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The Life and Philosophy of Edward Caird

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The Life and Philosophy of Edward Caird tSsf cay T7l BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 ^""—W—Pii mill r ''^ * '• OMt Out NOV U ^• . HAY fii^sv. Cornell University Library B1618.C24 J77 3 1924 029 046 584 olin Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924029046584 THE LIFE AND PHILpSOPHY OF EDWARD CAIRD, LL.D., D.C.L. PUBLISHED BY MACLEHOSE, JACKSON & CO., GLASGOW Vttbli0h<rs to the Bnibeveitji MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD., LONDON New York The Macmillan Co. Toronto • The Macmillan Co. ofCanada London • Simpkin^ Hamilton and Co, Cambridge Bowes and Bowes Edinhurgh Douglas and Foulis Sydney • Angus and Robertson PROFESSOR OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY Aet. circ. 50 THE LIFE AND PHILOSOPHY OF EDWARD CAIRD LL.D., D.C.L., F.B.A. PROFESSOR OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW AND MASTER OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD BY SIR HENRY JONES, LL.D. PROFESSOR OF MORAL PHILOSOPHT IN THE DNIVBKSITV OF GLASGOW AND JOHN HENRY MUIRHEAD, LL,D. MUIRHEAD LECTURER IN SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY AND LATELY PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM GLASGOW MACLEHOSE, JACKSON AND CO. PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY I) I,; I; IM 1 u -a)3g A^^G-716 ^ 1^^ GLASGOW : PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS BV ^O^BR^jJifAaLffMOSB AND CO, LTD. Y H /', H f-l j ,J DEDICATED TO OLD FELLOW PUPILS AND FRIENDS OF EDWARD CAIRO PREFACE " Cairo himself has written of Carlyle : The ordinary gossip of biography is interesting enough, but I must profess for myself an entire disbelief that any important additional light is thrown by it upon the character of men who have otherwise expressed themselves so fully as he." There were well-known reasons why the friends of Carlyle should prefer to judge him by his teaching rather than by the " gossip " of his biographers. There are none such in the case of Gaird. It is in this conviction that the editors have ventured to dis- regard his warning and in the first part of this book put together the main facts of a life which, though singularly devoid of " events " in the ordinary sense, yet in its even flow and its encounter with men and things so accurately reflects the spirit of the man. Their hope is that it will assist those who had the good fortune to know him to recall, those who had not, to realise how entirely of one piece were the teaching and spirit of his writings with those of his life and daily conversation. He hasv said in the same essay that " The best way of dealing with a great author is, in the first instance, to go to him without much criticism and with a receptive mind, and to let his way X PREFACE of thinking permeate into our minds, until it becomes part of their very substance. For, till we have done so, our criticism will not be adequate ; it will be wanting in sympathy, and it will rather tend to defend us against his spirit than enable us to appreciate it. When, however, we have for a long time submitted to such a powerful influence, when we have learned to live in the atmosphere of our author's ideas, so that we can almost anticipate the turn his thoughts will take on any occasion it is advisable for us to change our method, to put him, so to speak, at arm's length and to attempt calmly to estimate what we have got from him, and so to determine his proper place among the inhabitants of our private Walhalla—among the company of the wise to whom we return ever again and again, as the permanent possessions of our intellectual life." It is in some such spirit and after having had to submit themselves to some such discipline that the writers have added the short appreciation of Caird's Philosophy which follows the Life and Letters, and which they desire herewith to dedicate to all old fellow-pupils in Glasgow and Oxford. It may seem that some apology is needed for the delay in the publication of this volume. Owing to circumstances over which the writers had no con- trol, among these the War and illness, the work of its preparation has once and again had to be post- poned. Perhaps the delay is not without compen- sation if it has enabled both writer and reader to view Caird's work from a greater distance and in better perspective. For the earher part of the " Life " up to Caird's PREFACE xi election to the Mastership of Balliol and for Chap- ter I. of the " Philosophy," the first of the editors is " responsible ; for the last chapter of the Life," for the editing of the Letters, and for the remaining chapters of the " Philosophy," the second. For assistance in obtaining materials for the Oxford period they have to thank many Oxford friends and contempo- raries, including the present Master, Mr. Urquhart and Mr. Lindsay, Fellows of Balliol, Professor J. A. Smith, Mr. F. J. Wylie and Principal Ernest Barker. But thanks are especially owed to Principal H. J. W. Hetherington of University College, Exeter, who not only devoted much time to interviews and the verification of references in Oxford, but read the whole of the MS. of Chapter IIL of the " Life," Chapters IL-VIIL of the " Philosophy," and assisted the writers with many valuable criticisms and suggestions—acting, in fact, as a third editor of the book. They have further to thank Professor J. S. Mackenzie for reading the whole book in proof and for his generous encouragement ; and Mr. John W. Harvey for preparing the Index and improving the accuracy of the text. Michaelmas, 1921. CONTENTS PAGE Preface - - ix-xi I. Life Chapter I. School and College ... 3-37 „ II. Fellow of Merton ... - 38-46 „ III; Professor of Moral Philosophy in Glasgow - ... - 47-92 „ IV. University and Social Reform - 93-125 V. Master of Balliol .... 126-161 II. Letters - 165-242 III. Philosophy Chapter I. The Spirit of Caird's Philosophy - 245-259 II. The Problem of Modern Philosophy 260-269 III. Metaphysical Foundations - - 270-289 IV. Science and Philosophy ... 290-303 V. Ethics 304-316 VI. Social Philosophy - . 317-331 VII. Philosophy of Religion - - - 332-348 „ VIII. Idealism and Recent Thought - 349-369 Appendix 370-376 Index . - - - . - - 377-381 ILLUSTRATIONS FitOE Edward Cairo, Professor of Moral Philosophy, Glasgow -.....- Frontispiece Payne, Maurice, Esson and Cairo ----- 40 Edward Cairo, Master of Balliol - - - 128 Mrs. Edward Cairo -------- 160 Miss Mary Sarah Talbot - - - - - - - 240 XV I LIFE J.M.C. CHAPTER I SCHOOL AND COLLEGE, 1835-1864 Amongst the minor writings of Edward Caird are two memoirs. One of them introduces the Gifford 'Lectures of his brother, Principal John Caird ; the other, the Lectures and Essays of Professor WiUiam Wallace on Natural Theology and Ethics. We can infer from these his conception of the biography of a scholar and teacher, and conjecture what kind of account of his own life, if any, he could have tolerated. Both memoirs are brief, and both are at once frank and reticent. He calls his brother's " a short sketch," and tells us that he undertook it " with much hesitation." " I have to remember," he adds, " that he was a man of much reserve, which even after his death I am bound to respect." Speaking of the quiet and uneventful life of a College Tutor and University Professor and of Wallace's devotion to his academic duties, he remarks that " an elaborate biography of him would be out of place." All who knew Edward Caird, even a little, will understand how the memory of his personality imposes upon the present writers the same respect- ful reserve. The materials at their disposal, whether in the way of striking events or of correspondence, 3 4 LIFE OF EDWARD CAIRD to his are not large. Considered in their relation are power and his influence upon his time, they extraordinarily scanty. This arose from the uniquely impersonal attitude of his spirit. He was probably centre of his as Httle occupied with himself or the be. He own thoughts as it is given to any man to did not consider or value events in their bearing upon himself, nor give them a personal turn or colouring. from year to His interest was in his work ; he was year habitually, fully, and most placidly immersed in teaching or writing on philosophical, religious and at times with ethical subjects : he affirmed causes, impervious resoluteness and perseverance, but he did not assert himself. In matters that concerned " his own " personaUty he was patient and passive : he neither pressed himself upon nor drew back from the notice of men, but accepted without comment and apparently without thought the place which his influence made for him, and which it pleased others to assign. His character was massively simple, and he was as frank as a landscape, and just as willing to be overlooked. It followed that although his life was full, it was not full of events that disturbed its course, or that usually attract the attention of men. Incidents were deprived of the complexity with which the passions of men charge them, and there- fore of most of their interest, by the tranquillity of his temperament, the balance of his judgment and the singularly impersonal attitude of his mind. But his emotional nature was deep : his feelings on some sides were easily touched, for he had no protection against the affection of his friends ; but they were under the control of a will whose reserve of strength SCHOOL AND COLLEGE, 1835-1864 5 was great, and when stirred they checked rather than freed his utterance.
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