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Machado Marcelorubens D.Pdf i ii iii Dedico este trabalho a minha família . iv AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, em especial às Dras. Laurecir Gomes e Maria Julia Marques, coordenadoras do curso durante o período de tese, e à Líliam A. S. Panagio, pelo apoio e compreensão demonstrados. Ao Dr. Marcos Buckeridge pela orientação, paciência e dedicação. À Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela bolsa de doutorado concedida. À Universidade Estadual de Campinas, ao Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo (IBt) e à Universidade de São Paulo pela indispensável infra-estrutura oferecida. Ao Dr. Angelo Luiz Cortelazzo por ter me recebido em Campinas e me apresentado à Unicamp. Aos Drs. Marcos P. M. Aidar e Marco A. Tiné, da Seção de Fisiologia do IBt, pelas importantes contribuições neste trabalho. Às pesquisadoras da Seção de Anatomia e Morfologia do IBt, Dras. Solange C. Mazzoni- Viveiros, Edenise S. Alves e Agnes E. Luchi pelo apoio e disponibilidade de equipamentos e reagentes. Aos Drs. Antonio Salatino, Maria Luíza Salatino e Gina pelas importantes contribuições aos estudos das ceras epicuticulares. À Mourisa, Cíntia e Anary, do Laboratório de Fitoquímica do Departamento de Botânica da USP, à Maria Manoel, técnica da Seção de Anatomia e Morfologia do IBt, e a Waldir Caldeira, do Instituto de Biologia da USP, pelo apoio e paciência dispensados. Aos estagiários e pós-graduandos do IBt, em especial a Andréa, Telma e Renata pelos ensinamentos das técnicas de histologia. À Fernanda Tresmondi pela amizade, apoio e dedicação nas horas mais difíceis. Aos amigos Giovanna (amiga sempre presente), Mauro Marabesi, Mari Ionashiro, João Godoy, figuras que conheci nesse período, amigos pra toda vida. v SUMÁRIO RESUMO .................................................................................................................................................. 1 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. 2 INTRODUÇÃO .......................................................................................................................................... 3 O estudo no contexto das mudanças climáticas: um breve histórico................................................ 3 Efeitos da alta [CO 2] em plantas....................................................................................................... 9 Fisiologia e crescimento .............................................................................................................. 12 Aspectos morfológicos ................................................................................................................. 14 Desenvolvimento estomático ........................................................................................................ 22 As espécies investigadas................................................................................................................... 28 Justificativa....................................................................................................................................... 30 Da temática .................................................................................................................................. 30 Da metodologia............................................................................................ ................................ 32 Objetivos........................................................................................................................................... 32 Gerais ........................................................................................................................................... 32 Específicos ................................................................................................................................... 32 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS .......................................................................................................................... 33 Cultivo das plântulas em diferentes concentrações de CO 2.............................................................. 33 Medidas de crescimento.................................................................................................................... 35 Análises microscópicas..................................................................................................................... 35 Diafanização..................... ........................................................................................................... 35 Análise histológica ....................................................................................................................... 36 Microscopia eletrônica de varredura .......................................................................................... 37 Microscopia eletrônica de transmissão ....................................................................................... 37 vi Determinação quantitativa da cera epicuticular................................................................................ 38 Determinação qualitativa da cera epicuticular.................................................................................. 39 Análises estatísticas........................................................................................................................... 40 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO .................................................................................................................... 40 Efeitos sobre o crescimento.............................................................................................................. 40 Efeitos no número de estômatos....................................................................................................... 46 Efeitos ultra-estruturais..................................................................................................................... 49 Efeitos sobre a cera epicuticular....................................................................................................... 54 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ......................................................................................................................... 59 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ............................................................................................................. 74 ANEXO .................................................................................................................................................... 84 vii RESUMO A concentração atmosférica de dióxido de carbono (CO 2) aumentou de 280 ppm, à época da Revolução Industrial, para cerca de 370 ppm atualmente, e continua a aumentar cerca de 1,8 ppm ao ano. Os efeitos dessa elevação no sistema climático global têm atraído considerável atenção, mas ainda não há informações suficientes sobre como essas mudanças podem afetar as espécies arbóreas tropicais, em especial na estrutura dessas plantas, componente relevante no sucesso competitivo e fisiológico dos vegetais. Nesse estudo são apresentados dados de análises estruturais, ultra-estruturais e bioquímicas de folhas de duas espécies tropicais − o jatobá da mata Hymenaea courbaril e o do cerrado H. stigonocarpa − expostas à elevada concentração de CO 2. Após cem dias de exposição em câmaras de topo aberto, as espécies demonstraram ser reativas ao aumento da [CO 2], especialmente H. stigonocarpa . Essa alteração atmosférica resultou em maior crescimento das plantas, com significativa redução do número de estômatos e aumento dos parênquimas fotossinteticamente ativos, especialmente do paliçádico. A análise quantitativa da cera epicuticular indicou haver variação, porém não significativa, da cera bruta total das espécies. A cromatografia gasosa e a espectrometria de massa mostraram que a cera epicuticular das duas espécies é constituída, principalmente, por nonacosanos e triterpenódes de provável função alcoólica. Os estudos ultra-estruturais evidenciaram alterações na morfologia dos cloroplastos, em decorrência do aumento na deposição de amido, nos exemplares submetidos à elevada [CO 2], mas não há evidências de que esse depósito afete o desenvolvimento do vegetal. Também houve alteração na morfologia da cera epicuticular. As técnicas microscópicas e bioquímicas adotadas mostraram-se úteis na determinação de respostas de plantas tropicais a elevadas concentrações de CO 2, constituindo-se em ferramentas de aplicação viável em estudos de mudança climática. 1 ABSTRACT The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) increased from 280 ppm, during the Industrial Revolution period, to about 370 ppm in the nowadays. It is continuing to increase about 1.8 ppm per year. The effect of this rise in CO 2, which is leading to global warming have attracted considerable attention, generating reports on how these changes can affect vegetables, in particular tropical trees species. There are few reports on the consequences of the rise in atmospheric CO2 on plant structure, even considering its relevance for the competitive and physiological success of plants. In this study we present the data about structural , ultrastructural and biochemical analyses of seedlings from two tropical species – the jatobá Hymenaea courbaril and H. stigonocarpa – both exposed to high CO2 concentration. After one hundred days of exposure to elevated CO 2 (720 ppm) in open top chambers, the species demonstrated to be reactive, in particular the H. stigonocarpa . This atmospheric alteration resulted
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