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CQR Drinking Water Safety Published by CQ Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc. www.cqresearcher.com Drinking Water Safety Can the nation’s aging water infrastructure be fixed? hile water-quality experts deem most of the nation’s drinking water safe, the recent crisis over lead-tainted water in Flint, Mich., W dramatized the problems that plague com - munities nationwide: Lead and other toxic substances continue to pose a threat, and government agencies responsible for monitoring water safety sometimes fail to protect the public. Investigations conducted since the Flint crisis came to light last year have found that thousands of water systems nationwide have failed to meet federal safety standards for lead and other harmful substances. Demonstrators march for clean water in Flint, Mich., on Feb. 19, 2016. After learning the city’s water Moreover, environmentalists warn that tens of thousands of indus - contained dangerous lead levels, local officials waited seven months to tell the public. Lead- contaminated water has been found in trial pollutants and pharmaceutical compounds slip through water- thousands of communities throughout the country. treatment systems without being tested or regulated. The Environ - mental Protection Agency sets water-safety standards, but the sourcing, treatment and distribution of water is left to local utilities, I some dealing with polluted water sources, old pipes or shrinking THIS REPORT N THE ISSUES ....................579 budgets. Cost estimates to fix the aging U.S. water infrastructure S BACKGROUND ................586 include $30 billion to replace lead pipes and $1 trillion to upgrade I CHRONOLOGY ................587 water mains. D CURRENT SITUATION ........590 E CQ Researcher • July 15, 2016 • www.cqresearcher.com AT ISSUE ........................593 Volume 26, Number 25 • Pages 577-600 OUTLOOK ......................595 RECIPIENT OF SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISTS AWARD FOR BIBLIOGRAPHY ................598 EXCELLENCE N AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION SILVER GAVEL AWARD THE NEXT STEP ..............599 DRINKING WATER SAFETY July 15, 2016 THE ISSUES SIDEBARS AND GRAPHICS Volume 26, Number 25 EXECUTIVE EDITOR: Thomas J. Billitteri • Is America’s drinking water 580 Water Infrastructure Costs [email protected] 579 safe? Highest in South ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITORS: Kenneth • Should the federal govern - The South needs the largest Fireman, [email protected], ment help localities upgrade investment to upgrade its Kathy Koch , [email protected], water mains. Chuck McCutcheon , their water infrastructure? [email protected], • Is the Safe Drinking Water Scott Rohrer, [email protected] Act effective at protecting the 581 How Lead Gets Into public? Drinking Water SENIOR CONTRIBUTING EDITOR: In older houses, corrosion in Thomas J. Colin lead pipes causes lead to [email protected] leach into water. BACKGROUND CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Brian Beary, Marcia Clemmitt, Sarah Glazer, Kenneth Jost, Child Lead-Poisoning Rate Reed Karaim, Peter Katel , Barbara Mantel, 586 Public Waterworks 584 Plummets Tom Price Ancient Rome’s water system The percentage of young set a precedent for public children with lead poisoning SENIOR PROJECT EDITOR: Olu B. Davis drinking water. has fallen steeply in recent FACT CHECKERS: Eva P. Dasher, years. Michelle Harris, Nancie Majkowski, 586 Protecting Water Robin Palmer As cities became crowded, Chronology waste and water often 587 Key events since 1801. comingled . Lead’s Childhood Legacy: Lead Pipes and Health 588 A Lifetime of Problems 586 Despite concerns, lead was “The kids will not be as An Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc. long preferred for water pipes. smart and will make less money in their working life.” SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, 588 Water Safety Laws GLOBAL LEARNING RESOURCES: Laws passed in the 1970s Thousands of Cities Face Karen Phillips regulated chemicals found in 590 Water-Quality Problems EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, ONLINE LIBRARY AND drinking water. Poor communities with slim REFERENCE PUBLISHING: budgets are hardest hit. Todd Baldwin CURRENT SITUATION At Issue: Copyright © 2016 CQ Press, an Imprint of SAGE Pub - 593 Is the federal government lications, Inc. SAGE reserves all copyright and other 590 Flint Fallout doing enough to keep rights herein, unless pre vi ous ly spec i fied in writing. Despite assurances that Flint’s America’s drinking water safe ? No part of this publication may be reproduced water is safe, residents con - electronically or otherwise, without prior written tinue to report health effects. permission. Un au tho rized re pro duc tion or trans mis - FOR FURTHER RESEARCH sion of SAGE copy right ed material is a violation of Legal Actions federal law car ry ing civil fines of up to $100,000. 592 Several lawsuits have been For More Information CQ Press is a registered trademark of Congressional filed to try to force drinking- 597 Organizations to contact. water improvements. Quarterly Inc. Bibliography CQ Researcher (ISSN 1056-2036) is printed on acid-free 594 Congressional Action 598 Selected sources used. paper. Pub lished weekly, except: (March wk. 4) (May A new law strengthens the wk. 4) (July wks. 1, 2) (Aug. wks. 2, 3) (Nov. wk. 4) Environmental Protection The Next Step and (Dec. wks. 3, 4). Published by SAGE Publications, Agency’s authority. 599 Additional articles . Inc., 2455 Teller Rd., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Annual full -service subscriptions start at $1,131. For pricing, Citing CQ Researcher call 1-800-818-7243. To purchase a CQ Researcher report OUTLOOK 599 Sample bibliography formats. in print or electronic format (PDF), visit www.cqpress. com or call 866-427-7737. Single reports start at $15. Water and Politics Bulk purchase discounts and electronic-rights licensing 595 The presidential election could reshape U.S. drinking are also available. Periodicals postage paid at Thousand water policy. Oaks, California, and at additional mailing offices . POST - MAST ER: Send ad dress chang es to CQ Re search er , 2600 Virginia Ave., N.W., Suite 600, Wash ing ton, DC 20037. Cover: Getty Images/Bill Pugliano 578 CQ Researcher Drinking Water Safety BY JILL U. ADAMS federal water safety standards, THE ISSUES the sourcing, treatment and distribution of water is left y the time officials in to thousands of local utilities, Flint, Mich., warned many of which are dealing B residents last October with polluted water sources, to stop drinking city water aging pipes or shrinking bud - because of dangerous lead gets. As the Flint crisis re - contamination, it was too late: vealed, economic distress and The lead levels in children’s poor regulatory oversight can blood had already spiked to endanger the quality of drink - n 1 i e harmful levels. t ing water in many cities. s n The Centers for Disease Con - r “Maintenance is a chronic e B trol and Prevention (CDC) found . problem for public water util - P that the risk of excessive blood n ities,” says Leonard Gilroy, di - o r lead levels among Flint children a rector of government reform A / under age 6 had risen 50 percent s at the Reason Foundation, a e g during the months the city used a free-market think tank in Los m I improperly treated Flint River Angeles. “And with govern - y t 2 t water for drinking. e ment ownership, the process Young children are partic - G is politicized. There’s incen - A sign warns bathers about algae infestation at Maumee ularly sensitive to lead exposure: Bay State Park in Ohio on Aug. 4, 2014. In nearby tive to keep rates low, while Even small doses can lower IQ Toledo, excessive algae in Lake Erie, caused by fertilizer the investment needs con - and cause lifelong learning dis - runoff, forced a temporary ban on drinking water. Drinking tinue to stack up.” abilities, attention disorders and water contaminants include industrial and pharmaceutical What happened in Flint violent behavior . 3 (See sidebar, chemicals as well as lead and other toxins. was “so preventable,” says p. 588. ) Jeffrey Griffiths, a professor Flint’s water contamination likely even worse than in Flint, according to of public health at Tufts University and had begun 18 months before residents two recent investigations. USA Today former chair of the EPA’s Drinking were notified by local officials, who and the Natural Resources Defense Water Committee. He assigns “99.5 per - had learned of the problem in February Council (NRDC), an environmental ad - cent of the blame to the people who but waited seven months to tell the vocacy group, found in separate ex - decided to use river water and decided public. 4 The problem developed after aminations that between 2,000 and not to use [proper] corrosion control the city, to save money, stopped buying 5,000 water systems nationwide — — and lied to the EPA about it.” treated water from Detroit and began serving up to 18 million people — To keep America’s drinking water drawing water from the polluted Flint have failed to meet federal lead safety safe, says Howard Neukrug, who served River. To kill bacteria, Flint had to treat standards. 6 as CEO of Philadelphia’s water utility the river water with more chlorine than “There’s no question we have chal - for 37 years, infrastructure must be up - usual, which corroded the lead pipes. lenges with lead in drinking water graded, creative and efficient treatment Three officials — two from the state across the country [involving] millions systems must be established, and sci - and one from the city — have been of lead service lines in thousands of entific research on the health effects charged with evidence tampering con - systems,” said Joel Beauvais, deputy of toxic chemicals in drinking water cerning the reporting of Flint’s lead assistant administrator for the EPA’s Of - must be beefed up. levels to the Environmental Protection fice of Water. 7 Many older cities still use lead-containing Agency (EPA). 5 And lead contamination is not the water pipes because a 1986 ban on The Flint crisis prompted reporters, only threat to America’s drinking water.
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