A: DNA Sequence B: Morphology

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Strangalia COLEOPTERA Strangalia Calosoma Mongoloraphid. 100 Nigronia RAPHIDIIDAE Agulla Neohermes Parainocellia 89 Corydalus INOCELLIDAE Negha 100 Corydalus Sialis 100 Sialis SIALIDAE Sialis Sialis Nigronia Mongoloraphid. CORYDALIDAE Neohermes 100 Agulla Corydalus 100 Parainocellia Corydalus 100 Negha Calosoma 100 Cryptoscenea Cryptoscenea 87 Spiloconis Spiloconis Semidalis CONIOPTERYGIDAE Semidalis 100 Neosemidalis Neosemidalis 97 Conwentzia Conwentzia 100 Climacia SISYRIDAE Climacia Sisyra Sisyra Dilar Dilar Nallachius Nallachius 89 71 DILARIDAE 100 Nallachius Nallachius 99 Nallachius Nallachius 55 Austroneurorth. NEVRORTHIDAE Austroneurorth. Kempynus Kempynus Australysmus Australysmus Osmylus 98 OSMYLIDAE Osmylus Porismus Porismus 52 87 Oedosmylus Oedosmylus 59 Plega Quasisperm. Zeugomantispa Podallea 53 73 Ormiscocerus Stenobiella Mucroberotha Mucroberotha 75 Ditaxis MANTISPIDAE+ Ormiscocerus Theristria BEROTHIDAE Theristria Lomamyia Lomamyia Quasisperm. 98 Plega 65 Podallea Zeugomantispa 64 Stenobiella Ditaxis 72 Italochrysa Italochrysa Apochrysa CHRYSOPIDAE Apochrysa 55 Nothochrysa Nothochrysa 76 Pimachrysa Pimachrysa Carobius Carobius Drepanepteryx Drepanepteryx Notiobiella HEMEROBIIDAE 57 Notiobiella Psychobiella Psychobiella Conchopterella Conchopterella 100 Megalithone Polystoechotes Ithone Platystoechotes Fontecilla ITHONIDAE+ 97 Fontecilla Polystoechotes POLYSTOECHOTIDAE 98 Oliarces Platystoechotes Megalithone 51 Oliarces Ithone Psychopsis PSYCHOPSIDAE Psychopsis Silveira Silveira 100 Nymphes Nymphes Myiodactylus NYMPHIDAE Myiodactylus Norfolius 87 Norfolius 59 Osmylops Osmylops 87 Libelloides Libelloides 80 ASCALAPHIDAE Ululodes Ululodes Stilbopteryx Stilbopteryx 75 Palpares MYRMELEONTIDAE Palpares 76 A: DNA sequence 85 Dielocroce Dielocroce Austrocroce Austrocroce B: Morphology 75 Chasmoptera NEMOPTERIDAE Chasmoptera Nemoptera Nemoptera 80 100 Lertha Lertha

Fig. 4. Strict consensus trees recovered from parsimony analyses of combined molecular (COI, CAD, 18S, 16S) data (A), and morphological data (B). Bootstrap values (>50%) are given on respective nodes.

(PB = 89%, MLB = 85%, PP = 1.00) whereas Nevrorthidae with Australian ithonid genera Megalithone Riek and Ithone was placed always in a clade with Osmylidae and/or Sisyri- Newman, but rather was placed deep within Polystoechotidae. dae. Myrmeleontiformia always were monophyletic except in Psychopsidae was sister to the rest of Myrmeleontiformia in the the Bayesian analysis (Figure S1), in which support for the parsimony and ML analyses, but unresolved in the Bayesian placement of Psychopsidae was very weak. The phylogenetic analyses. Lack of data may explain the weak support for this sequence of the ‘Hemerobiiformia’ clades was variable and sta- arrangement, as Silveira Navas´ is represented by sequence data tistical support was generally weak. The placement of Dilaridae for only two genes (16S and 18S). Nymphidae always were varied depending on the inference method used, being placed supported strongly (PB = 100%) as monophyletic and sister to as sister to Sisyridae (parsimony; Fig. 4) or as an inter- (Ascalaphidae + Myrmeleontidae) + Nemopteridae. Both sub- mediate clade frequently sister to the clade comprising families of Nemopteridae (Crocinae and Nemopterinae) were (Berothidae + Mantispidae) + (Chrysopidae + Hemerobiidae) recovered as monophyletic with relatively strong support. This + (Ithonidae + Polystoechotidae) + Myrmeleontiformia). Man- family was sister to Ascalaphidae and Myrmeleontidae, the tispidae and Berothidae were recovered as a clade, but sta- latter two being monophyletic only in the Bayesian analysis. tistical support for the monophyly of both families was relatively low or absent. Chrysopidae were recovered as sister to Hemerobiidae, the two of which were either sister Combined data phylogeny to Polystoechotidae + Ithonidae (with weak support) or sister to (Ithonidae + Polystoechotidae) + Myrmeleontiformia. The All 69 taxa were included in the combined molecular North American ithonid genus Oliarces Banks never grouped and morphological dataset, which comprised 1234 (29.3%)