DOCSLIB.ORG

American Hegemony and the Politics of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
American Hegemony and the Politics of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime AMERICAN HEGEMONY AND THE POLITICS OF THE NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION REGIME A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Government By Rebecca Davis Gibbons, M.A. Washington, DC April 15, 2016 Copyright 2016 by Rebecca Davis Gibbons All Rights Reserved ii AMERICAN HEGEMONY AND THE POLITICS OF THE NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION REGIME Rebecca Davis Gibbons, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Keir A. Lieber, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Though nearly all states in the international system are signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the same cannot be said of the more recent nonproliferation agreements designed to advance the goals of the NPT. Together these treaties and agreements make up the nuclear nonproliferation regime. The project asks: what explains variation in NPT members’ commitment to the nuclear nonproliferation regime? Contrary to recent research that largely points to domestic political variables, such as regime type, to explain institutional commitment, the project theorizes that nuclear nonproliferation regime is best conceptualized as a hegemonic order in which variation in states’ favorability toward U.S. global leadership explains variation in commitment to the nuclear nonproliferation regime. This research employs quantitative analysis drawn from an original dataset of nuclear nonproliferation commitment indicators as well as detailed case studies of nonproliferation decision-making in Japan, Egypt, and Indonesia drawn from over 35 elite interviews and archival research. Empirical findings indicate support for the proposed theory. The findings suggest this particular regime may be unsustainable without a hegemonic backer, leading to questions about the future of nuclear proliferation amidst the projected relative decline of U.S. economic power. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to many individuals and organizations for supporting me through this research project. The writing is solitary but the process is not. My dissertation committee members Keir Lieber, Matthew Kroenig, Daniel Nexon, and Elizabeth Stanley provided savvy advice about the research and writing process, thoughtful comments on my drafts, and much needed guidance when I was stuck. I have benefitted from the wisdom of additional Georgetown University professors including Lise Howard, Elizabeth Arsenault, Erik Voeten, and Michael Bailey over the course of this project. Professors Daryl Press and Alexander Montgomery provided helpful feedback in the early stages of the project. Before I became a doctoral student in Georgetown’s Government Department, I completed Georgetown’s Security Studies M.A. program. Working with and learning from Kai-Henrik Barth, Elizabeth Stanley, and David Edelstein during this course of study inspired me to seek a Ph.D. Dr. Barth, in particular, is the reason I study nuclear issues. Working with him was truly a “critical juncture” in my life. I am thankful for the financial support provided by Georgetown University’s Government Department and the Frank Stanton Foundation. The year I spent at the RAND Corporation as a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow, under the mentorship of Lynn Davis, was the most productive of my graduate career. The other Stanton Fellows at RAND, Chris Clary and Edward Geist, provided valuable feedback on this project. The past decade has been a beneficial time to study nuclear matters and my thinking has been aided through participation in Public Policy and Nuclear Threat’s Nuclear Boot Camp at the University of California, San Diego; the Nuclear Studies Research Initiative; and the Center for Strategic and International Studies’ Project on Nuclear Issues. Through these programs I have received helpful feedback from Jeff Kaplow, Jane Vaynman, Paul Avey, Christine Leah, and Robert Brown. I am fortunate to have shared the ups and downs of graduate school with so many inspiring and supportive colleagues. My original IR cohort, Rafi Cohen, Gabe Scheinmann, Andrew Imbrie, and Rafi Frankel provided lively classroom interactions, constant (mostly friendly) disagreements, and invaluable collaboration for comps studying. In addition, Devin Finn, Megan Stewart, Anjali Dayal, Jennifer Dresden, Meghan McConaughey, Beth Mercurio, Paul Musgrave, Jooeun Kim, Haillie Lee, Yu-Ming Liou, Fouad Pervez, Michael Weintraub, Adam Mount, Jacob Lupfer, Paula Ganga, Dani Nedal, and Maddie Schramm have been helpful and supportive colleagues. I am lucky to consider them friends. Megan Stewart, in particular, has been a constant source of moral support and astute feedback. iv During the course of my study I was fortunate to be part of an SAIC team supporting the Air Force’s Strategic Stability and Countering WMD office. My colleagues, both military and civilian, have been a sounding board for ideas and a crucial source of feedback. I am especially grateful for advice and moral support from Justin Anderson, Josh Pollack, and Lew Dunn. I owe a great debt to over thirty-five current and former officials who were willing to be interviewed for this project. Many were extremely generous with their time and expertise. In particular, I want to extend my gratitude to Thomas Graham Jr., Susan Burk, Dean Rust, John Carlson, and Norman Wulf. Finally, I am most thankful for the love and support of my family. My parents have always placed a strong value on my education and have supported me all along the way. Their help has been invaluable and I will always be grateful to them. My mom even waded through theory and jargon to provide proofreading on my final drafts. My two brothers, Jeff and Chris, are always a source of humor and support. My in-laws have been cheerleaders throughout. My large extended family, though they asked me many times when I would “be finished with school,” were willing to listen to me talk about nuclear nonproliferation, and that is no small thing. My grandfather, Joseph Klenk, has read most of my conference papers, and has always provided comments. I will always remember his enthusiasm for my work. And then there is my husband, Ryan, and our two daughters, Sydney and Josephina. I began the PhD program a week before getting married. I brought Ken Waltz to read by the pool on our honeymoon (in hindsight, this was probably not the best idea). We have “vacationed” to conference locations. He has sat through many dinners that revolved around academic conversations and departmental goings-on. In short, Ryan has been there every step of the way, through difficult course work, endless papers (many of which he proofread), comprehensive exams, conferences and research trips, and too many conversations about international relations theory. His patience for this process has been unwavering and for that I am deeply grateful. My children have had a tired, and often distracted mother as I worked to complete this project. They provide me motivation and inspiration on a daily basis and I hope that they also seek out hard challenges and find the personal satisfaction in completing them. It is to Ryan, Sydney, and Josephina that I dedicate this effort. Rebecca Davis Gibbons Washington DC April 2016 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One: Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 The Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime ....................................................................................... 5 The Importance of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime .......................................................... 7 Plan for the Dissertation............................................................................................................ 10 Chapter Two: Theories of Regime Commitment ...............................................................................13 Conceptualizing Commitment to the Regime ........................................................................... 13 A Theory of Regime Commitment ........................................................................................... 17 Alternative Theories of Regime Commitment .......................................................................... 32 Summary of Theoretical Expectations ...................................................................................... 46 Research Design and Case Selection ........................................................................................ 48 Chapter Three: U.S. Promotion of Nuclear Nonproliferation ............................................................52 Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower ..................................... 52 John F. Kennedy ....................................................................................................................... 56 Lyndon B. Johnson ................................................................................................................... 58 Richard Nixon ........................................................................................................................... 66 Gerald Ford ............................................................................................................................... 78 Jimmy Carter ............................................................................................................................. 82 Ronald Reagan .........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DIRECTING the Disorder the CFR Is the Deep State Powerhouse Undoing and Remaking Our World
    DEEP STATE DIRECTING THE Disorder The CFR is the Deep State powerhouse undoing and remaking our world. 2 by William F. Jasper The nationalist vs. globalist conflict is not merely an he whole world has gone insane ideological struggle between shadowy, unidentifiable and the lunatics are in charge of T the asylum. At least it looks that forces; it is a struggle with organized globalists who have way to any rational person surveying the very real, identifiable, powerful organizations and networks escalating revolutions that have engulfed the planet in the year 2020. The revolu- operating incessantly to undermine and subvert our tions to which we refer are the COVID- constitutional Republic and our Christian-style civilization. 19 revolution and the Black Lives Matter revolution, which, combined, are wreak- ing unprecedented havoc and destruction — political, social, economic, moral, and spiritual — worldwide. As we will show, these two seemingly unrelated upheavals are very closely tied together, and are but the latest and most profound manifesta- tions of a global revolutionary transfor- mation that has been under way for many years. Both of these revolutions are being stoked and orchestrated by elitist forces that intend to unmake the United States of America and extinguish liberty as we know it everywhere. In his famous “Lectures on the French Revolution,” delivered at Cambridge University between 1895 and 1899, the distinguished British historian and states- man John Emerich Dalberg, more com- monly known as Lord Acton, noted: “The appalling thing in the French Revolution is not the tumult, but the design. Through all the fire and smoke we perceive the evidence of calculating organization.
    [Show full text]
  • Matthew Henry Kroenig, Georgetown University
    “The Iran Deal and North Korea” Matthew Henry Kroenig, Georgetown University Friday, February 15, 2019, 6:30 pm - 8:00 pm Elliott School of International Affairs, Lindner Family Commons, The George Washington University 1957 E St. NW, Washington, DC 20052 ◊ Event Topics 1) Problems with the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) 2) Domestic and foreign backlash on the JCPOA 3) Similarities & differences of the two rogue nations (Iran & North Korea) 4) Possibility of setting a bad precedent with North Korea Speaker: Matthre Henry Kroenig, Georgetown University Matthew Kroenig is an Associate Professor in the Department of Government and the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and Deputy Director for Strategy in the Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security at the Atlantic Council. His work has covered a wide range of topics in international relations and national security. Dr. Kroenig is the author or editor of six books, including The Logic of American Nuclear Strategy (Oxford University Press, forthcoming). His articles have appeared in many publications, including: American Political Science Review, Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, International Organization, The Wall Street Journal, and The Washington Post. He has served in several positions in the U.S. Department of Defense and the intelligence community and regularly consults with a wide range of U.S. government entities. He has previously worked as a research fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Harvard University, and Stanford University. Dr. Kroenig provides regular commentary for major media outlets, including PBS Newshour, Fareed Zakaria GPS, BBC, CNN, Fox News, NPR, and C- SPAN.
    [Show full text]
  • US Ambiguity on the Senkakus' Sovereignty
    Naval War College Review Volume 72 Article 8 Number 3 Summer 2019 2019 Origins of a “Ragged Edge”—U.S. Ambiguity on the Senkakus’ Sovereignty Robert C. Watts IV Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Watts, Robert C. IV (2019) "Origins of a “Ragged Edge”—U.S. Ambiguity on the Senkakus’ Sovereignty," Naval War College Review: Vol. 72 : No. 3 , Article 8. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol72/iss3/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Watts: Origins of a “Ragged Edge”—U.S. Ambiguity on the Senkakus’ Sovere ORIGINS OF A “RAGGED EDGE” U.S. Ambiguity on the Senkakus’ Sovereignty Robert C. Watts IV n May 15, 1972, the United States returned Okinawa and the other islands in the Ryukyu chain to Japan, culminating years of negotiations that some have 1 Ohailed as “an example of diplomacy at its very best�” As a result, Japan regained territories it had lost at the end of World War II, while the United States both retained access to bases on Okinawa and reaffirmed strategic ties with Japan� One detail, however, complicates this win-win assessment� At the same time, Japan also regained administrative control over the Senkaku, or Diaoyu, Islands, a group of uninhabited—and uninhabitable—rocky outcroppings in the East China Sea�2 By 1972, both the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan also had claimed these islands�3 Despite passing con- trol of the Senkakus to Japan, the United States expressed no position on any of the competing claims to the islands, including Japan’s� This choice—not to weigh in on the Senkakus’ sovereignty—perpetuated Commander Robert C.
    [Show full text]
  • Scott D. Sagan
    SCOTT D. SAGAN CURRICULUM VITAE February 2021 OFFICE ADDRESS: CISAC Encina Hall Room E217 616 Serra Street Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6165 (650) 725-2715 [email protected] CURRENT POSITIONS Caroline S.G. Munro Professor, Department of Political Science, Stanford University. Mimi and Peter Haas University Fellow in Undergraduate Education, Stanford University. Senior Fellow, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University. EMPLOYMENT HISTORY Professor, Department of Political Science, Stanford University, 2001 – Present. Co-director, Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC), Stanford University, 1998-2011. Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Stanford University, 1995-2001. Vice-Chairman, Department of Political Science, 1996-1999. Chairman, International Relations Program, Stanford University, 1995-1997. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Stanford University, 1987-1995. Lecturer, Department of Government, Harvard University, 1986-1987. Consultant, Strategic Nuclear Policy Branch, Nuclear and Chemical Division, Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1985-1986. 1 Research Fellow, The Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1985-1986. Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow, Special Assistant to the Director and Staff Officer, Nuclear/Chemical Division, Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1984-1985. Postdoctoral Fellow, The Avoiding Nuclear War Project, Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, 1983-84. EDUCATION Harvard University, Ph.D. (Political Science) 1983. Thesis: “Deterrence and Decision: An Historical Critique of Modern Deterrence Theory.” Winner of the American Political Science Association's 1983 Helen Dwight Reid Award for the best doctoral dissertation in international relations, law and politics. Oberlin College, B.A. with High Honors (Government) 1977.
    [Show full text]
  • DIRECTING the Disorder the CFR Is the Deep State Powerhouse Undoing and Remaking Our World
    Charting the CFR’s Political Dominance • Rethinking Discrimination August 10, 2020 • $3.95 www.TheNewAmerican.com THAT FREEDOM SHALL NOT PERISH DIRECTING THE Disorder The CFR is the Deep State powerhouse undoing and remaking our world. NEW CHINA: THE DEEP STATE’S TROJAN HORSE IN AMERICA This exposé shows that the Chinese Communist plan to subvert America is well underway, and is being aided by the Deep State. Will Americans wake up before the tipping point? By Arthur R. Thompson, CEO, The John Birch Society (2020ed, pb, 132pp, 1-11/$7.95ea; 12-23/$5.95ea; 24-49/$3.95ea; 50+/$2.95ea) BKCDSTHA ✁ Order Online: Mail completed form to: QUANTITY TITLE PRICE TOTAL PRICE ShopJBS • P.O. BOX 8040 www.ShopJBS.org APPLETON, WI 54912 Credit-card orders call toll-free now! 1-800-342-6491 Name ______________________________________________________________ Address ____________________________________________________________ SHIPPING/HANDLING WI RESIDENTS ADD City _____________________________ State __________ Zip ________________ SUBTOTAL (SEE CHART BELOW) 5.5% SALES TAX TOTAL Phone ____________________________ E-mail ______________________________ 0000 ❑ ❑ ❑ 000 0000 000 000 For shipments outside the U.S., please call for rates. Check VISA Discover 0000 0000 0000 00 Order Subtotal Standard Shipping Rush Shipping ❑ Money Order ❑ MasterCard ❑ American Express VISA/MC/Discover American Express Three Digit V-Code Four Digit V-Code $0-10.99 $6.36 $9.95 Standard: 4-14 $11.00-19.99 $7.75 $12.75 business days. Make checks payable to: ShopJBS ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ $20.00-49.99 $9.95 $14.95 Rush: 3-7 business $50.00-99.99 $13.75 $18.75 days, no P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Price Controls on Pharma
    Resolved: The United States federal government should impose price controls on the Pharmaceutical industry Affirmation Blocks POOR PEOPLE The pharmaceutical industry is literally killing off poor people Hartmann et. al 15 Thomas Carl "Thom" Hartmann is an American radio host, author, former psychotherapist, businessman, and progressive political commentator. Daily Take Team, 6-3-2015, "Big Pharma Is Killing Us," Truthout, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/31160-big-pharma-is-killing-us //GF DDI 17 Drug company profits are literally killing people - and now even doctors are speaking out. Dr. Leonard Saltz, chief of gastrointestinal oncology at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, rebuked the pharmaceutical industry for the sharp rise in cancer drug prices over the last decade. The median monthly price for new cancer drugs nearly doubled between 2000 and 2014 - from a monthly cost of $4,716 between 2000 and 2004 to a monthly cost of about $9,900 between 2010 and 2014. Dr. Saltz explained part of the problem: "Cancer-drug prices are not related to the value of the drug. Prices are based on what has come before and what the seller believes the market will bear." See more news and opinion from Thom Hartmann at Truthout here. And that's a neat feature of our current patent system: Drug companies don't have to worry about what people can afford to pay for a product. Because monopolies set their own prices. And that's what a patent is: a state-backed monopoly on a product. Thomas Jefferson knew that monopolies would be a threat to the people and the people's government.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Faculty & Guest Speakers
    2020 FACULTY & GUEST SPEAKERS H.R. MCMASTER INtroductory Guest Speaker H. R. McMaster is the Fouad aNd Michelle Ajami SeNior Fellow at the Hoover INstitutioN, StaNford UNiversity. He is also the BerNard aNd SusaN Liautaud Fellow at the FreemaN Spogli INstitute aNd lecturer at StaNford UNiversity’s Graduate School of BusiNess. He was the 26th assistaNt to the presideNt for NatioNal Security Affairs. UpoN graduatioN from the UNited States Military Academy iN 1984, McMaster served as a commissioNed officer iN the UNited States Army for thirty-four years before retiriNg as a LieuteNaNt GeNeral iN JuNe 2018. McMaster holds a PhD iN military history from the UNiversity of North CaroliNa at Chapel Hill. He was aN assistaNt professor of history at the UNited States Military Academy from 1994 to 1996. He is author of BattlegrouNds: The Fight to DefeNd the Free World aNd the award-wiNNiNg DerelictioN of Duty. He was a coNtributiNg editor for Survival: Global Politics aNd Strategy from 2010 to 2017. His maNy essays, articles, aNd book reviews oN leadership, history, aNd the future of warfare have appeared iN The AtlaNtic, ForeigN Affairs, Survival, the Wall Street JourNal, aNd the New York Times. RAPHAEL COHEN SessioN 1: INtroductioN to NatioNal DefeNse Raphael "Rafi" CoheN is the associate director of the Strategy aNd DoctriNe Program iN Project AIR FORCE at RAND. He works oN a broad raNge of defeNse aNd foreigN policy issues, iNcludiNg defeNse strategy aNd force plaNNiNg, Middle East aNd EuropeaN security aNd civil-military relatioNs.CoheN previously held research fellowships at the BrookiNgs INstitutioN, the AmericaN ENterprise INstitute aNd the NatioNal DefeNse UNiversity’s CeNter for Complex OperatioNs.
    [Show full text]
  • So I Realized That a Lot of Topics Have Very Similar Impacts (Soft Power
    So I realized that a lot of topics have very similar impacts (soft power, relations, heg, econ, blah blah blah) and that a lot of cards from previous topic blockfiles could be useful in the future. So basically this file is a bunch of those previous cards organized into a file — the first part is the written up version, the second part is all the cards. Table of Contents (not exactly in order, just use command+F): Heg US Econ Climate change Democracy Allied prolif Cyber security Credibility/Allied commitment Multipolarity Soft Power/Diplomacy Multilateralism Deterrence Latin Relations China war impacts Chinese Aggression Russia impacts North Korea impacts Middle East stability etc Nuclear terror Drone strikes Interventions Donations to US campaigns Unions ISIL Trump has crazy fopo Al Qaeda Military Readiness LNG impacts Free Trade Federalism Oil Spills Appeasement/weakness thesis Resource wars Microfinance Renewables transition Social movements Offshore Balancing Written blocks AT: Hegemony GOOD: qa China nuclear war: 1. International affairs professor Robert Gilpin confirms in 2013 that if US hegemony declines and China becomes a challenger, a war between the US and China is practically guaranteed, as no dominant state in history has ever relinquished its position without a fight and no rising power has ever established itself as dominant without winning a great power war. Professor of political science Caitlin Talmadge furthers in 2016 that because China and the US would be unable to distinguish between conventional strikes and attempts to destroy the other’s nuclear capability, a US China war would have a high chance of going nuclear.
    [Show full text]
  • Japan Society Timeline
    JAPAN SOCIETY TIMELINE 1907 1911 1918 May 19 , 1907 : Japan Society founded by Annual lecture series initiated (lectures Japan Society Bulletin of February 28 , 1918 , Lindsay Russell, Hamilton Holt, Jacob Schiff, usually held at the Hotel Astor or at The exhorted readers: “Isn’t it worth your while August Belmont, and other prominent Metropolitan Museum of Art, drawing to spend fifteen minutes a month on Japan? Americans on the occasion of the May visit several hundred people); lectures from The day has passed when we needed to think to New York by General Baron Tamesada the first year included Toyokichi Ienaga only in terms of our own country. The inter - Kuroki and Vice Admiral Goro Ijuin. on “The Positions of the United States and national mind is of today. Read this Bulletin Japan in the Far East” and Frederick W. of the Japan Society and learn something John H. Finley, president of City College, Gookin on Japanese color prints. new about your nearest Western neighbor. elected Japan Society’s first president. Japan has much to teach us. Preparedness is Japan Society’s first art exhibition held Purpose of the Society set forth as “the pro - the watchword of the day: don’t forget that (ukiyo-e prints borrowed from private motion of friendly relations between the this includes mental preparedness. It is just collections and shown at 200 Fifth Avenue), United States and Japan and the diffusion as important to think straight as to shoot attended by about 8,000 people. among the American people of a more accu - straight.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of US Extended Nuclear Deterrence Over Japan: a Study of Invisible Deterrence Between 1945 and 1970
    The University Of Reading The Development of US Extended Nuclear Deterrence over Japan: A Study of Invisible Deterrence between 1945 and 1970 Hiroshi Nakatani PhD, Politics Department of Politics and International Relations February 2019 Declaration of Original Authorship Declaration: I confirm that this is my own work and the use of all materials from other sources has been properly and fully acknowledged Hiroshi Nakatani 1 This thesis is dedicated to the late Colonel Matuo Keiichi for his service to Japan. 2 Acknowledgments Throughout my PhD life, many people and institutions have thoughtfully supported and encouraged my work. It is probably most appropriate to begin by acknowledging the School of Politics, International Relations and Economics, University of Reading for its financial assistance for three years. I am also extremely indebted to the Lyndon Johnson Library, the British Association for Japanese Studies and Reading Travel Research Grants for providing me with research grants, which enabled me to travel and research abroad. Without their generous financial support, this research project would not have been possible. I would also like to express my appreciation to my supervisors. I have been fortunate to have three supervisors. It was my greatest honour to work under Professor Beatrice Heuser, for whom I came to Reading. She has taught me many invaluable things which otherwise I could have never learned. She has taught me how to conduct great research and treat your students in particular. As a matter of fact, finding a greater supervisor than her can be more difficult to finish a PhD. I would also like to thank Professor Alan Cromartie for his supervision and patience.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 6 the GREAT TRANSFORMATION: Terrorism and Diplomatic Security, 1967-1978
    CHAPTER 6 THE GREAT TRANSFORMATION: Terrorism and Diplomatic Security, 1967-1978 CHAPTER 6 8 THE GREAT TRANSFORMATION Terrorism and Diplomatic Security, 1967-1978 The rise of terrorism transformed diplomatic security. Although new technologies and the growing demands for protection of foreign dignitaries in the United States had prompted changes in security measures in the early 1960s, terrorism in the late 1960s and early 1970s forced the Department of State and its Office of Security (SY) to reinvent their approach to diplomatic security. The kidnappings and murders of U.S. diplomats in Guatemala, Brazil, and Sudan, and the murders of the 1972 Israeli Olympic team and Chilean diplomat Orlando Letelier, compelled SY—and the U.S. Government as a whole—to expand physical and protective security efforts. Furthermore, terrorism brought SY more into the public eye, as Congress demanded that the Department improve the physical security of U.S. Embassies and the protection of U.S. and foreign diplomats. Two crucial aspects of the “great transformation” of diplomatic security merit attention.1 First, the transformation occurred in three phases. During the first phase (1967-1978), discussed in this chapter, the threat of terrorism forced SY and the Department to redefine and transform diplomatic security, laying the foundations for diplomatic security as it is understood in the present day. During the second phase (1979- 1985), the threat of terrorism accelerated the transformation because the 1979 mob takeover of the Figure 1: A Japanese terrorist (right, with gun) talks with U.S. Embassy in Iran and the 1983-1984 bombings of Malaysians who brought food for the hostages on the plane.
    [Show full text]
  • William Alberque “The NPT and the Origins of NATO's Nuclear Sharing Arrangements”
    Études de l’Ifri Proliferation Papers 57 THE NPT AND THE ORIGINS OF NATO’S NUCLEAR SHARING ARRANGEMENTS William ALBERQUE February 2017 Security Studies Center The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non-governmental, non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. With offices in Paris and Brussels, Ifri stands out as one of the rare French think tanks to have positioned itself at the very heart of European and broader international debate. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the author alone. ISBN: 978-2-36567-673-1 © All rights reserved, Ifri, 2017 How to quote this document: William Alberque, “The NPT and the Origins of NATO’s Nuclear Sharing Arrangements”, Proliferation Papers, No. 57, Ifri, February 2017. Ifri 27 rue de la Procession 75740 Paris Cedex 15 – FRANCE Tel.: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 – Fax: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 Email: [email protected] Ifri-Brussels Rue Marie-Thérèse, 21 1000 – Brussels – BELGIUM Tel.: +32 (0)2 238 51 10 – Fax: +32 (0)2 238 51 15 Email: [email protected] Website: Ifri.org Author William Alberque has worked on arms control, non-proliferation, and safeguards since 1994.
    [Show full text]