• A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

Vol. 32 Nos. 7-8 February 13-26, 1989

China's Foreign Policy: Changes Through th^Os

BEIJING REVIEW VOL. 32, NOs. 7-8 FEB. 13-26, 1989

CONTENTS Tibetan Independence'—Fact or Fiction? • Using first-hand accounts and historical documents, NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 the book 100 Questions About Tibet answers many of the Can Inflation Be Curbed? questions raised about Tibet in recent years. Extracts published here examine various issues of Tibetan history and claims to Tibetan independence (pp. 21 and 44). EVENTS/TRENDS 5-9 Bainqen Lama's Last Days Bhutto Elaborates Bilateral Relations Benazir Bhutto Visits China Sino-Soviet Summit in Sight • In an exclusive interview on February 11, visiting Bi-Weekly Chronicle Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto told Beijing (Jan.29-Feb. 11) Review that her visit was an elegant expression of the Pak-Chinese friendship and she hoped for more visits in the future. She also expressed her views on Afghanis• INTERNATIONAL tan, Pak-Indian relations and Pakistan's domestic issues Exclusive Interview: Benazir (p. 10). Her three-day visit was covered in a short report Bhutto On Pak-Chinese Ties 10 (p. 6). China's Foreign Policy: A 198Crs Can Inflation Be Curbed? Tune-Up 12 Moscow Takes New Look at UN • The retail price index has risen every year since 1985. In 1988, it stood 18.5 points higher than in 1987. What can be done to curb it? China's anti-inflation strategy involves slowing economic growth, axing capital con• CHINA struction projects, and restricting the money supply in a 'Tibetan Independence'—Fact or bid to reduce demand. Already price rises have started Fiction? 21 to fall, but fully controlling inflation is a long-term project (p. 4). Unions of Management and Workforce 27 Expanding Role for China's Unions For Your Reference: China's Trade Unions 28 • As China's reform programme penetrates ever deeper, the country's trade unions have played an ever-greater A Journey Through Henan 32 role in improving enterprise management, defusing po• tential conflicts, safeguarding women's rights and prom• BUSINESS/TRADE 39-41 oting the development of foreign-funded enterprises. Beijing Review talked to several trade union leaders to FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 42-43 find out how their organizations operate (p. 27). BOOKS 44-45 Strong Growth for Pharmaceuticals TOURISM 46-47 • With its foreign trade volume expanding by an annual CULTURE/SCIENCE 48-50 average of 50 percent during the last few years, China's pharmaceutical industry has become one of the most COVER: On the fivst day of Tibetan vibrant sectors of the economy. Last year, exports earned New Year, a woman prays for a China US$1.2 billion, while just US$50 million was bumper harvest. Dai Jiming spent on imports (p. 39).

Unless written by Beijing Review staff, the opinions expressed in signed articles do not necessarily reflect the view of the Beijing Review editorial board. Director/Editor-in-Chief; Wang Youfen Published every lyionday by Subscription rates (1 year): Tel: 893363 BEIJING REVIEW Australia JV.$29.00 TLX; 222374 FLPDACN 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037 New Zealand NZ.$39.00 The People's Republic of China • FAX:8314318 UK 14.50 Distributed by China International Book e General Editorial Office Tel: 8314318 USA US$29.00 Trading Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN) English Dept Tel: 8315599 Ext. 546 P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China Canada Can.$25.00 Can Inflation Be Curbed? by Dai Yannian

hina's retail price index Initially it was held that halted or postponed, cutting has risen annually since China's inflation was caused 33.4 billion yuan's worth of in• C 1985, culminating in by shortages of pork and veget• vestment. The work still con• 1988 with a figure 18.5 percent ables. Indeed, this has been tinues, and another 50 billion higher than in 1987. This has a factor contributing to price yuan is expected to be axed sparked severe public anxiety. rises. But it only affects a lim• this year. Fixed assets invest• To check inflation and solve ited number of commodities. ment this year is expected to other problems, China has set Furthermore, as prices of pork be cut by 20 percent compared forth on a policy of improving and vegetables have gone up, with that of last year. the economic environment, their quantities have increased Social consumption, an im• rectifying the economic order until their prices stabilized portant part of the excessive and comprehensively deepen• and even started to fall. There• j demand, will also be kept un• ing its reforms. The first target fore, this factor can only cause der strict control. Stiff mea• is ensuring price rises this year short-term and partial price sures will be adopted to reduce are lower than last year's. Na• rises; China's present price group purchasing which has turally, it has universal popu• hikes have gone far beyond expanded enormously over the lar support, but can it be real• this. past few years. All funds that ized? China has witnessed contin• can fuel consumption, other Curtailing inflation involves ued price rises across the than for wages and normal a series of complex and related board: in agricultural and in• bonuses, will also be severely problems. First, it has to dustrial products, consumer curbed. be understood why inflation goods and daily necessities. Since 1979, China's money needs controlling. Then its According to the State Statist• supply has grown at an average causes must be analysed, and ical Bureau, 60 percent of the annual rate of more than 20 finally effective measures tak• 1,500 commodities comprising percent, while the gross na• en to check it. the retail price index rose in tional product (GNP) has been Previously, some people cost during 1987, and 90 per• climbing at an average of just argued that a low inflation cent increase last year. The 9.4 percent. rate could stimulate and bene• main reasons for this were the Because of this, China's cen• fit economic growth. overheated economy, demand tral government is now pur• Some Western countries outpacing supply and the ex• suing an austerity policy. The have adopted such a policy cessive amount of money is• money issued this year will be and achieved successful re• sued. tangibly less than in 1988. sults in the short-term. Howev• Most prominent has been At the same time, greater at- er, they did so under con• the expansion in investment in : tention will be paid to absorb- ditions of over-production fixed assests. At present, for ing funds lying idle in socie- to stimulate demand. In example, state-owned units ' ty. At present, Chinese citi• China, the situation is rev• have committed themselves to zens have nearly 380 billion ersed: production is inade• investing 1,000 billion yuan in yuan deposited in bank sav• quate, and social demand outs• fixed assets—far beyond the ings' accounts, but they still trips supply. A slight inflation state's financial capacity. j hold 170 billion yuan in cash policy could only further sti• As a result, China is drast• I in their hands. To attract this mulate demand, aggravate ically pruning construction I money and offset the devalua- shortages and fuel inflation. projects, checking all of them I tion caused by inflation, banks Now, many Chinese people already underway, particular• i have gradually raised interest have realized the damage done ly auditoriums, hotels, guest rates. This measure will simul• by inflation, and the Party and houses and other large build• taneously increase their own government have taken a clear ings. By the end of last Nov• i resources and cut the amount and determined stand to ember, 10,220 projects across [ of money in circulation, so re• curb it. the country had been either ducing pressures on the mar-

BL.1J1NC, REVIEW, I EBKLARV I'JSV ket. The state is also preparing reforms to channel surplus so• cial funds into property by commercializing housing and Bainqen Lama's Last Days selling off some small state- owned enterprises. Reducing the inordinate so• ainqen Erdini Qoigyi the Chinese Communist Par• cial demand is indeed a dras• Gyaincain (the tenth ty's policies on nationalities tic measure to curb inflation B Panchen Lama) died of a and religion, and a symbol of —like removing the firewood sudden heart attack in Xigaze, the unity of the Tibetan and from beneath a cauldron. But Tibet, on January 28, leaving Han people. "It also symboliz• it will be simultaneously com• behind a legacy for which he es the patriotism of religious bined with steps to increase worked very arduously during circles and the people at large production of farm and side• his final days. in Tibet," he said. line products, such as grain, Bainqen, vice-chairman of Bainqen pointed out in his cotton, edible oil, meat, poul• the Standing Committee of the speech that all former Bainqen try and eggs, as well as indus• National People's Congress Lamas loved their motherland trial goods, energy, and raw and honorary chairman of the and had made outstanding and semi-finished materials in Chinese Buddhists Associa• contributions to maintaining short supply. tion, left Beijing by a special the unity of the motherland In order to restrict prices, plane for Xigaze on January and the nationalities, as well market control is being tigh• 9 to preside over the opening as the internal unity among tened. Apart from state priced ceremony of the newly built the Tibetan people. commodities, the government Great Stupa,.which houses the He also spoke out on the will set ceilings for goods with remains of the fifth to the "cultural revolution," during floating prices. For key decon• ninth Bainqen Lamas. which time the remains of the trolled commodities, a price On the way, Bainqen went former Bainqen Lamas were reporting system will be in• to pay worship at the Johkang desecrated, and stupas and la• troduced. Price differentials Temple, the shrine of Tibe• maseries were ruined or des• between regions, and differ• tan Buddhism, in the centre troyed. "The 'cultural revolu• ences between purchasing and of Lhasa City on January 10. tion' was a disaster not only selling prices and between When he arrived in Xigaze on for Tibetans but also for the wholesale and retail prices will January 14, he was welcomed entire country's 56 nationali• also be set by the state. Ac• by a long queue, extending for ties," he said. That disaster cording to local conditions, re• was neither directed against gulations will be passed for• several kilometres, of religious the Tibetans or Tibet alone, bidding price rises for daily and non-religious residents necessities, which will be made there. Numerous white hada, a nor was it a campaign known to the public so as to silk scarf used as a token of launched by the Hans against strengthen supervision. respect, were presented to Tibetan culture. him. Repeatedly, he waved his He said a few people har• On the whole, China's pre• greetings to the people. sent policy to curb inflation bored ulterior motives when appears to be sound. Indeed, On January 17, Bainqen they exploited the damage the measures are proving ef• presided over the opening cer• done by the 'cultural revolu• fective: already price rises emony of the newly-rebuilt tion' to whip up national re• have visibly slowed. great Stupa and made the fin• sentment and sow discord Although this trend is ex• al formal public speech in his among China's nationalities. pected to continue, much re• life. "The purpose of of re• On the afternoon of January mains to be done to ensure all building the Stupa is to carry 18, while being interviewed by the government's measures are forward the spirit of former journalists in his new resid• fully implemented. In particu• Bainqen Lamas to enlarge ence, Bainqen said that it was lar, there remain some people Buddhist doctrine religiously his idea to rebuild the Great who still need convincing of and endorse patriotism politi• Stupa to house the remains of the importance and urgency cally," he said. the five previous Bainqen La• of controlling inflation. Even Bainqen Lama called the mas. As a natural successor to then, completely curbing it new stupa a symbol of the cor• the Bainqen Lama, and a firm may take a fairly long time. • rectness and truthfulness of patriot, he said that he fell

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 5 Benazir Bhutto Visits China

t is a strong proof of the at a banquet to honour Bhutto deterioration of this situa• I high regard of the Pakis• who arrived in Beijing on Fe• tion," he said. He added that tani Prime Minister, gov• bruary 11 for a three-day offi• China hopes to see the esta• ernment and people for the cial visit to China. blishment of a broadly based relations between the two Li and Bhutto exchanged coalition government accept• countries and their deep af• views on a wide range of inter• able to all and ensuring peace fection for the Chinese people national and bilateral issues in the country. that Benazir Bhutto has cho• during their talks on February | Talking about Sino-Soviet sen China as the first country 12. Li expressed China's con- j relations, Li said that the nor• to visit soon after she assumed cern over the prospects of a malization of the relations is the office of prime minister, worsening civil war in Afghan• not directed against any third Chinese Premier Li Peng said istan. "We do not want to see a country. He stressed that duty-bound to shoulder the in• economic development and re• men at the opening ceremony. itiative for this great under• ligion, and gave a speech last• After the banquet, he held an taking. He also thanked the ing nearly 40 minutes. evening party around an open central government for allo• Two days later, thousands of campfire where both Tibetan cating 6.7 million yuan to the guests invited to the ceremony and Han people sang and construction. left Xigaze. But, unfortunate• danced. The Bainqen Lama had been ly, due to poor road condi• At 10:00 pm, Bainqen re• working very hard since he tions, there were several ac• turned to his residence and arrived in Tibet. He touched cidents. The news undoubtly made plans for the next day thousands of religious believ• added worries to the extremely I when he was scheduled to sal- ers' heads and gave them bless• tired Bainqen Lama. On Janu• i ute the army men of the Xig• ings to satisfy their wishes. He ary 26, he again extended per• aze military subarea. At 10:30 concerned himself with Tibet's sonal blessings to about 20,000 pm, he sat down to read news• economic development, draw• religious believers. papers and listened to the ra• ing up plans for projects that At 12 am, January 27, dio for a while. Finally, as he include the building of a hy- Bainqen convened leaders of did not feel well, he took some dropower station. He also the Tibetan Autonomous Re• medicine and went to bed at called for greater economic in• gion, and people concerned of I 12:30 am. It was his earliest dependence within the lamas• Zhaixi Lhunbo Lamasery and bedtime retirement since he ery itself, away from such a its Gangjian Company to a came to Tibet. heavy reliance on the masses' meeting. He listened to the In the morning, Bainqen donations. As an example, he summery report on the com• felt a little bit better after rest. cited the Zhaixi Lhunbo La• pletion of the Great Stupa. However, after being given an masery's successful establish• An hour later, after a hur• electrocardiogram by a doctor, ment of the Gangjian Com• ried meal, he continued to he experienced a sudden, mas• pany (a trade company). heed the report, and then give sive heart attack. Although On January 23, although he his talk. He said that he would medical experts from Xigaze, had not fully recovered from cite those who had contributed Lhasa and Beijing were sum• his fatigue, he called a forum to the stupa for their merito• moned immediately, all rescue of more than 200 participants, rious service on January 30. attempts proved ineffectual. including religious figures and The meeting did not close un• The tenth Bainqen Lama, age senior cadres of .the Party, gov• til 4:20 pm. 51, died at 8:16 pm but will ernment and army in the Tibet At 6:30 pm, Bainqen gave a live on in his works and the Autonomous Region. At the banquet for the Party, govern• people's memory. meeting, he carefully took ment and military leaders in note of various opinions about Xigaze region and the service• by Yang Xiaobin & Zhang Wei

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 EVENTS/TRENDS

China will not resume an alli• develop their exchange and co• Ziyang and Yang Shangkun ance with the Soviet Union as operation in education, tour• held meetings with Bhutto, it did in the 1950s, nor will it ism and commerce. too. Generally Secretary Zhao form any kind of military alli• Chinese leader Deng Xiaop• Ziyang said that Chinese Com• ance with the Soviet Union. ing met Bhutto on February munist Party is willing, to de• He said the domestic and in• 13. He praised Bhutto for her velop relations with the Pak• ternational aspects of the saying she would give con• istan People's Party. "The re• lationship will contribute to Kampuchean issue are inse• sideration to various parties promoting the friendship be• parable and that China's re• when handling state affairs. tween peoples of the two coun• lations with Viet Nam cannot "Various political parties in tries," Zhao said. improve until the question is Pakistan and the Pakistan peo• During Bhutto's visit, two fairly and reasonably settled. ple are all our friends. I hope agreements were signed: one Bhutto told her Chinese they get united to develop Pak• on the reciprocal encourage• counterpart that Pakistan istan instead of haggling over ment and protection of invest• viewed its relations with China past resentment. This is the ments, and the other on the as the cornerstone in its for• hope or a suggestion from a extension of a trade protocol eign relations. She hoped that friend of Pakistan," he said. to 1990 through a memoran• the two countries will further Other Chinese leaders Zhao dum of understanding. •

On February 3, Premier Li Peng meets with Soviet Foreign IMinister Shevardnadze. Sino-Soviet UU SHAOSHAN Summit in Sight

ollowing Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen's visit to Moscow last De• Fcember, Soviet Foreign Minis• ter Eduard Shevardnadze paid a return visit to China early this month. During his stay in China, Chinese senior leader Deng Xiaoping and Premier Li Peng met with him and his en• tourage, and Foreign Minister Qian Qichen held two rounds of talks with him. All these meetings and talks were main• ly on the Kampuchean issue, bilateral relationship and oth• er issues of common concern. Shevardnadze's visit to China has achieved results and is a preparatory step for the Sino- Soviet summit. During his meeting with Shevardnadze in Shanghai, Deng Xiaoping stressed that it is imperative to remove the

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 7 three obstacles to the normali• After the complete withdra- I on the armed forces to be fol• zation of Sino-Soviet relations. wal of Vietnamese troops from i lowed by their possible reduc• "Three years ago I said the Kampuchea, all countries con- | tion. Kampuchean issue should be cerned should gradually re• The two sides stand for a solved first of all, and Viet duce and eventually totally non-return to the policies and Nam must genuinely pull out stop their military aid to any practices of the recent past in all its troops from Kampu• of the parties in Kampuchea. Kampuchea. chea. The Soviet Union can 4. China and the Soviet The Chinese and Soviet sides contribute much in this re• Union take the view that the consider it necessary and im• gard,"he added. internal problems of Kampu- j portant for an effective inter• The Sino-Soviet normaliza• chea should be settled through national control mechanism to tion has become a hot theme negotiations by the parties in be established and exercise of discussion in internation• Kampuchea on the basis of na• strict international supervison al politics. Naturally, inter• tional reconciliation and free over Vietnamese troop with• national attention was paid to from any outside interference. I drawal, cessation of foreign Shevardnadze's visit to China. The two sides welcome the dia• military aid, maintenance of When Premier Li Peng met logue among the four parties peace in Kampuchea and con• with the Soviet foreign minis• in Kampuchea and hope that duct of free elections. ter, he said that the coming this dialogue will develop in a 6. The two sides are of the Sino-Soviet summit will be an fruitful way. view that the United Nations mechanism may play its ap• event of great significance and The Chinese side stands for propriate role in the process the normalization of bilater• the establishment of a provi• of a political settlement of the al relations will help prom• sional coalition government in \ Kampuchean question as con• ote world peace and stability. Kampuchea headed by Prince ditions gradually present During Shevardnadze's visit Sihanouk and with quadripar• themselves. The two sides are to China, Chinese President tite representation. in favour of convening an in• Yang Shangkun invited Soviet The Soviet side will support ternational conference on the leader Mikhail Gorbachev to an agreement among the four Kampuchean question when visit China. Gorbachev's visit parties in Kampuchea on the \ conditions are ripe. to China will take place May establishment of a provisional | 7. The two sides hold that 15-18. organ under the charge of Si• following the withdrawal of As for the Kampuchean is• hanouk and with quadripar- | foreign troops from Kampu• sue, the two sides issued a joint tite representation. This organ chea, an international guaran• statement; should not be subordinate to tee should be instituted for the 1. The two sides stand for a any party in Kampuchea, and status of Kampuchea as an in• fair and reasonable political its task is to implement agree• dependent, peaceful, neutral settlement of the Kampuchean ments reached by the parties and non-aligned state. China question at the earliest pos• in Kampuchea and to conduct and the Soviet Union express sible date and express their free elections. their willingness to join in this readiness to make efforts to China and the Soviet Union i international guarantee. help attain this objective. will respect the results of fu• 8. The two sides agree to 2. The two sides hold the ture free elections in Kampu• continue to discuss their re• view that Vietnamese troop chea. maining difference of views on withdrawal from Kampuchea 5. It is the view and con• settling certain aspects of the is an important component of cern of both sides that after Kampuchean question. a political settlement of the the withdrawal of foreign 9. The Chinese and Soviet Kampuchean question. They troops from Kampuchea, no | sides hold that the settlement take note of the decision an• dangerous situation should \ of the Kampuchean question nounced by Viet Nam to with• emerge and no civil war should \ will contribute to the remo• draw all its troops from Kam• break out in the country. The i val of the source of tension puchea by the end of Septem• two sides will welcome an t in Southeast Asia, to a heal• ber 1989 at the latest, and hope agreement among the four par• thy development of the politi• that the implementation of the ties in Kampuchea on effective cal situation and also to the decision will facilitate the pro- measures to prevent such de• promotion of peace and stabil• cesss of negotiations on set• velopments, including mea• ity in the region. tling other aspects of the Kam• sures on cessation of all hostile puchean question. i military actions and a freeze by Zhou Qingchang

8 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 EVENTS/TRENDS

Bi-weekly Chronicle I February 6 Among the donations were (Jan.29—Feb. 11) I • China should strive this year calligraphy by Aisin Giorro I to make "substantial progres.s" Pu Jie, younger brother of POLITICAL I in curbing price rises, in eas- China's last emperor Aisin 1 ing tensions arising from un• Giorro Pu Yi, and works of February 3 justified disparity in wealth traditional Chinese paintings • A senior Chinese Commun• and in combating corruption, by other family members. ist Party (CPC) leader, Qiao Chinese Premier Li Peng • The Second China Art Festi• Shi, says at the closing cere• states in Beijing. He says that val, scheduled for September mony of a research seminar on priority in work this year 15 through October 5 this Party- building that the CPC is should be to balance polit• year, will mark the 40th anniv• now confronting another his• ical and economic stabliza- ersary of the founding of the torical turning point. He tion with reforms and devel• People's Republic of China, stresses that in this time of opment—that is, to deepen Vice-Minister Ying Ruocheng change, renewed and vigorous economic reforms and push of the Chinese Ministry of efforts must be made to en• economic development on the Culture announced. He says sure the ongoing development basis of political and economic China aims to build the°Yesti- of the Party so that it will con• stability. val into one of the world's ma• tinue its historic role of leader• jor cultural and artistic events. ship in China's socialist pro• February 9 gress. • China's rural reform has en• February 9 tered another critical period in • China Daily reports that ar• February 5 spite of achievements made in chaeologists in Liaoning Prov• • At the invitation of Presi• the past ten years, the latest ince in Northeast China have dent Yang Shangkun of China, issue of China Quarterly re• discovered the ruins of a cave ports. It says the new problems Mikhail Gorbachev, president inhabited some 5,000 years that have cropped up in the of the Presidium of the Su• ago. countryside include a four- preme Soviet of the Union of The discovery in Benxi year stagnation of grain out• Soviet Socialist Republics and County indicates that people put and fluctuation of produc• general secretary of the Cen• in the New Stone Age began to tion of cotton and some other tral Committee of the Com• build rooms in caves, archaeol• farm products. munist Party of the Soviet ogists said. Union, will pay an official vis• At present, an agricultural it to China from May 15 to 18, system suited to the market according to the Ministry of economy has been instituted, SOCIAL but is far from perfect, the Foreign Affairs. January 30 quarterly explains. It calls on • One of Beijing's most cher• the state to increase invest• ished Spring Festival festiv• ECONOMIC ment in agriculture and en• ities—the traditional temple courage more grain produc• January 30 fair in Ditan Park—opens. tion. • Some 14.51 percent of com• More than 200 activities, such modities China imported from as Chinese operas, magic per• the United States, Japan, Sin• CULTURE formances and Qigong, are of• gapore, Italy, Canada, Argen• January 30 fered to cater to visitors of all tina, Malaysia, Thailand and • The Aisin Giorro family, ages. Hong Kong last year were the former royal family of the February 8 found to be sub- standard, Qing Dynasty (1644—1911), • China's population by the Zhu Zhenyuan, director of the donates about 400 previous turn of the century may be 100 State Bureau for Inspection of works of painting and callig• million higher than the cur• Import and Export Commodi• raphy for the renovation of rent official forecast. Many ties, says. ' I a pavillion named Yaoyuetai experts say the population may He says that China's com- \(Invit e the Moon) at the form• top 1.3 billion. They blame the modities inspection depart- \ er residence of Prince Gong of situation on laxity in adminis• ments made claims amounting the Qing Dynasty. The resid• tering the country's birth con• to $US100 million against for• ence has been turned into a trol policy, according to China eign exporters last year. park open to all visitors. Daily. •

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989' 9 EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: Benazir Bhutto On Pak-Chinese Ties

From February 11-13, development? And con• Pakistan's Prime Minis• versely, what help do you ter Benazir Bhutto made think that China needs an official visit to China, from your country the the first country she most? chose to visit since she be• A. The relationship be• came the head of the Pak• tween Pakistan and istani government last China is one of manifold December. On the first dimensions, and there• day during her visit, fore, there is a wide range Bhutto gave an exclusive of issues that we can cov• interview to Beijing Re• er. Whether it is in the view's staff reporter Li ^ fields ot^ agriculture, in- Haibo. Excerpts: \m dustry, basic industriali• zation or in areas where Li: Why did you choose we have co-operated in China as the first country f*^ the past, we can help to visit? each other. So we feel the Bhutto: Very high level strength of China is the visits between the leaders T^-, strength of Pakistan and of Pakistan and China vice versa. We have had have taken place on a re• this special relationship, gular basis, and for us, and I think that in view this was an elegant ex• of this, both Pakistan and pression of the friendship China value each other. and excellent ties that bind the A. This is my second time to Q. What's your priority in two countries together. For the visit China. I hope there will foreign affairs? new government, there is an be more visits to China be• A. The core of our foreign extra sense of pride because it cause this is a short visit. The relations has always been to was the founder of the Pak• reason why it's a short visit maintain the territorial integr• istan People's Party, the late is that we have a new gov• ity and sovereignty of Pakis• Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali ernment, and there are many tan. And we are committed to Bhutto, who laid the founda• problems we have to tackle in doing so. We want to live in tions for Pak-Chinese friend• our country; peace and friendship with our ship. And it is in keeping with The first time I visited neighbours, but we want it on this tradition that we wanted China was 1972. My father an honourable basis. In regard to symbolize our dedication to sent me, my brothers and sister to a foreign policy, I would say further consolidating the rela• here because he felt we had a that we would like to pro• tions between the two coun• lot to learn from China's ex• tect the security, independ• tries. Secondly, I also wanted periences. We were ail study• ence and territorial integrity the opportunity of establish• ing in the West, but he fell of. Pakistan. But we are in• ing a personal contact with the that our education would not terested in other spheres as new leadership in China and of be complete if we didn't have well. We are interested in ex• extending to them the oppor• an understanding of the^ devel• panding our economic and tunity of meeting the new opment of a great neighbour commercial links with differ• leadership in Pakistan. like China. ent countries and internation• Q. How many times have you Q. What do you want China al communities. We feel this visited China? to do the most for Pakistan's best can be done by promoting 10 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 INTERNATIONAL

friendship and peaceful co• el where there is a possibility ger part of the oppressed operation. That's what we are to talk, but we feel it has to be world. trying to do. a mutual approach, and cannot Q. Is it true that Pakistan is Q. What are the obstacles be a unilateral approach. applying for a return to the that Pakistan and India have to Q. Do you believe peace and British Commonwealth of Na• remove before they can become stability will soon return to Af• tions? really good neighbours? ghanistan? A. We left the Common• A. The point is that Pakistan A. It depends very much on wealth to protest its recogni• and India have had a troubled what the Afghan people decide tion of Bangladesh. But since past, which has led to issues to do there. We would like to that time we ourselves have re• that have arisen from time to see the development of peace cognized Bangladesh, so why time, Kashmir being the most and stability in Afghanistan as deny our overseas commun• dominant. The end result has soon as possible. This is up to ities living in Commonwealth been the growth of much mis• the Afghan people to deter• nations the facilities that trust and suspicion. But at the mine. They have fought many would be available for them if moment there is trememdous years for their rights, and they Pakistan was a Commonwealth goodwill for peace in the re• cannot be dictated by anybody member? In addition to that, gion, and there is a momentum else. the Commonwealth itself towards it. Prime Minister Ra• Q. Do you see any possible provides us an international jiv Gandhi and I had a good civil war in that country? podium for exchanging views. meeting at SAARC. We feel A. The situation is fluid; the That's why we are examining that by signing the three agree• situation is vague. This possi• the question of re-entry. ments between our two coun• bility cannot be ruled out. But Q. How do you feel after two tries, we also made a signi• at the same time it seems that months as Prime Minister? ficant start in attempting to slowly but surely the Afghan A. That's a very difficult reduce the tension between situation is headed for an in• question. In fact I would say I our countries. We hope greater terim Shura government. really haven't had time lo feel contact and more frequent vis• Q. What kind of role can because I am always on the its may enable us to speed up Pakistan play in Afghanistan move so much. But I feel that the reduction of tension. after Soviet troops pull out? many challenges lie ahead for Q. You once said that both A. The only role Pakistan us. Our problem is particular• Pakistan and India were pre• can play is a role of encour• ly of an economic nature. Our paring to explore the possibil• aging, in whatever limited fa• people need jobs, and our ity of a reduction of armed shion it can, the emergence of country needs technology. I forces. Do you see any possible a political settlement to that feel that the People's Party unilateral disarmament on your problem. government must make a de• side? Q. As you know, China and termined effort to build Pak• A. I think no country that Muslim countries have all had a istan into a nation with the has had three conflicts can glorious past. But now we are sanctity of law and rule of the think in terms of unilateral all among the developing coun• Constitution, a place where disarmament. But we are the tries. Do you believe the asser• there is dignity and protection country that believes in peace. tion that the gap between the of every single individual re• We are the country that be• developed and developing coun• gardless of race, sex or creed. lieves that history itself has tries is growing wider and that Q. As you look back at your shown that militarilizati<3n is we may never catch up with the life, who influenced you most? not always a successful instru• industrialized world? A. I would say no doubt that ment for foreign policy. So it's A. It's true that there has my father influenced me the very important for us to focus been a gap between developed most. It was his life, his strug• on foreign policy in the way of and developing countries. It's gle, his vision of a federal, de• political solution. We are also true that the gap has mocratic and egalitarian Pak• very happy to explore various grown. But I think it's impor• istan that stirred millions of means by which to reduce ten• tant for the developing coun• Pakistanis. As much as I sion in our region. We are pre• tries to recognize the difficul• would like to point out many pared to examine the possibili• ties and try to evolve a strate• historical figures that existed, ty of a zone free of nuclear gy by which they can improve if I am truthful I must say that weapons for our region. We the quality of life for their ci• I am what I am today due to are prepared to talk at any lev• tizens and, indeed, for the lar• his .influence on me. •

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 11 China's Foreign Policy: A 1980s Tune-Up by Xie Yixian

hina's foreign policy has titude towards the two super• European countries, Japan gone through a series of powers, specifically whether and China jointly fought adjustments since the there is a need for China to against the hegemonism of the wofld entered into the 1980s. unite with one side against the Soviet Union. This fundamen• These adjustments are mainly other. tal policy of China took root in reflected in the following as• In the 1970s, China's foreign its estimation of the interna• pects : policy was mainly focused on tional situations then and its opposing the two superpowers, theory of the "three worlds." especially the Soviet hegemon- It maintained that the Soviet Nonalignment ism. At the end of the 1970s, Union was the main threat to One of the main alterations China even publicly advocated world peace and China's secur• is in regard to the Chinese at• that the United States, West ity because in the world stra-

Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping chats with US President Ronald Reagan and his wife, Nancy, on April 28, 1984. XINHUA

12 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 INTERNATIONAL tegic pattern, the Soviet Union was on the offensive while the United States was playing defence. This attitude, which had affected other aspects of China's foreign policy, has changed now. In the 1980s, China de• clared that it would never attach itself to either of the super• powers or establish an alliance or stra• tegic relations with either of them. China's foreign policy was trans• formed by objective changes in interna• tional situations and interpretations re• Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Zhao Ziyang greets special envoy of Saudi Arabia garding them. Some Crown Prince Fahd on October 13, 1988. GUOZHANYING significant changes in world situations during the 1980s absorbed the could not achieve the results it cept all the bitter results. attention of the Chinese peo• had predicted to gain with its Third, in the 1970s, China ple. military interference. So in thought that capitalism had First, after Ronald Reagan fact, the strategic situations been restored in the Soviet took office in 1981, the United were transformed from Soviet Union and that, as a budding States began expanding its ar• offensives into bilateral con• imperalist country, the Soviet maments and seeking military frontations. Union was more likely to risk superiority over the Soviet Second, Reagan and his launching a war to expand its Union. In order to roll back brain trust are celebrated for influence. But since then, as the Soviet influence, it spared sympathizing with the Tai• more Chinese delegations vis• no efforts to create low- wan regime. Reagan had once ited the Soviet Union and in• intensity wars at some "hot threaten, before he took off• vestigated into the Soviet so• spots." In its rivalry over the ice, to restore official relations ciety, the conclusion about the Middle East with the Soviet with Taiwan. He also insisted social character of the Soviet Union, it sent troops directly on selling a huge amount of Union has been dispelled. to Lebanon in May 1983. In advanced weapons to the is• Generally speaking, the in• October the same year, it again land. In early 1981, the US ternational situation in the dispatched troops, this time government acted more will• 1980s demonstrates that the to Grenada and overthrew the fully, disregarding the views United States and the Soviet government there, which it re• of the Chinese people. From Union are still superpowers garded as a left-wing puppet of signals of the US government, and both are seeking hegemon- the Soviet Union and Cuba. the Chinese people sensed ism. But they are now on an The Soviet Union found it• that Washington did not treat equal footing powerwise and self in a passive position facing China as an equal. The US at a strategic stalemate. So, at the onslaught of US offensives government thought that as such a time, China lacks objec• and lost scores to the United China had to look to it for tive grounds on which to unite States repeatedly. In addition, help, it could act as it pleased with one against the other, al• the Soviet Union was caught in on the Taiwan issue while though trying to maintain a the mire of Afghanistan and China had no option but to ac• complete balance in state rela-

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1.3-26, 1989 13 tions with the two would be the conference on European compromises nondetrimental difficult. security and co-operation. It to any third country. China's policy of nonalign- refused to participate in var• In recent years, China has ment with either of the two ious peace movements because reduced troops by 1 million superpowers means that China it thought they would have lit• and taken the initiative in will not do anything to break tle effect on both the United ceasing atmospheric nuclear the basic equilibrium of States and the Soviet Union. tests. It also solved peacefully strength between them. By This attitude may have given issues concerning Hong Kong keeping its thumb people the false impression and Macao, remnants of his- off the scale, China aims to reduce the danger of war which might arise from a bijeak of such an equilibrium. This nonalign- ment policy will help China to strengthen its inde• pendent, self-reliant stance in the world under current situa• tions. China has realized that its strength cannot compare with that of the two super• powers, but it has a position of great im• portance in the world and can play a significant role in international af• fairs. So it should President Yang Shangkun and a bouquet of flowers welcome the president of the Republic of not depend on either the Comoros in Beijing on November 14, 1988. • TANG MENGZHONG of the superpowers. On the contrary, it should that China did not assent to torical Sino-British and Sino- maintain its independence and the disarmament and banning Portuguese relations, by keep the initiative in its own of nuclear weapons. means of a "one country, two hands at all tiifies, dealing Through adjustments, China systems" policy. All these have with all international affairs has turned to approve of and demonstrated that China has according to their own relative ready to participate in all made practical efforts in conditions. kinds of disarmament talks promoting world peace. and talks on banning weapons This adjustment is based on Disarmament with massive killing abilities. the following factors: Another adjustment in Chi• In all these activities, China 1. The danger of a world war na's foreign policy is shown by stresses that the two superpow• has reduced. Now only the Un• its attitude towards the disar• ers should take a lead in reduc• ited States and the Soviet mament talks and peace move• ing armaments and in banning Union have the qualifications ments, such as the demand for and destroying all nuclear .to launch a world war. The a ban on nuclear weapons. weapons. As to pertinent talks United States is still a domi• In the 1970s, China cri• between the two superpowers, nating force in the world al• ticized all the disarmament China holds that dialogues are though its strength is weaker talks between the two .super• better than confrontations. than before. But it is hard powers and other talks such as And it hopes to see them reach to say that it would want to 14 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 INTERNATIONAL launch a war that would prob• owners dare not use them. won more and more support ably sabotage its vested in• 4. The law of uneven devel• from the people of the world. terests in the world. As for the opment in regard to Western Soviet Union, since it is no countries' politics and econ• longer seen as a younger im- omies has played a clear role Co-existence peralist country, there is no in world politics. Japan's econ• ground for believing that it omy has developed more rap• The third important adjust• will launch a world war. idly than that of the United ment of China's foreign policy 2. While the danger of a war States. The former's per capita is that China has emphasized even more the univ• ersal application of the Five Principles of Peaceful Co• existence. It has been applying these principles to as wide a sphere as possible and judging to set distant or close rela• tions with a coun• try on the grounds of whether it carries them out. Early in 1954, China, together with India and Burma, urged that the Five Principles of Peace• ful Co-existence be regarded as a univ• ersal norm in inter• national relations. P. Now China still em• phasizes these prin• Premier Li Peng and Indian Premier Rajiv Gandhi toast the signing of Sino-lndian co-operative ciples and is ready agreements on December 22, 1988. to establish and res• U ZHIYUAN tore relations with Still exists, there is a healthy gross national product, finan• all countries in the world on and strong-opposition as well. cial strength and the situations this basis. As to the United The rapidly developing peace- involving balance of interna• States and the Soviet Union, loving forces include not only tional payments are all higher China has drawn them into the the people of the United States and better than those of. the sphere of "all countries in the and the Soviet Union but those latter. Japan's economic su• world." That means China will of West and East European periority is now being trans• improve relations with the two countries, too. Although Euro• formed into a political high powers on the basis of these pean countries are allied res• card. In view of the develop• principles. This has been re• pectively with the United ment of nuclear weapons and garded as the main adjustment States and the Soviet Union, the current distribution of the in China's foreign policy dur• they certainly have no desire nuclear strength, it is unlikely ing the 1980s. to bind themselves to the su• that such economic clout can Today, China still opposes perpowers' war chariots. be permitted to change into all kinds of hegemony, no mat• 3. The stronger the destruc• military superiority. ter when and where it takes tive power of the nuclear wea• So, since China put forth place or who does it. But China pons is, especially when they the view that the world can is neither an anti-US country are capable of destroying the be kept in a peaceful environ• nor an anti-Soviet country. On whole world, the more the ment for a long time, it has the coritrary, it hopes to devel- BEHING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 15 INTERNATIONAL

Economic Ties

Promoting common econo• mic prosperity as one of the basic targets of China's foreign policy is another new adjust• ment. After the Soviet October Re• volution, two social systems, socialism and capitalism, ex• isted in the world. In the past, foreign policies of socialist states never embraced a con• cept of "joint economic pros• perity" among countries with different social systems. Top party leader Zhao Ziyang, in his explanation of the "ten as- pects"of China's foreign poli• cy, said that "opposing hege- monism, maintaining world peace, developing friendly co• operation among countries and promoting joint economic prosperity" are fundamental goals for China. Among them, "promoting joint economic prosperity" is a new addition. In the 1980s, China's for• eign economic relations have included making use of for• eign capital, importing tech• nology, providing assistance to other countries, signing labour service contracts with foreign countries and developing mul• tilateral co-operation. China has joined, one after another, major global and regional or• Former Chinese President Li Xiannian shelves the hand of Romanian leader ganizations and conferences Nicolae Ceausescu in Beijing on October 17, 1988. CUIBAOLIN for financial regulation and economic co-ordination in the op and improve relations with Union will handle the rela• capitalist world. China is also them on the basis of the Five tions between them and their warming up to the common de• Principles. China seeks the relations with other countries corum of global economic ac• stable development of Sino- according to the Five Princi• tivities. China has competi• American relations in line ples. tively entered the internation• with those principles reached This adjustment may help al market, agreeing to free in• by both sides in all previous China greatly improve its rela• ternational trade and oppos• communiques. It also looks to tions with the countries that ing protectionism. China's be• the real improvement of its re• are deeply influenced by the drock strategy of economic de• lations with the Soviet Union United States or the Soviet velopment in the coastal areas in the course of dispelling the Union. It may also enrich the was also made in view of op• three major obstacles imped• contents of China's policy to- portunities afforded by inter• ing the development of such "wards developing relations national economies. In gener• ties. China also hopes the Un• with all countries on the basis al, China has its eyes on how to ited States and the Soviet of the Five Principles. combine its economic strategy

16 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 INTERNATIONAL and foreign econo• mic activities with international econ• omies. It needs to be pointed out that, for socialist countries, "promoting joint economic prosperi• ty" is a pursuit in line with the peace• ful co-existence pol• icy. It substantiates the contents of the latter with economic development and prosperity. Mean• while, it is also the fruit of a proper un• derstanding of the world revolution and human progress issue. Now China maintains that revo• lution is not export• Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev meets with Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen in Moscow able and that there last December. NOVESTI is no such thing as world revolution in state relations, which should carry out their four moderni• mic refations, co-existing with be guided only by the Five zation programme by closing countries under different sys• Principles of Peaceful Co• their country to international tems and at varous levels of existence. intercourse. China must con• economic development, so as Zhao pointed out in 1985 duct reform, open its door and to seek better measures for that, to China, striving for invigorate the economy. It their economies. lasting peace, developing in• needs to develop friendly co• China belongs to the third ternational eo-operation and operation with many countries world and its historical exper• promoting joint prosperity are and encourage relations un• iences and today's task deter• mine that China is rightful• the sole reasonable choices in der the prerequisite of jointly ly aligned with the developing our age. Since the 1970s, the promoting economic prosperi• countries in regard to interna• colonialist system has tho• ty according to the principle of tional political and economic roughly collapsed and Western equality and mutual benefit. relations. The third world, po• countries, from the initiative Second, it has been proved in pulated by three-fourths of the of Nixon doctrine to the con• history that foreign actions globe's inhabitants, is a major vening of the Eruopean secur• that run counter to the peace• force to oppose hegemonism ity conference, have accepted ful co-existence ideas will get and maintain world peace. All ideas of peaceful co-existence absolutely nowhere. Third, so• these determine that China among countries with differ• cial productive forces in so• must take strengthening soli• ent systems. For this reason, cialist countries have not sur• darity and co-operation with in the 1980s Chinese leaders passed those in capitalist coun• the third world as its basic clearly stated that peace and tries. Most efforts of develop• standpoint. Various adjust• development are the two ing countries to seek the way ments of China's foreign poli• themes of current times. out through collective econo• cies will surely not change that Of course, advancing such mic model were not successful. stance, and China also will not ideas has its prerequisites: This has forced them to con• forget the position of the third First, the Chinese people have sider and accept the develop• world in "promoting joint eco• realized that they can never ment of interdependent econo- nomic prosperity." •

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 17 Moscow Takes New Look at UN

Under Mikhail Gorbachev's "new thinking," Moscow's cold- shoulder attitude towards the United Nations and confrontation with the United States at the United Nations have changed to an embrace of the world body and co-operation with its member states. by Wang Binxiao

n December 7, a benign, between Moscow's past and shed its old image and promote confident and resolute present attitude towards the the United Nations as a forum O Mikhail Gorbachev United Nations, of which the for dialogue and negotiations stood in front of UN delegates Soviet Union is one of the among nations. Essential pro• from all over the world and founders. gress achieved from such a declared that his country will In 1968, former Soviet chief multifaceted angle would like• unilaterally cut its troops by Krushchev pounded his shoe wise serve Soviet foreign poli• 500,000 at home and 50,000 in on the podium at the United cy interests. Eastern Europe. Nations in order to get his The Soviet leader, who be• point across to the United Peace-Keeping came general secretary of the States and other UN delegates. Soviet Communist Party in In his eyes, this international As is well known, at the end 1985 and chairman of the Su• arena was nothing but a plat• of World War II, US preme Soviet in 1988, also as• form for him to tell the world President Franklin Roosvelt, serted Moscow's belief that the how powerful his country was. Soviet leader Josef Stalin and United Nations should be a For years, the Soviets' poli• British Prime Minister Win• front-line force in regard to re• cy towards the United Nations ston Churchill placed their solving the world's problems. was as predictable as clock• hope of maintaining post-war For example, he suggested, the work: Every autumn a Soviet peace on the United Nations United Nations could sponsor delegation showed up at the and the inter-power co• an international conference to organization with a general operation within the world or• clear up the question of how call for disarmament or a ganization. Afghanistan's future govern• seemingly impassioned con• Their hopes, however, were ment should be structured and demnation of the use of force soon dashed. For a long period send peace-keeping forces to in international relations. On after the war, the United Na• the war-torn Muslim country. issues of the Middle East tions became a battleground and Southern Africa, Mos• for the United States and the cow would side with the third Soviet Union. Consequently, Stage-setting world to freeze out Israel and as the past few decades have The UN scene, in itself, South Africa. Thus they be• seen crises and regional con• looked like just another daz• came one up on the West, the flicts racking the world, the zling overture taken by the United States in particular. United Nations has failed to 58-year-old Kremlin chief to Finally, the delegates returned function as envisioned. The improve his country's image triumphantly, announcing Soviet Union, as well as the and embarrass the United that Moscow's Leninist diplo• United States, should be held States. But the fact that this macy had scored a huge suc• to account for this. was the first visit and speech cess. Since Gorbachev moved into to the United Nations given With its recent adjustments the Kremlin, Moscow began to by a Soviet leader since Niki- in foreign policy, however, think that in order to drive ta Krushchev's notorious per• Moscow has also changed its home domestic reform and in• formance in 1960 reminds the attitude towards the United vigorate its national strength, world of the sharp difference Nations. It is now trying to it needed to keep the interna• ls BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 INTERNATIONAL tional situation in balance. To that the United Nations with the West, led by the Un• this end, foreign policy, in• should greatly strengthen its ited States. The Soviet Union cluding that towards the Unit• supervisory function. Specifi• was both a political and econo• ed Nations, must be readjust• cally, it should dispatch more mic antagonist. It refused to ed. The United Nations, the UN military observers and join the International Mone• largest and the most presti• UN Security Council envoys tary Fund and General Agree• gious international organiza• to areas where conflicts ar• ment on Tariffs and Trade, tion in the world, must be used ise. Also, the Security Council condemning the Western de• in order for Moscow's strategy meeting can be held not only veloped countries and taking to be served. Therefore, the in the UN headquarters but advantage of the South-North Soviet Union sought to revive also in those areas where fric• conflict. These moves, to some the United Nations original tions are burning or rotated extent, did undermine the role—to set up an effective in• among the capitals of per• West, but did not benefit Mos• ternational security system. . manent Council members. cow much. On the contrary, In September 1987, on the Finally, a "hot line" should be they helped hawkish factions occasion of the opening of the installed between the United within the United States press 42nd United Nations Gener• Nations, the capitals of the the Reagan administraton to al Assembly, Gorbachev pub• various permanent Council bypass the United Nations and lished his "The Reality and members and the residence of take actions of its own. For Guarantee of a Secure World" the non-aligned movement's example, the United States in• treatise. In it he proposed that chairman. vaded Grenada, bombed Li• the prestige and role of the The Soviet Union also main• bya, withdrew from the Un• United Nations must be reso• tains that maximum support ited Nations Educational, lutely upheld. Based on the should be given to the UN Scientific and Cultural Organ• Charter of the United Nations secretary-general in his capac• ization and continued to sup• and its existing organizations ity as international referee. port the Nicaraguan contras in and functions, he said, a com• The UN peace-keeping force defiance of a verdict by the prehensive and general inter• should also be strengthened International Court. The So• national security system must and used more widely—a viet Union appeared all too be established to work out a UN naval force, for example, weak to check the United series of major issues. These could be deployed in the States. include disarmament, regional Gulf area—to do some "seat- On the other hand, complete conflict, world economic se• paddling" in case certain reso• negation of the existing in• curity, bionomical security lutions adopted by the United ternational economic order, and outer space security. Nations are blocked. Moscow though appealing to some Last September, at the 43rd has expressed its willingness third world countries, handi• UN General Assembly, So• to provide rear transportation capped Moscow's economic co• viet Foreign Minister Eduard means and potential troopF operation with the West. It Shevardnadze suggested that for the UN peace-keeping also forced the Soviet Union in regard to establishing an force. Gorbachev declared into a paradoxical situation all-encompassing and overall that the status and authority because it is a developed in• security system, there is no of the International Court, a dustrialized country capable other more effective way than UN affiliate, and internation• of and obliged to increase eco• jointly promoting and uphold• al law as a whole should be nomic aid to third world coun• ing the role of the United greatly upheld. He also said tries. The Soviet Union has al• Nations. The United Nations that a multilateral agreement ready promised that after should be the most appropriate on fighting international ter• clearing up the issue of disar• place for negotiations and set• rorism can be hamrtlered out mament, it will loosen up its tlements; it is a world centre at the United Nations to safe• purse strings for third world designated to safeguard gener• guard the security of a civil• nations. But these countries' al security, regional security ized world. problems are so pressing that and the security of every coun• they cannot wait till the two try, he said. superpowers resolve all their Insofar as how to give full Stepping in Line disputes. play to the United Nations' In the various United Na• Today, however, the Soviet role in settling regional con• tions organizations, the Soviet Union is doing its utmost to flicts, the Soviet Union holds Union used to grapple head-on avoid head-on confrontation

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 19 INTERNATIONAL

with the United States in the recommended that a registra• This change, though helpful United Nations. Even on some tion centre be set up in the to fostering political and eco• major issues, such as disarma• United Nations that is respon• nomic ties with the West, may ment and the prohibition of sible for the sale or supply of also put more knots in the re• nuclear testing, the Soviets conventional weapons. He also lations between the Soviet have refused to directly criti• called for a multilateral agree• Union and some third world cize Washington. ment on braking the prolifera• countries. Besides, the Soviet As for the third world call tion of the technology relat• Union now donates some for establishing a new interna• ed to manufacturing military US$14 million each year to the tional economic order, the So• missiles. Soviet Deputy For• United Nations, only about 3 viet Union is paying lip service eign Minister and head of the percent of the US figure in to such a demand. At the same Soviet mission to the Unit• 1986. This gap also puts a kink time, it stresses the interde• ed Nations Vladimir Petrov- in Moscow's UN diplomacy. • pendence of the world's two ski advocated a UN Secur• systems and has actively ap• ity Council-sponsored foreign plied for the status of an ob• ministerial or summit meet• server at the General Agree• ing to discuss specific steps of ment on Tariffs and Trade as global disarmament, especially well as taken part in trade nuclear disarmament. He also Hot Off the Press , negotiations conducted by the urged that the Geneva disar• mament conference, now a trade bloc. In autumn 1987, One Hundred Questions project of 40-some countries, the Soviet Union joined the About Tibet has just been be expanded into a world di• UN "Common Commodity published in Chinese, En• sarmament organization. Foundation" organization and glish, French, German and in March 1988, it sent dele• Furthermore, the Soviet Spanish by the Beijing Re• gates to participate in a meet• Union has moved that the Un• view Press. ing on multinational corpora• ited Nations convene a summit The book covers 10 topics: tion activities organized by the meeting on global bionomical history, population, human United Nations. These reflect• protection. It has also ex• rights, the Dalai Lama, re• ed Moscow's desire to seek pressed its support for Italy's ligion, culture, autonomy, conciliation and co-operation. initiative to set up a "World economy, people's liveli• Moscow's change of attitude Scientists' Laboratory" and hood and the Lhasa riots. In is also embodied in its new pol- agreed with France that inter• a question-answer format, • icies on Israel and South Af• national groups be sent to the book provides a wealth rica. At present, it no longer underdeveloped countries to of historical records and oppposes their memberships in provide humanitarian aid. facts for people at home and the International Civil Avia• Gorbachev even advised that a abroad curious about the tion Organization affiliated "world consultative conferen• developments in Tibet. with the United Nations. ce,"composed of intellectuals, In a 34-mo format, the be created by the United Na• book totals 70,000 words, Disarmament tions to brace the spiritual and with 42 photos and a map of moral force of today's world. Tibet. The Soviet Union proposes In a word, to enhance its Available from Business that the United Nations prestige, expand its influence Department, Beijing Re• should participate in the pro• and improve its image, the So• view, 24 Baiwanzhuang cess of disarmament more viet Union is now making full Road, Beijing 100037, widely and directly. Gorbach• use of the United Nations, China. ev suggested that multilateral especially its special role in re- Price: negotiations be opened under solviong regional conflicts, di• Outside China —US$3.50 UN sponsorship in order to sarmament and multilateral (including international reach a general agreement on economic co-operation. This postage, surface mail); disarmament and banning nu• adjustment is part of Moscow's US$5.00 (including interna• clear testing. International general target of adjusting tional postage, air mail); verifications can be conducted foreign policy, implementing Inside China —RMB4.00 by specialized groups of the domestic reform and returning United Nations, he said. to the international commun• Meanwhile, Shevardnadze ity.

20 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1.3-26, 1989 Tibetan Independence' —-Fact or Fiction?

starting this issue, "Beijing Review" publishes extracts from "100 Questions About Tibet," just published by Beijing Review Press. Using first-hand accounts and historical documents, the book aims at answering many of the questions raised about Tibet In recent years. In this instalment, various issues of Tibetan history and claims to Tibetan independence are examined, while our BOOKS column carries a full review by Israel Epstein, a noted writer who has visited Tibet three times.—Ed.

Q: It has been argued that the before the establishment of the ty in 1271. Mongolians incorporated Tibet Mongol Khanates, China was In the process, the Mongol into China by conquest in a torn apart by many separatist Khanates peacefully incorpor• manner not too dissimilar to feudal regimes. The Song ated Tibet in 1247 after de• Britain's occupation of India Dynasty (960-1279), despite feating the Western Xia and and Burma. What do you think being the most powerful of the Jin. of the claim that just as In• these, lacked the strength to With a unified China, the dia cannot now regard Burma unify the country and so only Yuan Dynasty contributed as part of its territory, so ruled over middle, east and greatly to the political, econo• China cannot claim sovereignty southwest China. The other mic and cultural development over Tibet? major local powers were the of the nation's various nation• A: This argument is utterly Liao (907-1125), the Western alities—in strict contrast to groundless, and those who Xia (1038-1227), and the Jin the feuding that had gone on raise it either are ignorant of (1115-1234) in the north, since the late years of the Tang China's history or have ulter• founded respectively by the Dynasty (618-907). To argue ior motives. Qidan, Xia and Nuzhen ethnic that the Mongolians' campaign ' As is known by all, China peoples. to unify China was fundamen• has been a_^ multi-national During the 11th and 12th tally the imposition of rule by country since ancient times. centuries, the tribes of the a foreign power is wrong be• Over the past several thousand Mongol grasslands were ruled cause it misses the basic point years, many nationalities have in turn by the Liao and Jin of Chinese history that China either governed the country or dynasties, who conferred titles is a multi-national country. established separatist regimes. on the tribal leaders. Whether it was the Mongoli• As a result, today's China is a From ancient times, the ans, the Manchus (who found• product of many different peo• Mongolians had been one of ed the Qing Dynasty), or any ples—it is a mistake to believe China's nationalities. In the other peoples, it has always (as many foreigners with little early 13th century, their pow• been a case of one Chinese na• knowledge of our history do) er expanded rapidly. Genghis tionality replacing another. It that China means the Han Na• Khan united the tribes under a is completely out of the ques• tionality, or that the Han Na• centralized Khanate in 1206, tion to claim that the Mongo• tionality means China. To do and then he and his successors lians or the Manchus were out• so is to be led into the mistak• launched a series of military siders who conquered China. en belief that the regimes esta• expeditions against the Song The British colonization of blished by China's ethnic mi• Dynasty and China's other India through the 17th-19th norities are "foreign coun• feudal regimes. The outcome centuries, however, was a com• tries." was a unified country and the pletely different matter. It was During the three centuries formation of the Yuan Dynas• not until 1947 that Indians

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 21 won their independence. Simi• —States it previously had no relieved of his official title. larly with Burma, which was relations with at all—and Although the Qing govern• first made a colony of Britain the Mongolians' war to unify ment quickly reinstated him, in 1885, became a province of China. it nevertheless signed unequal India in 1897, and then was treaties with Britain and paid submitted to direct British jur• Q: Why was the issue of "Tibe• indemnities for its military ex• isdiction in 1937. During tan independence" raised early penditure. A feeling of es• World War II, it was occupied this century? trangement arose between the by the Japanese, before gain• central government and the A: First, we must clarify what ing independence in 1948. Tibet local government which is meant by "Tibet." In Eng• consequently caused the rela• Thus it was that two sover• lish and some other foreign eign nations were first con• tions to deteriorate further. languages, "Tibet" is often quered by the British with Even then, what the 13th taken to mean the Qinghai- armed force, then subjugated Dalai Lama and his followers Tibet Plateau, and occasional• through trade, incorporated opposed were the high com• ly an even larger area. Here, into one great unity, before missioner resident in Tibet, we limit "Tibet" to Tibet pro• again being separated and re- Lian Yu, and the local army granted their separate nation• per. commander Zhong Yin. Their hoods. It is not hard to see that Since the Qing Dynasty confrontations led to the Dalai there is nothing in common started ruling Tibet in the 17th Lama's fleeing to India in Fe• with the British war of aggres• century, relations between the bruary 1910. sion against India and Burma Tibet local government and Foreign writers have often the Qing central mistakenly believed this event authorities had was caused by the arrival of been relatively Zhao Erfeng's troops. In fact, smooth and suc• Zhao, who was the commis• cessful, although sioner in charge of frontier af• there were occa• fairs for Sichuan and Yun• sional troubles. nan, had himself only reached However, during Qamdo, to where his troops re• the two Opium treated after only advancing as Wars of the mid- far as Gyanda. The real cause ... 19th century, of the Dalai Lama's flight was they began to his strained relations with break down. Lian Yu, the high commission• In 1904, Bri• er resident in Tibet. Lian had tish troops invad• recommended that Zhong Yin, ed Tibet. At that a member of the imperial fam• time, the 13thily , should be sent to Tibet. He Dalai Lama and arrived with a hastily organ• his trusted fol• ized force of 1,000 troops. Al• lowers wanted to though the troops were poor• resist, but the de• ly disciplined, they were suffi• 1 clining Qing gov• cient to frighten the Dalai ernment made Lama and his followers. The one concession af• Dalai Lama fled in utter con• ter another. It re• fusion and once again was •.vJAiiiitL fused to give any punished by the imperial gov• support to the ernment with the removal of local government his official title. This further and forbade Tibet widened the rift. to use force. Af• In October the following ter being defeat• year, news of the 1911 Revolu• ed, the 13th Dalai tion and the abdication of the An official notice written in Tibetan by Pagba, trie first Lama retreated to "Imperial Tutor" appointed by Kublai Kfian to head the Qing emperor arrived in Tibet. Tibetan local government in 1253 after the latter be• the interior and The region's civil and mil• came the first emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. was temporarily itary systems were immediate-

22 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 ly plunged into con• fusion and a fierce struggle commenced between the republi• cans and the royal• ists. Some people advocated marching on to the interior to help the emperor, others fermented strife in Tibet, har• assing the local peo• ple. At this point, the 13th Dalai Lama sent his men back to Tibet and in 1912 expelled Lian Yu and Zhong Yin with An imperial edict Issued by the Ming Dynasty Emperor Jiaqing In 1562 allowing a Tibetan their troops to the religious prince to retain his title. interior through India,. With early stage of the revolution, treaty opened with a statement the emergence of the careerist many provinces declared "in• that following the fall of the politician Yuan Shikai at the dependence." In this context, Qing Dynasty, Mongolia and head of the newly founded "independence" involved end• Tibet had declared themselves government of the Republic ing Qing Dynasty rule rather independent nations. The 13th of China, confrontation swift• than the establishment of a Dalai Lama and his followers ly ensued between the north new nation separate from the denied this rumour (as has and south of the country. Dur• country as a whole. This is been recorded in various books ing this time of turmoil, there clearly expressed in Sun Yat- written by some foreigners), was no possibility of normal• sen's declaration of January unlikely behaviour if he had izing the political relationship 1912 on the republicanization really wanted independence. between Tibet and the interior. of the Han, Manchu, Mongoli• Up to this time, the question The 1911 Revolution was a an, Hui and Tibetan nationali• of Tibet's status had remained political revolution (in which ties when he was interim pres• a purely internal matter of all of China's nationalities ident: China. But in the first year,of participated) aimed at over• "After Wuhan took the lead the Republic of China (1912), throwing the Qing Dynasty to revolt, several other prov• The British ambassador to which had humiliated the na• inces declared independence. China attempted to interfere tion and forfeited China's sov• This 'independence' meant ex• directly. He presented a note ereignty. Tibet played its part clusion of the Qing court to Yuan Shikai on August 17 by ending the administration through alliance with other which stated that the British of the Qing Dynasty's high provinces. This also applies to government would refuse to commissioners resident in the Mongolia and Tibet." racognize the government of region. Although many wider In October 1912 when the the Republic of China and so calls for action were made at government of the Republic would not permit Chinese offi• the time, they met with the of China reconfirmed the 13th cials to travel there via India. resistance and opposition of Dalai Lama's right to his title, In this way, he forced Yuan to many Tibetan nobles, monks Tibet did neither refuse to ac• appoint officials to partici• and people. Although these ev• cept the decision nor demand pate the Simla Conference of ents have been subsequently independence. 1913-14. Although the talks referred to as "exclusion of the At this point, it is worth broke down, one of its results Hans" or a declaration of "Ti• mentioning the so-called was to hinder the resumption betan independence," neither "Mongolia-Tibet Treaty" that of normal political relations tally with the actual facts. was much rumoured at the be• between Tibet and the interior. The word "independence" ginning of 1913. According to In 1919, under the influence has different meanings. In the some foreign newspapers, this of; the national patriotic and BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 23 anti-imperialist May 4th had existed a so-called prob• Afghanistan and Tibet. Movement, the Chinese cen• lem of "Tibetan independ• This convention has three tral government dispatched a ence." It has to be asked, what sections. The first dealt with delegation to Lhasa from Gan- government across the world the spheres of influence, spe• su through Qinghai Province. has ever recognized Tibet as cial rights and interests of Bri• At an interview with the 13th an independent state? tain and Russia in Persia. The Dalai Lama, the latter said he second dealt with Afghanis• had never established good Q: It has been claimed that tan, and the third concerned terms with Britain, and, mo• China only has suzerainty over Tibet. This section declared reover, he had never had any Tibet. Is this right? that the governments of Great intention of separating Tibet A: It is said that Lord Curzon, Britain and Russia recognized from China. However, because who was viceroy of India in China's right of suzerainty of the many warlord regimes 1904, first used the word "suz• over Tibet. In the first sent• in the country, the continuing erainty" in the restricted con• ence of the second article it domestic turmoil and foreign text of British-Indian govern• stated, "In conformity with invasion, real unity had not ment document. the admitted principle of the been realized. This was nev• The first international do• suzerainty of China over Ti• ertheless a short period. Given cument which used and ex• bet, Great Britain and Russia the right circumstances, Tibet plained this word was a con• engage not to enter into ne• would resume normal rela• vention signed by Britain and gotiations with Tibet except tions with the central govern• Russia in Petersburg on Au• through the intermediary of ment. This was a historical gust 31, 1907, titled The Con• the Chinese government." It trend any force could not rev• vention Between Great Britain may be the only time the noun erse. and Russia Relating to Persia, "suzerainty" was used in an in- On May 23, 1951, the Central Govern• A mural in the Potala Palace depicting Losang Gyaco (left), the fifth Dalai Lama, paying homage ment of the People's to the Qing Emperor ShunzhI in 1652. Republic of China and Tibet's local government signed an agreement on Ti• bet's peaceful liber• ation. In October the same year, the Dalai Lama sent a cable to Chairman Mao Zedong endors• ing this agreement, supporting the Peo• ple's Liberation Army entering Ti• bet to consolidate national defence, drive out imperial• ist forces from Tibet and safeguard the unification of the territory and the sovereignty of the motherland. Even now, there are still some peo• ple who ignore this mass of evidence and try to convince others that there

24 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 ternational treaty this convention, and which concerning China's convention signed by the relationship with Chinese government has ever Tibet. mentioned the word "suzerain• Britain took ad• ty?" vantage of Russia's In February 1910, the 13th weakness following Dalai Lama fled to India after its defeat at the a disagreement with the Qing hands of the Ja• high commissioners resident in panese to secure a Tibet. For this, the Qing im• declaration conced• perial court punished him by ing Britain's special removing his title. He was interests and rights subsequently reinstated by the in Tibet. Because government of the Republic of China's sovereignty China. But it is worth noting over the region was that this event happened just an obstruction to two years after the signing of both sides, they the convention. When the Bri• arbitrarily inserted tish government was asked the word "suzerain• about it, it replied that it ty" in its place. merely showed China exer• JVIay we ask which cised effective suzerainty over The gold seal given by a Qing emperor to the Dalai Chinese government Lama empowering him to look after administrative Tibet and Britain had no right and religious affairs in Tibet. had ever recognized to interfere. This seems to offer us a de• finition of "suzerainty," but others have also been suggest• ed later. For example, so• meone else stated that it was a doctrine of great flexibility, determined by how effectively a central government could ex• ercise sovereignty over a lo• cal government. Then again, it was said that "suzerain• ty" concerned the autonom• ous rights of a local govern• ment, and it was an impossible word to define. But some peo• ple insisted that although the word "suzerainty" could not possibly have a clear defini• tion, it should never be equat• ed with "sovereignty." One point is clear, the use of the word concerning Tibet was aimed at denying China's sov• ereignty. China's stand on Tibet has long been clear. First, China has long exercised sovereignty, not anything else, over the re• gion. Second, regional autono• my is purely the internal af• fairs of a given country, and The KMT government representative sent to preside over the crowning ceremony sovereign state will never al• of the 14th Dalai Lama in 1940 with the newly "incarnated" Living Buddha. low any other nation to inter-

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 25 Mao Zedong, chairman of the Central People's Government, at a banquet in honour of Ngapoi Nagwang Jigme, chief delegate of the local government of Tibet, after the signing of the Agreement on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet in 1951. fere in its domestic affairs. British foreign secretary rei• of Tibet staged an armed re• terated that Tibet was a prov• bellion, a spokesman for the Q: What are the views of for• ince of the Chinese empire. US State Department declared eign countries on the "inde• Since independence, India on March 24, "The United pendence of Tibet"? has repeatedly stated its res• States never regarded Tibet A: Tibet is an inseparable part pect for China's sovereignty as an independent state." A of China. This has always been over Tibet. On May 15, 1954, spokesman for the British For• recognized by the world both Prime Minister Nehru de• eign Office also reiterated on now and in the past—even in clared in the Lower House of March 31, 1959, that Britain the mid-19th century when the Indian Parliament, "I am recognize China's sovereignty China fell victim to imperial• not aware that at any time dur• ist aggression. For instance, ing the last few hundred years, over Tibet. • in 1903 George Hamilton, the Chinese sovereignty, or if CORRECTIONS: British Secretary of State for, you like suzerainty, was chal• 1. In issue No. 50, 1988, the 17th line in the fourth paragraph on p. 16 should read, "the India, said that Tibet must lenged by any outside coun• League's Sixth National Conference, about 25 be regarded "as a province of try." percent or. 2. In issue No. 1, 1989, the fourth line in the China." On June 14, 1904, in In March 1959, when a small first paragraph on p. 31 should read, his instructions to the British "Technology and Products Fair '89". number of reactionary ele• 3. In issue No. 5,1989, the unit in the chart on plenipotentiary to Russia, the ments in the local government p. 29 should read "100 million Roubles".

26 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 Unions of Management & Workforce

As China's reform programme penetrates ever deeper, the country's trade unions have become increasingly involved in the day-to-day management of enterprises, helping to raise productivity and defusing potential conflicts. Following are reports based on Interviews with trade union leaders from across the country. They talked to "Beijing Review"about developments and changes in their work.—Ed. by Our Staff Reporters Yang Xiaobing and Feng Jing

he Changchun No. 1 Auto T Factory is an old but key enterprise in China's truck manufacturing industry. Constructed with the help of the Soviet Union in the 1950s, it now has a total workforce of 80,000 people spread across 26 departments. On yearly sales of 2 billion yuan, it generates profits of around 400 million yuan. Since 1983, the factory has been manufacturing a new range of heavy-duty trucks, ceasing production of all older models in 1987. Now, the pos• sibilities of moving into car production are being exam• ined. Wu Wei, chairman of the factory's trade union, said his organization's work couldn't be separated from the facto• Trade union cadres answering questions raised by Chinese and foreign reporters ry's central tasks. One of these at a press conference during the llth ACFTU national congress. tasks is developing the work• BAI UANSUO ers' role as masters of their sional special congresses in be• many people thought the tar• factory. The principal organs tween. At these congresses, the get had been set too low. They through which they partici• factory's director gives econo• proposed raising it to 100 mil• pate in management are the mic progress reports and the lion yuan. After consulting the factory's workers' congresses, workers discuss future produc• financial department, the di• which exist in every depart• tion and operating plans. rector revised the figure up• ment. Around 7-8 percent of In 1987, the factory director wards. With their own sugges• the workforce serve as repre• proposed a series of economic tions incorporated, the work• sentatives on these congresses. measures aimed at increasing force not only realized the Factory-wide congresses are output by 30 million yuan. At planned increase, but sur• held twice a year, with occa• a workers' congress, however. passed it by another 20 million BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 27 FOR YOUR REFERENCE China's Trade Unions

he All-China Federation of Trade The ACFTU consists of eight depart• Unions is China's leading trade union ments: economy, technology and labour T organization. All of the country's na• protection, labour and wages, women work• tional and local trade unions are affiliated ers, propaganda and education, internation• to it. al liaison, organization, finance, and ac• Founded in 1925, it recently held its Uth counts and auditing. National Congress, electing Ni Zhifu chair• China has 15 national unions organized man and Zhu Houze as first secretary. by trade in the following industries: rail• Below the ACFTU, 29 of China's prov• ways, civil aviation, seamen, road trans• inces, autonomous regions and m.unicipali- port, post and telecommunications, engi• ties have their own federations of trade neering and metallurgy, petrochemicals, unions. coal mining and geology, water and elec• At the end of 1987, China's 536,000 union tricity, textiles, light industry, urban devel• branches had a total membership of 100 opment and building materials, agriculture million people, accounting for 90 percent of and forestry, finance and trade, and educa• all workers in the country. Full-time union tion. cadres numbered 470,000. • yuan. bility system. problems faced by individuals, Among the union's other The trade union constantly such as dissatisfaction with roles are examining all rules strives to reinforce this point, living conditions or wages, of• and regulations issued in the running publicity and propa• ten doing little more than re• factory, and checking, super• ganda campaigns with slogans porting the case to the factory vising and appraising manage• such as, "The workers are the director. Now, however, as the ment. Twice a year, the fac• masters of the factory:, we all union participates in the allo• tory workers assess the per• share its common destiny." It cation of the company's profits formance of their cadres also plays a role in overcoming to be retained for its own dis• through a combination of ex• production problems. For ex• posal, it actively campaigns aminations, comments from ample, when the factory start• for more general interests: the factory floor and inspec• ed manufacturing its new asking for extra money for tion groups. Cui Mingwei, di• range of trucks in 1983, its housing, education, a cinema, rector of the auto-body depart• technology and senior work• dance hall, swimming pool, or ment, is given the title "close ers' associations held 80 com• whatever is deemed desirable. friend of the workers," for his petitions and established 351 "But," Wu reminded, "the strong sense of responsibility key task teams to help solve factory intends to start prod• and his concern for the work• 3,718 key technical problems. ucing cars to help China cut ers. While those with below After much hard research, foreign imports. This is going par performances were singled one technical association team to need a large amount of the out for criticism. As the work• even came up with an inven• state capital, and raises the ers frequently point out, the tion for an engine which didn't problem of co-ordinating the factory still belongs to them, leak kerosene. long-term interests of the the not the directors, even if the Wu Wei said that the union's state and company with the latter have had their decision• work and responsibilities had short-term interests of the making powers increased changed in recent years. Pre• workers. One of the trade through the director responsi• viously it concentrated on the union's major tasks is explain- 28 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 CHINA

colour sheet weaving factories invaluable role in defusing ing these kinds of problems." was put out to tender. The conflicts between the manage• Mediation minimum annual profit was ment and the workforce. Wang set at 400,000 yuan. The fac• Junming, the union chairman Gu Suhua is the chairwoman tory's former director said he in Huaihua Prefecture, Hunan of the city trade union in Mu- could earn 450,000 yuan, but Province, offered an example danjiang, Heilongjiang Prov• its former deputy director, Li of union mediation following ince. She relates the story Shuhua, put forward the seem• an incident at a local sheet of how a union in Dongning ingly impossible figure of 1.6 factory last April. Around 80 County overcame a series of million yuan. At a special workers had stopped work fol• problems brought on by the workers' congress, they both lowing disagreements with the lack of democratic consulta• laid out their plans to the contractor. A quick investiga• tion in a local enterprise. 1,600 workers'. In the bal• tion revealed that when the The department responsible lot that followed, Li Shu• factory had been contracted for the company had put it hua picked up more than 80 out in March 1988, its new out for tender and selected a percent of the vote. Although work programme had not been mangement contractor with• the assessment committee passed by the workers' con• out soliciting opinions from feared he had overestimated gress. The contractor had then the workforce. A series of the factory's earning capacity, gone on to cancel labour insur• production problems rapidly they decided to respect the ance and welfare benefits pre• emerged, bringing the com• workers' opinions and duly in• viously enjoyed by the work• pany to the brink of closure. stalled him. force. When both ihe company and With the workforce behind Backed by the Hunan Prov• the county trade union drew him, Li set up about increasing ince Trade Union, the local the case to the attention of the efficiency and making the fac• union persuaded the workers county government, it decided tory's products more compe• to return to work, and then set to invite a series of new man• titive. Senior workers offered about ensuring that the work• agement tenders. All of them him designs and patterns they force's interests were fully res• were fully discussed by the had accumulated over the pected. The matter was re• workforce through their years, and to fulfil produc• solved and full production re• union. With factory-wide sup• tion quotas ahead of time, the sumed. As one of the workers port, the second contractor union organized a series of commented, "Our union has has now turned the company output competitions. Just four spoken for us. We now know round. months after being appointed, it's our organization which we In ApriJ 1988, Mudanjiang Li's company had earned prof• can rely on." City began to introduce con• its of 1 million yuan, which Zhang Shilun is famous tract and lease reform. Gu Su• were estimated to have risen to throughout China as an enter• hua believes that unions must 2 million yuan by the end of prise contractor. Among his play a major role in overseeing 1988. business interests are a rubber these reforms. Trade unions in contracted plant and the Haihe plastic Already the city's author• or leased enterprises are incor• materials factory in Tianjin. ities have taken up the union's porated into decison-making He believes that the relation• suggestions that its chairman structures: they play a role in ship between a contracted attend all meetings and discus• determining the allocation of management and a trade union sions on contract and lease re• funds and the arrangement of should not be antagonistic: the form, and before any measures working schedules. The enter• union has to represent the in• or programmes are initiated, prises have no rights to ap• terests of the workers, but si• the union's opinions should al• point or dismiss union chair• multaneously support the cen• ways be solicited. The local men, who are always selected tral position of a factory direc• authorities have also accept• through democratic elections, tor. For his or her part, the ed ^he union's proposal that nor can they decide to abolish director has to fully respect a contractor should receive a the union. and support the work of the 60 percent vote of confidence trade union. from an enlerprise's workers' Zhang says that in his facto• congress before being ap• Defusing Conflicts ries, all matters concerning the proved. In the day-to-day work of an interests of the workers are Last April, one of the city's enterprise, its union plays an discussed at workers' congress-

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 29 CHINA

es, and any measures passed by committee of the local people's after opening in 1984, the fac• a democratic vote are resolute• congress. tory suffered frequent con• ly carried out. At his Haihe A series of investigations flicts between the workforce factory, the trade union has conducted by the trade union and the management. An or• nine inspection groups to en• revealed that enterprises em• ganization was urgently need• sure all management is per• ploying a large proportion of ed to represent the interests of formed democratically, in• women workers fared rather its workers. As Yue, aged 40, cluding an audit group super• worse than those employing was the factory's oldest work• vising the distribution of bon• more men. For example, in er, he was elected chairman of uses and a notarization group one of Nantong's textile mills its trade union, and ever since for checking the performance with a high number of wom• has carried out his duties in of contracted managers. In en employees, medical fees of his spare time. both of his Tianjin factories, 28,000 yuan and maternity In early 1987, all the unions output value and workers' in• pay of 35,700 yuan had been in Sanyo's nine Chinese facto• comes are now the highest they paid out to 229 pregnant wom• ries combined themselves into have ever been. en in 1987, even without tak• one large union. Sanyo's local ing production losses into ac• general manager praised this Women's Rights count. move, but when their head off• To overcome these kinds of ice in Japan was informed, In Nantong City, Jiangsu problems, the trade union sug• they expressed reservations Province, women make up 38 gested establishing a materni• that a high-level employee also percent of the total workforce ty compensation fund. Money represented the trade union. of 810,000 people. Safeguard• would be drawn from all enter• But having witnessed its posi• ing their interests has become prises, regardless of how many tive role in the factory's man• a major part of the local trade women they employed, and agement, they have changed union's work. then used to reimburse com• their opinion. The major problem remains panies with women on matern• Yue says trade unions can overcoming prejudice against ity leave. help foreign managements employing women workers. The union drew up a draft gain a better understanding of One enterprise, for example, series of measures, which it China's conditions. In early decided it needed an extra 50 passed on to the municipal 1988, the workers in his facto• workers. But when the city' government, leading to the es• ry had clearly lost their en• Bureau of Labour insisted they tablishment of the fund last thusiasm—many of them had take on more women, the fac• July. Already it has had a tan• even stopped working alto• tory's management declared gible effect. The city's bank, gether. Overseas managers, they would rather not hire any for example, was formerly re• unclear of the underlying rea• workers for the next two years luctant to hire women. By the sons, were unsure how to deal than employ a single woman. end of August, however, its with the problem. Union re• Following this statement, workforce contained equal presentatives, however, ex• the city's trade union received numbers of men and women. plained the effect inflation many letters from women was having on the workers' pay workers across Nantong ap• packets. The company then pealing for aid. In response, it Understanding raised wages all round, prom• promptly organized a meeting Yue Kui is the deputy direc• oting every worker one wage to discuss the role of women in tor of a radio cassette recorder grade and increasing its gross the workplace, inviting repre• factory affiliated to Sanyo in payroll by 40 percent. At the sentatives from the municipal the Shekou District of Shen• same time, it began to hand Party committee, the local zhen City. He is also chairman out subsidies to offset price people's congress, the Nantong of the factory's trade union. rises in non-staple foodstuffs. Economic Commission and With a workforce of some 700 Morale leapt dramatically, Science and Technology Com• workers, the factory produces and so did productivity—it mission, other units and enter• 600 portable stereos and sev• now stands 140 percent above prises directors. It arranged eral thousand cassette players the required norm. for a dialogue between the ci• daily for export to the Unit• The factory management ty's mayor and women, and ed States, Britain, France and now always solicits the trade its chairman gave a speech on several other countries. union's opinions before mak• womens' rights to the standing During its first few months ing any major decision, and at 30 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 its suggestion has followed the their tasks are informing example of some Chinese en• tion qualifications. workers of their legal rights terprises and started allocating Unions & the Law during factory tours, and pur• bonuses for surpassing quotas. suing lawsuits on behalf of The trade union' has as• Guan Huai, professor of the workers. ACFTU has said it sumed responsibility for han• science of law at the People's aims to have legal consultancy dling problems faced by its University of China, has offices set up in every trade members outside of work. For served as an executive member union at county level and example, the management of the All-China Federation of above within five years in or• made no arrangements for Trade Unions (ACFTU) for der to protect the rights and workers' dormitories and din• two terms, as well as being interests of all working people. ing halls. But as most work• its principal legal adviser. He Guan Huai maintains that ers in Shekou come from oth• feels that as important social trade unions can play a major er parts of China, they have no and political organizations, role in the consLtruction of Chi• proper homes to return to after trade unions should play a ma• na's legal system. He points work. Later, with the help jor role in the drafting of laws out that the current lack of of the unio*n, special arrange• and regulations. labour law means workers can ments were made to lay on re• In fact, China already con• be exploited without the possi• creation and sports activities. sults trade unions when draft• bility of legal redress. For ex• To safeguard the workers' ing new laws and regulations. ample, directors in contracted legitimate rights and interests, For example,, during the ten the trade union has prepared years it took to prepare Chi• enterprises can arbitrarily in• a detailed introduction to la• na's Enterprise Law, the Na• crease overtime or dismiss bour insurance and welfare re• tional People's Congress re• workers in pursuit of short- gulations in China for foreign peatedly sought the opinions term profits. With no law to companies, and helped them of unions across the country. back it up, a union cannot step set up a welfare and insurance However, when the final draft in and support its members. system suitable for foreign- was published in January The Ministry of Labour and funded enterprises. In Yue 1988, there was no clause ex• the ACFTU have now been Kui's factory, no worker can plicitly stating workers' status drafting a full series of labour work more than two hours ov• as masters of the enterprise. laws for ten years. But as the ertime a day, and overtime Some people immediately cri• kinds of enterprises expand rates are generous. ticized the draft as a law for —state-owned, collectively Workers' study threw up a directors only. managed, individually operat• problem which the union has At an ACFTU symposium ed, etc.—so do the problems helped resolve. Although night organized to discuss the draft, in making the law comprehen• schools and part-time univers• Guan Huai and other partici• sive. ities always run their classes pants argued that the Enter• Trade unions themselves after work hours, their exami• prise Law should clearly de• also urgently need legal pro• nations take place during the fine the workers' position as tection. China's existing union day. Initially, the management owners. When Gongren Ribao law was promulgated in 1950, was reluctant to allow workers (Workers' Daily) reported the and its articles clearly do not time off for these exams, but symposium, many people sent suit today's needs. Until a new after Yue and some of his col• in letters of support. As a re• series of union laws comes into leagues explained the benefits sult, the NP.C revised the draft being, there will continue to be of a better qualified work• to include the recommenda• no explicit statements defining force, the company actively tions of the ACFTU. the principles, rights, duties began to encourage workers to Recently, trade unions have and powers of unions. A new take courses in subjects such been opening workers' legal draft of the Trade Union Law as foreign languages, accoun• consultancy offices across drawn up by ACFTU has al• tancy and electronics. Now, China. There is now at least ready been revised 20 times 300 workers are engaged in one in every province, auton• following consultations with one form of study or another, omous region and municipali• workers and their representa• and 30 percent of the factory ty. In northeast China, where tives. It should be submitted to staff at group leader level and work began early in this field, the NPC for examination and above have acquired secon• many unions have opened such approval later this year. dary school or higher educa• offices at county level. Among BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 31 A Journey Through Henan

Watered by the Huanghe (Yellow) River since time immemorial, Henan is one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. Last October, Luo Huiyou spent 20 days touring the province. In this account of his journey, he guides the traveller through its many major sites of historical interest and outstanding natural beauty. by Our Staff Reporter Luo Huiyou Wang Renmin, general manager of the Huanghe Tourist Area. WANG XIUQIN

he Huanghe River has long played a determining role in the history of He• Tnan. It has given the province its name—"south of the river" —and has watered its lands, making Henan one of China's major cotton and wheat grow• ing centres and able to support its 80 million people (the se• cond most populated province after Sichuan). Last October, I toured cen• tral and northern Henan for 20 days. As the Henan Provin• cial Tourism Administration points out, within its borders stand 17 key historical sites under the protection of the state, 266 sites under the pro• tection of the province, and City" and "the Chinese Par• tains have been covered iii 2,609 protected by cities and asol" because of the ring of newly planted trees and dotted counties. But the first item on trees surrounding the city and with pavilions. Each year, over my list of sites was to be the its 1 million inhabitants. 3 million people come to the Huanghe River itself. One of the Zhengzhou's area, and the-changes have .principal attractions is the been so great that the famous Huanghe Tourist Area, where British writer Han Suyin re• Tourist Area the river's majestic waters can marked that she couldn't be• The first leg of my visit took be seen at their best against a lieve her eyes on a visit in me to Zhengzhou, Henan's backdrop of green mountains. 1984. 3,500-year-old provincial capi• After several years of work, The man behind the scheme tal—also known as "the Forest ' the formerly barren moun• is Wang Renmin, the tourist

32 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 The Kaijin Pavilion in the IHuanghe Tourist Area. WANG HUI area's general manager. Since Wang said hundreds of thou• Kaifeng's major tourist spots 1971 he has painstakingly de• sands yuan has already been are its Iron Pagoda, Dragon voted himself to the project. received from work units and Pavilion (Longting), Xiangguo In a flow of eloquence that individuals both in China and and Bao Gong Temples, Pago• matches the surging power of abroad. da Forest and Yuwangtai—the the river itself, he outlines "Terrace of Yu the Great," the further plans to transform the Kaifeng reputed founder of the Xia area into a showcase embody• Dynasty in the 21st centu• ing China's 5,000-year-old One hour's drive and 68 ry BC. Huanghe culture. kilometres from Zhengzhou The Iron Pagoda, built in Already a giant project stands Kaifeng—the Chinese 1049, is perhaps the most im• is underway to build the capital during seven dynas• pressive of these. Despite the "Huanghfe Stone Stelae" using ties, and so also known as the gradual subsidence of its foun• 3,000 stone tablets. And a de• "Seven-Dynasty Metropolis." dations, it still stands 55.88 cision has been made to build Its history stretches back 2,700 metres high and has 13 storeys. a 150-metre-high sculpture of years, but it reached its histor• Octagonal in shape and decor• the emperors of Yan and ical peak during the North• ated with brown glazed tiles Huang—regarded in folklore ern Song Dynasty (960-1127), with more than 50 different as the earliest forefathers of when it was China's political, carved patterns, the Iron Pago• the Chinese people—on the economic, military and cultur• da deserves its name as it has banks of the river. It should al centre and its population firmly withstood all attacks take 10 years to build, with reached 1 million. Today, ar• from earthquakes, the ele• funds coming from all descen• ound 600,000 people live ments and artillery bombard• dants of the two emperors. there. ment over the past 900 years.

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 33 Monthly business volume is put at 1.4 million yuan. To develop tourism and at• tract more visitors, the Kai• feng city government has.re• cently opened many new his• torical sites and redoubled its efforts to protect and renovate existing ones. Among the new spots opened to the public are the Bao Gong Ancestral Hall, a memorial to Bao Cheng (999-1062), a famous, honest and upright official of the Song Dynasty (960-1279), and the Xiangguo Temple Market, where tens of thousands of traders and businessmen once gathered. There is also a "Song Capital Street," reconstructed accord• Kaifeng's Xiangguo Temple Market. ing to a description in the ZHANG XIAOHUA Reminiscences of the Eastern Capital. Around 400 metres Seen from a distance in ear• obviously brisk, particularly long and 40 metres wide, it is ly morning mist, the Dragon in the snack district with its lined with Song-style buildings Pavilion (Longting) resembles unending clatter of pans and and shops selling locally prod• a heavenly palace with its roof bowls and clamour of pedlars uced embroidery, paintings, of golden-yellow glazed tiles. crying out for customers. calligraphy, ceramics, an• After climbing the 72 steps of Altogether the market has tiques, wines and spirits. Its its 13-metre-high base, Kai- 630 stalls. Every night around southern end is flanked by two feng can be seen spread out 50,000 people come to inspect magnificent towers. Entering below. Lining the inside of the its wares, rising to as many as the street, one is transported main hall and the other more 100,000 in the peak season. back in time—a sensation that minor ones are 68 wax figures in nine groups. Divided into A Kaifeng embroiderer at work. WANG XIUQIN nine tableaux, they illustrate major historical events of the 168 years of the Northern Song Dynasty. Lifelike and vivid, they have been highly praised by visitors including China's Party General Secre• tary Zhao Ziyang. Wang Xiaoyong, deputy head of the local journalists' association, guided me around Kaifeng's largest night market in the city's Drum Chamber quarter. With an alleged histo• ry of 1,000 years, it sells al• most anything: from food with a local flavour (popular with foreign tourists) to wooden furniture and the latest fa• shions. Ablaze with lights, and solid with people, business was 34 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 can be fully rounded off by a visit to the Fanlou, the most famous of Kaifeng's 72 res• taurants when it was China's Eastern Capital.

Shaolin Temple After several days in Kai- feng, we left for Songshan, one of China's five sacred moun• tains. Upon its slopes stand the Zhongyue, Songyue and Shao• lin temples, the Pagoda Forest, the Songyang Academy of Classical Learning and a mar• tial arts gymnasium. The broad open spaces and brilliant colouring of the Zhongyue Temple are a mag• nificent sight. From the Zhonghua Gate to the inner sanctum of the Imperial Study Chamber stand 11 courtyards, around which stand 3,000 an• Wushu daily. In recent years, a area of 30,000 square metres. cient cypresses and off which number of martial arts groups According to a leading are more than 300 rooms. Al• from Japan, the United States monk, life is peaceful and together the temple covers an and Singapore have paid spe• stable, with the monks spend• area of 100,000 square metres. cial "pilgrimmage" visits to ing most of their time meditat• The Shaolin Temple is now the temple. ing and practising their callig• well-known for its martial The temple was originally raphy and painting, as well as arts. Today, 80 percent of its built in 495 during the North• their wushu. However, the up• 75 monks continue the tem• ern Wei (386-534). It now has surge in tourism—2 million ple's tradition, practising their seven courtyards and a total Chinese and foreign visitors annually—has added to the workload, while earning valu• able income—1 million yuan from entrance fees and dona• tions. Being exempt from in• come tax, the temple spends a large share of this money on renovating and expanding its buildings, and has recently of• fered funding to schools for lo• cal farmers. By the side of the Shao• lin Temple stands the Pagoda Forest (Talin). With 240 pa• godas, it is the largest pagoda complex in China, all of them memorials to famous monks and inscribed with the names of their disciples. Each one is a different shape: four-sided, six-sided, conical, circular, etc., and adorned with carv• ings, making them a remark-

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 35 able tribute to the ingenuity of and international martial arts' Temple, the first Buddhist their designers and builders. exchanges, the Songshan Mar• ••monastery established in The Songyang Academy of tial Arts Gymnasium was China in 68. My guide was a Classical Learning dates back opened last September. With Haifa master, clothed in a yel• to 484. Two cypresses form one 7,000 square metres of build• low kasaya (a patchwork outer of its most famous features.' ings spread across 30,000 vest worn by Buddhist monks). Originally there were three, square metres of land, it is He not only showed me around named General I, II and III by China's largest centre solely the temple, but explained how Emperor Wudi of the Western devoted to the practice of mar• after its completion, it formed Han Dynasty when he visited tial arts. the launching pad for the the spot in 110 BC. General spread of Buddhism through• III was burnt down some three Luoyang out China and onwards lo Viet centuries ago, but the other Nam, Korea and Japan. two still remain. General II Luoyang holds an important Luoyang's other famous stands 20 metres high, and place in China's history, as its spots include Guan Lin, the measures 12 metres around its alternative name—"the City burial site of the Three King• trunk. Hollow inside, it can of Nine Capitals"—indicates. doms' general, Guan Yu hold several people at one Originally built in the 11th(?-219) . time. Although some of its century BC, it now has a popu• In nearby Baiyuan one can bark has fallen off, the tree lation of 1.08 million. see the tomb of the Tang Dy• remains healthy and hardy. Its Longmen Grottoes are nasty poet, Bai Juyi (772-864). Just beyond the academy one of the three best-known There is also a folk custom stands the Songyue Temple series of stone sculptures in museum, built in 1987, with a Pagoda, the oldest standing China. They consist of a series large display of folk art and pagoda in China. Built in 520, of 2,000 caves, recesses and local culture both contempor• its stands 15 storeys and 40 niches cut into the cliff faces ary and historical, as well as metres high, and has a circum• on either side of the Yi River. an ancient tomb museum with ference of 30 metres. Its wall Within them stand a stagger• 22 tombs from the Eastern and measures 2.45 metres thick, ing 100,000 Buddhist statues Western Han Dynasties (206 and inspite of being battered and carvings ranging from BC-220) to the Northern Song by the wind and the rain for barely 2 centimetres to 17.14 Dynasty (960-1 127). over 1000 years, it remains metres high. erect and intact. Nine kilometres east of Luo• Northern Henan To further develop tourism yang stands the White Horse From Luoyang- we moved on A tourist feeds a rhesus monkey. WANG XIUQIN to Jiyuan City to visit north• ern Henan. Our first stop was Wulongkou, 1 1 kilometres outside Jiyuan, to view the turbulent waters flowing be• tween the narrow cliffs and the Great Longmen Waterfall, Then it was on to the Rhe• sus Monkey Protection Area in the Taihang Mountains, On its colourful forest-clad slopes where wild fruit grows in abundance in the moist cli• mate live around 2,000 rhe• sus monkeys in 19 separate groups. We saw dozens of them. According to my guide, one of Jiyuan's city leaders, leopards, river deer, many spe• cies of fish and other rare an• imals can also often be glimpsed.

36 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 In the afternoon I drove on to the Wangwushan Scenic Spot to visit a series of Tang Dynasty (618-907) buildings: the Yangtai Palace, the San- qing Hall and the three- storeyed Yuhuang Pavilion. Although seriously damaged and in urgent need of repair, they remain a magnificent and unique spectacle. Several trees in the courtyard are at least 1,000 years old and are still growing luxuriantly. Ten miles north of the Yang• tai Palace stands an even more famous tree, a gingko nine metres in circumference and 45 metres high, which accord• ing to local legend was planted in the Western Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago. Close to the Yangtai Palace lies the village of Yanpowa, al• legedly the setting of a famous Chinese folk tale about a fool• ish old man who set his fami• ly to work removing an incon• venient mountain (a tale made doubly famous in a work of Mao Zedong's). Today it has a Yugong (foolish old man) well, a Yugong cave and what is claimed to be the Yugong's home. Beneath a large moun• tain stands a much smaller hillock covered in pines—sup• posedly all that remains of the mountain that blocked the foolish old man's way and view. The 310-metre waterfall at Yuntai Mountain. ZHANG XIAOHUA its landscape. Like a series of several dozen metres into a na• Yuntai Mountain Chinese paintings, the ridges tural gorge resembles an end• Some 35 kilometres nor• and sheer precipices towered less series of thunderclaps. theast of the new industrial above us while rivers and city of Jiaozu lies the Yuntai streams crashed down narrow The Yin Ruins Mountain Scenic Area. Its 35 gullies and waterfalls. Two square kilometres encompass places especially impressed Anyang is yet another of 30 mountains and 24 natural me: the grotesque and fantast• China's ancient capitals. Al• springs. ically shaped boulders scat• though not on the list of the With two local leaders. De• tered along the valley floor at seven major ancient capitals, puty Secretary of Jiaozuo's Laotangou, all rounded off by many historians have recently city Party committee Guo An- a 310 metre waterfall, and an been arguing for its addition. min and Deputy Mayor Xie equally magnificent waterfall In the meantime, however, the Shian, I spent an entire day at Wenpanyu, where the sound city's 550,000 residents have to touring the area and admiring of the water crashing down be happy with its Yin Ruins.

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 37 tombs, workshops and houses all clearly distinguishable. In the palace area, a total of 154,000 inscribed shells and bones have been unearthed, cons'tituting the oldest docu• mentary evidence of an an• cient Chinese capital. To the north of Xiaotun Vil• lage lie the remains of 56 royal tombs, complete with horses, chariots and human sacrifices. When the tomb of Fuhao was opened in 1976, more than 1,900 bronze objects, pieces of jewelry, precious stones and ivory and jade articles were discovered along with 4,800 inscribed shells. In September 1987, the first phase of the Yin Ruins Mu• Anyang's recreation of a Shang Dynasty hall. ZHANG CHANGJIANG seum was completed. Using My host for the trip was have medicinal qualities, the documentary and archaeologi• Yang Yinchang, the deputy di• bones were sold to traditional cal evidence, it resembles an rector of the Yin Ruins Mu• medicine stores. In 1899, how original two-storey Shang Dy• seum. Centred on the present- ever, one of them was finally nasty building, with a wooden day village of Xiaotun, the prescribed to an ailing Qing structure, grass roof, carved ruins themselves extend six Dynasty (1644-1911) official roof beams and painted pillars kilometres from east to west in Beijing. An expert in the —simple and unsophisticated, and four kilometres from study of inscriptions on an• but extremely elegant. Inside north to south. Historical re• cient bronzes and stone ta• stands a recreated great hall cords reveal they date from blets, he recognized the an• and a reproduction of Fuhao's 1378 BC when Emperor Pan- tique nature of the seal marks tomb. geng, the 10th Shang Dynasty and inscriptions on the bone, At the opening ceremony of (16th-llth century BC) ruler, but was unable to identify international symposium on moved to "Yin" (Xiaotun Vil• them. Hastily he ordered more Shang culture held in the mu• lage) from "Yan" (now Qufu of the "dragon bones" to be seum during September 1987, in Shandong Province, Con- sent to him. experts from China and fucius's hometown). Over the With help from other peo• abroad spoke highly of the next 273 years, eight genera• ple, the bones were soon dis• building. It now houses an ex• tions and 12 emperors succeed• covered to be tortoise shells hibition of photographs dis• ed Pangeng until the Uth cen• and the shoulder blades of playing the many archaeologi• tury BC, Zhou Wu, the first oxen, and the inscriptions were cal finds recovered from the Western Zhou Dynasty 11th identified as belonging to the ruins, many of which can be century-771 BC ruler, united late Shang Dynasty. seen in an exhibition hall his forces and defeated the The official's initial investi• nearby. last Shang ruler, Dixin. Subse• gations aroused interest in the As 1989 marks the 90th an- quently, the city of Yin went area around Xiaotun Village, niversary of the first identifi• into rapid decline and grad• and between 1928 and 1937, cation of the "dragon bones" ually disappeared beneath the altogether 15 archaeological from the Yin Ruins, plans are earth. excavations were made, fol• being drawn up to organize a After the city had long lowed by further major discov• series of commemorative ac• been forgotten, local farmers eries after China's liberation tivities, partly as a celebration ploughing the ground contin• in 1949. and partly to further research ually dug up what they took to Surveys have established the into Shang culture. be "dragon bones." Believed to layout of the ruins, with royal • 38 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 as means of production, and so Medicines Earn Healthy Surplus can rise in price. Medicines, n 1988, China earned niques. For example, the however, are classified as so• US$1.2 billion from trad• Tianjin-Otsuka Pharmaceuti• cial welfare goods, and cannot I itional medicine exports, cal Factory, a Sino-Japanese have their prices increased, while spending no more than joint venture which produces causing huge losses for phar• US$50 million on imports. 12 million bottles of injections maceutical manufacturers. During recent years, China's annually, has attracted indus• There are also large differ• foreign trade in drugs and try representatives from across ences between the prices of medicines has increased an• China to see its fungus-free imported and Chinese-made nually by *n average rate of 50 workshop. drugs and medicines. For ex• percent. But foreign technology can ample, a shot of domestical• Antibiotics make up the also bring its problems. One ly produced penicillin costs bulk of China's exports, espe• Jiangsu-Swedish joint venture US$0.08 while imported adria• cially sulfa drugs, which con• with US$12 million of invest• mycin costs 51 times as much. stitute one-third of the na• ment has been totally reliant A high-ranking official from tion's total production of med• on Swedish equipment and raw the State Pharmaceutical Ad• icines and drugs. Principal materials for the last decade, ministration said a formal ap• markets are the Federal Re• hindering China from develop• plication has been submitted public of Germany, Japan and ing its products with domestic to the State Council for some Southeast Asian countries. materials. anti-cancer drugs to be ex• The main imports are first- China's current pricing sys• empted from taxation so that aid medications and semi• tem has also created difficul• more Chinese patients can be synthetic antibiotics which ties for the pharmaceutical in• guaranteed supplies of import• China cannot make at present. dustry. According to govern• ed drugs. China's pharmaceutical manu• ment regulations, chemical facturers are currently trying raw materials are categorized by Yue Haitao to develop their own equi• valents. One company an• search Institute and the Bei• nounced recently that next Expanding jing Nutrition Institute, a year it would start production horse meat processing factory of adriamycin, an expensive Horse Meat in East Ujumqin Banner, In• anti-cancer drug only avail• ner Mongolia, has been trying able from abroad. Experts, Markets to tap this market. By the end however, predict that it will of this year it should have take some years for China hina's 11 million hors• completed construction of a to become self-sufficient in es make it the largest processing department at• drugs. C horse-owning country in tached to its slaughterhouse, With its 1 billion popula• the world. But with increased which can already handle 60 farm mechanization and the horses daily. tion, China has attracted in• According to a nutritional vestment from large pharma• drop in demand for horses expert, horse meat contains ceutical companies around the from the armed forces, horse more protein and less fat per world. For example, America's breeders have been forced to pound compared with pork, Smith Kline Beckmcan Corp. search for new markets in re• mutton and beef. has invested US$2.75 million cent years. Zhu said the company plans in Tianjin, and the Squibb The problem has become to unveil its products to inter• Corp. has put US$3.16 million most urgent for horse breeders national customers at an exhi• into Shanghai. Switzerland's on China's four largest grazing bition to be held from April Ciba-Geigy has invested US$5 lands in Inner Mongolia, Xin• 20-30. He added that Galaxy million in a joint-venture fac• jiang, Qinghai and Gansu. hopes to establish co-operative links with companies from tory in Beijing, which should At present, annual world Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan produce 200 million pills by trade in horse meat totals just and overseas countries, who 1990. 150,000 tons, but demand in are also welcome to participate With foreign investment Europe and Japan is growing. in the exhibition. come advanced technology In conjunction with Chi• and modern management tech• na's Comprehensive Meat Re- by Han Baocheng

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 39 Water EXPO '89 Set in November

he date of China's Water gy required for T EXPO '89 has been set for the Three Gorges November 16-22. The ex• Project and oth• hibition will be held in the Bei• er large and jing Agricultural Exhibition medium-sized hy• Centre. droelectric and The exhibition is Organized water power pro• by China's Ministry of Water jects. Resources. Invitations to par• • Flood control ticipate have been sent to com• and natural disas• panies and other organizations ter management in Japan, Europe and the Un• equipment. ited States. The ministry hopes • Construction to purchase advanced technol• machinery for ogical items and equipment water conservan• through the exhibition. cy works, drain• Minister of Water Resources age and irrigation Yang Zhenhuai said more than projects. 100 Chinese companies have • Technology and applied for the purchase of the equipment for exhibits. He added that wat• groundwater con• er departments had recently trol and develop• signed co-operative agree• ment. Water power: the final generating unit of the Ge2houba ments valued at US$800 mil• • Equipment and Power Station went into operation on December 10, lion to be put into operation developmental 1988. HUAAI over the next three years. technology for village-level To promote agricultural de• hydroelectric power projects. Agreement velopment, the Chinese gov• • Advanced technology and ernment has drawn up plans to equipment for water and soil Signed With N. step up investment in water re• conservation and develop• Ireland sources and encourage foreign ment. involvement. At a work con• • Technology and equipment n late January, the China ference to discuss the rural for freshwater and marine Council for the Promotion economy held last November, farming. of International Trade the State Council said 25 per• • Instruments and technology (CCPITI ) Tianjin branch cent of all loans borrowed to monitor the ecological envi• signed a set of co-operative from the World Bank would be ronment. agreements with Britain's used to promote agriculture, • Water-saving technology Northern Ireland Industrial and most of this would go on and equipment. Development Board (NIIDB). developing water resources. • Technology to help control According to the agree• Reports state that the World water pollution. ments, the two sides aim to Bank has already undertaken • Automatic hydrologic data create favourable conditions to grant China US$12 billion collection and processing for establishing factories in in long-term, low-interest or equipment. both countries, particularly in interest-free loans. • Remote sensing equipment the area of processing sup• Water EXPO '89 will be div• for flood control, hydrome- plied materials and compensa• ided into the following catego• try, the planning of water re• tory trade, as well as promot• ries: sources, etc. ing exports and encouraging • Construction equipment and Northern Irish companies to other machinery and technolo• by Yue Haitao transfer advanced technology

40 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 BUSINESS/TRADE

to China. million rolls of 35 mm colour form. Tianjin, as one of China's film. To exploit the area's rich major textile exporters, hopes The contract stipulates that natural resources, plans were to benefit greatly from the all output bears a Chinese tra• drawn up to attract investment agreements. In recent years, demark and Chinese packag• and technological co-operation import quotas have made it ing, and can only be sold do• from other areas of China and hard to penetrate European mestically so as not to impinge abroad. These included pre• and US markets. Now textile on Kodak's traditional mar• ferential measures similar to industry representatives are kets. those adopted in the coastal examining the possibilities of The Xiamen Photographic open economic zones, and the opening factories in North• Materials Co. is a joint, ven• establishment of a provincial ern Ireland, hoping that af- ture managed by the China In• level import-export corpora• » ter 1992, when EEC removes ternational Trust and Invest• tion. Recently, 18 technologi• all internal barriers to trade, ment Corp, the Fujian In• cal agreements have been they will be able to sell their vestment Co. and two other signed with departments from products across Europe. Chinese companies. the Chinese Academy of Frank Hewitt, deputy chief Kodak's chairman, Colby H. Sciences. executive of the NIIDB, said Chandler, said that with the According to Huang Wen, China's long-term market po• rapid growth in demand for tential was enormous, and es• colour film and photographic an assistant director in the tablishing close relations with paper, it was impossible to league's Prefectural Commis• the CCPIT Tianjin branch predict the full extent of Chi• sioner's Office, efforts were should offer many openings na's colour film market. He being made to strengthen ties for Northern Irish exporters. added that Eastman-Kodak with Hong Kong, Macao and would continue to offer a tech• countries in the West through nological consultancy service the ports at Dalian and Ying- by Yue Haitao kou so as to open up interna• for the Xiamen Photographic tional markets. At the same Materials Co. time, the league hoped to step up trade with the Soviet Union Kodak Helps by Han Baocheng through Manzhouli City, Chi• China Cut Film na's major overland link with the USSR. Imports League Expands To expand commercial ties with Mongolia and the Soviet he Xiamen Photographic Soviet Trade Union, the airport at Hailar, Materials Co. is the first the local capital, has been ex• T foreign company ever to uring 1988, Hulun Buir tended to handle Boeing 737s, have bought photographic League in northern In• while further highway and technology from Kodak dur• D ner Mongolia signed railroad construction is under ing the latter's 100-year histo• barter trade contracts worth way. ry. Its new colour film prod• 44.86 million Swiss francs with Hulun Buir League has an uction line began operation on the Soviet Union, as well as area of more than 250,000 January 23. conducting direct trade worth square kilometres—eight Annual production capacity US$5 million with Japan and times as large as the newly stands at 11 million square Hong Kong. Although not en• founded Hainan Province. Its metres of colour sensitive ma• ormous, such trade would have population is 2.44 million. The terials. In trial production, been unimaginable just a few Hulun Buir Grassland is one quality of film and photo• years back. of the three biggest grasslands graphic film surpassed the On January 18, 1988, with in Asia, and the region has standards laid down in the the permission of the State contract. Council the government of the proven coal deposits of 33.4 With the production line in Inner Mongolian Autonomous billion tons, as well as large operation, China should be Region named Hulun Buir reserves of gold, silver; copper, able to start cutting imports of League in the north of the lead and zinc. colour film and photographic autonomous region an experi• paper. In 1988 it imported 40 mental area for economic re• by Han Baocheng

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 41 FROMITHEICHINESEIPRESS from the "one China" policy that had been Chiang's consis• tent stand. Some current au• Taiwan: What Course to Follow? thorities speak glibly of "elas• tic diplomacy" and "dual re• cognition." For instance, Kao Yu-shu, a member of the exe• jing. In addition, Taiwan au• cutive yuan, published an ar• RENMIN RIBAO thorities have now agreed that ticle claiming that "both are (People's Daily, Overseas Edition) mainlanders may visit Taiwan Chinas." ne year after Chiang to see relatives who are ill or to Chang Hsiao-yen, vice- Ching-kuo's death, an arrange funerals for relatives. minister of foreign affairs in O article issued by the They have also agreed to per• charge of day-to-day business, China News Agency in Hong mit mainland students study• Kong discussed the political ing abroad to visit Taiwan. advocates "dual recognition is situation in Taiwan. Excerpts All these steps show that re• feasible" in diplomacy. All of follow. lations between people on both this clearly shows that Taiwan In his last years, Chiang sides of the Straits have im• authorities are retreating from Ching-kuo sensed'that changes proved, but some people consi• the "one China" policy. Some were taking place. He carried der that the door is opening figures in Taiwan political cir• out some reforms, including too slowly and have asked that cles have said, "Such changes lifting martial law, removing a major policy be worked out could not occur if Chiang bans on political parties and as soon as possible. Ching-kuo were still alive." doing away with newspaper However, the activities of (January 16, 1989) censorship, as well as permit• those who advocate Taiwan's ting Taiwan residents to visit independence have become in• relatives on the mainland. Al• creasingly blatant during the though those reforms, which past year. Some who had ad• Are These Not enjoyed popular support, were vocated the so-called "self- considered humanitarian, they determination" of Taiwan re• Worth were essentially a break• sidents now advocate "enjoy• Pondering? through step in facilitating the ing the freedom of independ• establishment of relations be• ence." tween the mainland and Tai• In August 1988, Taiwan in• GUANGMIN RIBAO wan after 40 years of separa• dependence advocates held a (Guangmin Daily) tion. meeting there and brazenly de• here is no denying that After succeeding to the manded that Taiwan be esta• Chinese education has de• highest party and administra• blished as a new and indepen• T veloped rapidly over the tive posts in Taiwan, Li Teng- dent nation. They also raised past ten years, but the present hui repeatedly emphasized slogans such as "long live Tai• situation of Chinese education that his wish was to complete wan independence" and held gives much food for thought. the cause begun by his prede• demonstrations. Moreover, the Great shortages of funds cessor. However, Taiwan's pol• "draft constitution of the re• for education exist. Although itical situation in 1988 both public of Taiwan" was pub• funds for education have in• gladdened people's hearts and lished in some local maga• creased by 260 percent in the gave them cause for concern. zines. past ten years, the amount of Generally speaking, rela• During Chiang Ching-kuo's money actually spent on teach• tions across the Taiwan Straits lifetime, Taiwan authorities ing has tended to decline with improved in 1988. Many Tai• emphasized that people in Tai• the increasing population and wan residents returned to the wan should not advocate the the expanding scale of educa• mainland to visit relatives, split of the nation, but recent tion. Compared with 1980, travel, search for their roots activities of the Taiwan in• the proportion of the teaching and conduct business and cul• dependence movement have funds for primary and middle tural and art exchanges. Some made people heavy-hearted. schools to the total funds allo• scholars from Taiwan also In addition, there is some in• cated by the state to primary participated in international dication that present authori• and middle school education scientific discussions in Bei• ties in Taiwan have deviated in 1987 dropped from 33^1 per- 42 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 FROMITHEICHINESEIPRESS cent and 22.1 percent to 27.8 middle schools throughout the ersity students, disrupting percent and 16.7 percent res• country also are short 13 mil• teaching sequences and im• pectively. Some rural primary lion sets of desks and chairs. schools had no public funds Dissatisfied with their low pairing the quality of educa• for teaching. payment, many teachers have tion. Poor education conditions abandoned teaching and trans• A large number of people prevail. Primary and middle ferred to business. The unst• have appealed to the govern• schools in all of China are now able contingent of teachers has ment to change the present si• short by 75 million square adversely affected the teach• tuation of education, but very metres in classroom space, in ing quality. few improvements have been addition to the fact that 45 A number of students are made, prompting some to say million square metres of class• weary of studying and the idea rooms are in dangerous con• of the uselessness. of study is the effort is in vain. However, dition. Large numbers of stu• gaining ground again. In some in our opinion, we should con• dents attend classes in temples regions, pupils are absent from tinue to speak out. Only by and dilapidated and dangerous school without leave and some relying on discussions between buildings, and building col• have discontinued their stu• the higher levels and the grass lapses occur frequently. In ad• dies and gone into business. roots can the quality of nation• dition, teaching supplies and The number of child labour• laboratory equipment are very ers, pedlars and farmers has al education be, improved. Un• scarce, with only 10 percent of increased to some extent. Mo• less we press for improvements middle schools and 5 percent reover, the phenomenon of in education, it will be impos• of primary schools having ad• forsaking studies for business sible to settle the problems. equate supplies. Primary and has also emerged among univ• (December 7, 1988)

BEIJING RFVTFW. FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 43 A Useful Pocket Reference on Tibet 100 Questions About Tibet Edited by Jing Wei, Beijing Review Press, 1989 Distributed by Beijing Review, Beijing, China Reviewed by Israel Epstein o ask, and answer, a booklet the target thesis is ob• a multinational state, not to be T hundred questions about scured by the unfamiliar term equated exclusively with the Tibet—or any other sub• "benefactor and lama"). An• majority Hans or the various ject—in 117 pages is a feat, swer: As documented, the Da• minorities, but the creation and this booklet does it. The lai and other ecclesiastics with and common heritage of both. questions are not out of the temporal authority had to be ! Section Two, titled Human author's head or picked for confirmed in both their civil Rights, begins with the unden• ease of reply. They cover, and religious capacities by iable fact that, prior to 1959, among other things, virtually central appointment, so they the majority of Tibetans (serfs all the assertions and assump• were clearly subordinate of• and slaves who could be tions spread widely by Tibetan ficials. Were the paramount bought, sold, flogged, blind• separatist expatriates and their rights of the central govern• ed or killed by their manori• foreign friends and patrons. ment in Tibet those of sover• al lords in the old feudal socie• A key section deals with Ti• eignty or merely "suzerainty"? ty) had none at all. At pre• bet's status. Was it, as some Answer: The "suzerainty" la• sent they are entitled to all the misinformation has it, "con• bel was devised at the turn of rights of citizens of the Peo• quered" or "occupied" by the century by British (and ple's Republic under its consti• China only in the 1950's? The Czarist Russian) empire build• tution, including special prov• answer (given with evidence) ers at a time when all China isions for minority national• is that Tibet had been an ad• was prey to dimemberment. ities—with regard to local ministrative division of China Was Tibetan "independence" autonomy, language and some from 700 years earlier. Was ever recognized by any coun• fiscal privileges. The slander this unity established simply try, including the powers in• that "a million Tibetans have by the domination over both terested in tearing the region been killed" is scouted by the the Han and Tibetan national• from the rest of China. An• figures—between the 1950's ities by a third—the Mongols swer: No, the facts in interna• and 1980's the number of Tibe• who founded the Yuan Dynas• tional law were too plain, so tans in Tibet grew by almost ty—losing its basis when that even these governments half, while average life- that common subordination repeatedly and officially de• expectancy increased by some lapsed? Answer: It contin• clared that Tibet could not be 28 years—from 35.5 years to ued throughout China's subse• regarded as other than a part 63.7. As for education, literacy quent history as a unified of China. in Tibetan has increased sev• state—except for interludes The subject of Tibet's status | eral fold, though still insuffi• of fragmentation not only be• is traced through the centuries cient. Allegations by the Dalai tween her nationalities but to the 1951 agreement on mea• Lama and others that Tibetans within them. Was the histori• sures for the peaceful libera• are being "swamped" by Han cal relation between the Chi• tion of Tibet (with its endorse• immigrants are disproved by na's emperors and Tibet's ment by the present Dalai the census figures. In adminis• grand lamas one of central and Lama), the rebellion of 1959 tration, more than 60 per cent local authorities, sovereigns and the policies adopted of officials in the Autonomous and subjects, or solely one of thereafter. Region are Tibetan, as have "patron and priest" as bruited The standpoint taken is been all of its chairman (a post abroad (unfortunately in the based not only on facts which, by law, can only be and documents but on the held, by members of the na• Israel Epstein, author of the book Tibet tionality enjoying local auton• Transformed, has travelled in Tibet for four historically-formed character times during the last 30 years. of China as both a unified and omy). It is unfortunately true

44 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 that citizens' rights inscribed nine autonomous prefectures Lama," it would help recog• in China's constitution (as in and two autonomous counties. nition if this were added in those of many other countries) The reason why these areas are bracket after "Bainqen Er- have not always been fully im• not included in the Tibet Re• deni," which is less familiar plemented and at times (as in gion is that, historically, they abroad. And the good argu• the "Cultural Revolution") have not been unified adminis• ment against the "patron and violated or ignored. But just as tratively and economically. priest" thesis on traditional re• the stipulation of these rights The recent riots in Tibet are lations with the central gov• is in itself a vast step forward j discussed in another group of ernment will not be recognized in comparison with the past, so I questions. as such when the usual English their ever-fuller implementa• I A clear statement is made formulation is switched in the tion is the indubitable overall ! that foreign travel, trade and booklet to "benefactor and trend. Local autonomy, repre• investment in Tibet are wel• lama." sentation in the general gov• come and desired in Tibet as The reference to meddling in ernment, and equal personal well as elsewhere in China, but Tibet by the "US Strategy and freedoms are constitutional foreign political interference Inteligence Agency" would be rights—secession is not. is not. more accurate (and checkable) Of great current interest is Alongside its mainly useful if it was correctly named the Section III, on Policies To• and up-to-date contents the "US Office of Strategic Servi- wards the Dalai Lama. It deals booklet also has some flaws, ces"(this could usefully be fol• in some detail with various particularly m its editing in lowed in parentheses by "war• proposals he has made, the op• English. time predecessor of the Cen• portunities open to him to re• One is unclarity in defining | tral Intelligence Agency" turn and to reside in Tibet or the scope of figures—3,970,- ' which it was in fact). elsewhere in. China, and the 000* is given as "Tibet's popu- i Citations also should be essential condition — abandon• lation" (on p. 55) when what is more specific, and not vague ment of separatism in advoca• meant is the total of Tibetans as in "a French newspaper" or cy and action. in all China. The reader will be "an American paper." This Regarding religion, the gist ; all the more confused by the is particuarly necessary when of the answers is: Chinese statement, earlier on the same important statements are Communists are atheists but page, that "Tibet's total popu- made, such as that the 13th do not stand for the abolition I lation is 2,024,000. This is, in Dalai Lama declared that he of religion by force, and no I fact, the latest census figure had never wanted separation state organs, social groups or i for people within the Tibetan from China. In the booklet, it individuals are allowed to in• Autonomous Region, most of is said to be corroborated "in terfere with the religious be• whom are Tibetans while a various books written by some liefs of others. In the "Cultur• small number are not. foreigners"~without the al Revolution" this policy was There is confusion, too, in violated not only in Tibet but names of either. With them the the English rendering of Tibe• reader could convince doub• in other parts of the country. tan names, including some im• Amends have been made. The ters, without them he is di• portant ones. A former Chair- sarmed. Brevity is a merit, but government has allotted large I man of the Atonomous Region funds to restore or renovate here some footnotes or end• i is called Dorje Cedan on p.72 notes are essential. places of worship in Tibet. i but Doje-tsirten on p. 82, when It would also help greatly, if More than 20,000 people there he is introduced in his pre- the material is used in argu• are now in monastic orders. j sent academic capacity of ment or debate, to give the Religious observance is wides• i secretary-general of the China sources from which the editor pread and open, and theologi• Tibet Study Center. And the cal education has resumed. I current chairman of the Au• obtained or collated the an• The constitutional right to tonomous Region is called swers—either in each case or ethnic autonomy is exercised Dorje Cerang on p. 72 and in a list of acknowledgments. by Tibetans not only in the Doje Cering on p. 99. When | In such matters, attribution is Autonomus Region, with its i there is a customary English i essential to weight. These are more than 90 per cent Tibetan name for a Tibetan personali• suggestions for the improve• majority, but in other prov• ty or title, such as "Panchen ment of this inces in which Tibetans live generally very useful hand• as minorities, where they have The correct figure is 3,870,000, book. •

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1.V26, 1989 4.5 A Panoramic View of Tourism in '89

hough China's tourist en• schedules of many tourist tries, tourists from Southeast T terprise was somewhat groups were continually set• Asian countries and South Ko• frustrated last year, pro• back and postponed due to the rea are also expected to in• gress was still made in the traffic jam. Sometimes travel crease in number. tourist trade. It welcomed a to• services in popular cities were In 1989, the traffic condi• tal of 4.3 million tourists in embarrassed by the difficulties tions between major tourist ci• 1988,, a hike of 13.6 percent in getting plane and train tick• ties in the peak period will above 1987. And it earned ets, situation similar to the continue to be strained. Last US$2.22 billion, an increase sad plight of booking hotels in year, Beijing, Shanghai, Nanj• of 19.4 percent over 1987. The 1985. ing, Suzhou, Wuxi, Hangzhou, main reason for such a large- According to statistics, Guangzhou, Guilin and Xian scale increase in foreign ex• China hosted 1.84 million visi• received 70 percent of the to• change was the galloping tors from abroad, only 6.6 per• tal visitors from home and growth rate of income from cent more than in 1987, mark• abroad. Such flocking exasper• food and drink consumption ing the lowest annual growth ates the traffic problem and is and from retail commodity rate. Of the travellers, Ja• expected to do so again in 1989. sales (an increase of 3.1 per• panese tourists accounted for However, thanks to the pur• cent and 4.8 percent above last 590,000, only a 2.5 percent chase of 30 new large- and year). This was largely thanks crawl over 1987 figures; and medium-sized planes by the to the purchasing power of tourists from the United States General Administration of 400,000 Taiwan tourists in totalled 300,000, a 4.6 percent Civil Aviation of China, the 1988 (which was, on the aver• fall under the 1987 tally. Tour• import of quite a few lux• age, three or four times more ists from European countries urious soft seats and the ac• potent than that of the foreign brought better days, howev• quisition of railway carriages tourists). er, their numbers reached with soft berths from abroad With the lapse of the Dragon 397,000, an increase of 13.4 by the railway departments, Year, China's tourist trade ex• percent over 1987. the testy traffic problems will perienced its flourishing re• A tourism expert figured be somewhat relaxed. sults along with a pinch of that the slowdown in growth According to an investiga• hard times. Some unexpected rate of Japanese tourists had tion of hotels, the price to rent incidents, such as the Hepati• something to do with the train a room in 1989 will remain tis A epidemic and traffic ac• collision in Shanghai early last comparatively stable. Due to cidents, cast some shadows on year. As for the United States, battle scars from last year's the activities during the Inter• the domestic drama of the price war, managers from fa• nationa] Tourism Year which presidential election may have mous Beijing hotels have made was aimed at touting the trav• dulled the American people's up their minds not let such ellers. In order to have more appetite for seeking adventure skirmishes happen again. In visitors, many managerial de• abroad, the expert said. How• January 1989, room rental partments of hotels in scenic ever, the increasing number of prices in the medium- and spots carried on a tug-of-war European visitors is in line high-graded hotels of this city with price slashes—the big• with the general tendency to• have settled at between 60 and gest cut-throat competition in wards growth of foreign visi• 70 percent of the peak-period the history of China's tourist tors. charges. In 1989, China's tour• trade. Therefore, group after In light of the -expert's con• ism costs will go up 10 percent, group of visitors swarmed into clusions, China's travel enter• mainly allocated to eating and China. Between May and Octo• prises will continue to expand drinking as well as the compre• ber, hotels in Beijing, Shang• in 1989. In addition to the vis• hensive service trade. hai and Xian were packed to itors from Japan, the United Coincidentally, in 1989 trav• the full. Hence, the travel States and European coun• el services throughout China 46 ilJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 will be confronted with an business with foreign travel ize the travel services and sev• even more severe competition, services openly or through a erely crack down on travel but adjustments are being crack. Now they have been or• guides and drivers who resort made accordingly. From Janu• dered not to receive delega• to bribes and blackmail. Si• ary of this year, 22 provinces, tions from the foreign travel multaneously, the travel five autonomous regions, three services and only to host travel guides will be required to take municipalities directly under delegations dispatched by the the comprehensive examina• the central government and 15 first-grade travel services. tions and then must be quali• separate planning cities will Foreign traVel services no lon• fied before-acquiring the right establish a kind of travel ser• ger have to choose between to be a guide. vice with liaison rights to the many travel services, rather To realize the integrations foreign travel services and the only a few dozen. According to between tourism and services right to issue visas. These will new regulations made by the on passenger flights, several supplement the original China State Travel and Tourism Ad• travel services participated in International Travel Service, ministration, these travel ser• a group joinly formed by the the China Travel Service and vices will collect fees before hotels and airline companies. 14 other central services. So receiving the delegation. This These hand-in-hand efforts far, a merger of 61 travel ser• new method will henceforth will carry with them an optim• vices in China will offer their put a kink in some specula- istic future in booking the ho• services to the outside world. tors'businesses. tels and plane tickets. In the past, 1,000 second- In 1989, the Chinese govern• grad travel services conducted ment will thoroughly reorgan• by Han Guojian

Tourists Urged to File Complaints

ome tourist guides have he again asked for another 900 yuan FEC from the leader of openly committed bribery yuan FEC for another food an American tourist group on S and extorted money from bill. In this way he cheated the the pretext of giving him tourists. This kind of behav• tourists out of 1,200 yuan. The priority arrangement of plane iour seriously affects the repu• leader of the Australian group tickets. Another case involved tation of China's tourist in• said angrily, "This is a dirty a staff member named Zhang dustry. The State Travel and trick." of the China International Tourism Administration hopes In June last year, a tourist Travel Service, Xian Branch. that those tourists who have group from Singapore was also In one month's time, Zhang, visited China will send in their cheated by. a guide in Guang• who was stationed at the air• timely complaints to travel zhou. Guide Huang asked one port to arrange plane tick• services in various parts of of the toiirists to buy a tax-free ets for tourists, had accept• China or through our maga• refrigerator for him. When he ed bribes in the form of four zine, Beijing Review. was refused, he deliberately cartons of high-class Zhon- In May of last year, a guide delayed giving them their ghua, Hilton, Hongtashan named Zhao from the China train tickets which caused five (Red Pagoda Hill) and Mild Youth Travel Service led an elderly tourists of the group Seven cigarettes valued at Australian Tourist Group vis• to panic and rush immediate• about RMB 400 yuan. iting Beijing. Although he ly for the train. In their letter The above guides have been knew that the expenses for of complaint, they said: "This dismissed or transferred, and food had already been paid by kind of person is only interest• the losses caused to those tour• the Chinese side, he still bor• ed in money, and has no moral ists have been compensated. rowed 300 yuan FEC (foreign concepts at all and brings dis• It is reported that ten ille• exchange certificate) from one grace to China's tourist indus• gal guides were dismissed last of the tourists, saying that he try." year. was going to pay the bill. In October last year, a local When the group left Beijing, guide in Xian extorted 120 by Han Guojian

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 47 Prospects for the Novel

988 was a poor year for themselves rather than moving Looking ahead into 1989, the Chinese novel. As into new territory. Li main• writers are not optimistic. At 1 writer Li Guowen puts it, tains writers have to concen• the end of last year, 20 editors "There are good and bad years trate on cultivating their own from the authoritative Peo- for apple production. In good literary strength to a far grea• \ Literature magazine, years, the crop is high, and ter degree than most of them I with writer Liu Xinwu as its in bad ones it's low. Literary realize. i chief editor, were asked their creation is the same. Litera• According to writer Zhang views on the prospects for ture's recent good years seem Qie, recent changes in Chinese Chinese writing in 1989. More to have passed; writing is now society, in particular the in• than half of the editors agreed in a slump." troduction of economic com• on the following points: During the late 1970s, petition, have uprooted many 1. Through continued ex• Chinese literature entered a traditional values that have perimentation, novels that ex• period of prosperity. First yet to be replaced. This has plore one new style or another there was "bruise literature," a inevitably disoriented many will continue to be successful response to and attack on the people who have turned to lit• and receive praise within liter- "cultural revolution." Then erature in search of solace and j ary circles. new ideas. In effect they came "intropective litera• 2. As Chinese society be• have demanded: give us good ture," with its explorations of comes interested in other mat• works, help us understand the the Chinese psyche and nation• ters, it is unlikely that any al cultural consciousness. Both new circumstances of Chinese novel, however excellent, will movements produced many society. cause a national sensation. strong and popular works as Zhang believes that some re• 3. Reportage, with its liter• Chinese writers freed them• cently popular novels, al• selves from the constraints ary style, bias towards infor• though often marked by con• mation and philosophical fla• of portraying all characters fused and shallow thinking, vour, will continue to be the through class struggle specta• have at least attempted to con• most popular form of writing. cles. They turned instead to• front life in an exuberant man• wards descriptions of human ner. He praises the way in 4. Popular and entertaining nature and feelings, exploring which they combine subjectiv• literary works willbe pub• a diverse styles. ity with strong, realistic plots lished in first-class literary magazines, which will both However, since 1985, al• and a fine attention to detail, strengthen their reputation as though some good new works particularly in their probings an acceptable form of writing have been published, most of of the psyche and irrationality them cannot be mentioned in of the human soul. and help to sell more copies of literary magazines. the same breath as their imme• According to writer Feng Ji- diate predecessors. cai, writing's current problems 5. Poetry creation will devel• Literary critic Mou Junjie stem to a large part from with• op steadily. Although many outlines three lacks in contem• in. Since 1980, Chinese wri• good poems will be written, no porary novel writing: the lack ters have experimented with star poet will emerge to be of any guiding spirit, the lack almost every literary tech• worshipped by poetry lovers. of power and depth of thought, nique ever created around the Overall, the editors were and the lack of moving charac• world, leaving them short of pessimistic on the prospects ters, strong plots and artistic resources for novelty. He says for prose in 1989. Although feeling. this calls for serious rethink• some publications will try and Li Guowen declares the nov• ing by almost all writers. As tailor their contents to the de• el is now on the wane, arguing he puts it, both the well- mands of their readers, the fa• this is because many writers, established and the unknown shion for writing centred on including some famous ones, writers now stand equal on the human spirit in high-flown lack stamina and staying pow• the starting line for a second style is unlikely to attract er. They continuously repeat round of the literary race. more readers than in 1988. •

48 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 BISBillSillBSBDimBSI

Magic Artist

e Haixia is a great master During the time of traditional Chinese of the Japanese in• M painting, who can im• vasion in China, itate the calligraphies and He risked his life paintings done by ancient peo• to get Zhang out ple of more than one thousand of the Japanese- years ago. He celebrated his occupied Beijing. 80th birthday recently. But he himself was Born into a Manchurian na• left behind and tionality family in Beijing in lived under the Ja• 1908, He cherished a love for panese suppression art, especially for painting, for eight years. from early childhood. In the In the late 1940s, 1920s, he learned traditional He created many Chinese painting under many paintings and some well-known masters and laid a of the works were solid foundation for his later so outstanding that success. many collectors mistook them grand work Spring Land, as Later, to make a living, He as the works of Zhang. well as the Booming Peaks pic• worked on calligraphies and After liberation in 1949, He ture, for the banquet hall in paintings which were in a state transferred to Xian. There he the Great Hall of the People, of decay for an antique shop joined Shi Lu and many other and Love For the Mountains and soon became an expert in well-known masters and set up and Rivers, which is displayed this field. He developed the the Changan school, which was in the Ziguang (Purple Light) uncanny ability to copy and characterized by its robust and Hall in Zhongnanhai, the seat imitate with great accuracy uninhibited quality. Later, He of the Chinese government. the paintings of post-tenth became vice-president of The inspiring, creative qual• century masters from dif• the Academy of Traditional ity and vitality of his works ferent schools. This highly- Chinese Painting of Shaannxi make it difficult for people to crafted trick won him acclaim Province. believe that they are the prod• as a "magical artist." Within the past ten years. ucts of an eighty-year-old ar• In 1936, his works were on He painted The Picture of tist. view together with such great Ming Dynasty Palace for Ja• Chinese masters as Qi Baishi, pan. He also had the honour Zhang Daqian and Yu Feiyin. of doing the 32-square-long by Wei Liming

Plioto Exhibit for Film Stars

he first international exhibition of film and TV stars' photos is now in preparation and will be held this June in Beijing. T Bridge, a monthly magazine published in Beijing and distributed domestically and abroad, is the sponsor of this exhibition. Pictures on and off the screen, either informal life photos or artistic clips of film and of TV performers since 1930 are welcome, especially those of recent years. Each participant can send no more than eight photos, either in colour or in black and white. •

BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 49 Film Explores Virgin Land

scientific film depict• lakes, rare animals and plants, tural relics discovered in this ing the natural and so• and the Co Ngoin Bird Island uninhabited area. These works A cial scenes in northern (the highest of its kind in the are a mirror of human iijhabit- Tibet has won high acclaim for world). It also brings to light ance, scenes of life and labour, its breakthrough in the field of many cultural and historical about 10,000 years ago. How documentary productions. sites, such as the urban re• people managed to survive un• The film, titled Journey mains of the ancient der such adverse conditions Through Northern Tibet, gives Xiangxiong State and the became a mystery to explore. a comprehensive depiction of 5,00Q-year-old rock paintings Thus such a discovery rattles the unique natural scenes, reli• at Gyaling. Other parts of the the basis on which the histo• gious practices, local customs film are devoted to depicting ry of Tibet was written. Li and other cultural vestiges in the life of the local herdsmen, Bingxiong, president of the In- the Qiangtang area, northern religious ceremonies and a ' stitute of Tibetan Studies, has Tibet. uniquely Tibetan practice said, "Like an earthquake, the Qiangtang is a tableland called the celestial burial (by rock paintings alone may bring about 500,000 square kilo• which bodies are exposed to tremors to my former beliefs." metres in size, 5,000 metres birds of prey). The film• makers give a kaleidoscopic Xin Yingyi, chief producer above sea level. About half of of the film, was a graduate the area has no trace of human view, considering both the na• tural and the humane, the from the Beijing Film Acade• inhabitance. Due to its loca• my in the 1970s. Two of his tion and formidable character, celestial and the secular, as well as past and present. Hence previous films, Rher Crab and it has always been considered The Energy For Life, won the a place of danger and a "No this production outshines the previous scientific films, Ministry of Culture's best film Man's Land," as far as scien• awards in 1985, and the latter tists are concerned. Conse• which usually tended to give a has also won a prize at the quently, there previously has dull, technical explanation of Second Energy Film Festival been no particular work devot• natural phenomena. held in Lausanne, Switzer• ed to the introduction and stu• The rock paintings depicted land, in 1988 dy of this region. in the film are of special scien• The film introduces natural tific significance, for these wonders, such as the icy rivers. -.were the first prehistoric cul• by Zhang Wei

awarded a certificate and a Contest for Traditional Instruments certain sum of money. The sponsors of the compe• he first international com• be divided into two groups tition are People's Music (a petition for traditional —professional and amateur. monthly magazine), the offi• T musical instruments will Each of these will be subdi• cial publication of the Chinese be held in Beijing in June this vided into two categories—a Musicians' Association, the year. Competing instruments youth group (ages 17-35) and a Chinese Musicians' Audio and will include the erhu (two- teenager group (ages 8-16). Video Publishing House and stringed Chinese fiddle), pipa The programme list will in• the Chinese Artists' Travel (fretted four-stringed guitar• clude classical works, tradi• Service. Those desiring to par• like instrument), zheng (13-14 tional pieces, folk music and ticipate in the competition stringed Chinese zither) and works by contemporary fa• may purchase a sign-up list, liuqin (a plucked stringed in• mous musicians. including general regulations, strument). The winners (at least four for US$2 from People's Music, Participating musicians will for each instrument) will be Beijing. •

50 BEIJING REVIEW, FEBRUARY 13-26, 1989 ART PACE

A Decorative Sculpture.

Sculptures by Wang Jindong

Wang Jindong, born in Beijing, in 1932 now is director of the Henan Sculpture Art Studio. He is devot• ed to the stone and brick portraits and the folk arts of the Han Dy• nasty (206 BC-220). His work em• ploys a combination of ancient and modern concepts and richly embodies the national flavour. Sister and Brother. "Three Ring" Hair Styling and Drying Kit

Art. No: S-350T Specifications: 220v, 350w P^r carton: 10 kits Dimensions: 61 x 23 x 47 cm Gross weight: 1 3 kgs, net weight: 9.5 kgs

Art. No: ^50L Specifications: 220v, 350w Per carton: 1 0 kits Dimensions: 70 x 38 x 27 cm Gross weight: 1 3 kgs, net weight: 1 0.5 kgs

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