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T.C. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü

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T.C. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü T.C. KARAMANOĞLU MEHMETBEY ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ANADOLU’DA ROMA İDARİ DÜZENLEMELERİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE ISAURIA BÖLGESİ Hazırlayan Nuray AKÇAY Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Eskiçağ Tarihi Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Danışman Doç. Dr. Mehmet KURT KARAMAN – 2019 T.C. KARAMANOĞLU MEHMETBEY ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ANADOLU’DA ROMA İDARİ DÜZENLEMELERİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE ISAURIA BÖLGESİ Hazırlayan Nuray AKÇAY Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Eskiçağ Tarihi Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Danışman Doç. Dr. Mehmet KURT KARAMAN – 2019 i ÖN SÖZ Tezimizin konusunu, Anadolu’da Roma idari düzenlemeleri çerçevesinde Isauria Bölgesinde yapılan düzenlemeler oluşturmaktadır. Tarihi dönemler içinde ya da antik kaynaklarda bölgenin sınırları değişiklik gösterse de Eski Çağ’ da Isauria Bölgesi sınırları batıda Pamphylia, kuzeyde Lykaonia, güneyde ve doğuda ise Kilikia ile sınırlanmıştır. Günümüzde ise Konya ilinin güneyinde bulunan Bozkır, Hadim ve Taşkent ilçelerinin içerisinde yer alan sahalar Isauria’nın merkezi alanını oluşturmaktadır. Isauria Bölgesi’nin engebeli olması, yapılan araştırmalarda bazı zorluklar ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu durum bölge hakkında yeterli bilgiye sahip olmamızı engellemiştir. Çalışma kapsamında Isauria Bölgesinde yapılan düzenlemeleri araştırırken Romalıların, Anadolu’da etkili olduğu ilk dönemlerden günümüze kadar olan düzenlemelerini ele aldık. Ağırlıklı olarak Antonius Pius ile Diocletianus dönemlerinde yapılan düzenlemeler tezin esas konusunu teşkil etmektedir. Çalışmamızda antik kaynaklar ile arkeolojik ve epigrafik belgeler yeniden gözden geçirilerek Roma Dönemi’nde Isauria Bölgesi’nin idari yapısı ele alınmıştır. Ancak Isauria ile ilgili düzenlemeler bölge ilgili siyasal gelişmelerden kaynaklandığı için bölgedeki siyasi gelişmelere de yer yer değinilmiştir. Çalışmalarım esnasında bilgi ve tecrübelerini benimle paylaşan, her fırsatta çalışmamla yakından ilgilenen, değerli vaktini benden esirgemeyen danışmanım sayın Doç. Dr. Mehmet KURT’a şükranlarımı sunarım. Üniversite hayatımdan yüksek lisansımın son dönemine kadar bana kattığı her bilgi için Prof. Dr. Mehmet MERCAN hocama da müteşekkirim. Tezin konusu ve yöntemi açısından bana yol gösteren Arş. Gör. Şenol YURDAKUL’a ve bazı gerekli antik kaynakları bulmamda yardımcı olan arkadaşım Efehan DOĞAN’a ve her zaman yanımda olan aileme sonsuz teşekkürler. Nuray AKÇAY Karaman - 2019 ii ÖZET Isauria, yüksek sıradağlar, geniş platolar ve derin vadilere sahip bir bölgedir. Mare Pamphylium (Antalya Körfezi) ile Aulon Cilicius (Mersin Körfezi) arasında bulunan Taşeli Platosu’nda yer alır. Bu bölgeye antik dönemde Kilikia Trakheia (Dağlık Kilikia) adı verilmiştir. Dağlık Kilikia’nın, Lykaonia Ovası’na bakan yamaçları ise Isauria olarak adlandırılmıştır. Roma İmparatorluğu’nun Anadolu’da Pergamon (Bergama) Krallığı ile ilişkisi MÖ 205 yılında Makedonia (Makedonya) Kralı Philippos ile yapılan Phonike Antlaşması ile başlamıştır. Pergamon Kralı I.Attalos,bu antlaşma ile Roma’nın müttefiki olmayı kabul etmiştir. MÖ 190 yılının sonlarına doğru Seleukos Kralı III. Antiokhos ile Romalılar arasında Magnesia (Manisa) Savaşı yapılmıştır. Söz konusu savaşta Seleukoslar Kralı III. Antiokhos ağır bir yenilgi almıştır. Ancak MÖ 188 yılında taraflar arasında Apameia (Dinar) Barışı imzalanmıştır. MÖ 133 yılında Pergamon Kralı III. Attalos kendisinden sonra varisi olmadığı için bütün topraklarını ve hazinesini Romalılara bırakmıştır. Roma, MÖ 129’da Pergamon topraklarının bir bölümünü kapsayan sahalarda Anadolu’daki ilk eyaleti olan Provincia Asia’yı (Asya Eyaleti) kurmuştur. MÖ 101- 102 yıllarında Roma İmparatorluğu Kilikia’ya proconsul olarak Marcus Antonius’u göndermiş ve MÖ 92 yılında Provincia Kilikia (Kilikia Eyaleti) kurulmuştur. MÖ 78 yılında Servilius Vatia beş yıllık komuta yetkisiyle kıyıda ve Isauria’yı içine alan iç bölgelerde korsanlıkla mücadele için görevlendirilmiştir. MÖ 67 yılında ise Pompeius Magnus korsanlık sorununu tamamen ortadan kaldırmıştır. MÖ 31 yılında Marcus Antonius’u yenen Octavianus Roma’nın tek hâkimi olmuştur. MÖ 25 yılında Galatia kralı Amyntas’ın öldürülmesi ile Augustus tarafından Provincia Galatia (Galatia Eyaleti) kurulmuştur. Isauria, Roma için dağlık arazi yapısı nedeniyle sık sık isyanların görüldüğü kontrolü zor bir bölge olmuştur. Ayaklanmaları askeri güç kullanarak bastıran Roma her defasında Isauria’yı da ilgilendiren idari düzenlemeler yapmıştır. Bu bağlamda Isauria, MS 2. yüzyılda Kilikia ve Lykaonia ile birlikte Tres eparkheia (üçlü eyalet) içerisinde yer almıştır. Ancak Karaman’ın batısında Losta’dan (Akarköy) ele geçmiş bir onurlandırma yazıtından III. Gordianus zamanında ayrı bir eyalet haline getirildiği anlaşılmaktadır. MS 3. yüzyılın sonlarında Diocletianus, Seleukeia (Silifke) başkent olmak üzere yeni bir Isauria Eyaleti meydana getirmiştir. MS 4. yüzyılın ilk yarısında yeni eyaletin yöneticileri sadece sivil bir yetkiyi ifade eden praeses unvanını kullanırlarken, aynı yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren dux ve comes gibi askeri yetkiler kullanmaya başlamışlardır. Buradan Isauria’daki olayların şiddeti ile yöneticilerin kullanmış oldukları yetkiler arasında bir ilişkinin olduğu açıkça anlaşılmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Isauria, Korsanlık, Kilikia, Roma, Dux, Comes. iii ABSTRACT Isauria is a region that has a high chain of mountains, broad plateous and deep valleys. It is placed that between the Mare Pamplium ( Antalya Gulf ) and Aulon Cilicious (Mersin Gulf ) in the Taşeli Plateou. This region was called Kilikia Trakheia (Mountainous Kilikia) in the ancient period. Mountainous Kilikia’s mountain slope which is looking at Lykaonia Plain of was called that Isauria also. The relationship between the The Roman Empire and Pergamon Kingdom began with the Treaty of Phonike which is conluded with Philippos who is the king of the Macedonia (Macedonia ) in the BC 205. I.Attalos accepted with this agreement became an ally of Roman. BC 190 At the end of year it was made Magnesia Waris betweenthe king of the Seleukos, III. Antiokhos, and The Roman Empire. III. Antiokhos got a serious a beating. However; it was entered into Apamenia (Dinar) Peace Settlement between the parties. The king of the Pergamon III. Attalos, left a legacy all the lands to Roman because of lacking of heir in BC 133. Roman’s the first state which was Provincia Asia (Asia State ) in BC 129. BC 101 – 102 The Roman Empire sent Marcus Antonius as a proconsul to Kilikia. BC 78 Servilius Vatia defeated the pirates with the five - year command of power. BC 92 The State of Kilikia established. BC 67 Pompeius Magnus eradicated the piracy problem. BC 31 Octavianus who defeated Marcus Antonius dominated Roman. BC 25 Provincia Galatia (The State of Galatia ) was established. Isauria was regarded as a very difficult place to control for Romans as frequently there were riots there. They had to quash riots with the military forces and each time they had to bring up new administrative regulations that also concerned Isauria. Regarding this, Isauria, with Kilikia and Lykaonia was a part of the Tres Eparkheia region in the second century AD. However, from an honoring tablet that was found at Losta on the west part of Karaman, it was understood that it became a separate province at the time of Gordianius III. In the 3rd century AD, Diocletianius established a new Isauria province making Seleukeia the capital. During the first half of the 4th century AD, while the rulers of the province used only praeses, which represented a civil authority, from the second half of the same century, they started to use dux and comes which represented military authorities as well. Here, it is obvious that there is a relationship between the harshness of the events in Isauria and the authority that the rulers exercised. Key Words: Isauria, Privacy, Kilikia, Roma, Dux, Comes. iv İÇİNDEKİLER ÖN SÖZ .......................................................................................................................... i ÖZET .............................................................................................................................ii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................iii İÇİNDEKİLER .............................................................................................................. iv KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................................... vi GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................. 1 1. BÖLÜM: ANTİK KAYNAKLAR IŞIĞINDA ISAURIA ADI VE SINIRLARI ............ 4 2. BÖLÜM: COĞRAFİ DURUM 2.1. Fiziki Yapı ............................................................................................................ 8 2.2. Dağlar ................................................................................................................... 8 2.3. Platolar ................................................................................................................. 9 2.4. Akarsular ve Göller ............................................................................................. 10 2.5. Bitki Örtüsü ........................................................................................................ 11 2.6. İklim ................................................................................................................... 12 2.7. Madenler............................................................................................................
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