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The State of the Great Lakes – New York

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The State of the Great Lakes – New York The State of the Great Lakes – New York The Great Lakes are one of our most precious national treasures. With nearly 20 percent of the Earth’s fresh surface water, they provide drinking water to 28 million U.S. residents. But threats to the Great Lakes basin are making our waters less fishable, closing our beaches to swimming and affecting our drinking water. The Great Lakes are a vital resource, but they are in danger of being destroyed by toxic pollutants and sewage overflows, destruction of fish and wildlife habitat, and an increasing number of dangerous invasive species. Of the 42 Areas of Concern (AOC) or toxic hot spots on the Great Lakes, identified by the International Joint Commission (IJC), six are in New York state. There are also 93 sites that are on the National Priority List (Superfund), identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Lake Ontario is the most polluted in the Great Lakes system due to a long history of chemical industries and waste dumps along the Niagara River and lakefront. And as one of the more populous Great Lakes states, New York battles with constant sewage overflows in its waters as a result of an outdated sewer system. New York is a significant member of the Great Lakes region with more than 570 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and Lake Ontario—the third longest shoreline of the Great Lakes states. One-third of the state of New York is in the Great Lakes watershed, and more than 3.4 million New York residents live in the basin. Prominent New York waterways, including the Finger Lakes, the Genesee River, and several wild and scenic Adirondack rivers are tributaries to the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway, the critical channel that connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. New York also has a rich history of Native Americans living in the Great Lakes basin, including the Iroquois (“Haudenosaunee”) nations, who provide the region with historical ecological knowledge. In order to restore and protect the New York shoreline, more funding is needed. In July 2003, Congress introduced bipartisan Great Lakes Restoration legislation calling for $4 to $6 billion in funding to protect drinking water, reduce pollution and rehabilitate coastal habitat for fish and wildlife. Only through a coordinated, federally funded effort will New York and the Great Lakes region receive the resources needed to begin restoration of damage done by years of neglect and pollution. Toxic Hot Spots The Niagara River The Niagara River – Photo courtesy of Niagara Recreation Guide Long one of the nation's notorious toxic waterways, the Niagara River flows to the north from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario and is part of the international border between Canada and the U.S. The river is approximately 35 miles long and includes the Niagara Falls. Municipal and industrial waste disposal sites have been a source of contaminants to the Niagara River and Lake Ontario for over 50 years. The famous Love Canal, linking the upper and lower parts of the Niagara River, was a known site for hazardous chemicals, and residents in the area were forced to evacuate due to health hazards in the early 1980s. Due to high levels of poly-chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides and other toxic chemicals, the IJC named the Niagara River, extending from Smokes Creek near the southern end of the Buffalo Harbor and north to the mouth of the river at Lake Ontario, an Area of Concern (AOC). The Niagara River accounts for 83 percent of the water flowing into Lake Ontario, significantly influencing Lake Ontario's water quality and fish productivity. In 1987, four environmental agencies in the U.S. and Canada—U.S. EPA, Environment Canada (EC), New York State Dept of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) and the Ontario Ministry of Environment & Energy (MOEE)—agreed to the Niagara River Toxics Management Plan (NRTMP), pledging cooperation to reduce toxic chemical pollutants in the Niagara River. Under the NRTMP, 18 persistent toxic chemicals leaking into the river were targeted. Some of the waste sites had been leaking more than 50 pounds of waste into the river every day. In 2002, a status assessment of the river’s cleanup showed the amount of hazardous waste leaking into the Niagara had fallen by about 90 percent since 1989, and the water in the Niagara River is nearly 60 percent cleaner. However, fish contamination is still a problem and more funding is needed to complete restoration efforts. The Oswego River The Oswego River basin in central New York state contains a diverse system of streams, lakes and canals. The watershed includes the Finger Lakes, industries, municipalities and extensive areas of farmland and forest that cover more than 5,000 square miles. The Oswego Harbor has multiple uses including navigation, hydroelectric power generation, fishing, recreation and waste disposal. Over 1.2 million people live in the basin. Because of industrial, agricultural and urban development in the watershed, Oswego Harbor sediments are contaminated by a variety of pollutants, particularly mirex, an insecticide and PCBs. The upstream pollutants led to a decrease in water quality, ruining fish and wildlife populations. In 1987, the IJC named the Oswego River and Harbor an Area of Concern (AOC). Oswego River Canal – Photo courtesy of Oswego County Remedial strategies continue to focus on upstream watershed activities such as federal review of the river’s power dam licenses and the provisions with which dam owners must comply. This effort and other ongoing work will help to provide fish protection, restore natural habitats, improve inactive hazardous waste sites and support fish studies in Lake Ontario and the Oswego River. Although progress has been made, more funds are needed to complete restoration projects and ensure the healthiness of the river for future activities. Destruction of Fish, Wildlife & Natural Habitat The St. Lawrence River The St. Lawrence River and Seaway is the only connection between the Great Lakes system and the Atlantic Ocean, making it a critical tributary that allows the Great Lakes shipping industry to thrive. Approximately 800 miles long, the St. Lawrence River can be divided into three broad sections: the freshwater river, which extends from Lake Ontario to just outside of Quebec City; the St. Lawrence estuary, which extends from Quebec to Anticosti Island; and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which leads into the Atlantic Ocean. To allow ships to pass through the river and in and out of the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence Seaway, a massive American- Canadian navigational project, was begun in 1954 and completed in 1959. The Seaway created the final link in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River through a complex system of lakes, rivers, deepened channels, locks and canals. However, the waters and river bottom have been impacted by industrial pollution from upstream sources including Lake Ontario, municipal treatment facilities and development. Mercury, PCBs and other chemicals have been found in the water, sediments and fish. The heavy traffic in the river has also resulted in the invasion of non-native aquatic species such as the sea lamprey and zebra mussel, causing serious damage to the river’s native fish and habitat. Since the 1800s, at least 160 invasive species have invaded the Great Lakes basin. More than one-third of the species have been introduced in the past 30 years. In 1987, the IJC named the St. Lawrence River, beginning above the dams at the Massena Village water intake and following the river downstream to Canada, an AOC. A proposed expansion to the Seaway may pose a serious threat to the already weakened ecosystem. The widening and deepening of the waterway could introduce more invasive species and continue to damage water, further destroying natural habitats. Plans for restoration of the St. Lawrence River focus on rehabilitating the waterfront and creating nursery habitats to restore fish communities such as the smallmouth bass, northern pike and yellow perch. Over $50,000 has been pledged by Environment Canada and the Ontario Ministry of the Environment in 2004. However, more funds are needed to fully restore decades of damage to this central waterway that has huge geographic and St. Lawrence River – Photo courtesy of Henning Umland economic significance to the Great Lakes. The Buffalo River One of America's most wild and scenic waterways, the Buffalo River is located in the City of Buffalo in western New York state. The river flows from the east into Lake Erie near the head of the Niagara River. The Buffalo River is an important wildlife habitat and a significant recreational site; it is known as a paradise for viewing fish underwater. The brightest and most colorful fish in the mid-United States can be found in the river. Forestry, cattle ranching and farming are the mainstay of the region's economy, but these same activities are a major source of pollution and water quality degradation. Other disturbances to the area have been past industrial and municipal discharges and disposal of waste. Fishing, survival of aquatic life and wildlife habitat within the river has been impaired by toxic chemicals, dredging and other alterations to the shoreline. In 1989, the Buffalo River was designated an Area of Concern by the IJC. In recent years, Erie County; in cooperation with the City of Buffalo, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation; has worked to improve the conditions of the river. Restoration efforts are focused in six major problem areas: stream water quality, river bottom sediments, inactive hazardous waste sites, municipal and industrial wastewater treatment facilities, combined sewer overflows, and fish and wildlife habitat.
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