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The Crystal Palace COMMONWEALTH of AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 702243 Formative Histories of Architecture the Crystal Palace COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 Warning This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Melbourne pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. do not remove this notice iron & industrialised building Thomas Rickman’ s churches St George Birmingham, c 1812 St George, Everton, Liverpool, 1812-14 St Michael in the Hamlet, Liverpool, c 1813 Joseph George’s patent system, 1856 James Edmeston & terra cotta slabs St George's, Birmingham, by Rickman, c 1812: cast iron gallery front Gloag & Bridgewater, Cast Iron in Architecture, fig 344 Thomas Rickman’s iron churches: St George, Everton & St Michael in the Hamlet, c 1813 Nikolaus Pevsner, Some Architectural Writers of the Nineteenth Century(Oxford 1972), pl 12 & unidentified Joseph George’s patent fireproof construction, 1846 Joseppg,h George, British patent no 11,257, for 'Construction of Buildings', 22 December 1846 GLASS AND ARCHITECTURE crown glass sh eet (or cylin der gl ass) plate glass manufacture of crown glass: the table on the end of the punty Raymond McGrath & A C Frost, Glass in Architecture and Decoration (2nd ed, London 1961 [1937]), p 75 two ways of dividing a table of crown glass W Cooper, Crown Glass Cutter and Glazier's Manual (1835), p 745 the manufacture of sheet glass by Chance Brothers, c 1850 Jackdaw no 43, The Great Exhibition 1851 sheet glass being reheated and flattened Harden, 'Domestic Window Glass', pp 41, 42 GREENHOUSES & CONSERVATORIES the double cusp profile Glass house a t Bre tton Ha ll, Yor ks hire, 1827 J C Loudon, An Encyclopædia of Cottage Farm and Villa Architecture (London 1846 [1833]) greenhouse of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, by Charles Rouhault de Fleury, 1833 Sigfried Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture: the Growth of a New traditions (4th ed, Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1963), p 178 SIR JOSEPH PAXTON 1803-1865 gardener at Chiswick from 1826 head gardener to the Duke of Devonshire (Chatsworth estate, Derbyshire) 1836 ‘Great Stove’ 1849 Vic tor ia Reg ia Lily 1850 patent roofing 1850 designed the Crystal Palace 1851 knighted Paxton's system of construction in wood, glass and iron as used at Chatsworth, from the MifBtMagazine of Botany, 1834 Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 82 the 'Great Stove‘ or conservatory, Chatsworth, by Paxton , 1836-40 Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Early Victorian Architecture in Britain (2 vols, New York 1972 [New Haven (Connecticut) 1954]), II, XV, 29 Great Stove, interior, and detail drawing of a column, by Decimus Burton MUAS12,466 Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 87 Palm Stove, Kew, by Decimus Burton, 1845-7 Jeff Turnbull 1976 Hitchcock, Early Victorian Architecture , II, XV, 32 the Victoria Regia lily at Chatsworth Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 37 water lily, Thailand underside of the leaf of the Victoria Regia Miles Lewis 1998 Julian Vincent, 'Stealing Ideas from Nature', ournal of the Royal Society of Arts, CXLV, 5482 (August/September 1997), p 37 Victoria Regia Lily House, Chatsworth, Derbyshire, by Paxton, 1849-50 Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 89 Paxton's patent roofing system, 1850 Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal, 1850, reproduced in Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 91 details of Paxton’s patent system THE GREAT EXHIBITION proposal by Henry Cole Roya l Comm iss ion 1849 design competition March-April 1850 Hector Horeau wins official Commission design June 1850 Paxton’s design published July 1850 tenders July 1850 modified contact design July 1850 construction by Fox & Henderson opened 1 May 1851 above: Hector Horeau's premiated design for the Great Exhibition building: section bel ow: Hec tor Horeau 's sc heme for a c hanne l tunne l, 1841 Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture, p 252 Country Life, CLIII, 3695 (321 June 1973), p 1782 the Commission's official design for the Great Exhibition building, 1851 Illustrated London News, 1850, reproduced in Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 126 Paxton's blotting paper design for the Great Exhibition building, 7 June 1850 Christopher Hobhouse , 1851 and the Crystal Palace (London 1950 [1937]), p 30 Crystal Palace, Paxton's original scheme as published in the Illustrated London News, 6 July 1850 Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 126 the Crystal Palace, as built: 'standard view‘ Gloag & Bridgewater, Cast Iron in Architecture, pl II Crystal Palace: end view University of Maryland http://www.lib.umd.edu/ARCH/exhibition/1851/gallery6.html Crystal Palace , working drawing by Downes, showing the interior and exterior elevations of the transept end, and a section of the nave and gallery roofs Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 133 Sash bar machine in use at the Crystal Palace, 1851 Hitchcock, Early Victorian Architecture , II, XVI, 11 Crystal Palace, during erection, 1850 Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, p 45 Crystal Palace base of a column raising the girders of the central aisle Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, pp 46, 48 Crystal Palace elevation of girders connections atlhdt a column head Giovanni Brino, Crystal Palace: Cronaca di Unavventura Progettuale (Genova, nd [c 1995]), p 43 Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, p 47 RJMR J Ma instone, Developments in tructural Form (Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1975), p 58 Crystal Palace: raising a transept arch Hobhouse, 1851 and the CtlPlCrystal Palace, p 52 Crystal Palace, north transept University of Maryland: http://www.lib.umd.edu/ARCH/exhibition/1851/gallery6.html Crystal Palace: the Sibthorp Elm Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, p 53 Crystal Palace: the roofing system Brino, Crystal Palace, p 43 Crystal Palace: the glazing of the roof Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, pp 56, 50 Crystal Palace: western or British nave, looking east from Dickinson's Pictures of the Great Exhibition, reproduced in Brino, Crystal Palace, pp 118-9 Crystal Palace: interior, & eastern or Foreign nave, looking west Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Architecture Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (2nd ed, Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1963 [1958]), pl 64 From Dickinson' s Pictures of the Great Exhibition, reproduced in Jackdaw Series, no 43 Crystal Palace, Owen Jones's colour scheme Brino, Crystal Palace, p 87 Crystal Palace, view of the opening ceremony Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, p 66 CtlPlCrystal Palace: view of the opening ceremony the transept From Dickinson's Pictures of the Great Exhibition, reproduced in Jackdaw Series, no 43 Gloag & Bridgewater, Cast Iron in Architecture, pl I EXHIBITS the crystal fountain hardware exhibits the Coalbrookdale dome & Bell’s ‘Eagle Slayer’ child’s cot, by R W Winfield ‘Day Dreamer’ chair Pugin’s Medieval Court church plate by Hardman The ‘Pil en tum ’ carr iage Crystal Palace: view across the transept, with the Crystal Fountain Brino, Crystal Palace, pp 116-7 hardware exhibits Gloag & Bridgewater, Cast Iron in Architecture, pl IV the Coalbrookdale Company's dome and J Bell's 'Eagle Slayer‘ Gloag & Bridgewater, Cast Iron in Architecture, fig 256 the 'D ay D reamer' c ha ir in pap ier m âc hé, by Jennens & Be ttr idge, des igne d by Fitz Coo k child's cot, by R W Winfield Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, pp 111, 106 Mediæval Court, by A W N Pugin Yvonne Ffrench, The Great Exhibition: 1851 (London 1950), p 106 Gothic furniture derived from church details A W N Pugin, The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture (London 1853 [1841]), p 34 bookcase or armoire designed by A W N Pugin and made by J G Crace Paul Atterbury & Clive Wainwright, Pugin: a Gothic Passion (New Haven [Connecticut] 1994), p 139 Pevsner, Studies in Art , Architecture and Design, II, p 54 church plate, and detail of chalice designed by Pugin and made by Hardmans Pevsner, Studies in Art, Architecture and Design, II, pp 56, 57 the 'Pilentum' carriage, designed by Mulliner Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, p 75 Crys ta l Pa lace, Lon don, by Josep h Pax ton, 1850-1: interior perspective REACTIONS TO THE CRYSTAL PALACE A W N Pugin John Ruskin the Ecclesiologist Matthew Digby Wyatt Thomas Harris A W N Pugin the 'glass monster' the 'crystal humbug ' Pevsner, Some Architectural Writers, p 115 John Ruskin The quantit y of thoug ht it e xp resses i s, I suppose, a sin gl e and admirable thought ... that it might be possible to build a greenhouse larger than ever greenhouse was built before. This thought and some very ordinary algebra are as much as all tha t g lass can represent o f the human in te llec t. Pevsner, Some Architectural Writers, p 154 Ecclesiologist 'lost in admiration of the unprecedented inner effects' 'engineering of the highest merit and excellence, but not architecture‘ Pevsner, Some Architectural Writers, p 133 Matthew Digby Wyatt two types of designers in iron - the Utilitarians, who are 'careful cast iron constructionists',,gy building railway stations and bridges, and the Idealists, 'who cover dog kennels with crockets and finials, turn stoves and clocks into cathedral fdfacades ... an d too o ften sacr ifififice comfort ... to ornament and effect' 'The noveltyyy of its form and details will be likely to exercise a powerful influence upon national taste.' Pevsner, Some Architectural Writers, pp 159-161 Thomas Harris a new style of architecture, as remarkable as any ... may be considered to have been inaugurated. We consider that iron and glass in conjunction have succeeded in giving a distinct and marked character to the future of architec ture ... The architecture of the nineteenth century .... cannot be expected to reach its full development in our time, but the future of that style, the Victorian style ..
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