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Home , Kingdom of Jerusalem, Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)

TIMELINE OF THE , THE CHURCH AND THE WORLD: ABRAHAM TO JESUS

YEAR THE AND THE HOLY LAND BIBLICAL BOOKS SOME RULERS OVER WORLD EVENTS (some dates are approximate) OLD TESTAMENT THE HOLY LAND (some dates are approximate) 2000 BC Estimated date of Call of Abram (Abraham): he leaves () - Sumerian final composition / Ur in Mesopotamia and journeys to compilation (very civilisation around the two rivers, (). His sons are Isaac approximate). and . By 3000 BC 1900 BC (from his wife Sarah) and Ishmael (from This date is distinct writing is developing; Akkadian

his slave Hagar). The sons of Isaac and from when events Empire (2334-2154); Neo-Sumerian in the book took Rebekah are Esau and Jacob (). Empire (2112-2004) based on city of 1800 BC place, with The sons of Jacob are heads of the 12 accounts often Ur - Abraham may have come from handed down by Ur in this time; 1st Babylonian tribes of Israel: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, oral tradition or in Empire (1830-1531). Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Dan, Naphtali, 1700 BC other writings. Gad, Asher, Joseph (divided into tribes : civilisation in Nile Valley - Some books are of his sons Ephraim & Manasseh), successive Dynasties from 3150 BC considered to have Benjamin. To escape famine, Jacob’s passed through 2 until Roman rule from 30 BC.

1600 BC or more versions, family go to Egypt. Peru: 1st American civilisation at or (Psalms, Isaiah) After some generations, the Norte Chico (3000-1800). to have different become slaves in Egypt. parts composed at Indus Valley Civilisation (2600- 1500 BC

different times. 1900) (Pakistan, NW India)

Scholars debate all Minoan Crete: (2000-1200, peaking Moses leads Israelites out of in these questions. 1700-1500). 1st European civilisation. 1400 BC Egypt. Giving of the Law at Mt Sinai. Theologically, we would understand Peoples of Canaan and China: Shang Dynasty in Yellow 40 years wandering in Sinai desert. surrounding lands when the it to be (at River valley (1600-1046). Israelites arrived: Joshua leads Israelites in conquest of minimum) the final

1300 BC Canaan, the Promised Land. edited writing that : Mycenean civilisation Amalekites Jebusites has come down to (1600-1100). Period of the ‘Judges’ guiding Israel: Othniel, Ehud, Shamgar, Deborah, us, which was Moabites Ammonites Hittite Empire in () divinely inspired 1200 BC Gideon, Tola, Jair, Jephthah, Edomites India: Indo-Aryan migration c.1500 and so (when ______Ibzan, Elon, Abdon, Samson. interpreted Vedas (Hindu scriptures) (1500-500)

Prophet Samuel. Saul 1st king of Israel. according to the Mexico: Olmecs (1400-400) – 1st 1100 BC King David (1010-970). He captures author’s intent) Israel: United Mesoamerican civilisation. free from error. Saul , makes it his capital (1003). David replaces His son Solomon builds First Temple. Solomon (gradually from Near East c.1200).

1000 BC Kingdom divided after Solomon: Divided Monarchy China: Zhou Dynasty (1046-256)

Northern Kingdom of Israel, based on Judah Israel Rehoboam Jeroboam I Neo-Assyrian Empire (911-609) , breaks away. Southern Abijah - Asa Nadab - Baasha Founding of Rome (753). based on Jerusalem. 900 BC Jehoshaphat Elah - Zimri

Prophets urge faithfulness to Covenant: Omri - Ahab Homer’s Iliad (c.700) may contain Jehoram Ahaziah - Joram historical memory of Trojan War. Elijah, Elisha, Amos, Isaiah, Hosea, Ahaziah - Athaliah Jehu 800 BC Micah, Nahum, Zephanaiah, Habakkuk. Jehoash Jehoahaz - Jehoash Neo-Babylonian Empire (626-539)

Amos - Isaiah (I) - Amaziah Jeroboam II Religion : Persia: Zoroaster Avesta. Kingdom of Israel falls to Assyrian Hosea - Micah - Uzziah Zachariah - Shallum China: Lao-Tze Tao Te Ching c.550 Empire under Shalmaneser V (722); Nahum - Zephaniah Jotham Menahem - Pekahiah 700 BC deportation to Nineveh. - Habakkuk - Ahaz Pekah - Hoshea (Taoism); Confucius (d. 479) Analects Deuteronomy - Hezekiah - Manasseh - India: Buddha c.500; Prophet Jeremiah. Kingdom of Judah Joshua - Judges - Amon - Josiah - Jehoahaz - Mahavira (Jainism) c.500

falls to Babylonian Empire under 1 / 2 Samuel - Jehoiakim- Jehoiachin- Zedekiah 600 BC 1 / 2 Kings - Persian Empire (550-330) Nebuchadnezzar: Jerusalem and Temple Babylon: Nebuchadnezzar – Obadiah - Jeremiah Evil-Merodach - Nergal-Sharezer Greeks defeat Persian invasion (490) destroyed (587). Exile in Babylon. - Lamentations - -Nabonidus (regent:Belshazzar) Athens: Golden Age - philosophy: Persian Empire (Cyrus) conquers (539) Ezekiel - Psalms - Persia: Cyrus II - Cambyses II - 500 BC Isaiah (II) - Genesis Socrates (d.399) Plato (d.347) Aristotle Babylon: Jewish return from exile (537). Darius I - Xerxes I (Ahaseurus: - Exodus - biblical story of Esther) - (d.322); Drama: Sophocles, Euripides (516) Second Temple built . Nehemiah; Leviticus - Artaxerxes I - Xerxes II - Alexander the Great of Macedon Ezra the scribe plays key role in Numbers - Haggai Darius II - Artaxerxes II - III - IV conquers Persian Empire (330). 400 BC defining ongoing traditions of . - Zechariah - - Darius III - Artaxerxes V. Malachi - Empire of Alexander Successor states in Near East, Alexander the Great conquers Persian 1 / 2 Chronicles - & successor states: Egypt, Greece: Hellenistic culture.

Empire, including Palestine (330). His Ezra/Nehemiah - Ptolemaic Kingdom (Egypt) India: Maurya Empire (322-185). 300 BC generals start successor ‘Hellenistic’ Proverbs - Job - Ptolemy I - II - III - IV - V Ecclesiastes - then () Persia: kingdoms bringing Greek culture. Greek Song of Songs - Antiochus III - Seleucus IV - (247 BC-AD 224). China: Han Septuagint translation of Old Testament. Ruth - Joel - Jonah Antiochus IV Epiphanes Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Punic 200 BC - Esther - Tobit - Seleucid king Antiochus Epiphanes tries Hasmoneans: Rebel leaders: Sirach - Daniel - Mattathias - Judas Maccabeus - Wars (264-146): Rome defeats Nth to force paganism on Jews: Maccabees Baruch - Judith - Jonathan; Monarchs: Simon - African empire of Carthage. Roman revolt, re-establishment of independent 1 / 2 Maccabees - John Hyrcanus I - Aristobulus I - expansion. Julius Caesar (d. 44 BC) 100 BC Wisdom Jewish (Hasmonean) kingdom (163). Alexander Jannaeus - Salome rules Rome. Octavian (Augustus)

Alexandra - Hyrcanus II - defeats Antony & Cleopatra at Pompey establishes Roman rule (63). Aristobulus II - Antigonus. Actium (31 BC): Roman Republic AD 1 Herod the Great client king under Roman Republic / Empire: Romans (40-1 BC). Birth of Jesus (2 BC). Client king: Herod the Great. becomes Roman Empire. TIMELINE OF THE HOLY LAND, THE CHURCH AND THE WORLD: JESUS TO THE PRESENT

YEAR HISTORY OF HOLY LAND / PALESTINE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH WORLD EVENTS

AD 1 Herod Antipas tetrarch in Galilee (1 BC-39) Jesus’ Death & Resurrection (AD 33). Augustus first Roman Emperor: Pax (26-36). (27 BC – AD 180) ROMAN Pontius Pilate governor in Judaea Conversion & missionary journeys of Romana . Emperors . st . Herod Agrippa. 1 Jewish Revolt (66-73) St Paul. St Peter in Rome. New Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Jerusalem destroyed by Romans (70). Testament written. Roman Empire Vespasian. Golden Age, greatest 100 rd 3 Jewish (Bar Kokhba) Revolt (132- persecutes Christians for 300 years: extent (AD 117) of Empire: Trajan,

135) – Jews banned from [rebuilt] many martyrs. Early . Hadrian. Invention of paper in China.

Jerusalem: Jewish Diaspora. Talmuds Gnostic heresy. Desert Fathers. Crisis in Roman Empire (235-84): 200 written, solidifying rabbinic tradition. Diocletian: the Great Persecution (303-13) invasion, civil war, instability with

Constantine converts, 26 emperors in five decades. Emperor Constantine’s mother St legalised (313). 1st Council of Nicaea Constantine establishes new capital of 300 Helena builds shrines in Holy Land: (325) rejects Arian heresy, proclaims Roman Empire at BYZANTINE. Nativity (327) ; Holy Sepulchre (335). Creed; but crisis continues. Golden (modern Istanbul) (330). Invasions by Emperor Julian tries to rebuild Temple age of Church Fathers. St Augustine Goths, , Angles, Saxons, 400 (363). St in (d. 420). converts (387). St Patrick in Ireland. Vandals, Huns: fall of Roman Empire

Nestorian, Monophysite heresies on in the west (476); birth of kingdoms of Samaritan Revolts, suppressed by Christ’s person rejected by Councils western ; Eastern (Byzantine) 500 (484-572). of Ephesus (431), Chalcedon (451): Empire centred on Constantinople breakaway of churches in Persia, continues. Tang Dynasty in China Sassanid Persia takes Palestine (614); Egypt, Syria, Armenia. St Benedict (530) (618-907). Muhammad founds Byzantine Empire retakes it (629). founds western monasticism, fostering (622). Arab Muslim conquest of 600 Muslim conquest (636). Rashidun faith and culture after Roman Empire Middle East, North Africa, invasion ARAB. (632-61). Umayyad Caliphs falls. Conversion of new kingdoms of of India. Battle of Tours (732) halts rule Islamic Empire from western Europe: (496); Spain Muslim advance in France. Spanish 700 (661-750): buildings - (587); England (597); Germany (718). Christian Reconquista of Muslim (692); Al-Aqsa Mosque (705). Muslim conquest of Christian lands in conquests (722-1492). Two centuries of Abbasid Caliphs rule Islamic Empire Middle East, North Africa. Papal Viking attacks on Europe (from 793). 800 from (750-1258). States founded, central (754). begins (800).

Weakened Abbasid power. From 969, crowns Charlemagne first Holy Roman Golden age of Islamic Empire, ruled Fatimid Caliphs in rule Palestine. Emperor (800). Eastern Church schism by caliphs in Baghdad. Hungarian 900 Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim destroys (867-79). 10th century: papacy corrupt, invasions of Europe. Chinese invent Christian shrines (1009). Seljuk Turks weak. Conversion of Denmark (965); gunpowder. Song Dynasty in China from central Asia advance in Anatolia Poland (966); Russia (988); Norway (994); (960-1279). Norman conquest of

1000 (1071), and rule Palestine (1073-98). Hungary (1000). ‘Great Schism’ splits England (1066). First universities (1088) st 1 Crusade (1099) takes Jerusalem. Orthodox Church from fostered by Catholic Church. Crusader

Crusader ‘Kingdom of Jerusalem’ (1054). Crusaders capture Holy Land kingdoms in Holy Land (1099-1291).

1100 (1099-1291). retakes Jerusalem (1099). Conflict of , Holy Roman Khmer Empire: Angkor Wat. Genghis

CRUSADER. (1187) for Muslims (). Emperors. Albigensian Crusade (1209-29). Khan (d.1227) starts that 3rd Crusade (1189-92) regains coastal a golden age for Church: conquers Asia, Eastern Europe. 100 1200 areas for Crusaders; 6th Crusade (1228- St Francis and St Dominic start orders; Years War: England against France . 29) regains Jerusalem for 15 years. scholastic theology, at height in St (1337-1453). Black Death kills half of Battle of Ain Jalut (1260): Muslim Thomas Aquinas; . Europe (1347-51). Ming Dynasty (1368- 1300 (Egypt) defeat . Absentee Popes in Avignon (1309-78). 1644). in art. Aztecs in (1250-1517). Fall of Great (1378-1415): Mexico. Incas in Peru. Printing press Acre, last Crusader possession (1291). Europe divided by rival claimants for invented (1440). Constantinople falls 1400 Pope Clement VI grants Franciscan papacy. Renaissance: great religious art to Ottoman Turks: end of Byzantine custody over Holy Land shrines (1342). but moral corruption in hierarchy. Empire (1453). Columbus reaches Protestant : Luther (1517), Americas (1492): start of colonisation Ottoman Turks conquer Mamluk Henry VIII (1534), Calvin (1536), lead by Spain, Portugal, Britain, France. Sultanate (1517). Sultan Suleiman the 1500 break from Catholic Church in Age of Exploration. Scientific Magnificent establishes current walls OTTOMAN. northern Europe. St Ignatius founds Revolution: Copernicus, Galileo, of Jerusalem’s (1542). Jesuits (1534). (1545-63) Newton. Secularising ‘Enlightenment’. establishes ‘status 1600 reaffirms Catholic teaching, discipline. Industrial Revolution in Britain. quo’ regulating the role of different Wars of Religion. Missions in Asia, American Revolution (1776). French religious groups in nine shrines in Americas; America Catholic. Revolution (1789); Napoleonic Wars Jerusalem and Bethlehem (1757). 1700 French Revolution: Church persecuted. (1803-15). European colonies in Asia,

Zionist movement (from 1890s) Marian dogmas (1854, 1950). Appearance Australia, Africa. American Civil War. inspires Jewish return to Palestine. of Mary at Lourdes (1858), Fatima (1917). Electric power; cars; planes. World 1800 : British conquest from Vatican I (1870): papal infallibility War I (1914-18). Russian Revolution th th Turks (1917). British Mandate (1920-48). defined. 19 -20 century persecution: (1917). Depression. Nazism, World st 1 Arab-Israeli War (1948): State of Vietnam, China, Russia, Mexico, Spain, War II (1939-45). Nuclear Age (1945). 1900 Israel established; in West Germany. Vatican II (1962-65): liturgy Cold War. Chinese communism (1949). BRITISH.. Bank; Egypt in Gaza. 6 Day War reform; ecumenism; emphasis on laity. Korean War. Decolonisation. Vietnam ISRAELI.. (1967): Israel takes , Gaza. Strong Catholic growth in Africa. War. Space age. Moral corruption in 2000 Ongoing unrest, Palestinian autonomy in Controversies over Church teaching, the West. Digital Age. Fall of Soviet West Bank, Gaza (1993) (projected state). stabilised by St John Paul II. communism (1989-91). Resurgent Islam.