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Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/32763 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Karambinis, Michalis Title: The island of Skyros from Late Roman to Early Modern times : an archaeological survey Issue Date: 2015-06-24 Chapter 2 Historical Outline Before the Athenian occupation a created historical connection of the Athenians for their intervention on Skyros. As Parlama notes, “the The non-archaeological evidence for the prehistoric assignment to Kimon to find and returne to Athens and early historic centuries on Skyros is hazy, due to the bones of the hero, was actually [an] order for the the confusing data that the later historical/philological conquest of the island” (1984, 265). However, before sources provide on the ‘first’ inhabitants of the island, the Athenian occupation in the 5th c., Skyros, together people of which the origin, time and place of activity with Skopelos and Alonissos were colonised by Eu- are still only roughly known. boeans (Chalkis?) probably in the 8th c. BC (Scymnus However, it has been written that Skyros was 580; Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997a, 13; Graindor 1906, initially inhabited by Pelasgians, Carians, Dolopians 23). and Magnets (Stephen of Byzantium Skyros; IG XII.8, The archaeological evidence from the island 175; Schol. Od. Λ 509; ). The first tow groups are cannot be brought into any sensible relation with the associated with the ‘Sea Peoples’ or viewed as relat- narratives briefly mentioned above suggested by the ed to the Minoans, and connected with early Cretan historical sources: apart from the various settlements settlement-colonies in the Aegean, during the period identified through surface finds, the only excavated of their prevalence of the 18th - 16th c. BC (Sapou- Bronze Age settlement of Palamari (S27) indicates na-Sakellaraki 1997a, 11-12; Parlama 1984, 359, n. signs of an early urbanisation occurring there already 3). According to Diodorus, after the conquest of the since the Early Bronze Age. During this period Sky- island, the Cretan king Rhadamanthus assigned Eny- ros seems to have had connections with the islands eus as its king, son of Dionysus and Ariadne (Diod. of the north-east Aegean and Troy, as well as the Cy- V, 79, 2). In the Iliad Skyros is referred to as Ἐνυῆος clades and mainland Greece, in particular Euboea πτολίεθρον (Σ, 668), while the known king of Sky- (Parlama 1984, 115-20; Parlama 2007). ros Lycomedes is referred to as being Cretan (Κρὴς During the Mycenaean period, in the location ὁ Λυκομήδης φησὶν; Hesiod frr. 202; Schol. T, 240). of present day Chora and apparently on its acropolis Some scholars connect the unidentified settlement of castle, the Kastro, a settlement developed, as attested Κρήσιον mentioned by Plutarch (Cim. 8.3) with the from the cemeteries north and south of the acropolis. Cretan occupation (Fredrich 1906, 273-4). The evidence indicates connections between the is- In any case, these Pelasgians – Carians (Cre- land and the rest of the Mycenaean world (Parlama tan-related?) people were displaced during the My- 1984, 264-68). From the 10th c. onwards the island cenaean era by the Achaeans and/or Dolopians, with was prosperous in keeping with the fruitful image which are probably linked the myths of the residence that Euboea, and particularly Lefkandi presents, with of Achilles on Skyros (Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997a, which Skyros maintained intense relations. Finally, 12; Graindor 1906, 25).1 Furthermore, the second during the Archaic period the island continues to be great hero associated with the island, Theseus, and prosperous and seems to be connected with Boeotia, the story about his death on Skyros, is interpreted as a Attica and Corinth (Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997a, 13; failed Ionian colonial movement on the island, against Sapouna-Sakellaraki 2001/02). the settled Cretan people represented by King Lyco- medes, the assassin of the hero (Graindor 1906, 52- From the Athenian to the Roman occupation 3). Moreover, this myth is also interpreted as partially In 476/5 BC the Athenians seized the island under Ki- 1 For a detailed interpretation of the myths related to Achil- mon, with the excuse of protecting their interests from les and Neoptolemus and the island see Graindor 1906. the Thessalian pirates settled on Skyros, the latter ap- 21 THE ISLAND OF SKYROS FROM LATE ROMAN TO EARLY MODERN TIMES parently linked with the Dolopians (Diod. 11.60.2; parently Philip II had recognised Skyros as an Athe- Ephor. Fr. 191; Plut. Cim. 8.3-7; Plut. Thes. 36.1; nian possession after the battle of Cheroneia in 338 Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997a, 14; Graidor 1906, 48). (Hansen & Nielsen 2004, 774). However, after the According to Plutarch, Kimon found the bones of the Lamian war in 322 the island came under the con- glorious Athenian king Theseus; a mission addressed trol of the Macedonians. It was probably reconnected to him after a prophecy from Delphi, and transferred with Athens in 281 but from the second half of the 3rd them to Athens, to a temple which took the name of c. until 196 BC the island belonged to the Macedo- the hero (Theseion) (Plut. Thes. 36.1). Enslavement nians (Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997a, 15; Graindor 106, (andrapodismos) took place and Athenians settled on 70-2). After the end of the Second Macedonian War the island (clerouchs)2 (Diod. 11.60.2). However, this (200-197 BC), Rome replaced Macedonia as the prin- must not be conceived as a total extinction of the local cipal power in the Balkans. In 196 BC T. Quinctius population. There is evidence from the 4th c., concern- Flamininus declared the Greeks free and subject to ing the division of the island’s people into Athenians no tribute. Macedonia gradually lost influence in the and the local inhabitants (Hansen & Nielsen 2004, Aegean, but it seems that even after 196 BC Skyros 774). In contrast to the Lemnians and Imbrians, the remained its possession. It was only after the Third Skyrians were not members of the Delian League, but Macedonian War (172-168) that Skyros returned to remained Athenian citizens. The inscriptions attest to the Athenians, after the latter were rewarded by the the persistence of the clerouchs through the names of Romans with Imbros, Lemnos, Skyros, Delos and the various Demoi (Kidathinaion, Dekeleias, Ram- the Boeotian city of Haliartos, for siding with Rome nountos etc.), with as a characteristic example being during the war (Alcock 1993, 8-9; Graindor 1906, 72). the offering to the temple of Eleusis of 3000 kg of The situation changed after the revolt against Rome in barley and 500 kg of wheat, by the Athenian general Greece and its suppression in 86 BC by Sulla. (strategos) Mnesistratos, referred to in an inscription of 329-328 BC (Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997a, 14-5). The Roman period (1st c. BC – 7th c. AD) The Athenian clerouchs brought to the island Attic customs and way of life. They probably introduced After the First Mithridatic War and the suppression the worship of Athena and the feasts of Dionysius. of the Greek revolt by Sulla in 86 BC, Rome con- The only important river on Skyros was (and still is) solidated its dominion over Greece. After the battle named Kifisos, a direct connection with Athens. of Actium, a separate province of Achaia was demar- From the time of the Athenian conquest in 475 cated, formally created in 27 BC. As Alcock notes BC to the final Roman conquest in 86 BC by Sulla, “The magnitude of the transformation resulting in the island remained under Athenian occupation, with the creation of Achaia should not be underestimated: small hiatuses. In 404 the Athenians had to surren- for the first time, all of the autonomous, or largely der Skyros to the Spartans, together with Lemnos and autonomous, Greek political units were formally and Imbros (Andoc. 3.12; Aeschin. 2.76-77). However, forcibly brought together under an external power. they regained control of the island in 392, after re- This transformation into a satellite territory, initiated ceiving the confirmation by the King’s Peace in 386 by the Romans and maintained by their successors BC (Xen. Hell. 5.1.31; Hansen & Nielsen 2004, 774). the Byzantines, Franks, Venetians and Turks, was not During the Macedonian expansion, Skyros remained reversed until the nineteenth-century War of Indepen- an Athenian possession until the Peace of 322 (Diod. dence” (Alcock 1993, 15-6). 18.18.4). This is attested by the aforementioned in- The exact geographical boundaries of the prov- scription of the Athenian general of 329-328 as well, ince of Achaia are only roughly known, but should appointed for the administration of the island. Ap- include the Peloponnese, Attica, Boeotia, Lokris, Aetolia, Euboea, the islands of Skyros, Lemnos and 2 A cleruchy was a specialized type of colony established by Imbros, and probably some of the Cyclades (Alcock Athens. The settlers or cleruchs would retain their Athenian citizenship and the community remained a political dependency 1993, 14). Corinth was declared capital of the prov- of Athens. Under the cleruchy arrangement, the participating ince. Skyros remained in the administration of the citizen received a plot (or kleros) of agricultural land, hence a means to earn his livelihood. See generally in Wikipedia, province of Achaia (Diocesis Macedoniae) until the Cleruchy. 7th c. AD (Synekdemos), when the new Byzantine ad- 22 2 - HISTORICAL OUTLINE ministration system of the Themes took place. During (Kazhdan et al 1991, 2035; Haldon 1997, 212; Chris- this period, Skyros was incorporated into the large- tophilopoulou 1998, 287; Treadgold 2002, 136)3. scale economic system of the Roman Empire, and its The theme of Hellas apparently included in its main role in that system was as an exploitable pool of territory a major part of the old Roman province of materials, namely its white and polychrome marble Achaia.
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  • Photo: Elliniko Panorama Evia Nean, Creating Emporia (Trade Centres)

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    FREE www.evia.gr Photo: Elliniko Panorama Evia nean, creating emporia (trade centres). Athenian League, especially during the During the rule of Venice, Evia was known The Ippovotes the aristocracy have by Peloponnesian War, apostatise, fighting for their as Negroponte. “Of the seven islands nature now replaced the Mycenaean kings, and their independence, and the island becomes a In early June 1407, Mehmed II The made… Evia is the fifth, narrow…” power, as well as their commercial ties with battlefield. Conqueror takes over Evia, which is (Stefanos Byzantios, under the entry “Sicily”) the Mediterranean civilisations, is reflected in The Evian Commons, a type of confederation renamed Egipoz or Egripos, and becomes the findings from the tomb of the Hegemon in of the city-states of Evia, was founded in 404 BC. the pashalik of Egripos. Evia owes its name to the healthy cattle Leukanti (now divided between the After the battle of Chaironeia in 338 BC, Evia On the 8th of May 1821, the revolution grazing on its fertile land. Eu + bous = good Archaeological Museums of Athens and comes under the rule of Phillip the 2nd and breaks out first in Ksirochori, led by chieftain cattle. Eretria). Macedonian guard are installed in all of its cities. Angelis Govgios, and then in Limni and In the 8th century BC large city states are After the death of Alexander, the island Kymi. It is not long, however, before it is The history of Evia or Avantis or Makris founded, the most important of which are becomes the apple of discord among his stamped out.