Spring 2013 Full Issue

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Spring 2013 Full Issue Naval War College Review Volume 66 Number 2 Spring Article 1 2013 Spring 2013 Full Issue The U.S. Naval War College Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Naval War College, The U.S. (2013) "Spring 2013 Full Issue," Naval War College Review: Vol. 66 : No. 2 , Article 1. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol66/iss2/1 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Naval War College: Spring 2013 Full Issue NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW Spring 2013 Volume 66, Number 2 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS 686 Cushing Road Newport, RI 02841-1207 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2013 1 NWC_Spring2013Review_FrontMatter.indd 1 2/26/13 8:43 AM Naval War College Review, Vol. 66 [2013], No. 2, Art. 1 N AVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS ADVISORY BOARD PRESIDENT, NAVAL WAR COLLEGE A dam Bellow R ear Adm. John N. Christenson, USN Jeffrey Kline P ROVOST Gale A. Mattox A mb. Mary Ann Peters Robert A. Silano Marin Strmecki DEA N OF NAVAL WARFARE STUDIES Dov S. Zakheim R obert C. Rubel N AVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW EDITORIAL BOARD Carnes Lord, Editor D onald Chisholm Pelham G. Boyer, Managing Editor Audrey Kurth Cronin Phyllis P. Winkler, Book Review Editor Peter Dombrowski Lori A. Almeida, Secretary and Circulation Manager Stephen Downes-Martin Frank Uhlig, Jr., Editor Emeritus Col. Theodore L. Gatchel, USMC (Ret.) James R. Holmes Naval War College Review Capt. Dennis Mandsager, JAGC, USN (Ret.) Code 32, Naval War College William C. Martel 686 Cushing Rd., Newport, RI 02841-1207 Col. Mackubin Owens, USMC (Ret.) Fax: 401.841.1071 Cdr. Derek S. Reveron, USN DSN exchange, all lines: 841 Capt. Peter M. Swartz, USN (Ret.) Website: www.usnwc.edu/press Capt. David Teska, USCGR http://twitter.com/NavalWarCollege Scott C. Truver Editor, Circulation, or Business James J. Wirtz 401.841.2236 [email protected] Managing Editor 401.841.4552 [email protected] Newport Papers, Books [email protected] Essays and Book Reviews 401.841.6584 [email protected] Other Naval War College Offices 401.841.3089 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol66/iss2/1 2 NWC_Spring2013Review.indb 2 2/26/13 8:48 AM Naval War College: Spring 2013 Full Issue T he Naval War College Review was established in 1948 as a forum for discussion of public policy matters of interest to the maritime services. The thoughts and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the U.S. government, the U.S. Navy Department, or the Naval War College. The journal is published quarterly. Distribution is limited generally to commands and activities of the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard; regular and reserve officers of U.S. services; foreign officers and civilians having a present or previous affiliation with the Naval War College; selected U.S. government officials and agencies; and selected U.S. and international libraries, research centers, publica- tions, and educational institutions. Contributors Please request the standard contributors’ guidance from the managing editor or access it online before submitting manuscripts. The Naval War College Review nei- ther offers nor makes compensation for articles or book reviews, and it assumes no responsibility for the return of manuscripts, although every effort is made to return those not accepted. In submitting work, the sender warrants that it is original, that it is the sender’s property, and that neither it nor a similar work by the sender has been accepted or is under consideration elsewhere. Permissions Reproduction and reprinting are subject to the Copyright Act of 1976 and appli- cable treaties of the United States. To obtain permission to reproduce material bearing a copyright notice, or to reproduce any material for commercial pur- poses, contact the editor for each use. Material not bearing a copyright notice may be freely reproduced for academic or other noncommercial use; however, it is requested that the author and Naval War College Review be credited and that the editor be informed. Periodicals postage paid at Newport, R.I. POSTMASTERS, send address changes to: Naval War College Review, Code 32S, Naval War College, 686 Cushing Rd., Newport, R.I. 02841-1207. ISSN 0028-1484 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2013 3 NWC_Spring2013Review.indb 3 2/26/13 8:48 AM Naval War College Review, Vol. 66 [2013], No. 2, Art. 1 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol66/iss2/1 4 NWC_Spring2013Review_FrontMatter.indd 4 2/26/13 10:29 AM Naval War College: Spring 2013 Full Issue CONTENTS From the Editors ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 3 President’s Forum . 7 Naval Operations in Peacetime Not Just “Warfare Lite” . 11 I van T. Luke Naval strategists and practitioners will need to be smart about how they approach peacetime mis- sions, yet existing naval theory fails to support the necessary full understanding. It needs to catch up. Northwest Pacific The Senkaku/Diaoyu Island Controversy A Crisis Postponed . 27 Paul J. Smith Changes in the geopolitical environment are reducing opportunities for peaceful resolution of the long-running Senkakus/Diaoyus dispute. Emotion and nationalism must not be allowed to obscure the reality that China and Japan are inextricably tied to one another. The “Consequent Interest” of Japan’s Southwestern Islands A Mahanian Appraisal of the Ryukyu Archipelago . 45 E ric Sayers The now little-known Ryukyu Archipelago may be—for reasons adduced by Alfred Thayer Mahan in another century, for other islands—of much significance today for protection of Japanese and U.S. maritime interests in the Northwest Pacific. Race to the North China’s Arctic Strategy and Its Implications ��������������������������������������������������������� 62 Shiloh Rainwater The effects of the emerging and prospective economic and strategic opportunities in the Arctic are being felt far beyond the circumpolar states. China, for one, has begun to promulgate the notion that it is a “near-Arctic state” and a stakeholder in the affairs of the High North. Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2013 5 NWC_Spring2013Review.indb 1 2/26/13 8:48 AM 2 n AVAL WAR COLLEGENaval REV WarIEW College Review, Vol. 66 [2013], No. 2, Art. 1 Maritime Commerce Warfare The Coercive Response of the Weak? ����������������������������������������������������������������� 83 Douglas C. Peifer Guerre de course has repeatedly been consigned to extinction by navies and theorists, who have assumed that legal, economic, and technological developments rendered it obsolete—only to be proved mistaken. Will it happen again? Commentary Deepwater Oil Rigs as Strategic Weapons. 110 Martin Murphy Review Essay Like Strangers Trapped in a Dark Room . 115 Planning Armageddon: British Economic Warfare and the First World War, by Nicholas Lambert reviewed by Thomas Hone Book Reviews Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China’s First Great Victory over the West, by Tonio Andrade, reviewed by Grant F. Rhode . 121 China as a Sea Power: A Preliminary Survey of the Maritime Expansion and Naval Exploits of the Chinese People during the Southern Song and Yuan Periods, by Lo Jung-pang (edited by Bruce Elleman) reviewed by Charles Horner. 122 The China Threat: Memories, Myths, and Realities in the 1950s, by Nancy Bernkopf Tucker reviewed by Dale C. Rielage . 123 The Changing Character of War, edited by Hew Strachan and Sibylle Scheipers reviewed by Martin Murphy. 124 Potomac Fever: A Memoir of Politics and Public Service, by J. William Middendorf II reviewed by John Hattendorf . 126 Rebuilding the Royal Navy: Warship Design since 1945, by David K. Brown and George Moore reviewed by Angus K. Ross . 127 The Revenge of Geography: What the Map Tells Us about Coming Conflicts and the Battle against Fate, by Robert Kaplan reviewed by F. G. Hoffman . 129 The Kissing Sailor: The Mystery behind the Photo That Ended World War II, by Lawrence Verria and George Galdorisi reviewed by John Jackson . 130 In My View . 133 Of Special Interest . 142 Reflections on Reading . 143 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol66/iss2/1 6 NWC_Spring2013Review.indb 2 2/26/13 8:48 AM Naval War College: Spring 2013 Full Issue from THE editors F rom the days of Mahan through “Sea Power 21,” the theory governing the activities of the U.S. Navy has had war fighting as its overriding focus. Begin- ning with the vision of a former Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Michael Mullen, of a “thousand-ship navy,” however, there has been a gradual broadening in our Navy’s perspective in the direction of what is most commonly known as “maritime security cooperation,” and indeed of peacetime naval and maritime missions more generally. The Navy’s “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower” (2007) was the key milestone in this evolution. This document may be credited with stimulating an unparalleled upsurge in international coopera- tion in the maritime domain in the years following, a development that remains very imperfectly understood and appreciated in many quarters of the American national security community. In what we believe to be an important and timely article, “Naval Operations in Peacetime: Not Just ‘Warfare Lite,’” Ivan T. Luke makes the case for the need to rethink naval theory and doctrine in fundamental ways to cope with the new realities of the global system of commerce, proliferat- ing legal and regulatory regimes, and the increasing interactions of the world’s navies.
Recommended publications
  • Humanitarian Service Medal - Approved Operations Current As Of: 1 July 2020
    Humanitarian Service Medal - Approved Operations Current as of: 1 July 2020 Operation Start Date End Date Geographic Area1 DoD Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 31-Jan-20 TBD Global Operations / Activities Cities of Maputo, Quelimane, Chimoio, Tropical Cyclone Idai 23-Mar-19 13-Apr-19 and Beira, Mozambique Guam and U.S. Commonwealth of Typhoon Mangkhut and Super Typhoon Yutu 11-Sep-18 2-Feb-19 Northern Mariana Islands Designated counties in North Carolina and Hurricane Florence 7-Sep-18 8-Oct-18 South Carolina California Wild Land Fires 10-Aug-18 6-Sep-18 California Operation WILD BOAR (Tham Luang Nang 26-Jun-18 14-Jul-18 Thailand, Chiang Rai Region Non Cave rescue operation) Florida; Caribbean, and adjacent waters, Hurricanes Irma and Maria 8-Sep-17 20-Oct-17 from Barbados northward to Anguilla, and then westward to the Florida Straits Hurricane Harvey TX counties: Aransas, Austin, Bastrop, Bee, Brazoria, Calhoun, Chambers, Colorado, DeWitt, Fayette, Fort Bend, Galveston, Goliad, Gonzales, Hardin, Harris, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Karnes, Kleberg, Lavaca, Lee, Liberty, Matagorda, Montgomery, Newton, 23-Aug-17 31-Oct-17 Texas and Louisiana Nueces, Orange, Polk, Refugio, Sabine, San Jacinto, San Patricio, Tyler, Victoria, Waller, and Wharton. LA parishes: Acadia, Allen, Beauregard, Calcasieu, Cameron, Iberia, Jefferson Davis, Natchitoches, Rapides, Sabine, Vermilion, and Vernon. Sri Lanka flood relief 12-Jun-17 15-Jun-17 Sri Lanka New Zealand earthquake relief 17-Nov-16 20-Nov-16 New Zealand Hurricane Matthew 4-Oct-16 19-Oct-16 Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, and Cayman Islands Washington Wild Land Fires 16-Aug-15 14-Sep-15 Washington Operation SAHAYOGI HAAT (Earthquake Relief) – Joint Task Force 505 (III Marine 27-Apr-15 26-May-15 Nepal Expeditionary Force) Tropical Storm Hanna, Honduras 29-Oct-14 30-Oct-14 Honduras Government of Slovenia Assistance (Operation 7-Feb-14 12-Feb-14 Slovenia Urgent Response) U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Pirates and Impunity: Is the Threat of Asylum Claims a Reason to Allow Pirates to Escape Justice
    Fordham International Law Journal Volume 34, Issue 2 2011 Article 4 Pirates and Impunity: Is the Threat of Asylum Claims a Reason to Allow Pirates to Escape Justice Yvonne M. Dutton∗ ∗ Copyright c 2011 by the authors. Fordham International Law Journal is produced by The Berke- ley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj Pirates and Impunity: Is the Threat of Asylum Claims a Reason to Allow Pirates to Escape Justice Yvonne M. Dutton Abstract Pirates are literally getting away with murder. Modern pirates are attacking vessels, hijacking ships at gunpoint, taking hostages, and injuring and killing crew members.1 They are doing so with increasing frequency. According to the International Maritime Bureau (“IMB”) Piracy Reporting Center’s 2009 Annual Report, there were 406 pirate attacks in 2009—a number that has not been reached since 2003. Yet, in most instances, a culture of impunity reigns whereby nations are not holding pirates accountable for the violent crimes they commit. Only a small portion of those people committing piracy are actually captured and brought to trial, as opposed to captured and released. For example, in September 2008, a Danish warship captured ten Somali pirates, but then later released them on a Somali beach, even though the pirates were found with assault weapons and notes stating how they would split their piracy proceeds with warlords on land. Britain’s Royal Navy has been accused of releasing suspected pirates,7 as have Canadian naval forces. Only very recently, Russia released captured Somali pirates—after a high-seas shootout between Russian marines and pirates that had attacked a tanker carrying twenty-three crew and US$52 million worth of oil.9 In May 2010, the United States released ten captured pirates it had been holding for weeks after concluding that its search for a nation to prosecute them was futile.
    [Show full text]
  • Humanitarian Service Medal - Approved Operations Current As Of: 16 July 2021
    Humanitarian Service Medal - Approved Operations Current as of: 16 July 2021 Operation Start Date End Date Geographic Area1 Honduras, guatamala, Belize, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Hurricanes Eta and Iota 5-Nov-20 5-Dec-20 Nicaragua, Panama, and Columbia, adjacent airspace and adjacent waters within 10 nautical miles Port of Beirut Explosion Relief 4-Aug-20 21-Aug-20 Beirut, Lebanon DoD Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 31-Jan-20 TBD Global Operations / Activities Military personnel who were physically Australian Bushfires Contingency Operations 1-Sep-19 31-Mar-20 present in Australia, and provided and Operation BUSHFIRE ASSIST humanitarian assistance Cities of Maputo, Quelimane, Chimoio, Tropical Cyclone Idai 23-Mar-19 13-Apr-19 and Beira, Mozambique Guam and U.S. Commonwealth of Typhoon Mangkhut and Super Typhoon Yutu 11-Sep-18 2-Feb-19 Northern Mariana Islands Designated counties in North Carolina and Hurricane Florence 7-Sep-18 8-Oct-18 South Carolina California Wild Land Fires 10-Aug-18 6-Sep-18 California Operation WILD BOAR (Tham Luang Nang 26-Jun-18 14-Jul-18 Thailand, Chiang Rai Region Non Cave rescue operation) Tropical Cyclone Gita 11-Feb-18 2-May-18 American Samoa Florida; Caribbean, and adjacent waters, Hurricanes Irma and Maria 8-Sep-17 15-Nov-17 from Barbados northward to Anguilla, and then westward to the Florida Straits Hurricane Harvey TX counties: Aransas, Austin, Bastrop, Bee, Brazoria, Calhoun, Chambers, Colorado, DeWitt, Fayette, Fort Bend, Galveston, Goliad, Gonzales, Hardin, Harris, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Karnes, Kleberg, Lavaca, Lee, Liberty, Matagorda, Montgomery, Newton, 23-Aug-17 31-Oct-17 Texas and Louisiana Nueces, Orange, Polk, Refugio, Sabine, San Jacinto, San Patricio, Tyler, Victoria, Waller, and Wharton.
    [Show full text]
  • 2014 Ships and Submarines of the United States Navy
    AIRCRAFT CARRIER DDG 1000 AMPHIBIOUS Multi-Purpose Aircraft Carrier (Nuclear-Propulsion) THE U.S. NAvy’s next-GENERATION MULTI-MISSION DESTROYER Amphibious Assault Ship Gerald R. Ford Class CVN Tarawa Class LHA Gerald R. Ford CVN-78 USS Peleliu LHA-5 John F. Kennedy CVN-79 Enterprise CVN-80 Nimitz Class CVN Wasp Class LHD USS Wasp LHD-1 USS Bataan LHD-5 USS Nimitz CVN-68 USS Abraham Lincoln CVN-72 USS Harry S. Truman CVN-75 USS Essex LHD-2 USS Bonhomme Richard LHD-6 USS Dwight D. Eisenhower CVN-69 USS George Washington CVN-73 USS Ronald Reagan CVN-76 USS Kearsarge LHD-3 USS Iwo Jima LHD-7 USS Carl Vinson CVN-70 USS John C. Stennis CVN-74 USS George H.W. Bush CVN-77 USS Boxer LHD-4 USS Makin Island LHD-8 USS Theodore Roosevelt CVN-71 SUBMARINE Submarine (Nuclear-Powered) America Class LHA America LHA-6 SURFACE COMBATANT Los Angeles Class SSN Tripoli LHA-7 USS Bremerton SSN-698 USS Pittsburgh SSN-720 USS Albany SSN-753 USS Santa Fe SSN-763 Guided Missile Cruiser USS Jacksonville SSN-699 USS Chicago SSN-721 USS Topeka SSN-754 USS Boise SSN-764 USS Dallas SSN-700 USS Key West SSN-722 USS Scranton SSN-756 USS Montpelier SSN-765 USS La Jolla SSN-701 USS Oklahoma City SSN-723 USS Alexandria SSN-757 USS Charlotte SSN-766 Ticonderoga Class CG USS City of Corpus Christi SSN-705 USS Louisville SSN-724 USS Asheville SSN-758 USS Hampton SSN-767 USS Albuquerque SSN-706 USS Helena SSN-725 USS Jefferson City SSN-759 USS Hartford SSN-768 USS Bunker Hill CG-52 USS Princeton CG-59 USS Gettysburg CG-64 USS Lake Erie CG-70 USS San Francisco SSN-711 USS Newport News SSN-750 USS Annapolis SSN-760 USS Toledo SSN-769 USS Mobile Bay CG-53 USS Normandy CG-60 USS Chosin CG-65 USS Cape St.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Relations with US Allies and Partners in Europe and the Asia
    1112 16th Street NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20036 P: 202-546-3300 • F: 202-675-1010 fas.org • [email protected] Prepared statement by Ankit Panda Adjunct Senior Fellow, Defense Posture Project Federation of American Scientists Before U.S.-China Security and Economic Review Commission April 5, 2018 Hearing on “China’s Relations with U.S. Allies and Partners in Europe and the Asia Pacific” Chairman Cleveland, Vice Chairman Bartholomew, and Honorable Commissioners, thank you for the invitation to participate in this hearing and to testify today on the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC, or China) relations with and pursuit of influence in two important United States allies in Northeast Asia, Japan and the Republic of Korea (ROK, or South Korea). This is a timely topic as we witness the crystallization of an ambitious Chinese regional policy in East Asia—one which has cast aside past reticence about seeking regional hegemony and influence. We should take Chinese President Xi Jinping’s word when, at his presentation of his Political Report at the 19th Party Congress in October 2017, he underlined a plan to achieve China’s “great rejuvenation” across three phases—by 2020, by 2035, resulting in the emergence of China as the unquestioned regional hegemon in East Asia by 2050.1 Today, the United States and the PRC are well into a period of protracted geostrategic competition in East Asia—a dynamic that this administration has acknowledged in its December 2017 National Security Strategy. We are witnessing this competition play out in the realm of institutional influence, the military balance of power, and certainly in terms of how Asia’s regional security architecture might adapt to China’s undeniably large regional presence.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Environment of the Back Land of Nagura Bay, Okinawa Prefecture"
    "Agricultural Environment of the Back Land of Nagura Bay, Okinawa Prefecture" 著者 "KATAYAMA Tadao C., SHINAGAWA Akio, HIGASHI Teruo" journal or 南海研紀要 publication title volume 6 number 1 page range 37-55 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10232/15660 Mem. Kagoshima Univ. Res. Center S. Pac. Vol.6, No. 1, 1985 37 Agricultural Environment of the Back Land of Nagura Bay, Okinawa Prefecture* Tadao C. Katayama**, Akio Shinagawa*** and Teruo Higashi*** Abstract The agricultural environment of the back land of Nagura Bay, Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, /'. e., upland factors and cropping systems were discussed on the basis of references and observation in the area. There is a rapid consumption and a high turnover rate for organic matter, nutrients, minerals. To improve soil preserva tion, it is recommended utilization of natural topographical features and plants is more suitable than building artificial structures. Plants with a tap root and deep-rooted trees are good examples of natural stabilization structures. In comparison to the agricultural practices dominated by hand labor and small machines, procedures utilizing large machines are disadvantageous, because they increase the amount of times the land remains bare and they reduce the necessary elasticity in farm practices. It is recom mended to increase the agricultural development cautiously to preserve the environ ment and to keep the local population consensus. Introduction Ishigaki Island lies between 124°04'E and 124°20'E longitude and 24°19'N and 24° 36'N latitude (Fig. 1). In general, Ishigaki Island is said to be characteristic of a sub-tropical region. Because of its sub-tropical nature, it has higher temperatures and more abundant solar energy in comparison with Japan proper.
    [Show full text]
  • Entire Issue (PDF)
    E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 113 CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION Vol. 160 WASHINGTON, MONDAY, APRIL 7, 2014 No. 56 House of Representatives The House met at noon and was teered for the U.S. Army in 1967 and is Chamber of Commerce and the south- called to order by the Speaker pro tem- a decorated Vietnam veteran. He was eastern Indiana Shrine Club. He also pore (Mr. WOLF). awarded the Bronze Star for saving a served on the Dearborn County Hos- f man’s life and also earned a Combat In- pital board of trustees. fantry Badge and four Air Medals. Both Allen Paul and Johnny Nugent DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO After being honorably discharged serve as shining examples of what it TEMPORE from the Army, Allen was elected to means to be a public servant. I ask the The SPEAKER pro tempore laid be- the State senate in 1986, where he was entire Sixth Congressional District to fore the House the following commu- a tireless advocate for military mem- join me in recognizing these two out- nication from the Speaker: bers and their families. He passed im- standing Hoosier legislators. WASHINGTON, DC, portant legislation to help veterans re- I have no doubt these great men will April 7, 2014. ceive a college degree and supported bring the same commitment, dedica- I hereby appoint the Honorable FRANK R. legislation to offer in-state tuition for tion, and enthusiasm that they have WOLF to act as Speaker pro tempore on this veterans.
    [Show full text]
  • Establishing Okinawan Heritage Language Education
    Establishing Okinawan heritage language education ESTABLISHING OKINAWAN HERITAGE LANGUAGE EDUCATION Patrick HEINRICH (University of Duisburg-Essen) ABSTRACT In spite of Okinawan language endangerment, heritage language educa- tion for Okinawan has still to be established as a planned and purposeful endeavour. The present paper discusses the prerequisites and objectives of Okinawan Heritage Language (OHL) education.1 It examines language attitudes towards Okinawan, discusses possibilities and constraints un- derlying its curriculum design, and suggests research which is necessary for successfully establishing OHL education. The following results are presented. Language attitudes reveal broad support for establishing Ok- inawan heritage language education. A curriculum for OHL must consid- er the constraints arising from the present language situation, as well as language attitudes towards Okinawan. Research necessary for the estab- lishment of OHL can largely draw from existing approaches to foreign language education. The paper argues that establishment of OHL educa- tion should start with research and the creation of emancipative ideas on what Okinawan ought to be in the future – in particular which societal functions it ought to fulfil. A curriculum for OHL could be established by following the user profiles and levels of linguistic proficiency of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. 1 This paper specifically treats the language of Okinawa Island only. Other languages of the Ryukyuan language family such as the languages of Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yonaguni are not considered here. The present paper draws on research conducted in 2005 in Okinawa. Research was supported by a Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science fellowship which is gratefully acknowledged here.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Constructing a New Airport on Ishigaki Island
    Island Sustainability II 181 Effects of constructing a new airport on Ishigaki Island Y. Maeno1, H. Gotoh1, M. Takezawa1 & T. Satoh2 1Nihon University, Japan 2Nihon Harbor Consultants Ltd., Japan Abstract Okinawa Prefecture marked the 40th anniversary of its reversion to Japanese sovereignty from US control in 2012. Such isolated islands are almost under the environment separated by the mainland and the sea, so that they have the economic differences from the mainland and some policies for being active isolated islands are taken. It is necessary to promote economical measures in order to increase the prosperity of isolated islands through initiatives involving tourism, fisheries, manufacturing, etc. In this study, Ishigaki Island was considered as an example of such an isolated island. Ishigaki Island is located to the west of the main islands of Okinawa and the second-largest island of the Yaeyama Island group. Ishigaki Island falls under the jurisdiction of Okinawa Prefecture, Japan’s southernmost prefecture, which is situated approximately half-way between Kyushu and Taiwan. Both islands belong to the Ryukyu Archipelago, which consists of more than 100 islands extending over an area of 1,000 km from Kyushu (the southwesternmost of Japan’s four main islands) to Taiwan in the south. Located between China and mainland Japan, Ishigaki Island has been culturally influenced by both countries. Much of the island and the surrounding ocean are protected as part of Iriomote-Ishigaki National Park. Ishigaki Airport, built in 1943, is the largest airport in the Yaeyama Island group. The runway and air security facilities were improved in accordance with passenger demand for larger aircraft, and the airport became a tentative jet airport in May 1979.
    [Show full text]
  • Applying a Framework to Assess Deterrence of Gray Zone Aggression for More Information on This Publication, Visit
    C O R P O R A T I O N MICHAEL J. MAZARR, JOE CHERAVITCH, JEFFREY W. HORNUNG, STEPHANIE PEZARD What Deters and Why Applying a Framework to Assess Deterrence of Gray Zone Aggression For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR3142 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0397-1 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © 2021 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover: REUTERS/Kyodo Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface This report documents research and analysis conducted as part of a project entitled What Deters and Why: North Korea and Russia, sponsored by the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3/5/7, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Violence and Predation, Mainly in the Form of Piracy, Were Two Of
    violence and predation robert j. antony Violence and Predation on the Sino-Vietnamese Maritime Frontier, 1450–1850 iolence and predation, mainly in the form of piracy, were two of V the most persistent and pervasive features of the Sino-Vietnamese maritime frontier between the mid-fifteenth and mid-nineteenth cen- turies.1 In the Gulf of Tonkin, which is the focus of this article, piracy was, in fact, an intrinsic feature of this sea frontier and a dynamic and significant force in the region’s economic, social, and cultural devel- opment. My approach, what scholars call history from the bottom up, places pirates, not the state, at center stage, recognizing their impor- tance and agency as historical actors. My research is based on various types of written history, including Qing archives, the Veritable Records of Vietnam and China, local Chinese gazetteers, and travel accounts; I also bring in my own fieldwork in the gulf region conducted over the past six years. The article is divided into three sections: first, I discuss the geopolitical characteristics of this maritime frontier as a background to our understanding of piracy in the region; second, I consider the socio-cultural aspects of the gulf region, especially the underclass who engaged in clandestine activities as a part of their daily lives; and third, I analyze five specific episodes of piracy in the Gulf of Tonkin. The Gulf of Tonkin (often referred to here simply as the gulf), which is tucked away in the northwestern corner of the South China Sea, borders on Vietnam in the west and China in the north and east.
    [Show full text]
  • US Ambiguity on the Senkakus' Sovereignty
    Naval War College Review Volume 72 Article 8 Number 3 Summer 2019 2019 Origins of a “Ragged Edge”—U.S. Ambiguity on the Senkakus’ Sovereignty Robert C. Watts IV Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Watts, Robert C. IV (2019) "Origins of a “Ragged Edge”—U.S. Ambiguity on the Senkakus’ Sovereignty," Naval War College Review: Vol. 72 : No. 3 , Article 8. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol72/iss3/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Watts: Origins of a “Ragged Edge”—U.S. Ambiguity on the Senkakus’ Sovere ORIGINS OF A “RAGGED EDGE” U.S. Ambiguity on the Senkakus’ Sovereignty Robert C. Watts IV n May 15, 1972, the United States returned Okinawa and the other islands in the Ryukyu chain to Japan, culminating years of negotiations that some have 1 Ohailed as “an example of diplomacy at its very best�” As a result, Japan regained territories it had lost at the end of World War II, while the United States both retained access to bases on Okinawa and reaffirmed strategic ties with Japan� One detail, however, complicates this win-win assessment� At the same time, Japan also regained administrative control over the Senkaku, or Diaoyu, Islands, a group of uninhabited—and uninhabitable—rocky outcroppings in the East China Sea�2 By 1972, both the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan also had claimed these islands�3 Despite passing con- trol of the Senkakus to Japan, the United States expressed no position on any of the competing claims to the islands, including Japan’s� This choice—not to weigh in on the Senkakus’ sovereignty—perpetuated Commander Robert C.
    [Show full text]