Ejections De Mati`Ere Par Les Astres : Des Étoiles Massives Aux Quasars

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Ejections De Mati`Ere Par Les Astres : Des Étoiles Massives Aux Quasars Universite´ de Liege` Faculte´ des Sciences Ejections de matiere` par les astres : des etoiles´ massives aux quasars par Damien HUTSEMEKERS Docteur en Sciences Chercheur Qualifie´ du FNRS Dissertation present´ ee´ en vue de l’obtention du grade d’Agreg´ e´ de l’Enseignement Superieur´ 2003 Illustration de couverture : la n´ebuleuse du Crabe, constitu´ee de gaz ´eject´e`agrande vitesse par l’explosion d’une ´etoile en supernova. Clich´eobtenu avec le VLT et FORS2, ESO, 1999. Table des matieres` Preface´ et remerciements 5 Introduction 7 Articles 21 I Les nebuleuses´ eject´ ees´ par les etoiles´ massives 23 1 HR Carinae : a Luminous Blue Variable surrounded by an arc-shaped nebula 25 2 The nature of the nebula associated with the Luminous Blue Variable star WRA751 37 3 A dusty nebula around the Luminous Blue Variable candidate HD168625 45 4 Evidence for violent ejection of nebulae from massive stars 57 5 Dust in LBV-type nebulae 63 II Quasars de type BAL et microlentilles gravitationnelles 73 6 The use of gravitational microlensing to scan the structureofBALQSOs 75 7 ESO & NOT photometric monitoring of the Cloverleaf quasar 89 8 Selective gravitational microlensing and line profile variations in the BAL quasar H1413+117 99 9 An optical time-delay for the lensed BAL quasar HE2149-2745 113 3 III Quasars de type BAL : polarisation 127 10 A procedure for deriving accurate linear polarimetric measurements 129 11 Optical polarization of 47 quasi-stellar objects : the data 137 12 Polarization properties of a sample of Broad Absorption Line and gravitatio- nally lensed quasars 145 13 The optical polarization of radio-loud and radio-intermediate Broad Absorp- tion Line quasi-stellar objects 157 14 The polarization properties of Broad Absorption Line QSOs : observational results 165 15 Spectropolarimetry of the iron low-ionization Broad Absorption Line quasar Q0059-2735 177 IV Orientation a` grande echelle´ de la polarisation des quasars 185 16 Evidence for very large-scale coherent orientations of quasar polarization vectors 187 17 Confirmation of the existence of coherent orientations of quasar polarization vectors on cosmological scales 209 4 Preface´ et remerciements Dans cet ouvrage, nous pr´esentons une s´election de travaux de recherches effectu´es es- sentiellement durant la derni`ere d´ecennie et traitant des ´ejections de mati`ere par les ´etoiles massives et les quasars. Apr`es une courte introduction d´ecrivant nos principaux r´esultats et le contexte dans lequel ils s’inscrivent, nous regroupons en quatre parties nos articles originaux pr´ec´ed´es chacun d’un bref r´esum´e. Des mises `ajour, non encore publi´ees, compl`etent certains articles. Je tiens `aexprimer ma reconnaissance `atous les coll`egues et amis de l’Institut d’As- trophysique et de l’Observatoire Europ´een Austral qui, par des collaborations ou des dis- cussions toujours fructueuses, ont partag´emon int´erˆet pour les questions trait´ees dans cette dissertation. Ma plus profonde gratitude va ´egalement `atous ceux dont l’enthou- siasme et les continuels encouragements m’ont permis de progresser dans la profession d’astrophysicien et de l’exercer dans les sites extraordinaires du Chili. Mes remerciements vont au Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, `al’Observa- toire Europ´een Austral, `al’Universit´ede Li`ege, `ala Communaut´efranc¸aise de Belgique et aux Services f´ed´eraux des affaires Scientifiques, Techniques et Culturelles, sans le sou- tien financier desquels les travaux pr´esent´es dans cet ouvrage n’auraient probablement pas vu le jour. Je remercie ´egalement Jean Surdej et Jean-Pierre Swings pour avoir relu et comment´e le texte de cette dissertation. Enfin, j’aimerais remercier plus particuli`erement mon ´epouse V´eronique pour son sou- tien dans cette aventure que constitue le m´etier d’astronome. 5 6 Introduction Etoiles, galaxies, quasars, la plupart des astres ´ejectent `aun moment donn´ede leur exis- tence une partie de la mati`ere qui les constitue. Ce ph´enom`ene fondamental exerce une influence tant sur l’´evolution des astres qui en sont le si`ege que sur le milieu o`uils se trouvent, contribuant `al’´evolution de l’Univers tout entier. Bien que relativement peu nombreuses, les ´etoiles massives, extrˆemement lumineuses, sont `al’origine de flux ´energ´etiques importants, tant radiatifs que m´ecaniques [1]. Leur impact sur le milieu ambiant est consid´erable. Les ´etoiles massives et la mati`ere qu’elles ´ejectent modifient les conditions physiques et dynamiques du milieu interstellaire, pro- voquant entre autres la formation de nouvelles ´etoiles. Par l’interm´ediaire de leurs vents stellaires, de l’´ejection de n´ebuleuses ou encore de l’explosion en supernovae, elles consti- tuent la source principale d’enrichissement du milieu environnant en ´el´ements lourds, r´esidus des r´eactions nucl´eaires qui se d´eroulent en leur sein. Les ´etoiles massives contri- buent de fac¸on essentielle `al’´evolution chimique et dynamique des galaxies. Dans certaines situations, un grand nombre d’´etoiles massives peut se former en un laps de temps relativement court. Ensemble, elles dominent le rayonnement ´emis par la galaxie hˆote. On parle alors d’une flamb´ee d’´etoiles (“starburst”). L’´evolution rapide et collective de ces ´etoiles massives est `al’origine de super-vents galactiques riches en poussi`eres et susceptibles de contaminer le milieu intergalactique [2]. Ces flamb´ees d’´etoiles massives sont couramment observ´ees dans les galaxies les plus lointaines con- nues `al’heure actuelle et leurs vents pourraient constituer la signature des toutes premi`eres g´en´erations d’´etoiles dans les galaxies primordiales. D’autre part, certaines galaxies peuvent devenir “actives”, lib´erant de l’´energie gravi- tationnelle par accr´etion de mati`ere sur un objet central extrˆemement massif [3]. L’´energie lib´er´ee par ce m´ecanisme fait de ces objets –noyaux actifs de galaxies et quasars– les objets les plus lumineux de notre Univers. Ces processus s’accompagnent ´egalement d’´ejections de mati`ere, soit sous forme de spectaculaires jets radio, ou encore sous forme de vents hautement ionis´es dans le cas des quasars de type BAL (Broad Absorption Line) [4]. Si l’importance relative de ces deux ph´enom`enes –flamb´ee d’´etoiles massives et ac- tivit´edu noyau galactique– est encore loin d’ˆetre claire notamment dans les premi`eres phases de l’Univers (qui, des quasars ou des ´etoiles massives, a ´emis la premi`ere lumi`ere ? [5]), il est certain que dans bon nombre de galaxies, ils peuvent coexister, rivalisant d’importance [6–8]. C’est notamment le cas des galaxies en interaction o`ules forces de mar´ee, amenant gaz et poussi`eres dans le noyau galactique, peuvent d´eclencher si- 7 multan´ement flamb´ee d’´etoiles et activit´e[9]. Ces deux ph´enom`enes peuvent aussi se succ´eder, d´efinissant peut-ˆetre une s´equence ´evolutive “Starburst ! Quasar BAL”, ces derniers expulsant et d´etruisant le cocon de poussi`eres laiss´epar les ´etoiles [10–12]. Etoiles massives et quasars sont donc intimement li´es depuis l’aube de l’Univers. Dans cet ouvrage, nous pr´esentons quelques contributions `al’´etude des ´ejections de mati`ere par les ´etoiles massives et les quasars. Dans la premi`ere partie, nous rapportons les r´esultats d’une recherche et d’une ´etude syst´ematiques des n´ebuleuses ´eject´ees par les ´etoiles massives et plus particuli`erement par les ´etoiles de type LBV (Luminous Blue Variable) et WR (Wolf-Rayet). Nous nous int´eressons ensuite aux quasars de type BAL, dont les raies en absorption d´ecal´ees vers le bleu r´ev`elent des ´ejections de mati`ere `ades vitesses atteignant 20% de la vitesse de la lumi`ere. Deux aspects sont trait´es : l’´etude des profils de raies et plus particuli`erement de leurs variations suite `ades effets de microlen- tille gravitationnelle, et l’´etude de leur polarisation. Dans la derni`ere partie nous discutons un r´esultat inattendu : la d´ecouverte d’une orientationa ` grande ´echelle de la polarisation des quasars. Les nebuleuses´ eject´ ees´ par les etoiles´ massives Les ´etoiles de type LBV sont des superg´eantes ´evolu´ees extrˆemement lumineuses. Elles 5 ½ ½¼ sont caract´eris´ees par des taux de perte de masse ´elev´es ( 5 M¬ an ) ainsi que par des variations photom´etriques et spectrales importantes et irr´eguli`eres (´eruptions). Bien que tr`es peu nombreuses (une dizaine connues dans notre Galaxie), les LBVs constituent une ´etape br`eve mais essentielle dans l’´evolution des ´etoiles massives, entre les ´etoiles de type O et les Wolf-Rayet [13,14]. Les ´etoiles tr`es lumineuses dont les caract´eristiques physiques sont semblables `acelles des LBVs mais pour lesquelles il n’y a pas d’´eruption r´epertori´ee sont consid´er´ees comme des candidates LBV1. Un des aspects les plus int´eressants des LBVs est que certaines d’entre elles sont as- soci´ees `aune n´ebuleuse dont l’´etude d´etaill´ee peut donner des indications pr´ecieuses sur l’historique des ´ejections de mati`ere li´ees aux diff´erentes phases de l’´evolution stellaire. Parmi les LBVs galactiques, Carinae et AG Carinae sont depuis longtemps connues pour ˆetre entour´ees d’une n´ebuleuse en expansion dont la morphologie rappelle celle des n´ebuleuses plan´etaires, tout en ´etant plus grandes et plus massives [15]. Plusieurs LBVs du Grand Nuage de Magellan sont ´egalement connues pour poss´eder des enveloppes cir- cumstellaires d´etect´ees spectroscopiquement [16,17]. Une question vient imm´ediatement `al’esprit : est-on en pr´esence d’une nouvelle classe de n´ebuleuses, caract´eristique des ´etoiles massives et plus particuli`erement des LBVs, ou s’agit-il d’objets particuliers voire exotiques ? Afin de r´epondre `acette question, nous avons effectu´eune recherche et une ´etude syst´ematiques de telles n´ebuleuses autour des LBVs et candidates LBV connues dans notre Galaxie.
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