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Collegium 32 Proceedings of the Bruges Colloquium The Need for Justice and Requirements for Peace and Security 9th-10th September 2004 Actes du Colloque de Bruges Impératifs de Justice et Exigences de Paix et de Sécurité 9-10 septembre 2004 SPECIAL EDITION Collegium No. 32, Summer 2005 Avertissement SPECIAL EDITION Les Actes de ce Colloque ont été rédigés par les orateurs ou par la Délégation du CICR à Bruxelles sur base d'enregistrements audio du Colloque. Ces textes ont alors été revus par les orateurs et n'engagent que ces derniers. Ils ne représentent pas nécessairement les vues ni du Collège d'Europe ni du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR). Jakob Kellenberger p. 5 Impératifs de justice et exigences de paix et de sécurité Nicolas Brass Theodor Meron p. 11 Kim Wuyts Introduction into the work programme Stéphane Kolanowski Jan Wouters p. 17 The Obligation to Prosecute International Law Crimes Délégation du CICR à Bruxelles Editors Djamchid Momtaz p. 33 Dr. Marc Vuijlsteke, Chief Editor Impunité et amnistie: Analyse des concepts Floricica Olteanu, Co-editor Damien Vandermeersch p. 43 Editing Board Members L'expérience des juridictions nationales Eveline Buyck Katia Berti Michel Veuthey p. 55 Pablo Ibáñez Colomo Mesures concrètes pour renforcer le respect Jan Rovny du droit international humanitaire Ilinca Balan Mirko Widenhorn Elzbieta Mikos-Skuza p. 71 Jennifer Macnaughtan Collegium Working group 1: La Justice: nécessité ou obstacle à la paix ? Collegium is published quarterly by the academic assistants and students of the College of Europe. Knut Dörmann p. 81 The views expressed in Collegium are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those Working group 2 of the College of Europe. Copyright remains with the authors. Luigi Condorelli p. 89 Submissions to Collegium are welcomed. The next issues will deal with Social Agenda and Conflict La protection des droits de l'Homme Management. Manuscripts for consideration, in English or French, should be sent in electronic for- lors d'actions militaires menées à l'étranger mat (Word) by e-mail to [email protected]. More information on the guidelines for contribu- tors can be obtained from Floricica Olteanu, [email protected]. The editors would like to thank Gaelle Doleans and John Miller for their useful comments. 3 Marco Sassòli p. 105 Collegium, No.32, Summer 2005 Current developments in the law of military occupation: Maintenance of public order and civil life in occupied territories and legislative powers of occupying powers Impératifs de justice et Gabor Rona p. 123 exigences de paix et de sécurité Judicial guarantees in detention and in the prosecution of international crimes Jakob Kellenberger Jacques Verhaegen p. 139 Président du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge Question Final Debate p. 141 Monsieur le Recteur, Yves Sandoz p. 147 Excellences, Mesdames, Messieurs, Réflexions conclusives C'est pour moi un grand plaisir que d'ouvrir aujourd'hui, avec M. le Recteur Programme of the Colloquium p. 149 Demaret, ce cinquième Colloque de Bruges sur le thème “les impératifs de justice et les exigences de paix et de sécurité“. Je me réjouis de cette collabora- Curriculum vitae des orateurs p. 153 tion fructueuse avec le Collège d'Europe qui a déjà permis non seulement l'organisation de quatre colloques, mais encore celle d'un séminaire à l'intention Liste des participants p. 159 des étudiants du Collège et des Universités de la région. Le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge attache une importance toute particulière à cette collabora- tion au regard du développement des capacités de l'Union européenne, mais aussi de l'OTAN dans la gestion des crises et de leur implication grandissante dans ce domaine. Quand on a recours à la force armée, le droit international humanitaire représente un instrument important. Aujourd'hui comme hier, son objectif, simple dans son énoncé, mais parfois combien difficile à réaliser, est de préserver, protéger ou encore restaurer la dignité humaine. Le concept de la dignité humaine constituera la trame des sujets et thèmes qui vont vous occuper pendant les deux jours de ce colloque. L'essence même de la dignité humaine a été traduite dans le droit international des droits de l'homme. Le préambule de la Déclaration universelle précise que “la reconnaissance de la dignité inhérente à tous les Membres de la famille humaine et (de) leurs droits égaux et inaliénables constitue le fondement de la liberté, de la justice et de la paix dans le monde“ et affirme en son article 4 5 premier que “tous les êtres humains naissent libres et égaux en dignité et en entre les États. Mais ceci dans le respect du droit. C'est le moment de rappeler droits“. que, dans le droit humanitaire aussi, les actes terroristes sous toutes leurs formes sont interdits et que les acteurs doivent être poursuivis et punis. La Le droit international humanitaire attache lui aussi une très grande importance répression doit toutefois s'inscrire dans le cadre d'un état de droit, lequel vise à la dignité humaine. C'est même là son objectif principal dans la situation précisément à ce que soient respectés les droits inaliénables de la personne, en extrême du conflit armé. Le CICR, dont le mandat est largement issu de ce droit, particulier son intégrité physique et mentale et sa dignité, quelle que soit la est pleinement conscient de la nécessité de trouver un juste équilibre entre les nature des actes perpétrés. Celles et ceux qui attachent de l'importance à une impératifs légitimes de la sécurité de l'État et les exigences, tout aussi impéra- réflexion portant sur la durée pourraient même dire que le respect de la dignité tives, de préserver l'intégrité physique et mentale des personnes touchées par la humaine est un investissement dans la paix et la sécurité. violence armée. Cet équilibre doit aussi être respecté pour les personnes arrêtées et détenues pour des motifs de sécurité. Ceci dit, je suis conscient que le débat Une institution comme le CICR ne peut faire aucun compromis dans son sur les “nouveaux conflits“ est loin d'être clos et que les avis, et les sentiments, engagement en faveur du maintien de cet équilibre, délicat, entre les exigences sur la nature et l'étendue de la “guerre“ globale contre le terrorisme et les de sécurité et le respect de la dignité humaine. Il faudrait cependant être cadres juridiques applicables continuent à manifester des divergences significa- aveugle, ou manquer cruellement de sensibilité, pour ne pas reconnaître que la tives. Le minimum que j'attends du “new wars debate“, c'est que l'on explique préservation de cet équilibre est mise ces temps-ci à rude épreuve, en particulier exactement ce qui est considéré comme nouveau et quel est le régime juridique quand des groupes armés ne connaissent eux-mêmes aucune limite à l'usage de applicable à la nouvelle situation. Ce qui ne peut être accepté, c'est l'utilisation la violence. Il y a des situations où il doit être très difficile à expliquer à des d'étiquettes avec l'objectif de placer une situation hors de l'état de droit. Je vois personnes dont les proches ont été victimes de crimes commis par des malheureusement peu de nouveau dans la réalité conflictuelle: low intensity of personnes qui méprisent complètement la vie et la dignité d'autrui que la dig- fighting, hight intensity of suffering by the civilians. Le cas du Darfour constitue nité de ces dernières, dans le cadre de l'état de droit, doit être respectée. Mais une illustration particulièrement dramatique de cette réalité. où s'arrêterait-on si l'on commençait à relativiser l'exigence de ce respect dans le cadre d'un état de droit? La réponse ne peut consister à relativiser le respect Les conflits armés contemporains avec leur complexité ne mettent pas en cause de la dignité humaine, mais bien à fermer résolument la porte à l'impunité, à la pertinence du droit international humanitaire. Le respect du droit ne poursuivre et punir ceux qui ne respectent pas la vie et la dignité des autres. Je s'apparente au demeurant en rien à une attitude conservatrice ni à un refus des reste convaincu qu'il est possible, et nécessaire, d'assurer la sécurité sans violer changements. Le droit humanitaire peut, et doit, être développé sur certains les normes fondamentales du droit humanitaire. aspects: je pense notamment au choix et à l'usage de certaines armes. Dans d'autres domaines, il demande clarification: par exemple quant au concept de Dans ce Colloque, vous examinerez ensemble quelle contribution le droit participation directe aux hostilités. Je suis ouvert aux suggestions de développe- humanitaire peut apporter au respect de la dignité humaine dans les situations ment aussi longtemps que je ne les soupçonne pas de viser à baisser les niveaux de conflit où elle se trouve être particulièrement exposée et vulnérable, mais de protection. également, dans une moindre mais importante mesure, dès le temps de paix et dans la période post-conflictuelle. Le droit humanitaire, s'il n'utilise guère le mot Face à une montée des actes de terrorisme (dans le cadre des conflits armés non lui-même, se réfère fréquemment à la dignité de la personne. L'article 3 internationaux et sur un plan transnational), certains se demandent si ces commun aux Conventions de Genève, par exemple, résume en peu de mots la circonstances, vues comme exceptionnelles, ne justifieraient pas des mesures lettre et l'esprit des quatre Conventions en stipulant que les atteintes à la elles-mêmes exceptionnelles. Il faut être clair sur ce point: les gouvernements dignité des personnes qui ne participent pas ou ne participent plus directement peuvent et doivent parfois prendre des mesures exceptionnelles.
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