LEARNING RESOURCES Curriculum & Background
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Founding Mother The Seneca Falls Convention began a six decade career of women’s rights activism by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. “It has been said that I forged the thunderbolts and she fired them.” Elizabeth Cady Stanton on her partnership with Susan B. Anthony Young Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady sometimes helped in the Stanton and Stanton household. “Susan daughter Harriot, stirs the pudding, Elizabeth 1856. Harriot stirs up Susan, and Susan would also become stirs up the world,” explained a leading advocate Elizabeth’s husband of women’s rights. Henry Stanton. Elizabeth Cady Stanton grew up in a home Project Gutenberg with twelve servants. Early in her marriage Cady Stanton had a more modest lifestyle in A Unique Partnership Seneca Falls, New York. Kenneth C. Zirkel When her children were older Cady Stanton toured eight months She has been called the “outstanding philosopher” of the each year as a paid lecturer. One winter she traveled forty to fifty women’s movement. Even in childhood Elizabeth Cady miles a day by sleigh, often in sub-zero temperatures, when west- Stanton had a passion for equality. In order to compete ern railroads were not running. with boys she studied the “books they read and the games they played,” beginning a lifelong habit of intellectual cu- riosity. Later, as the mother of seven children, she some- times felt like a “caged lioness.” Elizabeth wrote speeches and prepared arguments for her friend Susan B. Anthony Boston to deliver on the lecture circuit. As a young couple Elizabeth Cady Stanton and husband On the Road Henry lived for a time in Massa- chusetts, a center of nineteenth Cady Stanton took to the century reform. -
Working Mothers and the Postponement of Women's
SUK_FINAL PROOF_REDLINE.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 3/13/2021 4:13 AM WORKING MOTHERS AND THE POSTPONEMENT OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS FROM THE NINETEENTH AMENDMENT TO THE EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT JULIE C. SUK* The Nineteenth Amendment’s ratification in 1920 spawned new initiatives to advance the status of women, including the proposal of another constitutional amendment that would guarantee women equality in all legal rights, beyond the right to vote. Both the Nineteenth Amendment and the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) grew out of the long quest to enshrine women’s equal status under the law as citizens, which began in the nineteenth century. Nearly a century later, the ERA remains unfinished business with an uncertain future. Suffragists advanced different visions and strategies for women’s empowerment after they got the constitutional right to vote. They divided over the ERA. Their disagreements, this Essay argues, productively postponed the ERA, and reshaped its meaning over time to be more responsive to the challenges women faced in exercising economic and political power because they were mothers. An understanding of how and why *Professor of Sociology, Political Science, and Liberal Studies, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and Florence Rogatz Visiting Professor of Law (fall 2020) and Senior Research Scholar, Yale Law School. Huge thanks to Saul Cornell, Deborah Dinner, Vicki Jackson, Michael Klarman, Jill Lepore, Suzette Malveaux, Jane Manners, Sara McDougall, Paula Monopoli, Jed Shugerman, Reva Siegel, and Kirsten Swinth. Their comments and reactions to earlier iterations of this project conjured this Essay into existence. This Essay began as a presentation of disconnected chunks of research for my book, WE THE WOMEN: THE UNSTOPPABLE MOTHERS OF THE EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT (2020) , but the conversations generated by law school audiences nudged me to write a separate essay to explore more thoroughly how the story of suffragists’ ERA dispute after the Nineteenth Amendment affects the future of constitutional lawmaking. -
Womens History Month Poster
WOMEN’Smonth 2020HISTORY Women’s Suffrage 100th Anniversary The roots of National Women’s History Month go back to March 8, 1857, Composition of U.S. & D.C. Voters by Sex: Passage of Voting Rights for Women by when women from various New York City factories staged a protest over Presidential Elections, 1996-2016 working conditions. The first Women's Day Celebration in the United States Country & Decade, 1890-2020 was held in New York City in 1909. Congress did not officially establish Female Voters Male Voters 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 National Women's History Week until 1981 to be commemorated annually 1890s New Zealand the second week of March. In 1987, Congress expanded the week to a 55% 53% 1996 1900s Australia*, Finland month. Every year since, Congress has passed a resolution and the 63% 56% 1910s Norway, Denmark, Canada** president has issued a proclamation in celebration. 56% 53% Austria, Germany, Poland, Russia 2000 Netherlands The year 2020 marks the 100th anniversary of the ratification of the 19th 71% 71% 60% 66% Amendment, guaranteeing and protecting women’s constitutional right to of eligible women in of eligible men in 1920s United States, Swedan, Britain, Ireland DC voted in the 60% 56% DC voted in the 1930s Spain, Turkey vote. “Passed by Congress June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 26, 1920, 2016 presidential election 2004 2016 presidential election the 19th Amendment guarantees all American women the right to vote. 64% 59% 1940s France, Italy, Argentina, Japan, Mexico Achieving this milestone required a lengthy and difficult struggle; victory Pakistan, China 60% 56% took decades of agitation and protest. -
Meet the Suffragists (Pdf)
Meet The Suffragists A Presentation by the 2018-2020 GFWC-SC Ad Hoc Committee to Celebrate the Centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment Meet the Suffragists Susan B. Anthony Champion of temperance, abolition, the rights of labor, and equal pay for equal work, Susan Brownell Anthony became one of the most visible leaders of the women’s suffrage movement. Born on February 15, 1820 in Adams, Massachusetts, Susan was inspired by the Quaker belief that everyone was equal under God. That idea guided her throughout her life. She had seven brothers and sisters, many of whom became activists for justice and emancipation of slaves. In 1851, Anthony met Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The two women became good friends and worked together for over 50 years fighting for women’s rights. They traveled the country and Anthony gave speeches demanding that women be given the right to vote. In 1872, Anthony was arrested for voting. She was tried and fined $100 for her crime. This made many people angry and brought national attention to the suffrage movement. In 1876, she led a protest at the 1876 Centennial of our nation’s independence. She gave a speech—“Declaration of Rights”— written by Stanton and another suffragist, Matilda Joslyn Gage. Anthony died in 1906, 14 years before women were given the right to vote with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. Submitted by Janet Watkins Carrie Chapman Carrie Chapman Catt was born January 9, 1859 in Ripon, Wisconsin. She attended Iowa State University. She was married to Leo Chapman (1885-1886); George Catt (1890-1905); partner Mary Garret Hay. -
HISTORY 263: U.S. Women's History
HISTORY 263: U.S. Women’s History This is a preliminary syllabus ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Summer 2012 HISTORY 263: U.S. Women’s History Instructor: Dr. Mara Dodge Tel. 413-572-5620 Use PLATO e-mail only Office: Bates 104 Course Description: This course explores all of American women’s history from the colonial period to the present and is open to students from any major. However, there is a daunting amount of material to cover in just 6 weeks so be prepared for a heavy reading load and a fast pace (and remember it is a 200 level course!) The course provides an excellent overview/ review of all of U.S. history with a special emphasis on women’s experiences and contributions. The course emphasizes the diversity of women’s experiences. We explore the unique experiences of specific European ethnic/ immigrant groups (ex. Irish, Italian, etc.) as well as the experiences of African-American, Native American, Asian-American, Latina, Jewish, Muslim, and lesbian women. The course makes extensive use of primary source materials. 1 Major themes include: changing ideas about women’s “proper place” in society; the history of the women’s rights movement; women’s role in social reform; changing ideas about sexuality, family, and reproduction; images of beauty and the “feminine ideal”; women and work; and movements for civil and legal rights. Note: Westfield State University assumes that a student will need to spend 16-20 hours a week to complete a 3 credit, on-line course in 6 weeks. These hours include all weekly course work and may include such activities as: textbook readings and assignments, watching videos, viewing Powerpoints, listening to podcasts, taking quizzes and exams, conducting research, writing essays/papers, posting to class discussion boards, and completing any other assigned weekly activities. -
Nandita Kathiresan the Forgotten Voices
Nandita Kathiresan The Forgotten Voices in the Fight to Suffrage Political cartoons are unique in the sense that they allocate many interpretations regarding a critical matter based on an individual's outlook of their environment. People of all backgrounds have a special ability to interpret these visuals differently which presents the issue, such as the effects of slavery, in diverse ways as opposed to words on paper. To begin, since the colonization of the United States, slavery was a broad topic that encompassed most, in not all parts of living during the time period. African-American men and women were restricted basic rights up until the end of the Civil War, where they were considered citizens, yet lacked the privilege of suffrage. After the 15th amendment, all men were granted this right, yet women were not presented with such a freedom. Consequently, during the time period of the mid-1800s, women within the country decided to share their voice surrounding the topic of suffrage. The rapidly changing environment in the country gave women the power and strength to fight for this piece of freedom during the Reconstruction Era in numerous marches, such as the Women’s Suffrage Procession. However, it is merely assumed that all women contributed as an equal voice to this important cause, yet black women fell short asserting their voices. This was not due to a lack of passion—rather is the suppression of the freedom of speech covered up by the white, female protesters. Despite living in a country with rapid, positive changes in society, black women were often the forgotten voices fighting for suffrage despite their hidden voice pleading for reform in the late 1800s. -
Darwin and the Women
COMMENT BOOKS & ARTS division of the “eight-hour husband” work- ing outside the home and the “fourteen-hour wife” within it. Feminist intellectual Charlotte Perkins Gilman drew on Darwin’s sexual- TTMANN/CORBIS selection theory to argue that women’s eco- BE nomic dependence on men was unnaturally skewing evolution to promote “excessive sex- ual distinctions”. She proposed that economic and reproductive freedom for women would restore female autonomy in choice of mate — which Darwin posited was universal in nature, except in humans — and put human evolutionary progress back on track. L LIB. OF CONGRESS; R: TIME LIFE PICTURES/GETTY; Darwin himself opposed birth control and Women’s advocates (left to right) Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Antoinette Brown Blackwell and Maria Mitchell. asserted the natural inferiority of human females. The adult female, he wrote in The EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Descent of Man (1871), is the “intermediate between the child and the man”. Neverthe- less, appeals to Darwinist ideas by birth-con- trol advocates such as Margaret Sanger led Darwin and one critic to bemoan in 1917 that “Darwin was the originator of modern feminism”. Feminism in the late nineteenth century was marked by the racial and class politics the women of the era’s reform movements. Blackwell’s and Gilman’s views that women should work outside the home, for example, depended on Sarah S. Richardson relishes a study of how nineteenth- the subjugated labour of lower-class minor- century US feminists used the biologist’s ideas. ity women to perform household tasks. And Sanger’s birth-control politics appealed to contemporary fears of race and class ‘sui- wo misplaced narratives dominate physician Edward cide’. -
Central New York State Women's Suffrage Timeline
Central New York State WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE TIMELINE Photo – courtesy of http://humanitiesny.org TIMELINE OF EVENTS IN SECURING WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE IN CENTRAL NEW YORK STATE A. Some New York State developments prior to the July 1848 Seneca Falls Convention B. The Seneca Falls Convention C. Events 1850 – 1875 and 1860s New York State Map D. Events 1875 – 1893 Symbols E 1-2. Women’s Suffrage and the Erie Canal. Events around F-1. 1894 Ithaca Convention Ithaca, New York F-2. 1894 Ithaca Convention (continued) Curiosities G. Events 1895 – 1900 H. Events 1900 – 1915 I. Events 1915 – 1917 – Final Steps to Full Women’s Suffrage in New York J. Events Following Women’s Suffrage in New York 1918 – 1925 K. Resources New York State Pioneer Feminists: Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan Brownell Anthony. Photo – courtesy of http://www.assembly.state.ny.us A. SOME NEW YORK STATE DEVELOPMENTS PRIOR TO THE JULY 1848 SENECA FALLS CONVENTION • 1846 – New York State constitutional convention received petitions from at least three different counties Abigail Bush did NOT calling for women’s right to vote. attend the Seneca Falls convention. Lucretia Mott 1846 – Samuel J. May, Louisa May Alcott’s uncle, and a Unitarian minister and radical abolitionist from • was the featured speaker Syracuse, New York, vigorously supported Women’s Suffrage in a sermon that was later widely at the Seneca Falls circulated. convention. • April, 1848 – Married Women’s Property Act Passed. • May, 1848 – Liberty Party convention in Rochester, New York approved a resolution calling for “universal suffrage in its broadest sense, including women as well as men.” • Summer 1848 – Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Staton, and Matilda Joslyn Gage were all inspired in their suffrage efforts by the clan mothers of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Nation of New York State. -
Iowa Women's History Quiz: Test Your Knowledge of Iowa's Female Leaders Iowa Commission on the Status of Women
Iowa Women's History Quiz: Test Your Knowledge of Iowa's Female Leaders Iowa Commission on the Status of Women 1. Who was the first woman attorney in the United States? (Hint: She was a native Iowan and passed the bar examination in Henry County in 1869.) 2. Two leaders of the Women's Suffrage Movement in the latter half of the 1880s came from Iowa. Can you name them? (Hint: One gave her name to a type of undergarment worn by women…the other succeeded Susan B. Anthony as president of the National Woman Suffrage Association.) 3. What woman founded the Iowa Highway Patrol? (Hint: She was also Iowa's first female Secretary of State.) 4. Who was the first woman elected to statewide office in Iowa? (Hint: She was elected Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1922.) 5. Who was the first woman to serve in the Iowa House of Representatives? (Hint: She was first elected in 1928. She also went on to become the first woman elected to the Iowa Senate.) 6. Who was the first woman appointed as a Superintendent of a City School District in the United States? (Hint: She was appointed superintendent of schools in Davenport in 1874. Naturally, she had to fight to receive the same salary the school district had to pay men. She won!) 7. Who was the first woman elected Lieutenant Governor of Iowa? (Hint: It was before Joy Corning.) 8. Who was the first woman appointed to serve on the Iowa Supreme Court? (Hint: She was appointed in 1986.) 9. -
CAMBRIDGE SUFFRAGE HISTORY CAMBRIDGE SUFFRAGE HISTORY a Long March for Suffrage
CAMBRIDGE SUFFRAGE HISTORY CAMBRIDGE SUFFRAGE HISTORY A long march for suffrage. Margaret Fuller was born in Cambridge in1810. By her late teens, she was considered a prodigy and equal or superior in intelligence to her male friends. As an adult she hosted “Conversations” for men and women on topics that ranged from women’s rights to philosophy. She joined Ralph Waldo Emerson in editing and writing for the Transcendentalist journal, The Dial from 1840-1842. It was in this publication that she wrote an article about women’s rights titled, “The Great Lawsuit,” which she would go on to expand into a book a few years later. In 1844, she moved to NYC to write for the New York Tribune. Her book, Woman in the Nineteenth Century was published in1845. She traveled to Europe as the Tribune’s foreign correspondent, the first woman to hold such a role. She died in a shipwreck off the coast of NY in July 1850 just as she was returning to life in the U.S. Her husband and infant also perished. It was hoped that she would be a leader in the equal rights and suffrage movements but her life was tragically cut short. 02 SARAH BURKS, CAMBRIDGE HISTORICAL COMMISSION December 2019 CAMBRIDGE SUFFRAGE HISTORY A long march for suffrage. Harriet A. Jacobs (1813-1897) was born into slavery in Edenton, NC. She escaped her sexually abusive owner in 1835 and lived in hiding for seven years. In 1842 she escaped to the north. She eventually was able to secure freedom for her children and herself. -
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Date Printed: 02/05/2009 JTS Box Number: 1FES 52 Tab Number: 10 Document Title: NATIONAL CIVIC REVIEW: THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT AT THIRTY Document Date: 1995 Document Country: USA Document Language: ENG 1FES 1D: EL00754 ~I~I ~I~ ~I~ * 5 6 DFA-AA * WHEN REFORMED LOCAL GOVERNMENT DOESN'T WORK CINCINNATI CITIZENS DEFEND THE SYSTEM .......-VIEW THE C1 ; CONTENTS ________..... V.. OL,.UM __ E.. 84'''' ... NU... M iiiBE_R4 FALL-WINTER 1995 CHRISTOPHER T. GATES THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT Publisher DAVID LAMPE AT THIRTY Editor EDITORIAL BOARD Long considered the most successful civil rights refonn Itgislation o/the 19605, the Voting Rights Act Jaceson CHARLES K. BENS uncertain future as it enters its fourth decade. The principal Restoring Confidence assault involves challenges to outcome-based enforcement of BARRY CHECKOWAY the Act intended to ensure minority representation in addition Healthy Communities to electoral access. DAVID CHRISLIP Community Leadership PERRY DAVIS SYMPOSIUM Economic Development 287 ELECTION SYSTEMS AND WILLIAM R. DODGE REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY Strategic Planning By Joseph F. Zimmerman LEONARD j. DUHL Healthy Communities An overoiewofthe key prouisionsojthe Act and major amendments (1970, 1975 and 1982), with PAUL D. EPSTEIN discussion of landmark judicial opinions and their Government Performance impact on enforcement. SUZANNE PASS Government Performance 310 TENUOUS INTERPRETATION: JOHN GUNYOU SECTIONS 2 AND 5 OF THE Public Finance VOTING RIGHTS ACT HARRYHATRY By Olethia Davis Innovative Service Delivery A discussion of the general pattern of vacilla ROBERTA MILLER tion on the part of the Supreme Court in its interpre Community Leadership tation of the key enforcement provisions of the Act, CARL M. -
Votes for Women! Celebrating New York’S Suffrage on November 6, 1917, New York State Passed the Referendum for Women’S Suffrage
New York State’s Women’s Suffrage History Votes for Women! Celebrating New York’s Suffrage On November 6, 1917, New York State passed the referendum for women’s suffrage. This victory was an important event for New York State and the nation. Suffrage in New York State signaled that the national passage of women’s suffrage would soon follow, and in August 1920, “Votes for Women” were constitutionally guaranteed. Although women began asserting their independence long before, the irst coordinated work for women’s suffrage began at the Seneca Falls convention in 1848. The convention served as a catalyst for debates and action. Women like Susan B. Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage organized and rallied for support of women’s suffrage throughout upstate New York. Others, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Amelia Bloomer supported the effort through the use of their pens. Stanton wrote letters, speeches, and articles while Bloomer published the irst newspaper for women, The Lily, in 1849. These combined efforts culminated in the creation of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA). By the dawn of the twentieth century, the political and social landscape was much different in New York State than ifty years before. The state experienced dramatic advances in industry and urban growth. Several large waves of immigrants settled throughout the state and now more and more women were working outside of the home. Reformers concerns shifted to labor issues, health care, and temperance. New reformers like Harriot Stanton Blatch and Carrie Chapman Catt used new tactics such as marches, meetings, and signed petitions to show that New Yorkers wanted suffrage.