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Pictorial Keys to the Aquatic Mollusks of the Upper Susquehanna

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PICTORIAL KEYS TO THE AQUATIC MOLLUSKS OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA by Willard N. Harman Biological Field Station Cooperstown, N.Y. Occasional paper No. 9 Januarv 1982 Biology Department State University College at Oneonta II This paper hM be~:u, '(T:.;;,.t"~E;r.:. :eOl:" th<i:0 ,-'>Be of l~1J::en a.nd students interested in the natural h:tst;)r:r 0: "~he ~e"c of Hew York State. It incluc"lesTli?",-;:,;:YJ.""l C:Gi:::C:('.;3:'E'l],;lg; t.hG D~d ecological aspects of the biology of au,x 1c;:;?~:. fl'eshwater mussels, as well as pictorial l:ti'it cd.'the species col­ lected in the Cou:o:tJ ~s pre~ented in Table 1. Also included ar,~ -c,:b.c'" s:-;:ecJ,<;;'i',:n:i;Ui" O:f:7).n or Irmd snails (Table 2.) found i.n 'the Lake.: (:,,:n'iT.,Lr,;il:l::;? for th05c interested in the non- aquatic molluscEL, The f're5n\;atE"Y fi' F~:U.i3 Mollusca of the Class Gastropoda.. In COX:;::;,::::'",!,?';':" .;~;:; '::1..:1.8 class, all freshwater Gastropoda have tns production of yolky, encapsulated '[;&;0 18~d (Hunter, 1964). They comprise t;f.f'" '3_:~~ K"::'i;Go1:n,"sr!.chia and the Pulmonata. The P'L>08(}b:F."'J:1:~ the families Valvatidae ~ Yi aTe character­ ized by opercU:L:,~ is s. rigid or leathery disc prot(~cting t.he snail whenever it is in central New York, except the Valvati&~e lliB2es being easily recognized because of the F:"",:;;.:C'.i2ti;~· prosclhraD.cus are closely allied to marine" lit,'co:,"fJ, ::~L1:::;-::,I;:; f; and these t,;o groups presUllJAbl;y he.v~ ..',', g,nees'{;:nal stock (Hunter, 1952) • To Ii1"= ~~;L?S'2: sLd.ls ht'HI to develop an osmoregulatoj:-;:/ i.n 1.0\-[ salt coneen­ trations. PJter e:'.~':",ob~~£;..nchia tJ.C quired adaptations for life in -.", ·:;;~t:.~,'·~·:;_r::~u.{:; ha'v'e developed gills tha.t can "":,k.:C r~a;,:'':.lE.: C:8.vities and thus are less affecte~ '~he f;\lb3'.:,};'''Ste. Some members ~:'4" fT"~~ans-M 19~6) of the Vivips.J:':LdE£ ;,~:n(j, ~d.~~Q \U_Lb_ ~u, v • This avoids th:":'?"l':", 'hhUe plowing through the substrate They are also better hidden ~.t'. i,;.t8.t ionar}" positions. The Pulmonata &~'~ ()X"{i,C;,I'2 St,,,;{lo!!rmatophora and ~~,,->:(L.'i. tn.~ :t~z·i~rial Basommatophora, r·lelD~0·:S:::s & 'c,'&.il:',L,,,';'. tervl.. sna.ils and slugs, have tvo o? 'OOTne <.d:, the tips of tbe longer pair. l',:~ __ , ,~",,_ O~,'>(i~~r :Baf:::_~~\rf:11L~tophora~ They have onl;y" OUE; (};..c' ·i~8:D.t8..~~t;::-;8 ':iJ',l:.!, :,il'';'' '::';:F;;8 are v,at on them but near the bases (see coy(;?~" :L1J_;':(~'C:;;'B,tj,()Z;), LFJ':di f!ilL.::.13 i2~nd their empty shells fre­ quently are i'm.met ';7[1,t",: c" ;ii::.1) ";;t:L2:,o to ident:Lfy- a.quetic snails should keep them in m,:u:m. nE1de by stud~uts who have tried to use these keys b.z;;\TS x·e8~)-=. t.bE:!Jl tG J.&.l2d snails I If the soft tion of tbe eyes can be deterr:c0:u,;;cL 'I#he couplets may be those of If:lx:dL ZJ~l'1d],s ,u1: ,::l1811 the spire raised only slightly abcnr~e tl1.e ';;0 02' 8'~ species of Valvata (greatest dia:mett':;;Y' III The basommatopho!'aTI families in central New York (Lymnaeidae, Physidae, Planorbid.a.e, Wld f.l.L1cyLi.c...a.e) are characterized by combined sexes (monoecious species), lack of c>:p.eZ-CUl8~l' no tru.e gills, and a. highly vascular mantle cavity that is used as a l1mg, OJ..tyge!:i is obtained from either air or water, which enters the ma.Tltle cav:it.y th:!.~ougb an opening known as the pneumostome. The Planorbidae and Anc:rl:l:.dae have developed secondary gills from folds of tissue associated with. but oriented outside, the mantle cavity. The freshvater J:nl]~IT£);:la,tes ay-parently evolved from ancestors that were air-breathing land snails (Bu.I."1ter, 1952). 'J'hese families illustrate different degrees of ada~tation to aqL~tic life, which may represent steps in a process of evolution. Some 3,UtJ10X':E have consid.ered the am;phibious members more primi­ tive than the fm:Lll..8 that nev'':er use atmospheric air (Morton. 1955). But, each family has become ,.;ell "3,dB,:9t;(~dto the environment in which it lives. The members of the LjI'1:imaeidae (illustrated on the front cover) depend for respiration entirely on the rich vascular tissues of their otherwise simple mantle c~.vities. 'l11:L, lJlung" 18 f'unctional whether filled with air or vater (Hunter~ 1953b)0 The ma.:ntle ca:v:tt:ies oj: t.he Pbssidae are similar to those of the Lymnaeidae. In addition, the mantle possesses digitate outgrowths that lie over the outside of the shell and increase stD~!ace/volume relationships of the snails. theoreti­ cally resulting in less dependence on atmospheric air. Hovever, many species of Physidae seem j1..lSt as inclined as the Ii;rmnaeidae to remain at the surface, where they can takt~ ,:LiZ' :tnto the mantle ca'fity" Some species in the fa""ily Planorbidae have developed a lobe(s) of tissue that lies outside the mantle cavity and serves as a gill. This advanced modification gree.tl~r :tnrpr07es their capability of extracting oxygen from water. Few membe!:";.', ci': the' vclunta,rily el11erge from the vater. but they often remain (:;'f)!:E; to the" surface and take air into the mantle cavity. The .Ancylidae c m: :f::c'.':~,~:·:c.:t,e)· limpets" have gills much like those of the planorbid snails ,. 'I":,),,!:'.;' T'-:C 'tJ.2:"cshave become so efficient that large mantle cavities are ~hose of the Fncylidae have become so reduced that they to satis~~r respiratorj needs. Limpets are normally fmu:,d (')2 h'.::,', :5.':;.::"'\:<f1''':'e substr&tes below tbe vater surface. The me8.L'1 ratic of sbell \;!(dgh-t, to llodJr 'sleight is appreciably less in the Pulmonata thr;tTI iD 2~·':;sobr(':xl(.;hi' The rels.tively light shells of the Pulmonata. '.re"ce esse;:;tial iL \:h0 deveJo:;;.r.ment of their common habit of grazing upside dOT;IT; c::m the f"urf'a,C€ films of q,uiet waters. In general the Pulmonata are mO!t'; tlct i ye ':ll&n tn,,; Prosobrw"1chia. moving over vegetation. substrate~ and slITf~ce fiJ~s at rates of up to 0.5 em/sec. Because they are not dependent on 1:n."es"tbj.ug, the:r tolerate exposure to air better than do most prosobranchs 0 BtLried in mud and organic substrates. many pulmonates can withstand drJ c:0'J/:.It5.oJ':.8 OtT'ar the greater pErt of the year. The three factors discussed at-ove - light. weight. rapidity of movement. and ability to ,.rithstanQ expor;n.:tre to air - reB111t in high dispersal rates of the Pulmonata as COllipllL'ed \iith those of' the heavy. more ponderous. water dependent Prosobranchia. Not only are the Pulmonata transported passively by birds, insects ~ and other &.nim.."!.ls, but they disperse actively across marshes and other ephemeral B~U2~ic biotopes. Their ability to move through IV marshes provides a particularly important means of dispersal in central New York, where marshes in the litm:ough valleys" serve as portals for migration from one major river system t;o ano\--'her. 'l'HE FRESHWATER CLAMS A.."fill MUSSELS The fre8h~vater clams ere Mollusca possessing t·'I{i.) shells (Class £ivB.1via) . All local fresh-water bi"lalYes exhibit e);:"tex'uM fertilization of eggs while stored in pouches "."ithin cheir g:i-lls" 'l'hey comprise '1;/",1.) f'amilies ~ the large Unionidae or pearly f'resh-lii?;,t(~:,' lID)j3E,"",ls ~ ,,,2:it! the rn,Jc:u sm~~11e};~ ind:l.viduals ,,vithin the fwnily Sphaeriidae, the or.' pea, clw.mL The Unioni,dae £J:'e characteri.zed by their large size (up to 15 cm in length) and the fact that during their juvenile st~ses they are parasitic on fishes. Their life cycles are as fOLlows, E&ss dev010ping in the reproductive organs of the females moVe':: rTf)';!" those striJctt1.:;-:,,~~!S U;lto the ll:lffi.'ltle ca,yity. hence to marsupia wi.tbi.rJ th:: ,s2;',;',:;,r'd,liz,ed. s}Jer:w brought into the mantle canty during thE; 3 ri~):-;511'1J. g,ct:br:L There they develop into two-valved larvae ;2~houi; 1. to ~: Ire::!. :L.1 :leug'l;f\ c~,'lle(1, glochidia. The glochidia are released into the ~~ter by the females either passively or actively. In the first instance glochidia are simply spew"d out where they remain suspended near the sub­ strate by virtue of their p:;~acticall;,r neutraI huoye.J:lcy. Any fishes swimming in the area, taking in wat",,!, for :respi1:"ation, ine.c:,"~~rtently pick up the larvae and pass them by their gill filaments. t~n contact the glochidia clamp their valves upon the gills of the fish and assume a parasitic existence. In the second situa­ tion portions of the mantle of the female mussel are waved about imitating a small fish (inside back cover). ween a l!~ger fish attacks the clam forcefully expels glochidia in the predator'S face 9 assuring the future of her young.
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  • Radiocarbon Dating of Small Terrestrial Gastropod Shells in North America

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    Quaternary Geochronology 5 (2010) 519–532 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Geochronology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quageo Research Paper Radiocarbon dating of small terrestrial gastropod shells in North America Jeffrey S. Pigati a,*, Jason A. Rech b, Jeffrey C. Nekola c a U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Box 25046, MS-980, Denver CO 80225, USA b Department of Geology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA c Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA article info abstract Article history: Fossil shells of small terrestrial gastropods are commonly preserved in wetland, alluvial, loess, and glacial Received 26 May 2009 deposits, as well as in sediments at many archeological sites. These shells are composed largely of Received in revised form aragonite (CaCO3) and potentially could be used for radiocarbon dating, but they must meet two criteria 20 January 2010 before their 14C ages can be considered to be reliable: (1) when gastropods are alive, the 14C activity of Accepted 21 January 2010 their shells must be in equilibrium with the 14C activity of the atmosphere, and (2) after burial, their Available online 29 January 2010 shells must behave as closed systems with respect to carbon. To evaluate the first criterion, we conducted a comprehensive examination of the 14C content of the most common small terrestrial gastropods in Keywords: Radiocarbon North America, including 247 AMS measurements of modern shell material (3749 individual shells) from Land snails 46 different species. The modern gastropods that we analyzed were all collected from habitats on Limestone effect carbonate terrain and, therefore, the data presented here represent worst-case scenarios.
  • (Mollusca) of the Slovak Republic

    (Mollusca) of the Slovak Republic

    Vol. 15(2): 49–58 CHECKLIST OF THE MOLLUSCS (MOLLUSCA) OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC TOMÁŠ ÈEJKA*, LIBOR DVOØÁK, MICHAL HORSÁK, JOZEF ŠTEFFEK *Correspondence: Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84506 Bratislava, Slovak Republic (e-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT: The checklist of 245 mollusc species known so far from the Slovak Republic is presented, plus 11 species limited to greenhouses or thermal waters. Critical comments on species erroneously mentioned in re- cent publications from Slovakia are included. KEY WORDS: Mollusca, checklist, Slovak Republic INTRODUCTION Research of Slovak molluscs started at the begin- cal evaluation of the previously published checklists ning of the 20th century (CSIKI 1918). In the first half (BANK et al. 2001, ŠTEFFEK &GREGO 2002). We deci- of the 20th century J. F. BABOR and later also his col- ded to use the monograph Molluscs of Slovakia (LI- league J. PETRBOK worked on the Slovak malaco- SICKÝ 1991) as the most suitable baseline because it fauna. Unfortunately their publications were not sys- contains the most recent reliable list of Slovak tematic and especially not critical enough, resulting molluscs. Therefore the original literature sources in erroneous records of some mollusc species in Slo- are given for all the species first recorded in the Slo- vakia (LISICKÝ 1991). The situation changed after vak Republic after 1982. World War II. The work of the new generation of The checklist of Slovak molluscs published by ŠTEF- malacologists resulted in a reliable knowledge about FEK &GREGO (2002) has several shortcomings. The the fauna. The entire research was dominated by the authors uncritically adopted many taxa from the work of V.
  • Aplexa Hypnorum (Gastropoda: Physidae) Exerts Competition on Two Lymnaeid Species in Periodically Dried Ditches

    Aplexa Hypnorum (Gastropoda: Physidae) Exerts Competition on Two Lymnaeid Species in Periodically Dried Ditches

    Ann. Limnol. - Int. J. Lim. 52 (2016) 379–386 Available online at: Ó The authors, 2016 www.limnology-journal.org DOI: 10.1051/limn/2016022 Aplexa hypnorum (Gastropoda: Physidae) exerts competition on two lymnaeid species in periodically dried ditches Daniel Rondelaud, Philippe Vignoles and Gilles Dreyfuss* Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France Received 26 November 2014; Accepted 2 September 2016 Abstract – Samples of adult Aplexa hypnorum were experimentally introduced into periodically dried ditches colonized by Galba truncatula or Omphiscola glabra to monitor the distribution and density of these snail species from 2002 to 2008, and to compare these values with those noted in control sites only frequented by either lymnaeid. The introduction of A. hypnorum into each ditch was followed by the progressive coloni- zation of the entire habitat by the physid and progressive reduction of the portion occupied by the lymnaeid towards the upstream extremity of the ditch. Moreover, the size of the lymnaeid population decreased significantly over the 7-year period, with values noted in 2008 that were significantly lower than those recorded in 2002. In contrast, the mean densities were relatively stable in the sites only occupied by G. truncatula or O. glabra. Laboratory investigations were also carried out by placing juvenile, intermediate or adult physids in aquaria in the presence of juvenile, intermediate or adult G. truncatula (or O. glabra) for 30 days. The life stage of A. hypnorum had a significant influence on the survival of each lymnaeid. In snail combinations, this survival was significantly lower for adult G. truncatula (or O.