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Unrestricted Immigration and the Foreign Dominance Of
Unrestricted Immigration and the Foreign Dominance of United States Nobel Prize Winners in Science: Irrefutable Data and Exemplary Family Narratives—Backup Data and Information Andrew A. Beveridge, Queens and Graduate Center CUNY and Social Explorer, Inc. Lynn Caporale, Strategic Scientific Advisor and Author The following slides were presented at the recent meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. This project and paper is an outgrowth of that session, and will combine qualitative data on Nobel Prize Winners family histories along with analyses of the pattern of Nobel Winners. The first set of slides show some of the patterns so far found, and will be augmented for the formal paper. The second set of slides shows some examples of the Nobel families. The authors a developing a systematic data base of Nobel Winners (mainly US), their careers and their family histories. This turned out to be much more challenging than expected, since many winners do not emphasize their family origins in their own biographies or autobiographies or other commentary. Dr. Caporale has reached out to some laureates or their families to elicit that information. We plan to systematically compare the laureates to the population in the US at large, including immigrants and non‐immigrants at various periods. Outline of Presentation • A preliminary examination of the 609 Nobel Prize Winners, 291 of whom were at an American Institution when they received the Nobel in physics, chemistry or physiology and medicine • Will look at patterns of -
The Theorist Ridley Makes No Mention of a Meeting She Had Then with the Physicist Alexander Stokes and a Half a Dozen Scientists and Laboratories to Solve
NATURE|Vol 443|26 October 2006 AUTUMN BOOKS the spring of 1950 (not in December, as Ridley writes). She joined the lab in January 1951, and The theorist Ridley makes no mention of a meeting she had then with the physicist Alexander Stokes and a half a dozen scientists and laboratories to solve. graduate student, Raymond Gosling, at which Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Crick himself did very little of the laboratory John Randall, the lab’s director, gave her a sup- Genetic Code work. Rather, he was the explicator, the arbiter, ply of the best DNA they had and appointed by Matt Ridley the taskmaster. Gosling her assistant. Crucially, Wilkins was HarperCollins: 2006. 213 pp. £12.95, $19.95 Crick was above all the theorist — and that’s away on vacation. Franklin had every reason Horace Freeland Judson the unifying thread. Not just with the coding to think the DNA was exclusively hers. When Any biographer of Francis Crick faces a dif- problem but throughout his career, Crick was Wilkins returned and expected to collabo- ficult problem: he was the greatest biologist the one who put other scientists’ thoughts in rate with her, she shut him out. He grumbled of the latter half of the twentieth century, yet order. He soaked up data, mostly other people’s, about her to Crick and Watson, and in Feb- his life was curiously one-dimensional. It was but saw beyond the data to their meaning, their ruary 1953 he notoriously showed Watson an intensely concentrated but narrowly focused. shape, their implications. He found principles, X-ray diagram she had obtained — which they By far the most important part of his life was and did it with a preternatural clarity of mind interpreted as she had failed to do. -
What the Modern Age Knew Piero Scaruffi 2004
A History of Knowledge Oldest Knowledge What the Jews knew What the Sumerians knew What the Christians knew What the Babylonians knew Tang & Sung China What the Hittites knew What the Japanese knew What the Persians knew What the Muslims knew What the Egyptians knew The Middle Ages What the Indians knew Ming & Manchu China What the Chinese knew The Renaissance What the Greeks knew The Industrial Age What the Phoenicians knew The Victorian Age What the Romans knew The Modern World What the Barbarians knew 1 What the Modern Age knew Piero Scaruffi 2004 1919-1945: The Age of the World Wars 1946-1968: The Space Age 1969-1999: The Digital Age We are not shooting enough professors An eye for an eye makes (Lenin’s telegram) the whole world blind. (Mahatma Gandhi) "Pacifism is objectively pro-Fascist.” (George Orwell, 1942) "The size of the lie is a definite factor What good fortune for governments in causing it to be believed" that the people do not think (Adolf Hitler, "Mein Kampf") (Adolf Hitler) 2 What the Modern Age knew • Bibliography – Paul Kennedy: The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (1987) – Jacques Barzun: "From Dawn to Decadence" (2001) – Gregory Freeze: Russia (1997) – Andrzej Paczkowski: The Black Book of Communism (1999) – Peter Hall: Cities in Civilization (1998) – Edward Kantowicz: The World In The 20th Century (1999) – Paul Johnson: Modern Times (1983) – Sheila Jones: The Quantum Ten (Oxford Univ Press, 2008) – Orlando Figes: “Natasha's Dance - A Cultural History of Russia” (2003) 3 What the Modern Age knew • Bibliography – -
Representatives and Committees of the Society
REPRESENTATIVES AND COMMITTEES OF THE SOCIETY Representatives of the Society in the Division of Physical Sciences of the National Research Council: 1944-1945—Marston Morse, M. H. Stone, Warren Weaver. 1945-1946—A. B. Coble, G. A. Hedlund, Saunders MacLane, Marston Morse, Oswald Veblen, Warren Weaver. 1946-1947—A. B. Coble, Saunders MacLane, John von Neumann, M. H. Stone, Oswald Veblen, Warren Weaver. 1947-1948—R. V. Churchill, M. R. Hestenes, Saunders MacLane, John von Neu mann, M. H. Stone, Oswald Veblen. Representatives on the Council of the American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1945—R. P. Agnew, M. R. Hestenes. 1946—Philip Franklin, C. V. Newsom. 1947—Solomon Lefschetz, G. T. Whyburn. Representatives on the Editorial Board of the Annals of Mathematics: K. 0. Friedrichs, Norman Levinson, R. L. Wilder. Representatives on the Editorial Board of the Duke Mathematical Journal: F. J. Murray, Morgan Ward. Representative on the American Year Book: G. T. Whyburn. Liaison Officer in Connection with Editorial Management of Quarterly of Applied Mathematics: Einar Hille. Colloquium Speakers: 1944—Einar Hille. 1946—Hassler Whitney. 1945—Tibor Rado. 1947—Oscar Zariski. Committee to Select Gibbs Lecturers for 1946 and 1947: L. M. Graves (Chairman), G. A. Hedlund, S. S. Wilks. Gibbs Lecturers: 1923—M. I. Pupin. 1930—E. B. Wilson. 1939—Theodore von Kârmân. 1924—Robert Henderson. 1931—P. W. Bridgman. 1941—Sewall Wright. 1925—James Pierpont. 1932—R. C. Tolman. 1943—Harry Bateman. 1926—H. B. Williams. 1934—Albeit Einstein. 1944—John von Neumann. 1927-E. W. Brown. 1935—Vannevar Bush. 1945—J. C. Slater. 1928—G. -
The 2 Fundamental Questions: Linneaus and Kirchner
2/1/2011 The 2 fundamental questions: y Has evolution taken pp,lace, and if so, what is the Section 4 evidence? Professor Donald McFarlane y If evolution has taken place, what is the mechanism by which it works? Lecture 2 Evolutionary Ideas Evidence for evolution before Darwin Golden Age of Exploration y Magellan’s voyage –1519 y John Ray –University of y Antonius von Leeuwenhoek ‐ microbes –1683 Cambridge (England) y “Catalog of Cambridge Plants” – 1660 –lists 626 species y 1686 –John Ray listing thousands of plant species! y In 1678, Francis Willoughby publishes “Ornithology” Linneaus and Kirchner Athenasius Kircher ~ 1675 –Noah’s ark Carl Linneaus – Sistema Naturae ‐ 1735 Ark too small!! Uses a ‘phenetic” classification – implies a phylogenetic relationship! 300 x 50 x 30 cubits ~ 135 x 20 x 13 m 1 2/1/2011 y Georges Cuvier 1769‐ 1832 y “Fixity of Species” Evidence for Evolution –prior to 1830 • Enormous diversity of life –WHY ??? JBS Haldane " The Creator, if He exists, has "an inordinate fondness for beetles" ". Evidence for Evolution –prior to 1830 Evidence for Evolution –prior to 1830 y The discovery of variation. y Comparative Anatomy. Pentadactyl limbs Evidence for Evolution –prior to Evidence for Evolution –prior to 1830 1830 y Fossils – homologies with living species y Vestigal structures Pentadactyl limbs !! 2 2/1/2011 Evidence for Evolution –prior to 1830 Evidence for Evolution –prior to 1830 y Invariance of the fossil sequence y Plant and animal breeding JBS Haldane: “I will give up my belief in evolution if someone finds a fossil rabbit in the Precambrian.” Charles Darwin Jean Baptiste Lamark y 1744‐1829 y 1809 –1882 y Organisms have the ability to adapt to their y Voyage of Beagle 1831 ‐ 1836 environments over the course of their lives. -
Introduction and Historical Perspective
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical Perspective “ Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. ” modified by the developmental history of the organism, Theodosius Dobzhansky its physiology – from cellular to systems levels – and by the social and physical environment. Finally, behaviors are shaped through evolutionary forces of natural selection OVERVIEW that optimize survival and reproduction ( Figure 1.1 ). Truly, the study of behavior provides us with a window through Behavioral genetics aims to understand the genetic which we can view much of biology. mechanisms that enable the nervous system to direct Understanding behaviors requires a multidisciplinary appropriate interactions between organisms and their perspective, with regulation of gene expression at its core. social and physical environments. Early scientific The emerging field of behavioral genetics is still taking explorations of animal behavior defined the fields shape and its boundaries are still being defined. Behavioral of experimental psychology and classical ethology. genetics has evolved through the merger of experimental Behavioral genetics has emerged as an interdisciplin- psychology and classical ethology with evolutionary biol- ary science at the interface of experimental psychology, ogy and genetics, and also incorporates aspects of neuro- classical ethology, genetics, and neuroscience. This science ( Figure 1.2 ). To gain a perspective on the current chapter provides a brief overview of the emergence of definition of this field, it is helpful -
DICTIONARY of the HISTORY of SCIENCE Subject Editors
DICTIONARY OF THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE Subject Editors Astronomy Michael A. Hoskin, Churchill College, Cambridge. Biology Richard W. Burkhardt, Jr, Department of History, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Chemistry William H. Brock, Victorian Studies Centre, University of Leicester. Earth sciences Roy Porter, W ellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London. Historiography Steven Shapin, & sociology Science Studies Unit, of science University of Edinburgh. Human Roger Smith, sciences Department of History, University of Lancaster. Mathematics Eric J. Aiton, Mathematics Faculty, Manchester Polytechnic. Medicine William F. Bynum, W ellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London. Philosophy Roy Bhaskar, of science School of Social Sciences, University of Sussex. Physics John L. Heilbron, Office for History of Science & Technology, University of California, Berkeley. DICTIONARY OF THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE edited by W.EBynum E.J.Browne Roy Porter M © The Macmillan Press Ltd 1981 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1981 978-0-333-29316-4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. First published 1981 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated Companies throughout the world. ISBN 978-1-349-05551-7 ISBN 978-1-349-05549-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-05549-4 Typeset by Computacomp (UK) Ltd, Fort William, Scotland Macmillan Consultant Editor Klaus Boehm Contents Introduction vii Acknowledgements viii Contributors X Analytical table of contents xiii Bibliography xxiii Abbreviations xxxiv Dictionary Bibliographical index 452 Introduction How is the historical dimension of science relevant to understanding its place in our lives? It is widely agreed that our present attitudes and ideas about religion, art, or morals are oriented the way they are, and thus related to other beliefs, because of their history. -
Reflections on the Historiography of Molecular Biology
Reflections on the Historiography of Molecular Biology HORACE FREELAND JUDSON SURELY the time has come to stop applying the word revolution to the rise of new scientific research programmes. Our century has seen many upheavals in scientific ideas--so many and so varied that the notion of scientific revolution has been stretched out of shape and can no longer be made to cover the processes of change characteristic of most sciences these past hundred years. By general consent, two great research pro- grammes arising in this century stand om from the others. The first, of course, was the one in physics that began at the turn of the century with quantum theory and relativity and ran through the working out, by about 1930, of quantum mechanics in its relativistic form. The trans- formation in physics appears to be thoroughly documented. Memoirs and biographies of the physicists have been written. Interviewswith survivors have been recorded and transcribed. The history has been told at every level of detail and difficulty. The second great programme is the one in biology that had its origins in the mid-1930s and that by 1970 had reached, if not a conclusion, a kind of cadence--a pause to regroup. This is the transformation that created molecular biology and latter-day biochemistry. The writing of its history has only recently started and is beset with problems. Accounting for the rise of molecular biology began with brief, partial, fugitive essays by participants. Biographies have been written of two, of the less understood figures in the science, who died even as the field was ripening, Oswald Avery and Rosalind Franklin; other scientists have wri:tten their memoirs. -
“Other Histories, Other Biologies.” in Philosophy
Gregory Radick, 2005. “Other Histories, Other Biologies.” In Philosophy, Biology and Life, ed. Anthony O’Hear. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21-47. Supplement to Philosophy, Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement: 56. Other Histories, Other Biologies GREGORY RADICK 1. Taking the counterfactual turn When philosophers look to the history of biology, they most often ask about what happened, and how best to describe it. They ask, for instance, whether molecular genetics subsumed the Mendelian genetics preceding it, or whether these two sciences have main- tained rather messier relations.1 Here I wish to pose a question as much about what did not happen as what did. My concern is with the strength of the links between our biological science—our biology—and the particular history which brought that science into being. Would quite different histories have produced roughly the same science? Or, on the contrary, would different histories have produced other, quite different biologies? I shall not endeavour to address the whole of biology or its history. I will concentrate on genetics, the headline-grabbing branch of biology in our time. The claims of this science on our future have given its history an unusually high public profile. Newspaper articles on the completed Human Genome Project came with timelines of genetic achievement, stretching back into the pre- Mendel mists, and forward to a future where, thanks to genetics- based medicine (we were told), the average person will live to more than ninety. Even more recently, the fiftieth anniversary of the introduction of the double-helix model of DNA in 1953 prompted books, symposia, television programmes, even a cover story in Time magazine. -
The Eighth Day of Creation”: Looking Back Across 40 Years to the Birth of Molecular Biology and the Roots of Modern Cell Biology
“The Eighth Day of Creation”: looking back across 40 years to the birth of molecular biology and the roots of modern cell biology Mark Peifer1 1 Department of Biology and Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA * To whom correspondence should be addressed Email: [email protected] Phone: (919) 962-2272 1 Forty years ago, Horace Judson’s “The Eight Day of Creation” was published, a book vividly recounting the foundations of modern biology, the molecular biology revolution. This book inspired many in my generation. The anniversary provides a chance for a new generation to take a look back, to see how science has changed and hasn’t changed. Many central players in the book, including Sydney Brenner, Seymour Benzer and Francois Jacob, would go on to be among the founders of modern cell, developmental, and neurobiology. These players come alive via their own words, as complex individuals, both heroes and anti-heroes. The technologies and experimental approaches they pioneered, ranging from cell fractionation to immunoprecipitation to structural biology, and the multidisciplinary approaches they took continue to power and inspire our work today. In the process, Judson brings out of the shadows the central roles played by women in many of the era’s discoveries. He provides us with a vision of how science and scientists have changed, of how many things about our endeavor never change, and how some new ideas are perhaps not as new as we’d like to think. 2 In 1979 Horace Judson completed a ten-year project about cell and molecular biology’s foundations, unveiling “The Eighth Day of Creation”, a book I view as one of the most masterful evocations of a scientific revolution (Judson, 1979). -
Further Evidence That G Proteins Are Multimeric And
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 90, pp. 8782-8786, October 1993 Biochemistry The disaggregation theory of signal transduction revisited: Further evidence that G proteins are multimeric and disaggregate to monomers when activated SALEEM JAHANGEER AND MARTIN RODBELL Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Ceilular and Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Contributed by Martin Rodbell, May 27, 1993 ABSTRACT We have compared the sin on rates and those found in detergent extracts. Based on target on sucrose gradients of the heterotrhimeric GTP-binding regu- analysis, G proteins in the native membrane environment are latory (G) proteins G., Go, G,, and Gq etracted from rat brain thought to be higher-ordered structures, termed multimers, synaptoneurosomes with Lubrol and digtin. The individual that are converted to monomers by the combined actions of a and 3 subunits were monitored with specifi antisera. In all hormones and guanine nucleotides (4). Further support for cases, both subunits cosedimete dicatg that the subunits this hypothesis stems from recent findings that the major are likely complexed as heterotrimers. When extracted with heterotrimeric G proteins in rat brain synaptoneurosomes are Lubrol al of the G proteins s ted with rates of about 4.5 cross-linked in their native membrane environment, yielding S (condstent with heterotrimers) whereas diitonin extae very large structures compatible with their being multimeric 60% ofthe G proteins with peaksat 11 S; 40% pefleted aslager proteins (5). Different structures of G proteins and their structure. Dgtonin-extae G, was cross-linked by p-phe- products ofhormone and guanine nucleotide activation have nyle imaide, yielding structures too large to enter poly- also been obtained, depending on the types of detergents acrlamide gels. -
The Development of Horticultural Science in England, 1910-1930
The Development of Horticultural Science in England, 1910-1930 Paul Smith Department of Science and Technology Studies University College London Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2016 I, Paul Smith, confirm the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm it has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract This thesis explores how horticultural science was shaped in England in the period 1910-1930. Horticultural science research in the early twentieth century exhibited marked diversity and horticulture included bees, chickens, pigeons,pigs, goats, rabbits and hares besides plants. Horticultural science was characterised by various tensions arising from efforts to demarcate it from agriculture and by internecine disputes between government organisations such as the Board of Agriculture, the Board of Education and the Development Commission for control of the innovative state system of horticultural research and education that developed after 1909. Both fundamental and applied science research played an important role in this development. This thesis discusses the promotion of horticultural science in the nineteenth century by private institutions, societies and scientists and after 1890 by the government, in order to provide reference points for comparisons with early twentieth century horticultural science. Efforts made by the new Horticultural Department of the Board of Agriculture and by scientists and commercial growers raised the academic status of