Polish Cartographical Review Vol. 52, 2020, no. 1, pp. 39–50 DOI: 10.2478/pcr-2020-0002 Received: 02.03.2020 Accepted: 27.03.2020

ZBIGNIEW PAPROTNY Rybnik, orcid.org/0000-0002-2918-7089 [email protected]

Johann George Schreiber’s Atlas selectus: editions and dating

Abstract. The author of this paper sets out to identify and date the individual editions of Atlas selectus that were published in by Johann George Schreiber and his heirs. The paper is based on the analysis of maps and printed registers from 27 unique editions of the atlas. After a brief summary of Schreiber’s non- -cartographic activity, the atlas is presented and dating of its eight editions is proposed, from 1741 to the end of the 18th century. Some special editions of the atlas are also identified and briefly described. The estimated production rate of maps in Schreiber’s workshop is compared with earlier research. Finally, a few misconcep- tions concerning Schreiber and his cartography are clarified. Keywords: Johann George Schreiber, Atlas selectus, 18th century German atlases, maps of Silesia

1. Introduction 2. Schreiber’s early works, his workshop and his heirs Why bother with Schreiber’s small atlas, a collection of unsophisticated maps that are Johann George Schreiber (1676–1750), not based on original drawings (with few founder of the Leipzig printing and publishing exceptions) but compiled, copied or adapted enterprise, was born in Neusalza (today Neu- from earlier sources? There are at least three salza-Spremberg in Germany’s Upper Lusatia). reasons. First, of the many publications on the His sharp eye for detail as well as talents for Schreiber family and their cartographical output, drawing and engraving had manifested with none have paid enough attention to the details his 1698 vedute of Bautzen, engraved during of the long publication history of Atlas selectus school years in the local gymnasium. Schreiber’s (hereafter: AS)1. Second, inexact (or simply early works are generally views of towns and prominent places in them. His best known wrong) information on the Schreibers and their works are: bird’s-eye views of Bautzen made atlas is often to be found in literature. Third before and after the 1709 fire that devastated (and most appealing to the author) – an oppor- a large part of the city; an impressively detailed tunity to identify editions of this ever-changing and faithful view of Leipzig’s marketplace with atlas, owing to a relatively large number of surroundings (1712); an engraving of the All extant copies in the libraries worldwide. The Saints’ church in Wittenberg; and a view of the last point has somehow been overlooked by baroque Moritzburg Castle in Zeitz (1713). During earlier research, leaving it open for the current his later years in Leipzig, Schreiber issued many paper. detailed engravings showing noteworthy parts of the city – churches, prominent houses and 1 E. Jäger 2019, M. and W. Stams 2004, G. Hensel 2001, street views – including “Der Sack”, the small to name a few. alley where he lived. 40 Zbigniew Paprotny

Table 1. Atlas selectus : (1) Editions, dating, number of leaves / maps. (2) Maps of Silesia: location in the atlas and chronology of appearance

estimated date > 1741 1742 1746 1747 1749 1756 1759 1795 edition symbol > R33 R36 R37 R38 R39 R40 R42 R44 R45 R~55 R64 R70 R85 R90 R100 R112 R117 R120 R126 R129 R130 R131 R133 R136 R144 R149 R159 (1) Atlas selectus number of leaves > 33 36 37 38 39 40 42 44 45 ~55 64 70 85 90 100 112 117 120 126 129 130 131 133 136 144 149 159 number of maps > 33 34 36 37 37 38 40 42 43 ~53 62 68 83 88 98 110 115 118 124 127 128 129 131 134 142 147 157 (2) Maps of Silesia note 1 note 2 # 1 # 2 # 3 # 4 # 5 # 6 # 7 # 8 # 9 # 10 # 11 # 12 # 13 # 14 # 15 # 16 # 17 # 18 # 19 # 20 # 21 # 22 # 23 # 24 # 25 # 26 # 27 Reise Charte (...) Böhmen JGS JChS 14 --- 15 15 16 17 18 18 18 19 20 24 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 29 29 31 32 35 Schlesien JGS x 15 17 18 18 19 20 21 21 22 25 26 30 32 32 32 33 33 33 35 35 36 36 36 36 38 41 44 Breslau JGS x ------26 27 31 33 33 33 34 34 34 36 36 37 37 37 37 39 42 45 Sagan JGS x ------27 29 33 35 35 36 37 38 39 41 41 42 42 42 42 44 47 50 Iauer u. Liegnitz JGS x ------28 32 34 34 34 35 36 37 39 39 40 40 40 40 42 45 48 Schweidnitz JGS x ------35 36 37 38 40 40 41 41 41 41 43 46 49 Wohlau JGS x ------37 38 39 40 42 42 43 43 43 43 45 48 51 Gros-Glogau JGS x ------39 40 41 43 43 44 44 44 44 46 49 52 Brieg JGSE JChS ------35 36 38 38 39 39 39 39 41 44 47 Oelsa JGSE JChS ------35 37 37 38 38 38 38 40 43 46 Neissa JGSW JChS ------44 44 45 46 47 47 49 52 55 Munsterberg JGSW JChS ------45 45 45 47 50 53 Troppau u. Iaegerndorf JGSW JChS ------46 46 48 51 54 Oppeln JGSW JChS ------48 50 53 56 Ratibor JGSW JChS ------49 51 54 57 Teschen JGSW JChS ------50 52 55 58 Remarks >> 1,8 6 9 7 2, 7 4 5 3 10 10 10

remarks Example copies of the atlas’ editions listed in the table in: 1 Notes on maps: JGS = Johann George Schreiber, JGSW = Johann George Schreibers Wittbe, # 1 UOT sign. G 1015 .S37 1782 # 14 OeNB sign. 721465-C JGSE = Johann George Schreibers Erben, JChS = Johann Christian Schreiber # 2 variant A: BEL sign. A-194-II # 15 BUWr sign. 8 F 6699 2 Zedler, Bd. 35, 1743, col. 1156 variant B: SBB-PK sign. B 660 # 16 BSB sign. Mapp. 71 3 Register dated 1746 (the only known dated edition of the atlas) # 3 image of register in author’s files # 17 UGB sign. 814/14 4 Shirley T.SCHR-1a # 4 image of register in author’s files # 18 FSW sign. Sa 5 Preserved only one page of the register, up to „33. Schwa[e]bischer Creiss” # 5 BL sign. C.7.b.31 # 19 UCB sign. ff G1015 .S34 1749 6 „Titul-Blatt” and „Meilen-Zeiger” not listed in the register; map no. 6 as „Partugal (!) und Spanien” # 6 BUL sign. GZ Sch7 # 20 AMH sign. B 77 (G) 7 „Meilen-Zeiger” not listed in the register # 7 image of register in author’s files # 21 SDUB sign. 982.6 8 Map of Silesia with Johann Christian Schreiber’s address, allegedly in collection of Slezské Zemské # 8 ELB sign. IV f 1 # 22 SBB-PK sign. B 664 Muzeum in Opava (Czech Republic), was not confirmed by the museum. The map is listed as Kot 26 # 9 SBBa sign. Atl.geogr.63-m # 23 image of register in author’s files 9 Two variants of the printed register known, with the same list of maps but set differently: word „Kreis” # 10 UWM (AGS) sign. At.050 # 24 image of register in author’s files in titles of the maps listed in register are printed as „Creiss” (var. A) or as „Kreis” (var. B) # 11 PAN sign. B.I.29 # 25 image of register in author’s files 10 Photocopies of registers received courtesy of Dr. Eckhard Jäger, Lüneburg, Germany # 12 image of register in author’s files # 26 SLB sign. Geogr.A.201.m # 13 image of register in author’s files # 27 image of register in author’s files Sources cited in remarks: Kot – H. Kot, 1970, Historia nowożytnej kartografii Śląska 1800–1939, Katowice: Wydawnictwo „Śląsk” Note: „image of register in author’s files” refers to copies of the atlas Shirley – R.W. Shirley, 2004, Maps in the Atlases of the British Library, London: British Library in private collections or sold by auction houses or internet sellers. Explanation of symbols of libraries on the next page. Johann George Schreiber’s Atlas selectus: editions and dating 41

Table 1. Atlas selectus : (1) Editions, dating, number of leaves / maps. (2) Maps of Silesia: location in the atlas and chronology of appearance estimated date > 1741 1742 1746 1747 1749 1756 1759 1795 edition symbol > R33 R36 R37 R38 R39 R40 R42 R44 R45 R~55 R64 R70 R85 R90 R100 R112 R117 R120 R126 R129 R130 R131 R133 R136 R144 R149 R159 (1) Atlas selectus number of leaves > 33 36 37 38 39 40 42 44 45 ~55 64 70 85 90 100 112 117 120 126 129 130 131 133 136 144 149 159 number of maps > 33 34 36 37 37 38 40 42 43 ~53 62 68 83 88 98 110 115 118 124 127 128 129 131 134 142 147 157 (2) Maps of Silesia note 1 note 2 # 1 # 2 # 3 # 4 # 5 # 6 # 7 # 8 # 9 # 10 # 11 # 12 # 13 # 14 # 15 # 16 # 17 # 18 # 19 # 20 # 21 # 22 # 23 # 24 # 25 # 26 # 27 Reise Charte (...) Böhmen JGS JChS 14 --- 15 15 16 17 18 18 18 19 20 24 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 29 29 31 32 35 Schlesien JGS x 15 17 18 18 19 20 21 21 22 25 26 30 32 32 32 33 33 33 35 35 36 36 36 36 38 41 44 Breslau JGS x ------26 27 31 33 33 33 34 34 34 36 36 37 37 37 37 39 42 45 Sagan JGS x ------27 29 33 35 35 36 37 38 39 41 41 42 42 42 42 44 47 50 Iauer u. Liegnitz JGS x ------28 32 34 34 34 35 36 37 39 39 40 40 40 40 42 45 48 Schweidnitz JGS x ------35 36 37 38 40 40 41 41 41 41 43 46 49 Wohlau JGS x ------37 38 39 40 42 42 43 43 43 43 45 48 51 Gros-Glogau JGS x ------39 40 41 43 43 44 44 44 44 46 49 52 Brieg JGSE JChS ------35 36 38 38 39 39 39 39 41 44 47 Oelsa JGSE JChS ------35 37 37 38 38 38 38 40 43 46 Neissa JGSW JChS ------44 44 45 46 47 47 49 52 55 Munsterberg JGSW JChS ------45 45 45 47 50 53 Troppau u. Iaegerndorf JGSW JChS ------46 46 48 51 54 Oppeln JGSW JChS ------48 50 53 56 Ratibor JGSW JChS ------49 51 54 57 Teschen JGSW JChS ------50 52 55 58 Remarks >> 1,8 6 9 7 2, 7 4 5 3 10 10 10 remarks Example copies of the atlas’ editions listed in the table in: 1 Notes on maps: JGS = Johann George Schreiber, JGSW = Johann George Schreibers Wittbe, # 1 UOT sign. G 1015 .S37 1782 # 14 OeNB sign. 721465-C JGSE = Johann George Schreibers Erben, JChS = Johann Christian Schreiber # 2 variant A: BEL sign. A-194-II # 15 BUWr sign. 8 F 6699 2 Zedler, Bd. 35, 1743, col. 1156 variant B: SBB-PK sign. B 660 # 16 BSB sign. Mapp. 71 3 Register dated 1746 (the only known dated edition of the atlas) # 3 image of register in author’s files # 17 UGB sign. 814/14 4 Shirley T.SCHR-1a # 4 image of register in author’s files # 18 FSW sign. Sa 5 Preserved only one page of the register, up to „33. Schwa[e]bischer Creiss” # 5 BL sign. C.7.b.31 # 19 UCB sign. ff G1015 .S34 1749 6 „Titul-Blatt” and „Meilen-Zeiger” not listed in the register; map no. 6 as „Partugal (!) und Spanien” # 6 BUL sign. GZ Sch7 # 20 AMH sign. B 77 (G) 7 „Meilen-Zeiger” not listed in the register # 7 image of register in author’s files # 21 SDUB sign. 982.6 8 Map of Silesia with Johann Christian Schreiber’s address, allegedly in collection of Slezské Zemské # 8 ELB sign. IV f 1 # 22 SBB-PK sign. B 664 Muzeum in Opava (Czech Republic), was not confirmed by the museum. The map is listed as Kot 26 # 9 SBBa sign. Atl.geogr.63-m # 23 image of register in author’s files 9 Two variants of the printed register known, with the same list of maps but set differently: word „Kreis” # 10 UWM (AGS) sign. At.050 # 24 image of register in author’s files in titles of the maps listed in register are printed as „Creiss” (var. A) or as „Kreis” (var. B) # 11 PAN sign. B.I.29 # 25 image of register in author’s files 10 Photocopies of registers received courtesy of Dr. Eckhard Jäger, Lüneburg, Germany # 12 image of register in author’s files # 26 SLB sign. Geogr.A.201.m # 13 image of register in author’s files # 27 image of register in author’s files Sources cited in remarks: Kot – H. Kot, 1970, Historia nowożytnej kartografii Śląska 1800–1939, Katowice: Wydawnictwo „Śląsk” Note: „image of register in author’s files” refers to copies of the atlas Shirley – R.W. Shirley, 2004, Maps in the Atlases of the British Library, London: British Library in private collections or sold by auction houses or internet sellers. Explanation of symbols of libraries on the next page. 42 Zbigniew Paprotny

Explanation of symbols of libraries listed in table 1 AMH Altonaer Museum, , Germany BEL Biblioteka Elbląska, Elbląg, Poland BL The British Library, London, Great Britain BSB Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München, Germany BUL Brown University Library, Providence, RI, USA BUWa Biblioteka Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa, Poland BUWr Biblioteka Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Wrocław, Poland ELB Eutiner Landesbibliothek, Eutin, Germany FSW Fürst zu Stolberg-Wernigerodesche Bibliothek, Hirzenhain, Germany OeNB Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Wien, Austria PAN Polska Akademia Nauk, Biblioteka Gdańska, Gdańsk, Poland SBB-PK Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Germany SBBa Staatsbibliothek Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany SDUB Syddansk Universitetsbibliotek, Odense, Denmark SLB Sächsische Landesbibliothek, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, , Germany UCB University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA UGB Universitätsbibliothek Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany UOT University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada UWM University of Wisconsin Library, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Before permanently settling in Leipzig around tion and supply of maps3. Having a long-time 1718, Schreiber drew and engraved only two penchant for detail, so distinctly demonstrated maps, both in large format: OBER-LAUSITZ in his earlier works, Schreiber decided to focus (1705; followed by the 2nd state in 1709 with on small-format prints – the right move, it seems, a division line added between areas populated as confirmed by the 150-year-long history of by German- and Sorbian-speaking populations); the business he founded4. Schreiber probably and Das STIFFT NAUMBURG und ZEITZ, carried the business alone (at least in the first surrounded by a double row of 120 miniature years of his activity in Leipzig) as nothing is images of churches, mainly from this prince- known about assistance from other engravers -bishopric territory (ca. 1718). The first of these or printers in this early period. Limiting output maps, modelled after Bartholomäus Scultetus’ to small format may have been the only viable 1593 woodcut, was an updated copperplate option for the one-man enterprise in this con- version, with a typographic list of settlements text5. It should also be added that Schreiber’s published separately. The second map was engraving skills had hardly any local competi- accompanied by a similar register of place tion: in 1710 there were only two active en- names, printed with Schreiber’s commentary 6 describing his surveying work and extensive gravers in Leipzig . travels throughout the mapped area. Problems encountered by Schreiber to get 3 Johann Baptista Homann founded his Nuremberg these two maps printed (which forced him to workshop in 1702, publishing his first atlas in 1707 (Neuer build a printing press himself2) may had been Atlas ueber die gantze Welt); Matthäus Seutter the Elder began producing maps in Augsburg around 1707 and pu- the underlying reason he decided to establish blished his first atlas in 1720 (Atlas Compendiosus). his own workshop. Schreiber was probably 4 Schreiber was not alone in coming to such a practical well aware that the market for the large-format conclusion: Johann Christoph Weigel’s workshop managed prints was quite competitive at that time, with the to survive in Nuremberg by producing Atlas portatilis (1717) well-established firms of Homann and Seutter and other handy atlases, thus avoiding competition with the more expensive folio maps and atlases offered by the po- as the main players, particularly in the produc- tent Homann’s publishing house, located in the same town. 5 E. Jäger 2019, p. 83. 2 J.H. Zedler 1743, col. 1154. 6 M. and W. Stams 2004, p. 121. Johann George Schreiber’s Atlas selectus: editions and dating 43

Some of the first products offered by Schrei­ (printed from the same plate), similar dimensions ber were small calendars (the earliest known (W × H with side columns 23–25 × 16–18 cm example is dated 1724). Their attractive po- approx.), a small wind rose, characteristic pa- cket-size format (3.5 × 5 cm approx.), images lette of colours, etc. adequately illustrating each of the months, and Schreiber’s maps are generally reduced and the not often seen two-colour print (black and generalised versions of large-format maps red) made them a popular product. All conse- available at the time: maps of Silesian duchies cutive owners of Schreiber’s enterprise con- were adapted from Johann Wolfgang Wieland tinued to publish these calendars until at least and Matthaeus Schubarth’s cartography in Atlas 1874 (the last known edition). Other miniature Silesiae, published by Homann Heirs in 1750 items from the house were so-called “Taufbriefe”, (i.e. 1752); Johann Christoph Müller’s MAPPA which were small single-sheet letters, embel- GEOGRAPHICA REGNI BOHEMIAE (...) from lished with religious motifs and congratulatory 1720 served as a template for the maps of texts, that were presented by godparents or parts of Bohemia; the majority of about 60 sub- guests on the occasion of an infant’s baptism7. -regional maps of Saxonia presenting so-called After Schreiber’s death (1750) the work was “Amts”, specific German administration units11, carried out by his widow Maria Dorothea (until was modelled after Adam Friedrich Zürner’s ma- she died in 1782), then by Johann Christian nuscript drawings, published by Petrus II Schenk Schreiber, who was Johann George’s nephew. in 1752 in Amsterdam as Atlas Saxonicus No- After his death (ca. 1790) the business was run vus; etc. for a short time by Johann Christian’s widow, A long time before the idea of an atlas was then by Christian Gottlieb Riedig who married conceived, Schreiber’s maps were sold as single Johann Christian’s daughter Christiana Doro- sheets, as can be observed in the notes in their thea in 17958. Riedig owned and directed “Verlag title cartouches (“zu haben bey J.G. Schrei­ Schreibers Erben” up to 1848 when he sold it bern in Leipzig”, and similar). Leipzig, with its to Eduard Heyn of Zittau. The last owner was famous Europe-wide trade fairs, was a good Friedrich Geissler who acquired the assets in location for map publishers. Hundreds of tra- 1857 and ran the publishing business until its desmen arrived there every year and were closure in the late 1870s. certainly an important target group for the sale of Schreiber’s cartography. It is not surprising, 3. Schreiber’s small-format maps therefore, that among his earliest maps quite a few have titles beginning with “Reise Charte” 12 The production of small maps for which (Travel Map) . However, roads marked on Schreiber is best known can be traced back to these and other maps were far from precise, the SAECHSISCHE POST-CHARTE nebst vie- and were most often presented as segments len angraentzenden Orthen (EJ 1559), offered of straight lines connecting the more notable to the Leipzig city council in May 172710. This towns. first small-format map exhibits all features typi- cal of the later series of maps that formed the 4. The Atlas selectus AS and made them uniform-looking and easily identifiable: a side column with abbreviations After around 30 single maps had been issued, Schreiber decided to publish them in the form of an atlas. Its full title Atlas selectus von allen 7 E. Jäger 2019, p. 78, presents a list and descriptions of these small items. Königreichen und Ländern der Welt zum be- 8 According to M. and W. Stams 2004, p. 132, Christiana Dorothea was Johann George’s granddaughter. 11 From the late Middle Ages to the 20th century the “Amt” 9 This and the following EJ numbers refer to Jäger’s cata- was an institution administering the rights of the sovereign logue listing 294 “variants” of 147 maps from AS; see E. Jäger or landowner, and responsible for the regional jurisdiction. 2019, pp. 50–66. Jäger’s “variants” should not be confused Over time, this name began to mean also the administered with states, as the only differentiating element observed in his area itself. catalogue is the publisher’s address in the map’s cartouche. 12 Eight such maps, that had previously been sold indivi- 10 This map was published as a single sheet. Its later dually, are among the 33 appearing in the first identified state was included in AS, with title changed to NEUE REISE- edition of AS published ca. 1741 (this date is the author’s -CHARTE durch SACHSEN (EJ 156). estimate, as discussed later in this paper). 44 Zbigniew Paprotny quemen Gebrauch in Schulen, auf Reisen und European countries16. The presentation of these bey dem Leser der Zeitungen, defines potential goes from the west of Europe (“Portugal und groups of customers: students, travellers and Spanien”) to the east (“Moscau”, “Tartarey”). newspaper readers. The allegorical title page Newly engraved maps were added to conse­ depicting the muse of geography, putti, the globe, cutive editions of the atlas (mainly sub-regional measuring and drawing devices, etc., printed maps of Germany, maps of Italian states, Silesian without date for this first edition, remained duchies, etc.). As the maps appeared, they unchanged and undated throughout all later were gradually inserted in geographically appro- editions13. The title page format, 15 × 18 cm priate parts of the atlas (e.g. maps of Silesian (W × H), which corresponds to approximately duchies followed the general map of Silesia). half the size of the maps, suggests that initially The last map in all known typographic regis- it was planned that the atlas would appear in ters is always “Das gelobte Land” a map of this small format, with maps folded in the middle. Palestine. However, in majority of extant copies in which the number of maps exceeds 120 or so, the 4.1. Analysed sample leaves of the atlas are bound flat (plano), with the title’s allegorical engraving usually centred Among approximately 60 copies of the atlas on the oblong title page14. checked during the course of this study many The maps in the atlas were accompanied by have manuscript lists of maps inserted in the a “Meilen-Zeiger” (EJ 2), a diagram showing place of printed registers that were missing distances between 57 German and 23 other (or never present). Because such lists did not European towns, and a “Register” (EJ 298), a ty- always represent the original contents of the pographic list of maps. The title of the latter, atlas and were almost certainly procured by “Register zu denen hierinnen befindlichen the atlas owners (or users, or librarians) they Karten”, was changed after Johann George cannot be considered reliable and have been 17 Schreiber’s death to “Register (...) Schreibe­ excluded from the analysis . Some other copies rischen Karten”. The analysis of atlas editions have the titles of the extra added maps inserted presented in this paper is based on these typo- by hand into the original typographic registers. graphic registers and is limited to the editions Such insertions were not taken into account represented by these registers. It should be either, though the printed registers themselves noted that registers contain shortened and not were. always obvious versions of the titles of the All in all, 27 unique printed registers have been maps (e.g. the map, Das meiste von der LOM- identified, with the number of leaves varying BARDEY als MEYLAND, PARMA und PIA- from 33 to 159 (including the title page and CENZA (...) (EJ 64), is listed in the registers as “Meilen-Zeiger”), containing 33 to 157 maps. “Meyland, Parma und Piacenza”; a map of Rus- With few exceptions the number of leaves cor- sia, Das gantze RUSSISCHE KAEYSERTHUM responds to the number indicating the “Das (...) (EJ 281), is named “Moscau”; etc.)15. gelobte Land” map in the register (always the The maps following the title page and the last map in AS; numbers being consecutive), “Meilen-Zeiger” are ordered in the atlas in the while the number of maps equals the number traditional manner: first an image of the terrestrial of leaves minus the title page and the “Meilen- hemispheres (“Globus” in the register), next -zeiger” (if present in the register). Information maps of four continents, followed by individual about these 27 registers is summarised in table 1, together with the list of the maps of Silesia, exemplifying the gradual enriching of 13 In some late editions, a date was added by hand or typographically onto the undated copperplate title page (e.g. Warsaw University library copy sign. M. 6293, with 16 A few maps of parts of other continents appear only in “1817” added in print). later editions of AS. The earliest such map is CHARTE von 14 In this paper “leaf” designates the printed page of the dem ENGELLAENDISCHEN u. FRANZOESISCHEN Be- atlas, as is listed in its register. sitzungen in NORD AMERICA (EJ 31) from ca. 1756. 15 Distorted titles in AS registers may be misleading: 17 A prominent example is Baskes 6838, the most exten- although “Moscau” is a shortened name for the map of Rus- sive collection of maps from AS (without title page), with 162 sia, Stams list it as a separate map, allegedly published maps and 2 manuscript pages listing the maps; see baskes. only in one AS edition; see M. and W. Stams 2004, p. 137. com/collation-A.htm (accessed 11 April 2020). Johann George Schreiber’s Atlas selectus: editions and dating 45

the atlas with newly engraved maps18. For the • new maps originating in Schreiber’s work- sake of brevity, notation is used hereafter to shop were added to AS without significant identify the editions of the atlas by the number delay (valid at least for maps appearing after the of leaves in their registers (e.g. “R64” stands for first edition ofAS and before Johann George’s the AS edition with 64 leaves in the register). death); The number of leaves was chosen, not the • the date of the map’s origin, if known, may number of maps, because some registers have be assumed as the approximate date of the the same number of maps but a different number AS edition in which this map was included for of leaves (see R38 and R39). the first time, if listed in the edition’s register. The analysis of the registers and their com- Based on these assumptions, an attempt position allowed a few rules to be identified: was made to find the approximate dates of 1) a new register was printed after the addi- pub­lication of a few editions of AS. tion of even one new map to the atlas; 2) once added to the atlas, the map was in- 4.2. Atlas Selectus – editions and dating cluded in all the following editions; 3) new maps were added in the geographi- The earliest identified edition ofAS is R3319. cally appropriate places of AS, pushing maps Interestingly, its register does not list a title page that followed towards the end of the atlas; or a “Meilen-Zeiger”, though both are present in 4) the more leaves listed in the register, the the volume (two copies of R33 were checked). later the edition of AS. The “Meilen-Zeiger” is absent also in the R37 The first rule is valid for the early editions ofAS , and R38 registers (in which it may not have published before Johann George Schreiber’s been included at all), though we see the “Meilen- death. Very few exceptions to the second rule -Zeiger” in R36, which was probably published are seen, and only in the earliest editions (see a few months earlier. Since both title page and table 2). The four rules presented above do “Meilen-Zeiger” are listed in registers of all AS not apply to so-called special editions of AS editions from R39 onwards, these irregularities (not listed in table 1), which are discussed later. may have happened before the final structure

Table 2. Maps omitted in some editions of Atlas selectus

EJ First appears Map lacking Title of the map no. in atlas as in 77 Reise-Charte durch das KÖNIGREICH BÖHMEN (...) no. 14 in R33 R36

87 Der LEUTMERITZER CRAEYS (...) no. 17 in R33 R36

129 Das FÜRSTEN- und ERTZ-BISTHUM SALTZBURG (...) no. 20 in R33 R36

135 Der SCHWAEBISCHE CREIS no. 22 in R36 R37

Some assumptions can be derived from these of the atlas had been decided, which is con- rules: sistent with the early occurrence of the excep- • each register with a unique combination of tions listed in table 2. the number of leaves and the number of maps Of the 27 identified editions of AS listed in represents an individual edition of the atlas; table 1, eight can be more or less reliably dated,

18 Maps of Silesia were chosen to illustrate the develop- 19 W. Lierz mentions an AS edition with 28 leaves, but no ment of the atlas as this paper is an offspring of the wider details are given nor is any reference made to the holding project devoted to 16th to 18th century cartography of Silesia. library; see W. Lierz: Taschenatlas. In: Lexikon zur Geschichte The full version of Table 1, listing 157 maps from the 27 iden- der Kartographie, Bd. 2, Wien, Deuticke, 1986, p. 804 (Lierz tified editions of AS, could not be presented here due to dates this alleged edition as ca. 1720, an improbably early technical reasons and is available from the author. date). 46 Zbigniew Paprotny based on the dates a few maps that appeared appeared for the first time in the R85 edition of in these editions for the first time, as well as on AS, for which the 1747 publication date has other premises. been adopted. R33 edition R100 edition The map of Silesia, Das HERTZOGTHUM The only dated map among the 157 studied SCHLESIEN (EJ 93), present in all known edi- in 27 editions of AS listed in table 1 appeared tions of AS, features a note at the bottom of the for the first time in the R100 edition: the map of column on the right (“Diese Linie...”) explaining Greece, Gantz Grichenland (EJ 296), with “1749” the meaning of a line marked on the map. The following Johann George Schreiber’s address line represents the marching route of the Prus- in the title cartouche. The same year was as- sian troops who entered Silesia on 16 Decem- sumed for the R100 edition. ber 1740 – the act that began the first Silesian War. In February 1741 the Prussians reached R126 edition the southern outskirts of Silesia (the “Iabelunka” This is the first edition which includes a map ramparts on the map). According to the adopted of the eastern part of North America, CHARTE assumptions appearance of this map in R33 von dem ENGELLAENDISCHEN u. FRANZOE­ implies that 1741 was also the year when this SISCHEN Besitzungen in NORD AMERICA edition of the atlas was published20. In the (EJ 31). The map presents the situation on the same year a pirate copy of the map appeared eve of the Seven Years War (1756–1763), in (omitting Schreiber’s name), with the title the USA known as the French and Indian War. changed to NEUE LAND-TAFEL DES HERZOG- Territories east of the Mississippi river up to THUMS OBER- UND NIEDER SCHLESIEN the Appalachian Mountains are described as (...), confirming that the original map must have being contested by England and France (“Das been published in 174121. Few maps can be streitge Theil zwischen Engelland und Franck­ as precisely dated as this map of Silesia. reich”). The terminus post quem of the map’s origin is 1752 because Georgia is shown as R38 edition the United Kingdom’s crown colony, which it A biographical note on Johann George became that year23. However, for the map Schreiber, published by Zedler in 1743, includes (and the R126 AS edition) we adopt the year a reprinted register from the R38 edition of AS22. 1756 when the anonymous book Das Brittische This allows the edition to be dated around Reich in America was published, most probably 1742. in Leipzig24. Disputes over boundaries presented R64 edition in the book were illustrated with this map of The register from this edition is the only one Schreiber. known featuring original publishing date (“1746” is printed below the list of maps). R129 edition The earliest date of origin of Die NEUE-MARCK R85 edition und die UCKER-MARCK (...) (EJ 256) is defined The dated signature of the Battle of Lauf- by the signature of the battle of Zorndorf (fought feldt, which took place on 2 July 1747 during on 25 August 1758 during the Seven Years the War of the Austrian Succession, was en- War). The year 1759 is adopted here for this graved to the west of Maastricht on the map map and the R126 edition of AS in which it was Das Hertzogthum LIMBURG (EJ 58). The map published for the first time.

20 K. Lindner, Zwischen Oder und Riesengebirge, Anton 23 Crown colonies were dependent territories under the H. Konrad Verlag, Weissenhorn, 1995, no.19, also dates administration of United Kingdom with a governor appointed this map as 1741, but locates it in an AS edition published by the king; see E.J. Cashin, Royal Georgia, 1752–1776. after 1750, with no further explanation. In: New Georgia Encyclopedia, 8 June 2017, georgiaencyc- 21 This map was included in an anonymous book Histori- lopedia.org (accessed 11 April 2020). sche und Geographische Beschreibung des Hertzogthums 24 H. Stevens, Bibliotheca Geographica & Historica. Pt. I, Schlesien, Freystadt (i.e. Erfurt, Jungnicol), 1741; see E. Weller, 1872, no. 451. Despite the title page listing one map, the Die falschen und fingierten Druckorte, Bd. 1, Engelmann, book includes two: AMERICA (EJ 8) being the second. Das Leipzig, 1864, p. 81. Brittische Reich (...) is sometimes wrongly attributed to John 22 J.H. Zedler 1743, col.1156. Oldmixon (e.g. in the description of EJ 31). Johann George Schreiber’s Atlas selectus: editions and dating 47

R159 edition 4.3. “Special” edition of Atlas selectus In this edition of AS, with the most extensive printed register known, 10 new maps appeared, There are editions of AS, not listed in table 1, including two drawn by August Sadebeck25: featuring their own printed registers, the same Die CANARISCHEN INSELN (EJ 46) and Die title page and maps (with “Das gelobte Land” Spanisch u. Französische INSEL SAN DO- closing the list, as usual), but not following the MINGO in AMERICA (EJ 39). For the origin of rules defined in Section 4.1. These special edi- these maps, and for the date of publication of tions (designated here by “S” and the number the entire R159 edition, the year 1795 was arbi- of leaves) are composed of only some maps trarily adopted here, averaged from another selected from those available at the time of two of Sadebeck’s works. The first is Das publication. Two such editions have been RUSSISCHE REICH in EUROPA und ASIA identified in the course of this research. (EJ 282), a map drawn by Sadebeck and S36 edition27 published by the widow of Johann Christian Had S36 been a “regular” edition, the number Schreiber. This map, which refers in the legend of maps listed in the register (35) would cor- to the Treaty of Jassy (signed on 9 January respond to its publication in 1742 or so (see 1792), replaced an old map of Johann George table 1). However, it contains a map of Greece Schreiber’s: Das gantze RUSSISCHE KAEY- (EJ 296) dated 1749, and even later Das HERT- SERTHUM (...) (EJ 281) in R159 and later edi- ZOGTHUM POMMERN (EJ 259), first publi- tions of AS (the latter are not considered in this shed in R112 edition of AS, dated circa 1751. paper). The second map is Polens Ende durch If this date is also accepted for the S36 edition, die lezten Theilungen und Besitznehmungen then there are more than 70 maps that had (...), included in the book Polens Ende, histo- appeared in the earlier, “regular” editions of AS risch, statistisch und geographisch beschrieben but were not included in S36. S36 might have published in Warsaw in 1797. Both the map been an abridged version of the “regular” AS, and the book are signed by “Sirisa”, though containing only a selection of the most impor- there are reasons to believe that the map was tant maps, intended for use in schools, and/or 26 drawn by Sadebeck . As proved by these last a cheaper option for customers. two maps, the year 1795 adopted here for the S50 editions maps of the Canary Islands and San Domingo Two variants of S50 are known. Typographic (now Haiti) falls within the period of Sadebeck’s registers of both, featuring the same list of maps, cartographic activity and cooperation with are set differently: Corsica in the register’s title Schreiber’s heirs, though admittedly it is only of map no. 20 is “Corsica” in S50A28, and “Cor- a rough estimate. sika” in S50B29. The number of maps listed in It should be stressed that the dates of publi- these registers (48) would correspond to publi- cation of the eight AS editions presented above cation in 1744 or 1745 if they were “regular” are only more (R33, R38, R64, R85, R100, editions, but the presence of CHARTE von R129) or less (R126, R159) precise estimates. dem ENGELLAENDISCHEN u. FRANZOESI- Publication dates of other editions, with inter- SCHEN Besitzungen in NORD AMERICA mediate numbers of maps, may be approxi- (EJ 31) suggests 1756 as the correct date mated based on those dated. (see the dating of the R126 edition above). As in the case of S36, some 70 maps published before that date were not included in either variant of S50. A closer look at the contents of both variants shows one more telltale difference. 25 August Friedrich Wilhelm Sadebeck (1770–1846) was a textile manufacturer, botanist, and chronicler active in Rei- 27 chenbach (now Dzierżoniów in Poland’s Lower Silesia). Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek, Weimar, Germany, sign. KT 700 – 93 b. 26 Some sources identify Sirisa as August Sadebeck, 28 some as Carl Joseph Hübner (?–1822), a school director Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Wien, sign. FKB active in Lower Silesia. It cannot be excluded that the book 273-127; Raczyński Library, Poznań, Poland, sign. A II 117. and the map were a result of teamwork and “Sirisa” is a com- 29 Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preussischer Kulturbesitz, mon pseudonym for this duo of authors. sign. 8”@Kart. B 666 48 Zbigniew Paprotny

The title of map no. 45 as printed in the two This question was recently addressed by registers is the same “Moscau”, but represents Jäger31 who estimated the time needed to en- two different maps: in S50A it is Das gantze grave one map (14 days), then he multiplied RUSSISCHE KAEYSERTHUM (...) (EJ 281), this by two to allow for other activities neces- present in AS from the very beginning, in S50B sary to get the map ready in a one-man shop “Moscau” stands for Das RUSSISCHE REICH like Schreiber’s. A production rate of 12 maps in EUROPA und ASIA (EJ 282), with a note on per year was then applied to calculate the the 1792 Treaty of Jassy (see the dating of publication date of the editions with a known R159 above). This replacing of maps suggests number of maps, using 1727 (the date of the that S50A may be dated around 1756, while first map in AS format) as the starting point. S50B would have been significantly later, and The resulting dates obtained by Jäger are im- definitely after 1792. probably early: for the R38 edition of AS (with The comparison of the S36 and S50 special 37 maps) Jäger calculates the year as 1730; for editions reveals a group of six sub-regional the atlas with 80 maps (edition unknown to the maps of Italy, present in both variants of S50 current author) the result is the year 1733–34, but not to be found in S36, though they were as an extra 3.5 years were needed to engrave available at the time of the latter’s publication. 43 additional maps; etc. Apart from a few dis­ This may be interpreted as an indication that putable assumptions underlying Jäger’s calcu- S50 was compiled specifically for the Italian lations, there is one fundamental objection to market. his method: it ignores the contents of individual maps which put limits on their dates of origin 5. Production rate of maps for Atlas and on the dating of the parent edition of the selectus atlas. To illustrate: the aforementioned route of the Prussian troops marching across Silesia, marked on the map in AS (EJ 93), leaves little Although there are more maps in AS that doubt that the map must have been engraved can be individually dated than those presented after the troops reached the country’s southern above, this is often useless when it comes to border (February 1741), so cannot be part of dating the atlas itself. A good example is Das the R38 edition of AS which Jäger dates around KO[e]NIGREICH PREUSSEN nebst dem POL­ 1730. NISCHEN ANTHEIL (EJ 271), one of the first Undoubtedly, maps were being produced in of Schreiber’s small-format maps. The area Schreiber’s shop at varying rates, depending around the lower course of the Nemunas river on many factors (most often incalculable), is described in its legend as the place “(...) such as practical experience of the current where the Salzburg emigrants are supposed owners (later also possible co-workers), avail- to live”. This note refers to the destination chosen ability of material and model maps, market de- by many Protestants expelled from the Salz­ mand, etc. What we can calculate, however, burg archbishopric in the year 1731. Because are some estimates averaged over chosen inter­ the map was included in the book on the history vals of the shop’s activity. Having dated a few of this expulsion, published in 173330, we can editions of AS we can try to evaluate the pro- date its origin as 1732. At that time Schreiber duction rate of maps in the periods between might have had only a couple of other maps some of these editions. The results presented ready, definitely too few to arrange the publica- in table 3 show that making the 33 maps needed tion of the atlas. Because the first map in AS to compile the first edition of AS (R33) took format, SAECHSISCHE POST-CHARTE (...), Schreiber 14 years, with an average yield of was ready mid-1727 as described earlier, a more between 2 and 3 maps per year (arguably less general question arises regarding the rate of in the first part of this period and more later). map production in Schreiber’s printing shop. During the next 15 years separating the R33 (1741) and R126 (1756) editions, when about 60% of the 157 maps considered in this study 30 Ch. Sancke, Ausführliche Historie derer Emigranten oder vertriebenen Lutheraner (...), Teubner, Leipzig, 1732–1733 (1st edition in 4 parts, map in part 2 published in 1733). 31 E. Jäger 2019, pp. 82–83. Johann George Schreiber’s Atlas selectus: editions and dating 49

Table 3. Atlas selectus − map production rate

AS Date Number Increment Increment Maps edition of edition of maps of maps of years per year 1st map 1727 0 × × × R33 1741 33 33 14 2.4 R64 1746 62 29 5 5.8 R126 1756 124 62 10 6.2 R159 1795 157 33 39 0.8 map production rate 1727–1795 157 68 2.3

were created, the average output of the shop (EJ 269) and a few sub-regional maps of Ger- was quite stable with about six new maps issued many. Five new maps with his signature were per year32. The rate of production of new maps included in an even later R112 edition, very significantly decreased after the R126 edition probably published after 1750, e.g. the map of (1756), with an average output of less than the Silesian duchy of Głogów, Das FÜRSTEN- one new map per year during a period of about THUM GROS-GLOGAU (...) (EJ 105). These 39 years, ending with the R159 edition, published were either ready before Johann George died circa 1795. Editions which appeared later are or signed after his death, using his renowned beyond the scope of this paper. name for marketing reasons (a more probable scenario in the author’s opinion). There are no 6. Some misconceptions corrected new maps with Johann George’s address in R117 and the later editions listed in table 1. Below are listed comments on a few popular • Although the date 1749 present on the map misconceptions regarding Schreiber and his of Greece mentioned above (the only one dated Atlas selectus: in AS) applies exclusively to the R100 edition • Johann George Schreiber was neither Jo- in which the map appeared for the first time, it hann Christian Schreiber’s son33, nor his father34, is often generalised as the publication date of but the child of a Neusalza carpenter35, while any AS copy and presented as such in library catalogues worldwide (sometimes with “circa” Johann Christian was Johann George’s nephew. added). • The map of Greece, Gantz Grichenland • Tobias Conrad Lotter, active in Augsburg, (EJ 296), dated 1749, is sometimes presented who continued to issue his father-in-law’s Atlas as the last map engraved by Johann George minor, after 1762 expanded this atlas with 10 new Schreiber (died 1750)36. It may be true, although maps of Silesia. It is no coincidence that these in the R100 edition (where the map of Greece maps are exact copies of 10 earlier maps of appeared), several other maps signed by Jo- Silesia published by Schreiber, as listed in hann George also appeared for the first time, table 1 (from “Schlesien” to “Neissa”). Despite e.g. Das GROS-HERTZOGTHUM FINLAND this, an opposite view regarding the authorship of the maps is sometimes presented37. 32 This result conforms to the upper limit estimated earlier by M. and W. Stams 2004, p. 128, as 4 to 6 maps per year. 7. Final remarks 33 L. Bagrow, R.A. Skelton, History of Cartography, Chicago, Precedent Publishing, 1985, p. 271, and many publications after this classic textbook, e.g. V. Scott (ed.), Tooley’s Dic- This article is possibly the first attempt to tionary of Mapmakers. Revised Edition, Vol.4, Riverside:, deduce publication dates of the notoriously Early World Press, 2004, p. 131. 34 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, d-nb.info/gnd/1156352045 37 (accessed 11 April 2020). J. Partsch, Katalog der Ausstellung des XIII. Deutschen 35 Geographentages zu Breslau, Breslau, 1901, p. 41, no. 79 J.H. Zedler 1743, col. 1152. (on Schreiber’s maps: “Diese Blätter sind genaue Nachstiche 36 M. and W. Stams 2004, p. 132. der Lotterschen Karten”). 50 Zbigniew Paprotny undated editions of Schreiber’s Atlas selectus. a search for as many “new” printed registers However, dates presented here for the eight from AS editions as possible38. This would editions of the atlas cannot be treated as firm help to make the analysed sample more repre- (except for the dated R64 edition). No doubt sentative and publication dates more precise. finding printed registers from the yet undetected Detailed analysis of individual maps from the editions will correct at least some findings pre- atlas would also be helpful in this respect. sented here. Further research on the publication history 38 Readers with access to typographic registers not listed in of Schreiber’s atlas should involve, first of all, Table 1 are kindly requested to send their images to the author.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Ms Irene Bayer of Staatsbibliothek Bamberg and Dr Eck- Javorsky of Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, hard Jäger for their kind assistance in compiling Mr Holger Scheerschmidt of Staatsbibliothek material for this paper. zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Mr Fabian

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