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Home , Barred parakeet, Cloud forest, Dark pewee, Monteverde, Russet antshrike, Spotted woodcreeper

The Site Guide

Monteverde Preserve,

ocationStraddling the continental divide in three-to-fourmeter, smoothlysculptured can- the Cordillera de Tilaran, west central opy that hugs the contour of the ridges. Costa Rica. Beneath this shrub-like canopy is a dark escriptionThe Preserve ispart gloomytangle of leaningtrunks and branches, of an extensive middle elevation forest that short, almost prostratepalms, and a bare, extends from 1400 to 1850 meters on both sides puddle-strewnforest floor. of the continental divide. In this region a Behind the ridge tops, shelteredfrom the d•versemicroclimate, coupled with volcanic shearingforce of the winds,but not from their soils, supportsan unusuallylarge and varied accompanyingclouds, the (H) aggregationof plant and species.The achievesits most spectaculardimensions of followingsite description will dealonly with the lushnessand diversity. This oak-dominated forest of the Pacific slope.The biologyof the forestsupports a luxuriantgrowth of epiphytm Atlantic scopeis vastlydifferent, but so inac- plants which drape the trees in incredible cessibleit will not be visited by any but the massesof greenery,profusely punctuated by most adventuresome. brilliant red bloomsof floweringepiphytes. From Novemberthrough March a steady, More than a hundredplant species,from hardy often strong easterlywind buffets the Mon- lichensto delicateorchids, may be encountered teverdeforest, wrapping peaks and windward in the profusionof growthon a singlecanopy slopesin heavyclouds. The denseforest acts tree. It is a forest with the character of a hke a filter condensingwater from the fairyland,an appearancethat is heightenedby asthey race acrossthis narrowmountain range thick mufflingfogs and an incessantdrip from and quickly dissipateover the torrid Pacific glisteningvegetation. lowlands.Entrapment of cloudmoisture is the Slightly lower on the Pacific slope, the principal sourceof precipitationduring the characterof the forest changesdramatmally w•ndy season. Since the phenomenon is Less of the wind-carried moisture reaches th•s dependent on exposure to rapidly moving forest so it cannot sustain the myriad of ground level clouds,the distributionof pre- epiphytesthat dependon frequentsoakings for cipitationranges from heavyon exposedridges water and nutrients. This Middle Zone Forest to virtually none on protectedslopes at lower (M) is characterizedby tall, straighttrees that elevations. are lightly sprinkled with .It •s a When the wind finally dissipatesaround the forestthat is dominatedby massivefig trees, beginningof April, the weatherdrifts into a Ficus spp.,which wrap themselvesaround and rainy seasonpattern of sun-filledmornings and eventuallystrangle other treesin the scramble frequentmidday thunderstorms. These storms to reachsunlight. The middle zonehas an envi- continueuntil Septemberwhen the hurricane ronmentthat is especiallyfavorable to treesof seasonbrings a processionof drizzlydays that the Lauraceaeor laureal family. The frmts of drench Monteverde until even the rain forest this group, one of which is ,are the can absorb no more water. In November, the mainstayof guans,trogons, cotingids, toucans, easterly winds again pick up and begin the andother large fruit-eating that frequent cycleanew. middle elevation . Four distinct biotic communities,each com- The lowest zone in Monteverde is a Tall posedof different species,are representedin Multilayered Forest (L) with an open under- the immediatevicinity of Monteverde.Ridges story.During the dry seasonthis forestreceives and peakswith an easternexposure (1600 to moistureonly on the windiestdays, when spar- 1850 meters)are cappedby a dwarf or Elfin kling, sun-drenchedspray may be blownfrom Forest (H) of short, dense,waxy-leaved trees clouds hidden on peaks severalkilometers and shrubs. The five months of incessant wind away. Consequentlyepiphytes are scarceand and , coupledwith chronicallysaturated the forestis similarin appearanceto an eastern soils,prevents most treesfrom penetratinga hardwood forest

Volume 31, Number 2 119 eneralInformation Monteverde is oneof entrance to the Monteverde Cloud Forest Pre- several excellent birding sites that are serve. The Monteverde Penssonis an excellent, readslyaccessible in Costa Rica. These loca- though rustic hotel that providesthree daily tions are situated in different Life Zones and meals,hot and cold running water, but no each offersa unique avifauna.In Monteverde, vatebaths. This Pension,which operates on the the climate is cool and invigorating. Tem- Europeanplan, normallyaccommodates up to peraturesrarely go above8S ø or below 4Sø a dozenguests, but specialarrangements are Fahrenheit. However, stiff wet winds can make availablefor larger groups. Write in advance it feel much colder; a jacket and rain gear are for reservations to the Monteverde Pension, essential.Birding in Monteverdeis at its best Apartado10165, San Jose,Costa Rica, Central betweenmid-March and late May when most America.Primitive cabins(refugios) with cook- speciesare breeding. I strongly recommend ing facilitiesand water availablefrom nearby visstsbe plannedfor that period. The months mountain streams are located at two sites of July and August will be rewarding,but non- within the Preserve. Each is accessibleby a breeding birds in a denseforest are very dif- three hour hike and may be rented for $5.00 ficult to locateand may go unseenduring short per day. For reservationsand more detailed visits During the rest of the year, September information write to Wilford Guindon, Man- through February,frequent inclement weather ager of the MonteverdeCloud ForestPreserve, makesthe areavery difficult to . Apartado10165, San Jose,Costa Rica, . cess The nearestinternational airport is Juan SantaMaria in San Jose,the capital irdingBirding in thedifferent biotic com- of Costa Rica. "Pan Am" and most Central' munities of Monteverde can be as varied as Americanairlines schedule regular flights from birding different geographicregions of the the . Rental cars are available at United States. Even though little more than the airport and most hotels. Vehicles with threekilometers separate the pensionfrom the four-wheel drive are recommended,although highestridges, only fifteen percentof the 244 not essential,for the trip as far as the Mon- speciesof birds recordedin Monteverdeoccur teverde Pension. To reach Monteverde, drive in all of the biotic communities discussed north on the Pan American Highway towards above. . kilometers ( miles) beyond Someof the best habitat representativeof the entrance to ,just prior to the LowerZone forestlies just outsidethe door reaching the Lagarto River Bridge (the third of the Monteverde Pension. Two short trails bridge with a steel overhead structure after lead down to a stream and a third leads back passing the Puntarenas turnoff), turn right toward the main road. These provideaccess onto a gravelroad leadingtowards the town of into remnants of this once extensive forest. The Guacimal. Followthis windingmountain road, Streak-headed , Long-tailed past Guacimal, for 33 kilometers(20.4 miles) Manakin, Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush to Santa Elena. Monteverde is 3 kilometers and White-caredGround-Sparrow are a few of beyondSanta Elena. The drive takes approx- the commonerspecies restricted to thishabitat imatelytwo hourson the Pan AmericanHigh- Another common resident, the Rufous-and- way and one and one half hours on the gravel white Wren, is frequentlyoverlooked because road Monteverdecan alsobe reachedby pub- its songsounds so much like a personwhis- hc bus for aboutfive dollarsround trip. Buses tling. The open forest understoryis a good run continuallyfrom SanJose to the port cityof placeto watchfor Quail-Doveswhich forage on Puntarenas, but to make connectionsto Mon- the leaf littered floor. Hummingbirds,par- teverdethe same day leave San Joseby 10:30 ticularly the Striped-tailed, Rufous-tailed, a m. Any taxi driverwill get you to the proper Violet Sabrewing, and Fork-tailed Emerald, bus station.At 2:15 p.m., sevendays a week,a frequentthe ornamentalplantings around the bus departsfrom Puntarenas(1/2 block southof Pension. the Hotel Cayuga)for Santa Elena, arriving The walk from pensionto preservemakes a thereabout 6:00 p.m. From SantaElena it is a fulfillingtrip in itself.When youmake this trip 3 kilometer walk to the Monteverde Pension. you will rarely return in time for lunch so ask Arrival in Santa Elena is often after dark, so the pensionstaff to packyou a sandwich.Many have a flashlight handy. The bus returns to interestingbirds dwell in the secondgrowth Puntarenasat dawneach morning. and remnants of forest that line the road to the Preserve. Blue-crowned Motmots, which nest ccommodationsSan Jose has numerous in banks along the road, sit quietly on low tourist Hotelsof varyingprice and quality. branchesjust inside the forest. Emerald Tou- In Monteverde there is one small Pension canetsdart acrossthe road often stoppingto located two and one half kilometers from the scoldpedestrians. Most of the specieslisted as

120 AmericanBirds, March, 1977 Above, Elfin forest, Ventana. Right: -laden tree in forest at Monteverde. All photos by George V. N. Powell

lower zone inhabitantsmay be observedduring the early part of the walk. Watch especiallyfor Orange-bellied Trogon, Common Tody-Fly- catcher, Brown Jay, Plain Wren. Clay-Colored Robin, Tawny-crownedGreenlet, Gray-headed Greenlet, Golden-crowned Warbler, which will often be associated with other small insec- tivores,and Yellow-throatedEuphonia. As you approach the information center of the preserve, the roadsides take on a lush, greener appearance. Slate-throated Redstarts and Common Bush- become abun- dant roadside inhabitants. Also watch for Red-billed Pigeon, Prong-billed Barber, Masked Tityra, Yellow-faced Grassquit, Yellow-throated Brush-Finch, and Rufous- collared Sparrow. Other changesin the bird life are more subtle. The Mountain Robin replaces the City-colored Robin, and the Black-headedNightingale-Thrush replaces the Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush. There are usuallywild raspberriesflowering in the higher pastures; these are excellent locations for Coppery-headedEmerald, Stripe-tailed Hum- mingbird, and Magenta-throatedWoodstar.

Volume 31, Number 2 121 Above, Three-wattled Bellbird.

Left, Emerald Toucanetat nest.

A principal goal for many who cometo Mon- teverdeis to seethe ResplendentQuetzal. This spectacularspecies is truly a common resident of both the middle and cloud forest zones. However,in spite of its spectacularcolors and brilliance in the sunlight, Quetzals can be dif- ficult to observein the deep forest shade. A combinationof patienceand effort is necessary to obtain excellent views of this remarkable speciesthat the ancient Americans considered a divinity. Your best strategyis to search the wooded pasturesnear the Information Center. In 1976four pairs nestedwithin a stone'sthrow of the InformationCenter and groupsof five to sevenbirds regularlyfed in the pasture trees.

American Birds, March, 1977 From March until June Quetzals are very vocal have a clear day, there is an exquisiteview of and feed dally in these pastures,often flying surroundingvirgin forest. Since the road is betweentrees in the clearings,or high into the more open than the trails, it can be more sky in courtshipflights. Their principal vocal- rewarding in terms of intimate looks at birds. izationsinclude: a short plaintiff descending On your first visit, I recommendyou follow the whistle repeated every few seconds,a scold road to the ventaha and return by the Cloud note, "wocka," and a raucous flight call, ForestTrail (SenderoBosque Nuboso). How- "wocka woek... woeka woeka wock." Ask at ever, the road is often muddy and the Cloud the Information Centerfor help in recognizing Forest Trail is fairly free of mud, so that may the calls. Quetzalsvocalize most consistently at influenceyour decision. dawn, but they continue to call periodically Leaving the pasture and walking up the throughoutthe day. When you hear one, wait road, you immediately move into a wetter for the bird to reveal itself. They frequently forest inhabited by a different avifauna. Black remain motionless for 15 to 30 minutes Guans are not uncommon and may appear betweenflights so parleneeis essentialfor sue- anywherefrom ground level to canopy. Watch eess. Eventually the Quetzal will take wing, for quetzals,toucanets, barbets, and Azure- often for a short flight into the canopy to hoodedJays which occasionallycross the road snatchfruit or insectsfrom amongthe foliage. Nesting Streak-breastedTreehunters may be Waiting for the Quetzal will not be time flushed from nests burrowed into the road wasted.The opennessaround the Information bank. They retreat acrossthe road alighting Center offers excellent birding. You may see nearby to protest the intrusion. Peruse the any birds categorizedas middlelevel ("M" on small birds foraging in the second growth the list). Swallow-tailed Kites often drift over, habitat boarding the road for Green Hermit, skimming acrossthe tops of treesin searchof Gray-breasted Wood-Wren, Slaty Flower- foraging .The Purple-throatedMoun- piercer, and Golden-browedChlorophonia• gem, Magenta-throatedWoodstar, and Green The tiny OchraceousWren skulks about much Violetear visit the flowering epiphytes that like a typical Troglodytidae,except that this adorn most trees in these clearings. Dark speciesfrequents the dense epiphyticgrowth and Tufted Flycatchers hawk insects high in the canopy.Listen for the gull-like calls from favored perches while Slate-throated of Barred Hawks whichperform courtshipdis- Redstarts wander through the pasturesboth playswhile soaring overhead. hawking and . Mountain Elaenia, A number of speciesof the Monteverde avl- Paltry Tyrannulet, Searlet-thighed Daenis, fauna are restricted to the wettest cloud and White-throated Robin, Mountain Robin, elfin forestsuch as is found in the vicinityof the Rufous-browed Peppershrike, Spangle- ventana. Here Slate-throatedRedstarts give cheekedTanager, and Silver-throatedTanager way to Redstarts,Sooty-capped Bush- are among the speciesthat frequent fruiting Tanagers mix with Common Bush-Tanagers, treesin the pastures. and yet another Nightingale-Thrush, the A bird whichis ubiquituous,but surprisingly Ruddy-capped Nightingale-Thrush, becomes difficult to observe, is the Three-wattled the dominantunderstory thrush species.Other Bellbird. The males of this promiscuousspe- inhabitants of this zone are Ruddy Treerun- cies "clang" and squeakthroughout the day ners, Golden-beIIied Flycatchers, Black-and- from perches,usually dead branchesthat pro- yellow Silky-Flycatchers, Yellow Grosbeak, trude abovethe canopy.One or two bellbirds and Yellow-thighedFinch. In the cloud forest, are frequentlyvisible from the pasturesthat are be particularly attentiveto mixed speciesflocks near the information center. If you locate a which are prevalentand often composedof a songperch, you can observethe bellbirdwhen wide diversityof species. it returns periodicallyto that site to call. Many birderswill especiallywish to seethe However, bellbirds are extremely wary so you Wrenthrush, a cloud forest endemicthat many must be as inconspicuousas possiblewhen taxonomistsrelegate to a family all its own. stalkingthem. While common, Wrenthrushes are so secretive From the Information Center, there are two they are difficult to locate without the aid of waysto proceed:by trail or by road. Each will their vocalizations.Pairs of Wrenthrushessing reward you with new birds and varied viewsof in duets,but onlythe first voicecarries through Monteverde's splendid scenery. There are the dense underbrush. This voice is a short many miles of trails throughdeep undisturbed shrill notefollowed by an ascendingslur that is forest. Most lead into the higher, still wetter reminiscentof the beginningof the songof a cloud forest habitat. The road continues as a Brown Creeper.To maximize your chancesof wide swath, on a gentle incline through two seeinga Wren-thrush,hike to the vicinityof the kilometers of cloud forest to the continental ventanaat dawn and listenfor its song.On still divide, the "ventana." From the ventana,if you morningsI havehad excellentsuccess by enter-

Volume 31, Number 2 123 •illant, e lng the secondgrowth directly to the southof BosqueNuboso), a 1 hourwalk; or the Swamp where the road divides for the first t•me at the and R•ver Trails (Senderos Pantonoso and Ventana. Just two to three meters off the road Rio), a 1.5 to 2 hour walk. On the trails you are you will be immersedby vegetationand if you likely to seea differentarray of birds. On your sit quietlyfor a while you shouldpick up the first day I recommendreturning via the Cloud wispynotes of the Wrenthrushas it hopsabout ForestTrail (birds predominantlythose listed on or near the ground.Other placesto search as middle level or "M"). Birds along the for Wrenthrushesare along the Brillante and Swamp and River Trails, will be primarily BosqueEnano Trails. After the first coupleof thoselisted as "M", but any listedas "H" may hoursof daylight, pairs generallyrestrict their also be seenon the SwampTrail. The R•ver vocalizations to intermittent use of the second Trail parallels a swiftly flowing stream which noteof the first voiceso locating them becomes provides superb scenery,but obscuresthe far more difficult. songsof birds.On all theseforest trails you wdl For those with additional time, the Brillante frequentlyhear the flute-like songsof the Trail traversesexcellent birding habitat as well Slaty-backed Nightingale-Thrush, (people as some of the most beautiful forest in Mon- oftenask what bird hasa songthat soundslike teverde.First it passesthrough cloud forest the squeakof a swing)and the higherpitched, (take the short loop to the right after passing more haunting voice of the Black-faced Sol- the chain) and then enters the wind stunted itaire. Both are secretive and difficult to see. elfin forest. This is a good trail on which to Three-stripedWarblers are often encountered observesuch hummingbirds, as Fiery-throated in associationwith suchother small speciesas Hummingbird, Violet Sabrewing, Green- SpottedBarbtail, Spotted Woodcreeper, Gray- crownedBrilliant, and Purple-throatedMoun- breasted Wood-Wren, and Chestnut-capped taingemwhich feed on flowersof low hanging Brush-Finch. epiphytes. From the Ventana to the Information Center ating -- Spring**** (mid-March- late there are three ways to return: the road (45 May), Summer*** (July-August),Autumn minute walk); the Cloud Forest Trail (Sendero --, Winter--.

M H HighlandTinamou (c) MagnificantFrigatebird (r) M H Great Green Macaw (r) L Cattle Egret (r) L M H Red-fronted Parakeet (u) L M H King Vulture(r) H Barred Parakeet (r) L M H Black Vulture (c) L Orange-chinnedParakeet (u) L M H TurkeyVulture (c) L M H Brown-hoodedParrot (c) L M H Swallow-tailed Kite (c) L M White-fronted (u) M Double-toothed Kite (u) L M H Red-coloredParrot (u) L M BicoloredHawk (u) L M SquirrelCuckoo (c) L M H CoopeftsHawk (u) L M Groove-billedAni (a) L M H Sharp-shinnedHawk (u) L Lesser Ground. Cuckoo (u) L Red-tailed Hawk (u) L M H Barn Owl(r) L M Swainson's Hawk (c) M H Bare-shanked Screech-Owl(c) L M H Broad-wingedHawk (a) L M H SpectacledOwl (u) L M H White Hawk (u) CollaredTrogon (r) M H Barred Hawk (c) Green Kingfisher(r) L Common Black Hawk (u) L M Blue-crownedMotmot (c) M H HarpyEagle (r) M Rufous-tailed Jacamar (r) M H OrnateHawk-Eagle (r) M H Prong.billedBarbet (c) L M Collared Forest-Falcon (r) Red-headed Barbet (r) M H Barred Forst-Falcon (c) L M H (a) L M American Kestrel (c) L M Keel-billed Toucan (u) L Crested Guan (u) L M Golden-oliveWoodpecker (u) M H Black Guan (c) L M LineatedWoodpecker (r) L M Spotted.belliedBobwhite (u) L Hoffmann'sWoodpecker (c) L M H White-throated Wood-Quail (c) L M Yellow-belliedSapsucker (u) Sunbittern (r) L M H Smoky-brownWoodpecker(c) L M Band-tailedPigeon (a) M Hairy Woodpecker(u) M H Red-billed Pigeon(a) L M RuddyWoodcreeper (c) M H RuddyPigeon (u) L M BarredWoodcreeper (r) M H Short-billedPigeon (a) L M OlivaceousWoodcreeper (c) M White-tippedDove (c) M H Wedge-billedWoodcreeper (u) L M H Buff-fronted Quail-Dove (c) L M SpottedWoodcreeper (c) M RuddyQuail-Dove (u) L Streaked-headedWoodcreeper (u) M ChiriquiQuail-Dove (r) L M Brown-billedScythebill (r)

Volume 31, Number 2 125 M H Red-facedSpinetall (c) L Orange-billedN•gh•ngale-Thrush (u) H RuddyTreerunner (c) M CedarWaxwing (r) M H SpottedBarbtail (c) H Black-and-yellowSilky-Flycatcher(c) H Bully Tuftedcheek(r) L M Rufous-browedPeppershrike (c) L M LineatedFoliage-gleaner (r) M Green Shrike- (u) L SpectacledFoliage-gleaner (u) L M Yellow-throated Vireo (u) L RuddyFoliage-gleaner (r) M Solitary Vireo (r) M H Streaked-breasted Treehunter (u) L M Red-eyedVireo (u) M H Gray-throatedLeaf-tosser (c) L M Yellow-greenVireo (u) L Russet Antshrike (u) L M PhiladelphiaVireo (u) M Plain Antvireo (u) L M Brown-cappedVireo (c) M Slaty Antwren (u) L Tawny-crownedGreenlet (u) M H ImmaculateAntbird (r) L M Gray-headedGreenlet (c) L M Black-faced Antthrush (u) L M Chestnut-headedOropendola (r) M ScaledAntpitta (u) L M Baltimore Oriole (u) L SpectacledAntpitta (r) L M Common Meadowlark (c) M H Silvery-frontedTapaculo (c) L M Black-and-white Warbler (c) L M Long-tailedManakin (c) L M Worm-eatingWarbler (r) L M Bright-rumpedAttila (c) L M Golden-wingedWarbler (c) H Barred Becard (u) L M TennesseeWarbler (u) L M MaskedTityra (c) L M Yellow Warbler (u) H Bare-necked Umbrellabird (r) L M Townsend's Warbler (u) L M Three-wattled Bellbird (a) L M Black-throated Green Warbler (c) L Black Phoebe (r) L M Cerulean Warbler (r) L M EasternKingbird (u) L M Blackburnian Warbler (u) L M TropicalKingbird (u) L M Chestnut-sided Warbler (u) L M Northern (u) L M Sulfur-belliedFlycatcher (c) L M Northern Waterthrush (r) L M Golden-belliedFlycatcher (c) L M Louisiana Waterthrush (r) L M SocialFlycatcher (c) L M KentuckyWarbler (c) L M Great Kiskadee (c) L M Gray-crownedYellowthroat (c) L M Dusky-cappedFlycatcher (c) L M Wilson's Warbler (a) L M H Olive-sidedFlycatcher (c) L M Warbler (u) L M Eastern Wood-Pewee(c) L M H Slate.throated Redstart (a) L M Western Wood-Pewee(r) H Collared Redstart (c) M H Dark Pewee(c) M H Three-stripedWarbler (e) L M H YellowishFlycatcher (c) L M Golden-crownedWarbler (c) L M LeastFlycatcher (u) L Chestnut-cappedWarbler (u) M H Tufted Flycatcher(a) H Wrenthrush (c) M H White-throatedSpadebill (c) L M Banaquit(c) M H Eye.ringedFlatbill (c) L M H Scarlet-thighedDacnis (c) L M CommonTody-Flycatcher (u) Red-leggedHoneycreeper (r) L M Scaly-crestedPygmy-Tyrant (u) M H SlatyFlower-piercer (c) TorrentTyrannulet (r) L M H Blue-crownedChlorophonia(c) L Yellow.bellied Elaenia (c) M Tawny-cappedEuphonia (u) M H Mountain Elaenia (a) L ScrubEuphonia (r) L M Paltry Tyrannulet(a) L Yellow.throatedEuphonia (c) White-frontedTyrannulet (r) M H Spangle-cheekedTanager (c) L Ochre-belliedFlycatcher (u) M H Silver-throatedTanager (c) L M Olive-stripedFlycatcher (a) L M Blue-grayTanager (c) L M Rough-wingedSwallow (c) L M SummerTanager (u) L M H Blue-and-white Swallow (c) L M H Hepatic (u) L Magpie Jay(r) M ScarletTanager (u) L M Brown Jay(c) L M White-wingedTanager (u) L M H Azure-hoodedJay (u) L Gray-headedTanager (r) AmericanDipper (r) L M H CommonBush Tanager (a) L M Rufous-and-whiteWren (c) H Sooty-cappedBush-Tanager (c) L M Plain Wren (c) L M Buff-throated Saltator (c) L M SouthernHouse Wren (a) L GrayishSaltator (u) M H OchraceousWren (a) M H Yellow Grosbeak (c) M H Gray-breastedWood-Wren (a) L M Rose-breastedGrosbeak (u) M White-throated Robin (c) L M Yellow-facedGrassquit (e) M H Mountain Robin (a) L Variable Seedeater (u) L M Clay-coloredRobin (c) L M Yellow.throated Brush-Finch (c) M H Black-faced Solitaire (c) M H Chestnut-cappedBrush-Finch (c) M Wood Thrush (u) L M White-caredGround-Sparrow (c) L M SwainSOh'SThrush (c) M H SlatyFinch (r) L Gray-cheekedThrush (u) H Peg-billedFinch (r) L Black-headedNightingale-Thrush (c) H Yellow-thighedFinch (c) M H Slaty-backedNightingale-Thrush (c) M H Sooty-facedFinch (u) H Ruddy-cappedNightingale-Thrush (c) L M Rufous-collaredSparrow (c)

126 American B•rds, March, 1977