FramingFraming thethe Crusades:Crusades: Colonization,Colonization, SacredSacred DutyDuty andand AssimilationAssimilation ExplainingExplaining thethe CrusadesCrusades European overpopulation Holy War Pilgrimage – The Lure of Jerusalem Papal Authority Jerusalem c. 1200 Psalter-fragment (The Hague, KB, 76 F 5), Courtesy of the © National Library of the Netherlands. Political Geography County of Edessa County of Antioch County of Antioch The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem County of Tripoli Armenia/Cilicia Armenia/Cilicia Cyprus Cyprus AA CrusadesCrusades TimelineTimeline Nov, 1095: Pope Urban II Jul 4, 1187: Saladin won called the First Crusade the Battle of Hattin, into being reclaims most of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem Jul 15, 1099: Godfrey breached the walls of 1190-1193 Third Crusade Jerusalem Aug 12, ensues under Richard I (England) and Philip (France) 1100-18: Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem Mar 4, 1193: Saladin died 1229: Al-Kamil surrenders 1113: Papacy recognizes Hospitallers Jerusalem to Frederick II 1144: Zengi took Edessa, 1291: The Fall of Acre to sparked the Second Crusade Mamluk Sultan Apr, 1154: Nur ad-Din took 1426: Egyptians gained control Damascus, united Muslim Syria over Cyprus 1492: Fall of Granada Europeans,Europeans, ByzantinesByzantines andand MuslimsMuslims Salah ad-Din ibn Ayyub Richard I of England Manuel Comnenus AA diversediverse socialsocial landscapelandscape Crusaders,Crusaders, Franks,Franks, AfranjiAfranji ArabsArabs andand Turks;Turks; SunniSunni andand ShiiteShiite SyrianSyrian Christians,Christians, Armenians,Armenians, JewsJews andand otherother minoritiesminorities Nobles,Nobles, knights,knights, andand commonerscommoners Colonialism?:Colonialism?: WhatWhat toto dodo withwith thesethese newlynewly wonwon landslands 3 Key Issues Where is the Metropole? Elements of the new Society Settlers vs. colonized indigenous peasants The emergence of a lay state Jerusalem as the center Economic and social relationship with Europe The coastal towns and the commercial enterprise Emergence of the military orders (Templars, Hospitallers, etc.) Emergence of a local nobility Creation of buffer states (Emirate of Bosra/Salkhad) AA SegregatedSegregated oror IntegratedIntegrated Society?Society? DemographicsDemographics AlliesAllies andand EnemiesEnemies IntermarriageIntermarriage MaterialMaterial cultureculture andand thethe practicespractices ofof everyevery dayday SettlementSettlement patternspatterns AnAn UrbanUrban Society?Society? TheThe existingexisting urbanurban landscapelandscape The Siege of Antioch ExternalExternal threatsthreats andand collaborationcollaboration AnAn emphasisemphasis onon defensedefense WereWere CrusadersCrusaders farmers?farmers? Cities: • Jerusalem • Acre • Antioch • Tripoli The Lure of the Castle Case Study: Krak de Chelvalier – Qalat Hisn Castrum and village: The Examples of Castellum Regis (Mi`ilya) and al- Bira AA TasteTaste forfor thethe SweetSweet StuffStuff.