FramingFraming thethe Crusades:Crusades:

Colonization,Colonization, SacredSacred DutyDuty andand AssimilationAssimilation ExplainingExplaining thethe CrusadesCrusades

 European

overpopulation  Holy War

 Pilgrimage – The Lure

of Jerusalem  Papal Authority

Jerusalem c. 1200 Psalter-fragment (The Hague, KB, 76 F 5), Courtesy of the © National Library of the Netherlands. Political Geography

 County of Edessa

 County of Antioch County of Antioch

 The Latin Kingdom

of Jerusalem  County of Tripoli

 Armenia/Cilicia Armenia/Cilicia  Cyprus Cyprus

AA CrusadesCrusades TimelineTimeline

  Nov, 1095: Pope Urban II  Jul 4, 1187: Saladin won called the First Crusade the Battle of Hattin, into being reclaims most of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem  Jul 15, 1099: Godfrey breached the walls of  1190-1193 Third Crusade Jerusalem Aug 12, ensues under Richard I (England) and Philip (France)  1100-18: Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem  Mar 4, 1193: Saladin died    1229: Al-Kamil surrenders 1113: Papacy recognizes Hospitallers Jerusalem to Frederick II   1144: Zengi took Edessa,  1291: The Fall of Acre to sparked the Second Crusade Mamluk Sultan   Apr, 1154: Nur ad-Din took  1426: Egyptians gained control Damascus, united Muslim Syria over Cyprus

 1492: Fall of Granada

Europeans,Europeans, ByzantinesByzantines andand MuslimsMuslims

Salah ad-Din ibn Ayyub

Richard I of England

Manuel Comnenus AA diversediverse socialsocial landscapelandscape

 Crusaders,Crusaders, Franks,Franks, AfranjiAfranji  ArabsArabs andand Turks;Turks; SunniSunni andand ShiiteShiite  SyrianSyrian Christians,Christians, Armenians,Armenians, JewsJews andand otherother minoritiesminorities  Nobles,Nobles, knights,knights, andand commonerscommoners

Colonialism?:Colonialism?: WhatWhat toto dodo withwith thesethese newlynewly wonwon landslands 3 Key Issues  Where is the Metropole? Elements of the new Society  Settlers vs. colonized indigenous peasants  The emergence of a lay state

 Jerusalem as the center  Economic and social relationship with Europe  The coastal towns and the commercial enterprise

 Emergence of the military orders (Templars, Hospitallers, etc.)  Emergence of a local nobility  Creation of buffer states (Emirate of Bosra/Salkhad)

AA SegregatedSegregated oror IntegratedIntegrated Society?Society?

 DemographicsDemographics  AlliesAllies andand EnemiesEnemies  IntermarriageIntermarriage  MaterialMaterial cultureculture andand thethe practicespractices ofof everyevery dayday  SettlementSettlement patternspatterns

AnAn UrbanUrban Society?Society?

 TheThe existingexisting urbanurban landscapelandscape

The Siege of Antioch  ExternalExternal threatsthreats andand collaborationcollaboration  AnAn emphasisemphasis onon defensedefense  WereWere CrusadersCrusaders farmers?farmers?

Cities: • Jerusalem • Acre • Antioch • Tripoli The Lure of the Castle Case Study: Krak de Chelvalier – Qalat Hisn Castrum and village: The Examples of Castellum Regis (Mi`ilya) and al- Bira AA TasteTaste forfor thethe SweetSweet StuffStuff