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Home , Joseph Paxton, Matthew Digby Wyatt, The Crystal Palace

702243 Formative Histories of

COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969

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This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Melbourne pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act).

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do not remove this notice iron & industrialised building

Thomas Rickman’ s churches St George Birmingham, c 1812 St George, Everton, , 1812-14 St Michael in the Hamlet, Liverpool, c 1813

Joseph George’s patent system, 1856

James Edmeston & terra cotta slabs St George's, Birmingham, by Rickman, c 1812: cast iron gallery front Gloag & Bridgewater, Cast Iron in Architecture, fig 344 Thomas Rickman’s iron churches: St George, Everton & St Michael in the Hamlet, c 1813 Nikolaus Pevsner, Some Architectural Writers of the Nineteenth Century(Oxford 1972), pl 12 & unidentified Joseph George’s patent fireproof construction, 1846

Joseppg,h George, British patent no 11,257, for 'Construction of Buildings', 22 December 1846 GLASS AND ARCHITECTURE

crown glass

sh eet (or cylin der gl ass)

plate glass manufacture of crown glass:

the table on the end of the punty

Raymond McGrath & A C Frost, Glass in Architecture and Decoration (2nd ed, 1961 [1937]), p 75 two ways of dividing a table of crown glass

W Cooper, Crown Glass Cutter and Glazier's Manual (1835), p 745 the manufacture of sheet glass by , c 1850

Jackdaw no 43, The 1851 sheet glass being reheated and flattened

Harden, 'Domestic Window Glass', pp 41, 42 & CONSERVATORIES

the double cusp profile Glass house a t Bre tton Ha ll, Yor ks hire, 1827

J C Loudon, An Encyclopædia of Cottage Farm and Villa Architecture (London 1846 [1833]) of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, by Charles Rouhault de Fleury, 1833

Sigfried Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture: the Growth of a New traditions (4th ed, [Massachusetts] 1963), p 178 SIR 1803-1865 gardener at Chiswick from 1826 head gardener to the Duke of Devonshire (Chatsworth estate, Derbyshire) 1836 ‘Great Stove’ 1849 Vic tor ia Reg ia Lily 1850 patent roofing 1850 designed the Crystal Palace 1851 knighted Paxton's system of construction in wood, glass and iron as used at Chatsworth, from the MifBtMagazine of Botany, 1834

Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 82 the 'Great Stove‘ or conservatory, Chatsworth, by Paxton , 1836-40

Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Early in Britain (2 vols, New York 1972 [New Haven (Connecticut) 1954]), II, XV, 29 Great Stove, interior, and detail drawing of a column, by

MUAS12,466 Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 87 Palm Stove, Kew, by Decimus Burton, 1845-7

Jeff Turnbull 1976 Hitchcock, Early Victorian Architecture , II, XV, 32 the Victoria Regia lily at Chatsworth

Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 37 water lily, Thailand underside of the leaf of the Victoria Regia

Miles Lewis 1998 Julian Vincent, 'Stealing Ideas from Nature', ournal of the Royal Society of Arts, CXLV, 5482 (August/September 1997), p 37 Victoria Regia Lily House, Chatsworth, Derbyshire, by Paxton, 1849-50 Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 89 Paxton's patent roofing system, 1850

Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal, 1850, reproduced in Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 91 details of Paxton’s patent system THE GREAT EXHIBITION

proposal by Roya l Comm iss ion 1849 design competition March-April 1850 Hector Horeau wins official Commission design June 1850 Paxton’s design published July 1850 tenders July 1850 modified contact design July 1850 construction by Fox & Henderson opened 1 May 1851 above: Hector Horeau's premiated design for the Great Exhibition building: section bel ow: Hec tor Horeau 's sc heme for a c hanne l tunne l, 1841

Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture, p 252 Country Life, CLIII, 3695 (321 June 1973), p 1782 the Commission's official design for the Great Exhibition building, 1851 Illustrated London News, 1850, reproduced in Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 126 Paxton's blotting paper design for the Great Exhibition building, 7 June 1850

Christopher Hobhouse , 1851 and the Crystal Palace (London 1950 [1937]), p 30 Crystal Palace, Paxton's original scheme as published in the Illustrated London News, 6 July 1850

Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 126 the Crystal Palace, as built: 'standard view‘

Gloag & Bridgewater, Cast Iron in Architecture, pl II Crystal Palace: end view University of Maryland http://www.lib.umd.edu/ARCH/exhibition/1851/gallery6.html Crystal Palace , working drawing by Downes, showing the interior and exterior elevations of the transept end, and a section of the nave and gallery roofs

Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 133 Sash bar machine in use at the Crystal Palace, 1851

Hitchcock, Early Victorian Architecture , II, XVI, 11 Crystal Palace, during erection, 1850

Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, p 45 Crystal Palace base of a column raising the girders of the central aisle

Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, pp 46, 48 Crystal Palace

elevation of girders connections atlhdt a column head

Giovanni Brino, Crystal Palace: Cronaca di Unavventura Progettuale (Genova, nd [c 1995]), p 43 Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, p 47 RJMR J Ma instone, Developments in tructural Form (Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1975), p 58 Crystal Palace: raising a transept arch

Hobhouse, 1851 and the CtlPlCrystal Palace, p 52 Crystal Palace, north transept University of Maryland: http://www.lib.umd.edu/ARCH/exhibition/1851/gallery6.html Crystal Palace: the Sibthorp Elm

Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, p 53 Crystal Palace: the roofing system

Brino, Crystal Palace, p 43 Crystal Palace: the glazing of the

Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, pp 56, 50 Crystal Palace: western or British nave, looking east from Dickinson's Pictures of the Great Exhibition, reproduced in Brino, Crystal Palace, pp 118-9 Crystal Palace: interior, & eastern or Foreign nave, looking west

Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Architecture Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (2nd ed, Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1963 [1958]), pl 64

From Dickinson' s Pictures of the Great Exhibition, reproduced in Jackdaw Series, no 43 Crystal Palace, 's colour scheme

Brino, Crystal Palace, p 87 Crystal Palace, view of the opening ceremony

Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, p 66 CtlPlCrystal Palace: view of the opening ceremony the transept

From Dickinson's Pictures of the Great Exhibition, reproduced in Jackdaw Series, no 43 Gloag & Bridgewater, Cast Iron in Architecture, pl I EXHIBITS

the crystal fountain hardware exhibits the Coalbrookdale dome & Bell’s ‘Eagle Slayer’ child’s cot, by R W Winfield ‘Day Dreamer’ chair Pugin’s Medieval Court church plate by Hardman The ‘Pil en tum ’ carr iage Crystal Palace: view across the transept, with the Crystal Fountain Brino, Crystal Palace, pp 116-7 hardware exhibits Gloag & Bridgewater, Cast Iron in Architecture, pl IV the Coalbrookdale Company's dome and J Bell's 'Eagle Slayer‘

Gloag & Bridgewater, Cast Iron in Architecture, fig 256 the 'D ay D reamer' ch a ir in pap ier m âc hé, by Jennens & Be ttr idge, des igne d by Fitz Coo k child's cot, by R W Winfield

Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, pp 111, 106 Mediæval Court, by A W N Pugin Yvonne Ffrench, The Great Exhibition: 1851 (London 1950), p 106 Gothic furniture derived from church details

A W N Pugin, The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture (London 1853 [1841]), p 34 bookcase or armoire designed by A W N Pugin and made by J G Crace

Paul Atterbury & Clive Wainwright, Pugin: a Gothic Passion (New Haven [Connecticut] 1994), p 139 Pevsner, Studies in Art , Architecture and Design, II, p 54 church plate, and detail of chalice designed by Pugin and made by Hardmans

Pevsner, Studies in Art, Architecture and Design, II, pp 56, 57 the 'Pilentum' carriage, designed by Mulliner

Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, p 75 Crys tal Pal ace, Lon don, by Josep h Pax ton, 1850-1: interior perspective REACTIONS TO THE CRYSTAL PALACE

A W N Pugin

John Ruskin

the Ecclesiologist

Matthew Digby Wyatt

Thomas Harris A W N Pugin

the 'glass monster'

the 'crystal humbug '

Pevsner, Some Architectural Writers, p 115

The quantit y of thoug ht it e xp resses i s, I suppose, a sin gl e and admirable thought ... that it might be possible to build a greenhouse larger than ever greenhouse was built before. This thought and some very ordinary algebra are as much as all tha t g lass can represent o f the human in te llec t.

Pevsner, Some Architectural Writers, p 154 Ecclesiologist

'lost in admiration of the unprecedented inner effects'

'engineering of the highest merit and excellence, but not architecture‘

Pevsner, Some Architectural Writers, p 133

two types of designers in iron - the Utilitarians, who are 'careful cast iron constructionists',,gy building railway stations and bridges, and the Idealists, 'who cover dog kennels with crockets and finials, turn stoves and clocks into cathedral fdfacades ... an d too o ften sacr ifififice comfort ... to ornament and effect'

'The noveltyyy of its form and details will be likely to exercise a powerful influence upon national taste.'

Pevsner, Some Architectural Writers, pp 159-161 Thomas Harris

a new style of architecture, as remarkable as any ... may be considered to have been inaugurated. We consider that iron and glass in conjunction have succeeded in giving a distinct and marked character to the future of architec ture ...

The architecture of the nineteenth century .... cannot be expected to reach its full development in our time, but the future of that style, the Victorian style ... is assured

Pevsner, Some Architectural Writers, p 228 IMPROVING THE CRYSTAL PALACE

L Capina

Sir

Sir Joseph Paxton

re-erection at Sydenham, 1852 suggestion by L Capina to improve the Crystal Palace, 1852, from his Particolare Generale di Architettura Domestica &c

Leonardo Benevolo [translated H J Landry], History of (2 vols, London 1971), I, pl 161 Sir Charles Barry's alternative design for the re-erection of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham

Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 169 Paxton's ppproposal for the re-erection of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, with domes, 1852

Hitchcock, Early Victorian Architecture , II, XVI, 20 the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, by Paxton, 1854: interior University of Maryland: http://www.lib.umd.edu/ARCH/exhibition/1851/gallery6.html Crystal Palace, Sydenham, aerial view

from Jeff Turnbull Crystal Palace, Sydenham view of the transept & view along the side of the roof

from Jeff Turnbull JAMES FERGUSSON

'Nothing can well be better, or better subordinated, than the great and two minor transepts together by the circular roof of the nave

'its construction is absolutely truthful throughout. Nothing is concealed, and nothing added for effect. In this respect it surpasses any Classical or Gothic building ever erected.' JAMES FERGUSSON

A new style of Architecture was inaugurated together with the first exhibition of 1851, which has had already a considerable effect on a certain class of designs, and promises to have a still greater influence in future. ... AfitAs first propose dthHdPkCtlPld, the Hyde Park Crystal Palace, though an a diblidmirable piece of Civil Engineering, had no claim to be considered as an architectural desigg,n. Use, and use onl y,pyg,y, pervaded every arrangement, and it was not ornamented to such an extent as to elevate it into the class of the Fine Arts. The subsequent introduction of the arched transept, with the consequent arrangements at each end and on each side , did much to bring it into this category; and a man must have had much more criticism than poetry in his composition, who could stand under its arch and among its trees by the side of the crystal fountain, and dare to suggest that it was not the most fairy-like production of Architectural Art that had yet been produced. As re -erected at Sydenham, the building has far greater claims to rank among the important architectural objects of the world THE CRYSTAL MANIA

the Crystal Sanatarium project, by Paxton

the ‘Crystal Way’ by William Mosely, 1855

the Crystal Palace, New York, by Carsentsen & Gildemeister, 1853 the Dublin Exhibition Building by John Benson, 1853 the Crystal Sanatarium project, by Paxton

Chadwick, Works of Paxton , p 136 the 'Cryyystal Way‘ proposed by William Mosely, 1855

McGrath & Frost, Glass in Architecture, p 342 Crystal Palace, New York, by Carstensen & Gildemeister, 1853: viiti&tiiew, interior & section

Brino, Crystal Palace, p 183 from Jeff Turnbull International Exhibition building, London, by , 1862

Examples of Architecture of the Victorian Age, frontispiece MYSTERIES

the Sydney Mint the Midlan d Ra ilway Station, Oxford Royal Mint, Macquarie Street, Sydney, rear wings 1854-5

Miles Lewis 2002 Royal Mint, Sydney: interior view & detail at column head

Miles Lewis 2002 former station of the Midland Railway, Park End Street, Oxford Miles Lewis Midland Railway Station, Oxford: platform shed & canopy

Hitchcock, Early Victorian Architecture, II, XVI, 10

Miles Lewis 1978 Crystal Palace at Sydenham, by Sir Joseph Paxton, 1852-4: view during construction

Midland Railway Station, Oxford: detail of canopy

MUAS 12,472 Miles Lewis 1978 Ipswich Railway Station, Queensland by Sir Charles Fox & Son, fabricated by J & R Fisher of Westminster, 1868

Illustrated London News, 16 October 1868, p 363