of money," he might York helped the economic collapse of ^ ganization. PLEASE GIVE NAME OF ORGANIZATION. wind up "giving away the estate." the rebels along by counterfeiting great Of course, prices of goods simply masses of continentals and getting To- DPPT 709 BOX n7R. ENGLEWOOD, COLO. 80II0 soared, and the soldiers suffered the ries to distribute them. worst. They were producing no goods Congress, for its part, made the con- to swap or use themselves so they had tinental dollars legal tender, and en- READ THE LAW to buy at rising prices with pay that acted laws making it treason to refuse FOR YOUR OWN BENEFIT sank in worth. As things went from them. This was hardly enforced in Learn how the law regulates commerce, politics

and social activities . . . how your business and to promises purely civil matters, but it gave the bad worse, they only got economic affairs are affected by the law. School of offers a program for their pay. No army was ever so army good excuse to get what it needed. The Blackstone Law of reading assignments for adults planned to abused by its own people, and the An artillery sergeant named Joseph familiarize you with the law. loyalty of the Revolutionary soldier White told how General Putnam's NOT A CORRESPONDENCE COURSE Suit your program to your special interests and is an incredible testimony to him and troops came to a tavern after crossing available time. his leaders. the Delaware. The innkeeper refused WRITE FOR FREE BOOKLET It is small wonder that veterans later to sell what he had for continental dol- "The People vs. You." Contains complete in- formation on the program. No Salesman Will mobbed the Congress for their back lars and made the mistake of calling Call. Write directly to: pay, or that an incipient rebellion grew it rebel money. When he persisted, BLACKSTONE SCHOOL OF LAW o^Pt 93 up in Washington's camp at the end Putnam enforced the money law, took 307 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60601 of the war. They wanted to make Wash- what he needed, and sent the innkeeper ington king, or else go west, intact, and to the guardhouse as a traitor. settle their own land, leaving the un- Four continental dollars equalled one WHITE'S is #1 CHOICE with over 25 models of Metol Detectors to select armed east to make whatever peace it in gold in the summer of 1778. Six from! Detects GOLD—SILVER—COPPER could with British. later, the ratio 8 to the Yet Washington months was 1 ; by NUGGETS—COINS—RINGS— JEWELRY, etc. quelled their rebellion by talking to winter, 50 to 1 : at war's end, 500 to GUARANTEED!' them. 1,000 to 1. Finally, barbers papered r _>rom 99.50 up their shops with dollars, and tailors made O OFFICERS, who had to feed and clothe suits of clothes from them. themselves, could be worse off than A historian says that continental cur- FREE LITERATURE privates whose pay was lower, but rency "gently fell asleep in the hands of WHITE'S ELECTRONICS, INC. whose absolute needs were met in a its last possessors." Congress tried to 1 01 1 Pleasant Valley Rd., Rm. 502, Sweet Home, Ore. 97386 fashion by the army. "The money," keep it awake on March 15, 1780, by said Gen. Nathanael Greene "was no redeerriing 40 old continentals with one more equal to our wants than a sprat to "bill of new tenor" (thus wiping out a a whale's belly." To Lafayette it was {Continued on page 54)

Your help goes where hunger is Give to CARE, New York 10016

A RACE

STAXBS

>134. $141, $151, etc. profit daily lor you with stakes ". at Racetracks ALL OVER with fabulou.^. scientilic, easy to . . Does it come assembled?' use "PENCLIFF" world-famed race computor— 12 expert race exoerts BRAINS BUILT INTO IT (SiO stakes— 10 times above profits). We give you PROOF—over 4. GOO THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE latest "PENCLIFF"' Big: Win Results. Tear out this ad now. mail it with name, address, zin: R. H. PUBLISHING CO., PAMJ Box 5715, CARMEL CALIF. 93921.

THE AMER ICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 53 THE THINGS WE'VE USED FOR MONEY 1957). Between double-eagles ($20 gold (Continued from page 53) pieces) and three-cent pieces; between $200 million debt). The new bills skid- in her practices, that clause in the con- banknotes, treasury notes, greenbacks ded to 20 cents on the dollar, in terms of stitution wasn't removed until 1948. and Federal Reserve notes—the tale is gold and silver, before victory and for- The U.S. Mint, established in Phila- too long. eign loans finally stopped the downward delphia in 1 792, struck only copper coins Our money has plagued us right down trend. This meant the original dollars at first. Metals were so scarce that scrap to today. There has never been a time were worth approximately half a cent, was collected to make them. The story when its value and basis have not been a galling fact which later gave birth to goes that George Washington contrib- major national issues—the only issues the expression "not worth a continental." uted "an excellent copper tea kettle and except for the status of black people in To make the situation worse, each colony two pairs of tongs." The first silver coins our society that have always been with had also issued paper currency during came two years later. These crude, hand- us, as other crises and controversies the war—with even less backing and in made dimes and half-dimes had the head came and went. larger amounts, some $260 million in all. of Liberty on one side, the American Our present inffation and gold drain "Paper money," fumed Edmund Ran- eagle on the other. Some Americans said overseas is an unfinished chapter in a dolph, "is viler than the rags on which the figures looked more like a "sick tur- history which saw Andrew Jackson crush it is printed." keycock" and a "wild Indian squaw." the Bank of the United States—giving It was this horror of paper currency That probably pleased Ben Franklin. rise to state banks that ground out paper run wild that led the framers of the Constitution to prohibit the states to "coin money, emit bills of credit, or make anything but gold or silver coin a tender in payment of debts," while at the same time providing that the federal gov- ernment alone had the power to coin money or regulate its value. This was confusing, as state banks were later al- lowed to issue banknotes, creating both good money and mischief.

THOMAS JEFFERSON was the leading proponent of going to the decimal system when the new country minted its own coin. The American money was the first in the world to be so sensibly based. As for calling our basic unit a "dollar," the Spanish dollar "is the most familiar in the minds of the people," he said. "It is already adopted from south

"Hold it . . . I'm getting winded again. to north." In recommending the decimal system Tin-: Ajn-:iurAN' legion ^magazine — 100 cents to the dollar—over a na- tural tendency on the part of some to want to continue the English money sys- He'd never approved of the eagle as the banknotes until the Federal Reserve took tem. Jefferson spelled out the difficulty national bird. over the job. It saw the rise and fall of that all the colonists had had all their "He is a bird of bad moral character," the Greenback Party and of William lives in figuring sums when there were Franklin explained in a letter to his Jennings Bryan's presidential candidacy four farthings to the penny, twelvepence daughter. "He does not get his living based on two-metal currency so as not to the shilling and 20 shillings to the honestly, but, like those men who live by to "crucify America on a cross of pound. He wrote a delightful passage sharping and robbing, he is generally gold." It saw Franklin Roosevelt aban- describing the mental process in adding poor and often lousy. The turkey is a don the gold standard for the dollar at sums of money when you had a different much more respectable bird, a true, home and make it a crime to hold gold ." limit on what to carry over from each of original native of America. . . for its intrinsic value. three columns to make the next one Congress kept the eagle anyway, or- This last was the end of a long trail. come out right. Only the "pounds" col- dering that it appear on all gold and sil- After our experience with continentals, umn, which could be added in the deci- ver coins. The first gold coins were the federal government issued no paper, mal system, was easy for most people. minted in 1795, $5 pieces showing the putting out coins only for many years. As a result, said Jefferson, "The bulk Great Seal. We've noted that a little too With Roosevelt we went entirely to of mankind are schoolboys throughout much gold was put in the early gold paper, except for small change. Now we life." coins, so that they were rapidly melted have debased our small change by slash- Even the Spaniards had broken their back into gold in the hands of their ing its silver content. dollar into eighths. The world slowly possessors, and before the situation was If much of the history of our money followed the American example. Span- corrected foreign coins had to be made seems quaint, it would be a brash ish nations were soon using centavos legal tender again. prophet who'd predict what we'll be

( 1 OOths of the peso) and similar decimal To describe the coins and bills we've using 20 years hence. The Federal Re- systems of currency. Just last year, put out since is a fit subject only for a serve, which tries to keep the flow of

Britain finally went to decimal money. book. Two good, popular volumes are currency just right today, is plagued by

New Hampshire, be it noted, had it J. Earl Massey's "America's Money" the fact that it doesn't control checks in its constitution that the official state (Thomas Y. Crowell Co., N.Y., 1968) and credit cards which are actually the money was pounds, shillings and pence. and Arthur Nussbaum's "A History of bulk of our "money" now. If Massa- Though she went along with the country the Dollar " (Columbia University Press, chusetts had only thought of that! end

54 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 "saSHOPPER AMERICA THE BEAUTIFUL/ CARL ROSE Artist and cartoonist Carl Rose died at Rowayton, Conn., on June 20—aged 68—after a long illness. Carl wasn't a Legionnaire, but his work was familiar to our readers. The last job he ever did in his life was the line-draw- ing illustrations for our June 1971 cover TWO SENSATIONAL OFFERS IN ONE - ONLY 10((! article, "The Pentagon's Alliance with 1. Scarce 1937 Smoky Mountains Miniature Sheet. his Industry," which he worked on from 2. 25 other valuable U.S. postage stamps picturing awe- hospital room. THE AMERICAN PATRIOT'S PRAYER writ- inspiring American wonders: Majestic Devil's Tower, Gigan- in Hand-designed print ready ten 1776. tic Ancient Sequoias, Towering Mount Hood, Breath-taking He was far gone in his last illness at for framing, 11 x 14 size. Illustrated in Shiprock Mesa, many others. red & brown on colonial gold text cover the time. asked him to illustrate an We stock paper. For home, school, office, etc. Also, exciting offers from our Approval Service, returnable article for this issue, but he said he $2.00 ea. or 3 for $5.00 ppd. For N.J. with or without purchases, cancel privilege anytime - but add 5% tax. Independent Publications, both offers plus Big Free Bargain Catalog are yours to keep! could no longer work. P.O.B. 162, Parl< Station, AL-8, Paterson, Rush name, address, zip and 10^ - TODAY. For many years he drew cartoons for N.J. 07513. H. E. HARRIS, DEPT. E-138, BOSTON, MASS. 02117 the New Yorker. He illustrated the fa- mous gag of a child refusing broccoli and telling her mother: "I say it's spin- KEEP CESSPOOL TROUBLE ach, and I say the hell with it." AWAY Until a change in top management led the New York Times magazine to 2-FT. X 3-FT. POSTER quit using him regularly, Carl Rose illus- trated many of its articles. One of James Send in any black & white Thurber's famous New Yorker cartoons or color picture (no nega- (a duelist cleanly severing the head of tives) or 35mm color slide another duelist and saying, "Touche!") and have it enlarged into a giant 2-ft x 3 ft. black was a rework of an idea of Rose's that SEPTIC TANK TROUBLES? Reactivator and white wall poster. keeps septic tank and cesspool clean, pre- Shipped in sturdy mailing hadn't come off right—which Thurber vents overflow, back-up, odors, saves cost- tube to prevent creasing Rose didn't ly pumping or digging. Just mix dry pow- cheerfully admitted and Your original returned. der in water, flush. Non-poisonous, non- mind. caustic. 6 months' supply $3.95; full years' Money back if not pleased. Carl Rose was one of the sweetest supply $7.00, ppd. Northel, Dept. AL-8, 2-Ft. X 3-Ft. Box 1103, IVlinneapolis, Minn. 55440. Giant Photo $3.98 men we ever knew gentle, compas- — WE PAY POSTAGE sionate, possessed of a keen sense of humor without a bit of bite or rancor. Walter Drake 2348 Drake Building One of the most precious stories Colorado Springs, Colorado 80901 about Carl Rose had to do with a gag he finally supplied for a New Yorker TELL THE WORLD YOU SERVED! cartoon that kicking WEAR A COMMEMORATIVE RING had been around This section is presented as a ser- DIVISION NUMBER, New gold-encrusted INSIGNIA. the shop for years. This was when the vice to readers and advertisers. All emblems. Choice of CAMPAIGNS ^ over 100 - military, late perfectionist, Harold Ross, was the products are sold vi/ith a money- fraternal, profession- back guarantee. When ordering, al, service ciubs.w New Yorker's editor. Another artist had please allow a reasonable amount drawn an Indian sending smoke signals. of time for handling and shipping. BIRTHSTONES, He was shown asking a second Indian, sure to include Zip number GEMSTONES OR Be Code DIAMONDS " "How do you spell ?" along w/ith your address. FROM "--'-^^^rr^i-' $38 Easy-Pay Plan The original missing word is forgot- PRESTIGE RINGS you'll be proud to wear. Combine your ten. It may have been "disestablishmen- present affiliation or profession with a lifetime armed service memento. Heavy, man-sized in 10-K gold. Amer- tarianism" or some such. It was a good ica's largest selection of military rings, over 1000 com- all wars. Prompt delivery. Charge idea, said editor Ross, but not just right. binations, all services, on B of A, M C, Amex cards. Money-back guarantee! He kept the cartoon in the shop, asking Send for FREE full color catalog today. MILITARY JEWELRY everyone to think of a better word to ROYAL MAGNIFYING Box Y-607 Apache Junction, Ariz. 85220 finish the gag. Almost everyone thought GLASSES of long, difficult words to spell. None of them seemed right to Harold Ross. Long afterward, Carl Rose awoke from a sound sleep one night, saying to himself: "How do you spell ugh?" A Blessing For Folks Over 40 That, said Harold Ross, was just right, Read newspaper, telephone book, Bible and that's the how New Yorker finally and do close work easily. SEE CLEARER went to press with the smoke signal INSTANTLY. Not Rx or for astigmatism 5 foreign coins, free cartoon. or eye diseases. 10 day trial. Sturdy, We will actually send you, free, seldom seen good-looking. Glass precision ground coins from Turkey, Spain, Austria, Finland and and polished; metal hinges. Send age, Somalia. Just to get your name for our mailing sex. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED. list. And we'll include our big free catalog of coins, paper money, collector's supplies. arrival On pay postman $4.95 plus C.O.D. Send name, address and zip to: or send only $4.95 and we pay postage. Littleton Stamp & Coin Co., Inc. PRECISION OPTICAL CO., Dept.34-H,Rochelle, III. 61068 Dept. ST-23, Littleton, N.H. 03561

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 55 —

SENIOR CITIZENS ONLY PARTING SHOTS The night is dark, The moon is new

Let's see, what was it we used to do? Agnes Kline MEOW MAIL Catty letter: Purr missive Shelby Friedman

INVISIBLE VISION Phonovision May be shown To spark a hang-up Of its own If I should find Myself alone And all dressed up And no one to phone. E. B. De \'ito "EVERYONE LOSES" This is an age when, if you miss a day's work, the government loses almost as much as you do.

Tatcille J. Goodyear

OUCH!!?? There was a failh healer from Deal, Who said that all pain was not real. When / sit on a pin

And it punctures my skin

I dislike what I fancy I feel. Philip Saginor

"And here's Harold dancing with a bear . . . after they split a case of beer." FISH TALE I'lii; AMi:i!TrAN' r,] uidn .mai.azine The way most fishermen catch fish is by the tale.

Thomas I aMance EARLY SHOWER UPSY DAZEYS The baseball season was just about over and the team was firmly en- Though what supermart shelves trenched in last place when the managei" decided to let a rookie pitcher get Hold is common enough, a little major league experience. The rookie, who had more determination We can see for ourselves than skill, was in deep trouble before long, and finally the manager walked It's re-markable stuff. out to the mound and said: "Son, I think you've had enough for today." S. S. BiDDLE "But I struck oLit this guy the last time he was up." the young hurler protested violently. "I know," snapped the manager, as he waved another pitcher in from the bullpen, "but this is the same inning!" Dan Bennltt

NO SENSE OF HISTORY A wealthy New Yorker took to himself a ravishing but not too brainy blonde nightclub dancer as a bride, and they drove to Gettysburg for their honeymoon. At the top of one of the town's rolling hills he said to her: "One of the Confederacy's finest and bravest regiments stormed this hill hut only a handful of the gallant lads reached the summit.'' "Well, no wonder," the blonde responded sympathetically. "All those darned nionumentsi" G. G. Crabtree

MIXED UP KID

"This is where your heart is," said the teacher, pointing to her chest. "Mine is where I sit down," a little boy called from the back of the class. "Whatever gave you that idea?" the startled teacher asked. "Well." the youngster explained, "every time I do something good, my " grandma pats me there and says, 'Bless your little heart." "Lay off the pop Intro^ Harwood." F. G. Kernan THE AMERICAN' LEGION MAGAZINE

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1971 ' . HABAND INCREDIBLE MAIM-MADE POLYMERIC

pair NEW PRICE SHOES 2 for WE PAY the POSTAGE

Brown Wing Tip Black SAY "the END" to Loafer Monk Strap $15 to $30 SHOES! Haband NEW PRICE SHOES CASH IN NOW on these Extraordinary Savings! Please Note: 4 f this price, we are riot allowed The day of the high priced shoe is over. Folks are paying to mention the famous brand name of this many dollars less, thanks to the miracle new "polymeric" new material. Suffice it to say it looks like shoe materials. This is no "cheap imitation." It's the top grain leather, performs even better Why Price Shoe that looks, feels and wears as well as pay more and more? Get in on this astounding you have ever worn yet costs a fraction of the price, low price: TWO PAIRS for $15.95!

YOU'LL BE SHOCKED SIZES AVAILABLE - Is Your Size Here? WHEN YOU SEE OUR SHOES!

'II wonder how any such price can be. get top quality uppers, lifetime laces I life-of-the-shoe PVC sole and heels, flex- I ible support shank in the arch, gentle foam heel cushions, superior detailing, I even the new luxury linings! I I New Price Shoes C95 Today's new ^; % ^ ' COMPANY, Dept. AL Mt HABANDMDCOMPANY, Ml I ! man-mades ^# postage I I beat the price 265 North 9th Street Paterson, New Jersey 07508 SPECIAL: 3pr.23.45 4pr.30.50 I out of leather, -scoff send the prs, at scuffs, O.K. Gentlemen, me Color & Style How What What I keep better shape, of New Price Shoes specified. My Many Size Width remittance of is [ and Never Need a $ Black Shine. Why spend even enclosed. OXFORD 887-41 I one dollar nnore? Here's Name Brown I something NEW — Here's OXFORD something PROVEN . Black I Street LOAFER J We will be proud to send them 1 to you for On Approval At Home Black City . Inspection. Your remittance refunded MONK STRAP in full if you do not choose to wear Brown Wingtip 2 State MONK STRAP Order by mail or visit our retail store in Paterson, N.J.| 265 No. 9th St. Open daily and Saturday until p.m.| ZIP Brown STRAP I 5 CODE LOAFER Haband Company HABAND COMPANY - Operating by U.S. Mail since 1925