Latin Christian Pilgrimage in the Holy Land, 1187-1291 Elizabeth J. Mylod Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Leeds Institute for Medieval Studies September 2013 ii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement © 2013 The University of Leeds and Elizabeth J. Mylod The right of Elizabeth J. Mylod to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. iii Acknowledgements Thanks should go first to my supervisors, Alan V. Murray and William Flynn, who have shown outstanding patience whilst waiting for this PhD to be completed, and whose insightful suggestions and fierce editorial expertise improved it beyond measure. I have received substantial support, ideas and fruitful discussion from the past and present community of medievalists in Leeds. Particular thanks ought to go to Rosalind Brown-Grant and Dionysius Agius for teaching me Old French and Arabic, and to Geoff Humble, Sarah Lynch and Mark Tizzoni, for commenting on my translations. Especial thanks to Peter Lock, Marianne O’Doherty, Guy Perry and Zsuzsanna Reed-Papp, all of whom read and reviewed early versions of my work, and to Lucy Moore, whose persistent positive outlook and scholarly passion were a source of encouragement. I owe a great deal of thanks to the innumerable scholars who have commented on my presentations at various conferences and workshops over the past seven years, in particular those meetings run by the International Medieval Conference, the Society for the Medieval Mediterranean, the Society for the Study of the Crusades and Latin East and the Ecclesiastical History Society. Considerable thanks ought to go to those scholars who sent me early versions of their papers or references, such as Betty Binysh, Brenda Bolton, Michele Campopiano, Peter Edbury, Paul Hyams, Andrew Jotischky, Graham Loud, Denys Pringle and Jan Vandeburie. Thanks also to my employers during this time, the International Medieval Congress and National Centre for Atmospheric Science, who were flexible enough to allow me to access the library, supervisions and classes around my job, and were kind enough to put up with my mind wandering back to my PhD during important meetings. The Royal Historical Society provided financial support in the form of a travel bursary to attend the International Congress on Medieval Studies, Kalamazoo, as did the iv Central European University, which provided a scholarship to attend the month-long summer school and workshop on ‘From Holy War to Peaceful Cohabitation: Diversity of Crusading and the Military Orders’. Huge thanks are due to those family, friends, and family-of-friends who agreed to proof-read the final drafts. Especial thanks goes to Tasha Matalon, who provided me with friendship, accommodation and local knowledge during my tour of the Holy Land. Final thanks goes to my partner, who kindly relocated to the South during the latter stages of this thesis, giving me the peace and quiet required to finish. v Abstract This thesis discusses the practice and sites of Latin Christian pilgrimage in the Holy Land during the period between the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Damascus, in 1187, and the end of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1291 following the capture of Acre by al-Ashraf Khalīl, the Mamlūk sultan. It demonstrates how pilgrimage of this period changed from pre-1187 practices, and discusses how pilgrimage developed from 1187 to 1291 under the influence of a continued Frankish political presence in the Holy Land which did not extend to control over most of the holy sites. It investigates this through an analysis of both the texts written by and for pilgrims at this time, and a variety of other documentary and chronicle source material. It concludes that Holy Land pilgrimage had a different character to that practised during the period 1099 to 1187 due to: 1) changing access to holy sites as a result of raiding and treaties, in some cases causing complete breaks with earlier tradition; 2) Islamic political control of holy sites; and 3) interaction with non-Latin Christians. Many of the unique aspects of Holy Land pilgrimage, with its dearth of healing shrines and indulgences, focus on the New Testament and the life of Christ, and large number of holy associations in a small area, remained unchanged, but the details of where pilgrims went and the balance of site-types visited was modified. Pilgrims visited a broader range of sites, most of which were shared with Greek and Eastern Christians, and some of which were shared with non-Christians. The geography of several sites changed, and they began to be identified with other locations. New holy sites were visited for the first time, while the area within the walls of Jerusalem was harder to visit than ever. Overall, the thesis demonstrates that Latin Christian holy sites and pilgrimage traditions in the Holy Land were not static, and continued to develop and change into the fourteenth century. vi vii Table of Contents Acknowledgements iii Abstract v Table of Contents vii List of Tables and Illustrative Material ix Abbreviations xi Note on Names xiii Note on Translations xiii Chapter I: Introduction 1 — Twelfth-Century Pilgrimage 2 — Territorial Changes in the Latin Kingdom, 1187-1291 8 — Status Quaestionis 12 Chapter II: Main Sources 23 — Itineraria 25 — Latin Itineraria 27 — Old French Itineraria 30 — Pilgrim Accounts 35 — Other Sources 44 Chapter III: Pilgrims 47 — Pilgrims 47 — Travel 50 — Dangers and Safeguards 55 — Pilgrim Infrastructure 62 — Interdicts and Indulgences 68 — Pilgrim Activity 70 — Summary 79 Chapter IV: Southern Coast 83 — Summary 105 Chapter V: Judaea 109 — Jaffa to Jerusalem 112 — Jerusalem to Hebron 116 — Jerusalem to the Jordan 134 — Jerusalem to Samaria 146 — Summary 146 viii Chapter VI: Jerusalem 149 — The Holy Sepulchre and Environs 156 — The Temple Mount and Environs 174 — Mount Sion and Environs 179 — Jehosaphat 186 — The Mount of Olives 193 — Other Sites around Jerusalem 198 — Summary 200 Chapter VII: Samaria 205 — Summary 210 Chapter VIII: Galilee 213 — Summary 239 Chapter IX: Northern Coast 243 — Acre 246 — Tyre 256 — Beirut 259 — Other Sites 261 —Summary 265 Chapter X: Conclusion 267 Essential Characteristics 268 The Pilgrim Experience 277 Bibliography 281 ix Lists of Tables and Illustrative Material Tables Table 1: Main Sources 23–24 Table 2: Sites in Southern Coast 84 Table 3: Sites in Judaea 110–11 Table 4: Sites in Jerusalem 150–52 Table 5: Sites in Samaria 204 Table 6: Sites in Galilee 212–13 Table 7: Sites in the Northern Coast 240 Table 8: Sites listed in Pardouns 247 Maps1 Map 1: Territorial Changes in the Latin kingdom, 1187-1291 20–22 Map 2: Extent of Southern Coast 83 Map 3: Extent of Judaea 109 Map 4: Jerusalem and Environs 149 Map 5: Extent of Samaria 203 Map 6: Extent of Galilee 211 Map 7: Extent of Northern Coast 239 1 Map outlines were originally based on ‘Map of Syria with Crusading Names’, in Jacques de Vitry, The History of Jerusalem, trans. by Aubrey Stewart. (London: Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, 1896) end, unless otherwise stated. Settlement locations came from this and the Survey of Western Palestine, ed. by Charles William Wilson (London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1881). x xi Abbreviations Burchard Burchard of Mount Sion, ‘Descriptio Terrae Sanctae’, in Peregrinatores quatuor, pp. 1–101 Chemins A ‘Les Chemins et Les Pelerinages de La Terre Sainte, Texte A’, in Itinéraires, pp. 177–88 Chemins B ‘Les Chemins et Les Pelerinages de La Terre Sainte, Texte B’, in Itinéraires, pp. 189–99 Eracles ‘L’Estoire de Eracles Empereur et la Conquest de la Terre d’Outremer’, in RHC Occ, II, pp. 1–481 Ernoul Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier, ed. by M. L. de Mas Latrie (Paris: Libraire de la Société de l’Histoire de France, 1871) Filippo Philippus de Busseriis, ‘Liber Peregrinationum’, in Itinera, IV, pp. 221–54 Hec sunt ‘Hec sunt peregrinaciones et loca Terrae Sanctae’, in Itinera, IV, peregrinaciones pp. 333–39 Innom. III Innominatus III, ‘Haec est via ad Terram Sanctam’, in Itinera, III, pp. 17–21 Innom. IV Innominatus IV, ‘Iter ad Terram Sanctum’, in Itinera, III, pp. 23–27 Innom. IX Innominatus IX, ‘De via eundi de Iope in Ierusalem et de Sancto Sepulchro et aliis locis’, in Itinera, III, pp. 90–99 Innom. X Innominatus X, ‘Si quis voluerit ire ab Acon’, in Itinera, III, pp. 100–07 Itinera Itinera Hierosolymitana Crucesignatorum (saec. XII-XIII), ed. by Sabino de Sandoli, 4 vols. (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1978) Itinéraires Itinéraires à Jérusalem et descriptions de la Terre Sainte rédigés en français au XIe, XIIe et XIIIe siècles, ed. by Henri Victor Michelant and Gaston Raynaud (Geneva: Jules-Guillaume Fick, 1882) Itinerarium Ricardi Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi, ed. by William Stubbs (London: Longman, 1864) Jacques de Vitry, Jacques de Vitry, Historia orientalis, ed. by Jean Donnadieu H.Or (Turnhout: Brepols, 2008) LCTS ‘Liber de Civitatibus Terrae Sanctae’, in Itinera, IV, pp. 340–67 MGH SS Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores, ed. by Georg Heinrich Pertz et al., 39 vols. (Hannover: Hahn, 1826-2009) Pardouns ‘Pelrinages et Pardouns de Acre’, in Itinéraires, pp. 227–36 Pelerinaiges en ‘Les pelerinaiges por aler en Iherusalem’, in Itinéraires, pp. 87– Iherusalem 103 xii Peregrinatores Peregrinatores medii aevi quatuor: Burchardus de Monte Sion, quatuor Ricoldus de Monte Crucis, Odoricus de Foro Julii, Wilbrandus de Oldenborg, ed.