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Nems Republic of Nauru NEMS REPUBLIC OF NAURU NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY AND NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN Prepared by R. R. Thaman and D. C. Hassall and the Department of Island Development and Industry, Nauru in association with the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) and with financial assistance from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) South Pacific Regional Environment Programme Apia, Western Samoa 1996 DEDICATION To our Nauruan ancestors who, for over three thousands years, nurtured and cared for our God given island of Nauru as our inheritance, and our children and grandchildren's inheritance for generations and generations to come, and who receive our blessings in their quest for sustainable development. 175 FOREWORD The lessons of the past are clear not only for Nauruans but for the rest of the world as well. Waste not this precious planet, or you shall want. Squander non-renewable resources at your risk. Destroy land, and you destroy human culture. Devastate the forest, and you will lose the coral reef as well, for the forest and the reef are like husband and wife. (extract from Nauru's Plenary Address to the "United Nations Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States", Bridgetown, Barbados, 1994). Our beautiful, productive island of Nauru was bequeathed to us by God, our Heavenly Father. It our is duty to Him and to His children on Nauru to care for and rebuild this priceless gift so that we can live a harmonious sustainable Christian existence forever and ever under his merciful guidance. War and ninety years of phosphate mining have stripped the heart out of Nauru to enrich the soils of other lands. Although the soul of our island remains alive in our people, plants, animals and reefs, they too are in grave danger. As Nauruans, we must take some responsibility for the weakening of our spiritual links with our environment and the loss of traditional sustainable ways of using and caring for it. For three thousand years, we lived in harmony with our land and sea, producing what we needed. Over the past century, however, our island has been called upon to produce more than could be sustained. This call was to fuel development fires on foreign shores and to shower our people with goods and services, many of which were in excess of our needs. This has led to serious breakdown in our island environment and the physical and spiritual health of our people. If this environmental trend is not reversed, Nauru will not survive, as we know her, into the 21st century and beyond. The purpose of our National Environmental Management Strategy (NEMS) is to identify development programs that will be sustainable and that will ensure that our children and their children inherit an island with a heart and a soul, a Nauru that they can love and thrive on. This will be a Nauru with a blend of traditional and modern ways of life, of traditional and modern environmental management and development strategies. The NEMS is not a map for a return to the days of subsistence, but a blueprint for the development of a sustainable Nauruan island way of life. Whereas Rehabilitation will put the heart back into Nauru, it is hoped that the NEMS will ensure that our soul, our island culture and island environment, will remain healthy and productive for the benefit of future generations. We must make Nauru whole, once again, by rehabilitating the heartland and re-kindling our spiritual links with our island environment. The key word is SUSTAINABILITY, meaning that everything that we do - all the projects that we create and carry out - must be designed to last for the long term, without using up our precious resources in our own lifetimes. 176 The NEMS maps a return to the idea of stewardship of our God-given land and seas, of looking after them for future generations. We must develop an attitude of caring - an "Environmental Credo": "We shall live our lives without hurting our environment or our culture." "We shall learn as much about our environment and culture as we are able." "We shall not exploit our land or marine environment for food or resources beyond what is needed by ourselves or our family." "We shall cooperate with our community in deciding what is best for our environment, and shall be actively involved in the decision-making process." "We shall encourage our Government to abide by the Principles of Sustainable Development and to protect our natural and financial resources as the capital needed for future development." "We shall develop a new model of Nauruan life which is a blend of traditional concerns for our island home, and modern technology." "We shall, in the name of God, do everything in our power to protect and nurture our island environment, our children and our island plant and animals as His gift to us as a basis for sustainable living on Nauru for ever and ever." 177 CONTENTS CONTENTS DEDICATION ii FOREWORD iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii MESSAGE FROM SPREP xvi ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xvii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 THE PURPOSE OF A NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2 1.2 SCOPE OF THIS NEMS 3 1.2.1 Consultation and Consensus-Building 3 1.2.2 Information on the Environment 4 1.2.3 Policy Formulation 4 1.2.4 Need for Monitoring and Flexibility 5 1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION 5 CHAPTER 2: THE NAURU ENVIRONMENT 6 2.1 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 6 2.1.1 Geographical Location 6 2.1.2 Topography 6 2.1.3 Hydrology 7 2.1.4 Geology and Geomorphology 8 2.1.5 Climate 8 2.1.6 Soils 9 2.2 TERRESTRIAL LIFE 10 2.2.1 Flora and Vegetation 10 2.2.2 Ecological and Cultural Importance of Nauru's Plants 12 2.2.3 Effects of Introduced Plants as Weeds 15 2.2.4 Terrestrial Fauna 16 2.3 MARINE LIFE 16 2.3.1 Fishing Techniques 17 2.3.2 Finfish Resources 18 2.3.3 Non-Finfish Resources 19 2.3.4 Status of Marine Resources 20 178 2.4 CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT 20 2.4.1 The People and the Nauruan Culture 20 2.4.2 Land Tenure 21 2.4.3 The Districts 23 2.4.4 Development History 23 2.4.5 Contemporary Economy 26 CHAPTER 3: ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTIONS AND LEGISLATION 28 3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTIONS 28 3.1.1 Government Ministries 28 3.1.2 The Nauru Phosphate Corporation (NPC) 29 3.1.3 The Role of Nauru Island Council (NIC) 30 3.1.4 Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) 30 3.1.5 The Proposed Nauru Environmental Coordinating Committee 31 3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION 31 3.2.1 Ordinances and Acts 31 3.2.2 International Conventions and Treaties 33 CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND CHALLENGES 35 4.1 LAND DEGRADATION 36 4.1.1 Degradation Due to Phosphate Mining 36 4.1.2 Erosion and Loss of Soil 36 4.2 INADEQUATE ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, PUBLIC AWARENESS AND TRAINING 37 4.2.1 Loss of Traditional Environmental Knowledge and Awareness 38 4.2.2 Inadequate Public Environmental Awareness 38 4.2.3 Inadequate Environmental and Science Education 39 4.3 INADEQUATE ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND LEGISLATION 39 4.3.1 Inadequate Environmental Infrastructure 39 4.3.3 Land Fragmentation and the Need for Land Tenure Reform 40 4.3.4 Inadequate Environmental Information 41 4.3.5 Inadequate, or Non-enforcement of Environmental Legislation 41 4.4 LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY 42 4.4.1 Loss of Ecosystem Diversity 42 4.4.2 Loss of Species Diversity and Species Endangerment 43 179 4.5 CORAL REEF AND MARINE RESOURCE DEGRADATION AND OVEREXPLOITATION 43 4.5.1 Overexploitation of Inshore and Reef Slope Resources 44 4.5.2 Breakdown of Traditional Marine Tenure Systems and Resource-Use Systems 46 4.5.3 Inability to Optimally Exploit Pelagic and Deepsea Fisheries Resources 46 4.5.4 Breakdown in the Traditional Aquacultural System 46 4.6 PEST AND DISEASE INFESTATIONS 47 4.7 POLLUTION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT 48 4.7.1 Waste Management (Solid and Liquid) 48 4.7.2 Water Pollution and Sewage Treatment 49 4.7.3 Air Pollution 50 4.7.4 Noise Pollution 50 4.8 POPULATION GROWTH AND URBANIZATION 50 4.9 HEALTH AND NUTRITIONAL DETERIORATION 51 4.10 ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY AND INSTABILITY 52 4.11 INADEQUATE DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE 54 4.11.1 Services Providers 54 4.11.2 Roads 54 4.11.3 Electricity Supply 55 4.11.4 Stormwater System 55 4.11.5 Water Supply 56 4.12 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 56 4.12.1 Global Warming and Eustatic (Worldwide) Sea-Level Rise 56 4.12.2 Breakdown in the Earth's Ozone Layer 57 4.13 RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR POLLUTION 58 4.14 INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE 59 CHAPTER 5: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN 60 OBJECTIVE 1: LAND REHABILITATION AND PROTECTION 61 Program 1.1 Rehabilitation of the Mined-out Phosphate Lands 61 180 Program 1.2 Rehabilitation trial 66 Program 1.3 Soil manufacture 67 Program 1.4 Erosion assessment and control 68 OBJECTIVE 2: STRENGTHENING ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION 69 Program 2.1 Development of a Master Environmental Education Plan (MEEP) and the Establishment of an Environmental Education Sub-committee (EES) and an Environmental Resource Centre (ERC) 71 Program 2.2 Traditional Environmental Knowledge and Awareness 73 Program 2.3 "Keep Nauru a Pleasant Island" Competition 74 Program 2.4 "Enviro-Media" Campaign 76 Program 2.5 Pilot "Operation Clean-Up Nauru" 78 Program 2.6 Upgrading Science Education 81 Program 2.7 Tertiary Training in Environmental Science and Environmental Management 82 OBJECTIVE 3: STRENGTHENING ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTIONS AND LEGISLATION 83 Program 3.1 Establishment of a Nauru Environmental Coordinating Committee (NECC) 83 Program 3.2 Adoption of the Environmental Impact Assessment Process 86 Program 3.3 Development of a Land Use Planning
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