Plant Associations of the Olympic Nationalforest

Home , Botrychium boreale, Hamma Hamma River, Humptulips River, Hypogymnia imshaugii, Olympic Mountains, Olympic National Forest

United States Department of Agriculture Forested Forest Service Plant Associations Pacific Northwest Region of the Olympic R6-ECOL-TP 001-88 1989 National Forest

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'a THE AUTHORS

JAN A. HENDERSON, AREA ECOLOGIST Leader of the ecological classification project for the Olympicand Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forests since 1979. Priorto that he was Assistant Professor of Forest Ecology and Silvicultureat Utah State University. He holds a BS in Forest Managementfrom Washington State University (1968), an MS in Forest Ecology (1970)and a PhD in Botany (1974) from Oregon State University.

DAVID H. PETER, ECOLOGIST Assistant to the Area Ecologist, he has worked on the projectsince 1980. He has been involved with all aspects of theproject,with primary responsibility for collection and analysis of soil data.He earned a BS in Biology from The College of Idaho (1973) andan MS in Botany from Washington State University (1977).

ROBIN D. LESHER, ECOLOGIST Assistant to the Area Ecologist, she has workedon this project since 1984. She has been involved in all aspects of the project, and had primary responsibility for moss and lichen taxonomy andecology. Prior to this project, she worked severalyears doing botanical and ecological surveys in the North Cascades. She holdsa BS (1979) and an MS (1983) in Biology from Western Washington University.

DAVID C. SHAW Currently a PhD candidate at the University of Washington,College of Forest Resources. He has worked on this projectas a Biological Technician since 1984. He had responsibility for field identificationof diseases and insects and wrote sections dealing with thesesubjects. He holds a BS in Biology from Northern Arizona University(1977) and an MS in Biology from Western Washington University (1982). Forested Plant Associations of the Olympic NationalForest

by Jan A.Henderson David H. Peter Robin D. Lesher David C. Shaw

USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region

R6 ECOL TECHNICAL PAPER 001-88

June 1989 ABSTRACT

A potential vegetation classification system is presented for theOlympic National Forest.It is based on a sample of 1046 Reconnaissance and 408 Intensiveplots. The hierarchical classification includes sixvegetation series and 64 plant associations. Diagnostickeys are presented to aid in the identification of series and associations. Descriptionsare presented for each series and association which are oriented toward the application of this classification forland management objectives.Association descriptions include information about plant speciesoccurrences, including mosses and lichens, mammals, birds, insectpests and diseases. Most descriptions include information on timber productivity and soils. Backgroundinformation is also presented on the ecology, geology, soils and history of the Olympic Mountains.

Key words: vegetation classification, climax vegetation,climax plant communities, plant association, vegetation series, plant community ecology, forest ecology,mosses, lichens, birds, mammals, forest diseases, timber productivity, soil, Olympic Mountains.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many people contributed to this publication, toomany in fact, to fully acknowledge here. Since the beginning of this project in 1979, several Regional Foresters,Forest Supervisors and Forest Staff have supported and encouraged this project. At thepresent time they are J. Torrence, D. MacWilliams, 1. Stubblefield, D. Yates and R. Dearsley. Especiallysignificant for their technical support and encouragement are Regional Ecologists, F. Hall and L. Volland, whonot only initiated the project but who have made significant technical and professionalcontributions. Many people assisted the authors on field crews during the project. Theyare L. Ecklund, J. Evans, A. Freed, M. Freiberg, J. Koontz, L. O'Callahan, A. Pemberton, L. Potash,0. Rial, B. Schrader, R. Tokach and S. Wagstaff. In addition to these crew members,many others assisted on an occasional or short-term basis. They include W. Brown, R. Crawford, 0. Daoust, 1. Endo,A. Gold, S. Greene, F. Hall, B. Henderson, P. Morgan, F. Rhoades, R. Schuller,M. Sheehan, G. Van der Rey, L. Volland, M. Webster and J. Wirsing. Primary responsibility for studydesign and interpretation of results belongs to the senior author. 0. Peter did most of the soilprofile analysis and interpretation; M. Webster did some soil profile descriptions. ft Lesher hadprimary responsibility for moss and lichen taxonomy and analysis, with consultation from F. Rhoadesand J. Ammirati. 0. Shaw was responsible for much of the disease and insect information. R.Lesher, D. Shaw and B. Schrader were responsible for much of the field identification of birds. R. Lesheranalyzed the bird and mammal data, and C. ChappeD prepared the table ofcommon breeding forest birds. N. Buckingham was consulted on some taxonomicaspects and verified some vascular plant specimens. Many of the computer programs used in the projectwere developed or modified by M. Connelly, L. Volland or 0. Wheeler. D. Hoodand J. Vosburgh helped in many ways with computer applications.Special thanks is extended to the following people for their review comments: J. Franklin, R. Tabor, J. Hadfietd, K. Russell, B. Leonard,K. McAllister, L. Volland, F. Hall, S. Simon 1. Stubblefield, K. Coon, C. Williams,J. Nelson, M. Madrid and W. Jennings. G. Saunders assisted in design and publication details.Finally, the senior author wishes to acknowledge the indirect contribution of four people--W.Chilcote, R. Daubenmire, J. Franklin and R. Pfister, whose ideas and philosophies greatly influencedthe ecological approaches used here.

Cover photo by Asahel Curtis, Courtesy theWashington State Historical Society. TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION 1 Page

Introduction 1 A. Origin of the Plant Association Concept 1 B. Region 6 Ecology Program 1 2 C. Objectives Area History History of Indian Cultures 7 History of European Exploration and Discovery 9 Settlement History 10 History of Olympic National Forest 4.FireHistory 12 5. Wind Disturbance History 22 6. Geology 22 Geologic History of the Olympics 25 Bedrock Geology 27 C, Glacial History 31 D. Changes in Sea Level 32 7. Climate 32 Climatic History 34 Current Climate 38 8. Environmental Zones 44 9. Soils Environmental Factors 47 Effects of Different Types of Rock 48 Types of Regolith 49 Organic Matter 50 Common Soil Orders 52 10. Vegetation 52 Overview Paleobotanical History Botanical History Previous Ecological Studies Taxonomic Considerations Indicator Species Endangered, Threatened and Sensitive Species 60 61 Cryptogams Disease and Insects Root Disease Pathogens 69 Heart and Butt Rots 70 Dwarf Mistletoe 70 Insects 71 11. Animals 71 Mammals BirdS 76 Amphibians and Reptiles 77 12. Methods Sample Design 77 Plot Design . 77 Analysis CONTENTS (Continued)

D. Classification 77 E. Timber Productivity Analysis 78 Site Index 78 Growth Basal Area (GBA) 79 Site Index-Yield Table 80 Site Index-Growth Basal Area (Sl-GBA) 81 Empirical Yield 82 F. Soil Methods 82 Soil Pit Location and Profile Description 82 Soil Nutrients 82 Soil Temperature 83 Soil Moisture 83 Soil Classification 84 G. Construction of Keys 84 SEC11ON2

1.Introduction to the Classification 87 How to Identify the Plant Association 87 Key to the Series 88 2. The Classification 89

A. Douglas-fir SerIes 89 Key to the Douglas-fir Associations 92 Douglas-fir/Kinniinnick Association 96 Douglasfir/OceansprayBaldhip Rose Association 100 Douglas-fir/Salal Association 104

B. Mountain Hemlock Series 109 Key to the Mountain Hemlock Associations 112 Mountain Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry Association 116 Mountain Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/Avalanche Lily Association 120 Mountain Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/Beargrass Association 124 Mountain Hemlock/Big Huckleberry-Alaska Huckleberry Association 126 Mountain Hemlock/Big Huckleberry/Beargrass Association 130 Mountain Hemlock/Red Heather-Blueleaf Huckleberry Association 132 Mountain Hemlock/White Rhododendron-Big Huckleberry Association 136

C. Silver Fir Series 139 Key to the Silver Fir Associations 143 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry Association 152 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Avalanche Lily Association 156 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Beargrass Association 160 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Foamflower Association 164 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-oregongrape Association 168 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Oxalis Association 172 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Queen's Cup Association 176 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberryfrwinflower Association 180 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-white Rhododendron Association 184 Silver Fir/Beargrass Association 186 Silver Fir/Big Huckleberry/aeargrass Association 190 Silver Fir/Depauperate Association 194 CONTENTS (Continued)

Silver Fir/Devil's Club Association 198 Silver Fir/Oxalis Association 202 Silver Fir/Rhododendron Association 206 Silver Fir/Rhododendron-Alaska Huckleberry Association 210 Silver Fir/Salal Association 214 Silver Fir/Salal/Deerfern Association 218 Silver Fir/Salal/Oxalis Association 222 Silver Fir/Skunkcabbage Association 226 Silver Fir/Swordfern Association 230 Silver Fir/Swordfern-Oxalis Association 234 Silver FirNanillaleaf-Foamflower Association 238

D. Sitka Spruce Series 243 1) Ska Spruce/Swordfern-Oxalis Association 248

E. Subalpine Fir Series 253 Key to the Subalpine Fir Associations 256 Subalpine Fir/Big Huckleberry Association 260 Subalpine Fir/Common Juniper Association 264 Subalpine Fir/Subalpine Lupine Association 268 Subalpine Fir/White Rhododendron Association 272

F. Western Hemlock Series 277 Key to the Western Hemlock Associations 282 Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry Association 290 Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/BeargraSS Association 294 Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/Oxalis Association 298 Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry-Salal Association 302 Western Hemlock/Beargrass Association 306 Western Hemlock/Depauperate Association 310 Western Hemlock/Devil's Club Association 314 Western Hemlock/Oregongrape Association 318 Western Hemlock/Oregongrape/Swordfern Association 322 Western Hemlock/Oxalis Association 326 Western Hemlock/Rhododendron Association 330 Western Hemlock/RhododendrOrl/BeargraSs Association 334 Western Hemlock/RhododendrOn-Oregongrape Association 338 Western Hemlock/RhododendrOn-Salal Association 342 Western Hemlock/RhododefldrOntSWOrdfern Association 346 Western Hemlock/Salal Association 350 Western Hemlock/Salal/Beargrass Association 354 Western Hemlock/Salal-Evergreen Huckleberry Association 358 Western Hemlock/Salal-Oceanspray Association 362 Western Hemlock/Salal-Oregongrapa Association 366 Western Hemlock/Salal/Oxalis Association 370 Western Hen,lock/Salal/Swordfern Association 374 Western Hemlock/Skunkcabbage Association 378 Western Hemlock/Swordfern-Foamflower Association 382 Western Hemlock/Swordfern-Oxalis Association 386 Western HemlockNanillaleaf Association 390 CONTENTS (Continued)

SECTION 3

1. References Cited 2. Appendix 1. Field Procedures and Plot Cards 413 A. Field Procedures 415 1) Stand Selection and Plot Location 415 2) Plot Size and Layout 415 3) Referencing the Plot 415 4) Field Instructions 416 B. Methods For Estimating Cover 420 C. Tables of Field Codes 420 1) Field Codes-Recon Card 417 2) Tree Condition Codes 419 3) Tables of Plot Sizes 421 4)Plot Cards 422 3. Appendix 2. Summary of Soil Data 429 1) Plant Associations by Soil Great Group 431 2) Soil Great Groups by Plant Association 432 3) Summary of Soil Pit Data 433 4) Macronutrient Concentrations by Plant Association 434 5) Micronutrient Concentrations by Plant Association 435 6) Plant Associations Ordered by Moisture Variables 436 7) Soil Temperatures by Plant Association 439 8) Methods for Soil Chemical Analysis 440 4. Appendix 3. Species Lists and Codes 441 1) Ecoclass Codes for Plant Associations 443 2) Plot Distribution by Plant Association and RangerDistrict 444 3) Plant Association Groups 445 4) Vascular Plant Species Encountered in Sampling 448 5) Mean Absolute Cover Values of Trees, Shrubs and Herbsby Plant Association 452 6) Birds of the Olympic National Forest 475 5. Appendix 4. Curves and Equations 481 1) Height Curves for Tree Species 483 2) Height Curve Equations 49(J 3) Site Index Curve Equations 492 4) Other Equations 494 5) Culmination of Mean Annual Increment Curves 496 6) Equations of Empirical Volume and MAI Curves 497 7) List of Oldest and Biggest Trees Encountered in Sampling 500 6. Key to the Plant Associations of the Olympic National Forest 501 LIST OF FIGURES Page

2 Figure 1.Photo of southeastern Olympic Mountains, La Bar Creek andMt. Tebo 3 Figure 2.Map of Olympic Peninsula showing the Olympic NationalForest. 11 Figure 3.Felling a large old Douglas-fir on the Olympic Peninsula. Figure 4. Map of Olympic Peninsula showing the remnant stands fromthe fire about 1508 13 14 Figure 5. Map of Olympic Peninsula showing the remnant standsfrom the fire about 1701 15 Figure 6. The longlerm sunspot cycle. 16 Figure 7.Acres burned on the Olympic National Forest, 1905 to 1985 18 Figure 8.The Forks Fire of 1951 21 Figure 9.Photo of windthrown timber from the "21 Blow" storm of 1921 23 Figure 10.Geologic Time Line showing the major events in the building ofthe Olympic Mountains. 24 Figure 11. The origin of the Olympic Mountains 26 Figure 12. Map of the bedrock geology of the Olympic Mountains 27 Figure 13.Pillow basalt from the Crescent Formation, upper DungenessRiver Valley Figure 14.Sandstone outcrop representing the sedimentary core rocksfrom Three Peaks 27 in the southern Olympics. Figure 15. The climate of the past 25,000 years as depicted by meanannual temperature. 28 29 Figure 16. Map of the extent of glaciation during the Vashon Stade 31 Figure 17.Photo from the Olympic Mountains showing the Little Ice Ageeffect Figure 18. Map of mean annual precipitation for the Olympic Peninsula 35 36 Figure 19.Precipitation by environmental zone 36 Figure 20.Rate of increase of precipitation by environmental zone 37 Figure 21. Summer precipitation for Olympia weather station, 1920-1983 37 Figure 22.Winter snowpack at Hurricane Ridge Figure 23. Aspect-elevation curves for the Silver Fir Zone 39 40 Figure 24. Map of environmental zones. Figure 25. Map of vegetation zones based on aspect-elevation curves andenvironmental zones 41 Figure 26. Map of Olympic Peninsula showing the relationship between groups of environmental zones and forest fire frequency 42 43 Figure 27.Distribution of tree species by elevation and environmental zone 45 Figure 28.Soil temperature regimes 46 Figure 29.Soil temperature profiles by elevation band for environmental zone groups Figure 30.Diagram showing the relative distribution of the major vegetation zones for the Olympic National Forest 53 69 Figure 31.Photo of the conk Fomitopsis pinicola on a western hemlock log 78 Figure 32. Map of plot locations on the Olympic National Forest 80 Figure 33. GBA conversion factor curve 80 Figure 34. GSA age correction factor Figure 35. Comparison of yields from Sl-GBA and yield table methods 81 82 Figure 36. Map of soil pit locations environmental zone 83 Figure 37.Difference between summer and winter soil temperature at 50 cm depth, by Figure 38. Mean annual soil temperature by elevation and environmental zone 84 93 Figure 39. Map of the Douglas-fir Zone on the Olympic Peninsula 97 Figure 40. Map of plot locations for the Douglas-fir/Kinnikinnick Association 99 Figure 41. Photo of the Douglas-fir/Kinnikinnick Association Figure 42. Map of plot locations for the Douglas-fir/OceanSpray-Baldhip RoseAssociation 101 Figure 43. Photo of the Douglas-fir/Oceanspray-BaldhiP Rose Association 103 Figure 44. Map of plot locations for the Douglas-fir/Salal Association 105 107 Figure 45.Photo of the Douglas-fir/Salal Association FIGURES (Continued)

Figure 46. Map of the Mountain Hemlock Zone on the Olympic Peninsula i 13 Figure 47. Map of plot locations for the Mountain Hemlock/AlaskaHuckleberry Association 117 Figure 48.Photo of the Mountain Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry Association 119 Figure 49. Map of plot locations for the Mountain Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/AvalancheLily Association 121 Figure 50.Photo of the Mountain Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/Avalanche Lily Association 123 Figure 51. Map of plot locations for the Mountain Hemlock/AlaskaHuckleberry! Beargrass Association 125 Figure 52. Map of plot locations for the Mountain Hemlock/Big Huckleberry-AlaskaHuckleberry Association 127 Figure 53. Photo of the Mountain Hemlock/Big Huckleberry-Alaska Huckleberry Association 129 Figure 54. Map of plot locations for the Mountain Hemlock/BigHuckleberry! Beargrass Association 131 Figure 55. Map of plot locations for the Mountain Hemlock/Red Heather-BlueleafHuckleberry Association 133 Figure 56. Photo of the Mountain Hemlock/Red Heather-Blueleaf Huckleberry Association 135 Figure 57. Map of plot locations for the Mountain Hemlock /WhiteRhododendron-Big Huckleberry Association 137 Figure 58. Map of the Silver Fir Zone on the Olympic Peninsula 144 Figure 59. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Alaska HuckleberryAssociation 153 Figure 60. Photo of the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry Association 155 Figure 61. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/AvalancheLily Association 157 Figure 62. Photo of the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Avalanche Lily Association 159 Figure 63. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Beargrass Association 161 Figure 64. Photo of the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Beargrass Association 163 Figure 65. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/FoamflowerAssociation 165 Figure 66. Photo of the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Foamflower Association 167 Figure 67. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-OregongrapeAssociation 169 Figure 68. Photo of the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-Oregongrape Association 171 Figure 69. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/ Alaska Huckleberry/Oxalis Association 173 Figure 70.Photo of the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Oxalis Association 175 Figure 71. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Queen'sCup Association 177 Figure 72. Photo of the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Queen's Cup Association 179 Figure 73. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/TwinflowerAssociation 181 Figure 74.Photo of the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Twinflower Association 183 Figure 75. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-White RhododendronAssociation 185 Figure 76. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Beargrass Association 187 Figure 77.Photo of the Silver Fir/Beargrass Association 189 Figure 78. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Big Huckleberry/Beargrass Association i 91 Figure 79.Photo of the Silver Fir/Big Huckleberry/Beargrass Association i Figure 80. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Depauperate Association 195 Figure 81. Photo of the Silver fir/Depauperate Association 197 Figure 82. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Devil's Club Association 199 Figure 83. Photo of the Silver Fir/Devil's Club Association 201 Figure 84. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Oxalis Association 203 Figure 85.Photo of the Silver Fir/Oxalis Association 205 Figure 86. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Rhododendron Association 207 Figure 87.Photo of the Silver Fir/Rhododendron Association 209 Figure 88. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Rhododendron-Alaska HuckleberryAssociation 211 Figure 89.Photo of the Silver Fir/Rhododendron-Alaska Huckleberry Association 213 Figure 90. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Salal Association 215 Figure 91.Photo of the Silver Fir/Salal Association 217 Figure 92. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Salal/Deerfern Association 219 Figure 93.Photo of the Silver Fir/Salal/Deerferr, Association 221 Figure 94. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Salal/Oxalis Association 223 Figure 95.Photo of the Silver Fir/Salal/Oxalis Association 225 FIGURES (Continued)

227 Figure 96. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/SkunkcabbageAssociation 229 Figure 97.Photo of the Silver Fir/Skunkcabbage Association Figure 98. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/SworcifernAssociation 231 233 Figure 99. Photo of the Silver Fir/Swordferri Association 235 Figure 100. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Swordfern-OxalisAssociation 237 Figure 101. Photo of the Silver Fir/Swordfern-OXaliS Association 239 Figure 102. Map of plot locations for the Silver FirNanillaleaf-FoamflowerAssociation 241 Figure 103. Photo of the Silver FirNanillaleaf-Foamf lower Association 246 Figure 104. Map of the Sitka Spruce Zone on the Olympic Peninsula Figure 105. Map of plot locations for the Sitka Spruce/Swordfern-OxaliSAssociation 249 251 Figure 106. Photo of the Sitka Spruce/Swordfern-OXalis Association 257 Figure 107. Map of the Subalpine Fir Zone on the Olympic Peninsula Figure 108. Map of plot locations for the Subalpine Fir/Big HuckleberryAssociation 261 Figure 109. Photo of the Subalpine Fir/Big Huckleberry Association 263 Figure 110. Map of plot locations for the Subalpine Fir/CommonJuniper Association 265 267 Figure 111. Photo of the Subalpine Fir/Common Juniper Association 269 Figure 112. Map of plot locations for the Subalpine Fir/Subalpine LupineAssociation Figure 113. Photo of the Subalpine Fir/Subalpine Lupine Association 271 273 Figure 114. Map of plot locations for the Subalpine FirfWhiteRhododendron Association 275 Figure 115. Photo of the Subalpine Fir/White Rhododendron Association Figure 116. Map of the Western Hemlock Zone on the OlympicPeninsula 283 291 Figure 117. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/AlaskaHuckleberry Association 293 Figure 118. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Alaska HuckleberryAssociation 295 Figure 119. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/AlaskaHuckleberrylBeargrasS Association 297 Figure 120. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/BeargrasSAssociation 299 Figure 121. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/AlaskaHuckleberry/Oxalis Association Figure 122. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/OxalisAssociation 301 Figure 123. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/AlaskaHuckleberry-Salal Association 303 305 Figure 124. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry-SalalAssociation 307 Figure 125. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/BeargraSsAssociation 309 Figure 126. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Beargrass Association 311 Figure 127. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/DepauperateAssociation 313 Figure 128. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Depauperate Association 315 Figure 129. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Devil's ClubAssociation 317 Figure 130. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Devils Club Association 319 Figure 131. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/OregongrapeAssociation 321 Figure 132. Photo of the Western Hemlock/OregongraPe Association 323 Figure 133. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Oregongrape/SwordfernAssociation 325 Figure 134. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Oregoflgrape/SWOrdfernAssociation 327 Figure 135. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/OxaliSAssociation 329 Figure 136. Photo of the Western Hemlock/OxaliS Association Figure 137. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock /RhododendronAssociation 331 333 Figure 138. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Rhododendron Association 335 Figure 139. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Rhododendron/Beargrass Association 337 Figure 140. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Rhododendron/BeargraSSAssociation Figure 141. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Rhododendron-Oregongrape Association 339 341 Figure 142. Photo of the Western Hemlock/RhododefldrOn-OregOflgrapeAssociation Figure 143. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Rhododendron-SalalAssociation 343 345 Figure 144. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Rhododendon-SalalAssociation Figure 145. Map of plot locations for the WesternHemlock/Rhododendron/SwOrdfern Association 347 FIGURES (Continued) Figure 146. Photo of the Western Hemlock/RhodociendronlSwordfern Association 349 Figure 147. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Salal Association 351 Figure 148. Photo of the Western Hemlock/SalalAssociation Figure 149. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Salal/Beargrass Association 355 Figure 150. Photo of the WesternHemlock/Salal/Beargrass Association Figure 151. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Salal-Evergreen Huckleberry Association 359 Figure 152. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Salal-Evergreen Huckleberry Association 361 Figure 153. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Salal-Oceanspray Association 363 Figure 154. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Salal-oceanspray Association 365 Figure 155. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Salal-oregongrape Association 367 Figure 156. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Salal-Oregongrape Association 369 Figure 157. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Salal/Oxalis Association 371 Figure 158. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Salal/Oxalis Association 373 Figure 159. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Salal/Swordfern Association 375 Figure 160. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Salal/Swordfern Association 377 Figure 161. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Skunkcabbage Association 379 Figure 162. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Skunkcabbage Association 381 Figure 163. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Swordfern-Foamflower Association 383 Figure 164. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Swordfern.Foamflower Association 385 Figure 165. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Swordfern-Oxalis Association 387 Figure 166. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Swordfern-Oxalis Association 389 Figure 167. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock,Vanillaleaf Association 391 Figure 168. Photo of the Western HemlockNanillaleaf Association 393 Figure 169. Plot card 1-Reconnaissance Card 422 Figure 170. Plot card 2-Fixed Area Tree Tally Card 423 Figure 171. Plot card 3-Other Organism Card 424 Figure 172. Plot card 4-Seedling/Sapling Card 425 Figure 173. Plot card 5-Tree Damage Card 426 Figure 174. Plot card 6-Soil Pit Card 427 Figure 175. Height growth curves for Douglas-fir (McArdle and Meyer 1930) 4.83 Figure 176. Height growth curves for Douglas-fir (Curtis et al. 1974) 483 Figure 177. Height growth curves for Douglas-fir (King 1966) 484 Figure 178. Height growth curves for for western redcedar (Hegyi et al. 1979) 484 Figure 179. Height growth curves for red alder (Hegyi et al. 1979) 485 Figure 180. Height growth curves for red alder (Worthington et al. 1960) 485 Figure 181. Height growth curves for western hemlock (Barnes 1962) 486 Figure 182. Height growth curves for western hemlock (Wiley 1978a) 486 Figure 183. Height growth curves for Sitka spruce (Hegyi et al. 1979) 487 Figure 184. Height growth curves for mountain hemlock (Hegyi et al. 1979) 487 Figure 185. Height growth curves for silver fir (Hoyer and Herman in press) 488 Figure 186. Height growth curves for silver fir (Hegyi et al. 1979) 488 Figure 187. Height growth curves for lodgepole pine (Hegyi et al. 1979) 489 Figure 188. Height growth curves for subalpine fir (Hegyi et al. 1979) 489 Figure 189. Culmination of mean annual incrementcurves for Douglas-fir, Western hemlock, Sitka spruce and red alder 496 Figure 190. Empirical volume and mean annual incrementcurves for the Western Hemlock and Sitka Spruce Series 497 Figure 191. Empirical volume and mean annual incrementcurves for the Silver Fir and Mountain Hemlock Series 498 Figure 192. Empirical volume and mean annual incrementcurves for the Douglas-fir and Subalpine Fir Series 499 LIST OF TABLES Page

Table 1. History of Indian cultures of the Olympic Peninsula 4 Table 2. Summary of fire history statistics by vegetation zone 19 Table 3. Temperature and precipitation data for weather stations on theOlympic Peninsula 34 Table 4. Weathering characteristics of major Olympic rocks 47 Table 5. Summary of major Olympic soil orders 51 Table 6. Indicator species of the Olympic National Forest 59 Table 7. Endangered, threatened, sensitive and monitor plants known or suspected to occur on the Olympic National Forest 60 Table S. Common mosses, lichens and UverwortS of forest floor, downwood and lower tree boles 61 Table 9. Common epiphylic lichens, mosses and liverworts recorded onforest plots 62 Table 10. Common diseases and insect pests on the Olympic NationalForest. 63 Table 11. Field observations of major diseases on Olympic NationalForest by plant association for the Silver Fir, Sftka Spruce and Western Hemlock Series 64 Table 12. Symptoms and signs of four Important forest root diseasesof the Olympic National Forest 65 Table 13. Relative susceptibility of conifers on the Olympic National Forest todamage by four root diseases 66 Table 14. Mammals of the Olympic National Forest 71 Table 15. Seasonality, habitat, food preference and nest habits of commonbreeding forest birds on the Olympic National Forest 73 Table 16. Amphibians and reptiles of the Olympic National Forest 76 Table 17. Environmental values for associations in the Douglas-fir Series 94 Table 18. Mean relative cover values and constancy of trees, shrubs andherbs for associations in the Douglas-fir Series 95 Table 19. Common plants in the Douglas-fir/Kinnikinnick Association 96 Table 20. Timber productivity values for the Douglas-fir/Kinflikinnick Association 98 Table 21. Common plants in the Douglas-fir/Oceanspray-BaldhiP Rose Association 100 Table 22. Timber productivity values for the Douglas-fir/Ocearrspray-BaldhiPRose Association 102 Table 23. Common plants in the Douglas-fir/Salal Association 104 Table 24. Timber productivity values for the Douglas-fir/Salal Association 106 Table 25. Environmental values for associations in the Mountain HemlockSeries 114 Table 26. Mean relative cover values and constancy of trees, shrubs and herbsfor associations in the Mountain Hemlock Series 115 Table 27. Common plants in the Mountain Hemlock/AlaskaHuckleberryAssociatiOn 116 120 Table 28. Common plants in the Mountain Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/AvalancheLily Association Table 29. Timber productivity values for the Mountain Hemlock AlaskaHuckleberry/Avalanche Lily Association 122 Table 30. Common plants in the Mountain Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/BeargraSSAssociation 124 Table 31. Common plants in the Mountain Hemlock/Big Huckleberry-AlaskaHuckleberry Association 126 Table 32. Common plants in the Mountain Hemlock/Big Huckleberry/BeargrassAssociation 130 Table 33. Common plants in the Mountain Hemlock/Red Heather-Blueleaf HuckleberryAssociation 132 136 Table 34. Common plants in the Mountain Hemlock/White Rhododendron-BigHuckleberry Association Table 35. Environmental values for associations In the Silver Fir Series 146 Table 36. Mean relative cover values and constancy of trees, shrubs andherbs for associations in the Silver Fir Series 148 Table 37. Common plants in the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry Association 152 Table 38. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/AlaskaHuckleberry Association 154 Table 39. Common plants in the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/AvalancheLily Association 156 Table 40. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/AlaskaHuckleberry/Avalanche Lily Association 158 Table 41. Common plants in the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/BeargraSS.ASSOCiatiOn 160 Table 42. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/AlaskaHuckleberry/BeargraSS Association 162 TABLES (Continued)

Table 43. Common plants in the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Foamflower Association 164 Table 44. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/AlaskaHuckleberry/Foamflower Association 166 Table 45. Common plants in the Silver Fir/AlaskaHuckleberry/Oregongrape Association 168 Table 46. Common plants in the Silver Fir/AlaskaHuckleberry/Oxalis Association 172 Table 47. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/AlaskaHuckleberry/Oxalis Association 174 Table 48. Common plants in the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/QueensCup Association 176 Table 49. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/AlaskaHuckleberry/Queen's Cup Association 178 Table 50. Common plants in the Silver Fir/AlaskaHuckleberryfrwinflower Association 180 Table 51. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/AlaskaHuckleberry/Twinflower Association 182 Table 52. Common plants in the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-WhiteRhododendron Association 184 Table 53. Common plants in the Silver Fir/Beargrass Association 186 Table 54. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/BeargrassAssociation 188 Table 55. Common plants in the Silver Fir Big Huckleberry/BeargrassAssociation 190 Table 56. Timber productivity values for the Silver FirBig Huckleberry/Beargrass Association 192 Table 57. Common plants in the Silver Fir/DepauperateAssociation 194 Table 58. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/DepauperatAssociation 196 Table 59. Common plants in the Silver Fir/Devil's Club Association 198 Table 60. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/Devil'sClub Association 200 Table 61. Common plants in the Silver Fir/Oxalis Association 202 Table 62. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/OxalisAssociation 204 Table 63. Common plants in the Silver Fir/Rhododendron Association 206 Table 64. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/RhododendronAssociation 208

Table 65. Common plants in the Silver Fir/Rhododendron-AlaskaHuckleberry Association 210 Table 66. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/Rhododendron-AlaskaHuckleberry Association 212 Table 67. Common plants in the Silver Fir/Salal Association 214 Table 68. Common plants in the Silver Fir/Salal/Deel-fern Association 218 Table 69. Common plants in the Silver Fir/Salal/OxalisAssociation 222 Table 70. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/Salal/OxalisAssociation 224 Table 71. Common plants in the Silver Fir/Skunkcabbage Association 226 Table 72. Common plants in the Silver Fir/Swordfern Association 230 Table 73. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/Swordfern Association 232 Table 74. Common plants in the Silver Fir/Swordfern-Oxalis Association 234 Table 75. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/Swordfern-OxalisAssociation 236 Table 76. Common plants in the Silver Fir/Vanillaleaf-Foamfiower Association 238 Table 77. Timber productivity values for the Silver FirNanillaleaf-FoamflowerAssociation 240 Table 78. Environmental values for the Sitka Spruce/Swordfern-Oxalis Association 247 Table 79. Mean relative cover values and constancy of trees, shrubsand herbs for the Sitka Spruce/Swordfern-Oxalis Association 247 Table 80. Common plants in the Sitka Spruce/Swordfern-Qxalis Association 248 Table 81. Timber productivity values for the Sitka Spruce/Swordfern-OxalisAssociation 250 Table 82. Environmental values for associations in the Subalpine Fir Series 258 Table 83. Mean relative cover values and constancy of trees, shrubs andherbs for associations in the Subalpine Fir Series 259 Table 84. Common plants in the Subalpine Fir/Big Huckleberry Association 260 Table 85. Timber productivity values for the Subalpine Fir/Big HuckleberryAssociation 262 Table 86. Common plants in the Subalpine Fir/Common Juniper Association 264 Table 87. Timber productivity values for the Subalpine Fir/Common JuniperAssociation 266 Table 88. Common plants in the Subalpine Fir/Subalpine Lupine Association 268 Table 89. Timber productivity values for the Subalpine Fir/Subalpine LupineAssociation 270 Table 90. Common plants in the Subalpine Fir/White RhododendronAssociation 272 TABLES (Continued) 274 Table 91. Timber productivity values for theSubalpine Fir/White Rhododendron Association 284 Table 92. Environmental values for associationsin the Western Hemlock Series Table 93. Mean relative cover values and constancyof trees, shrubs and herbs for associations 286 in the Western Hemlock Series 290 Table 94. Common plants in the WesternHemlock/Alaska Huckleberry Association 292 Table 95. Timber productivity values for theWestern Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry Association 294 Table 96. Common plants in the WesternHemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/BeargraSS Association Association 296 Table 97. Timber productivity values for theWestern Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/BeargrasS 298 Table 98. Common plants in the WesternHemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/Oxa!iS Association 300 Table 99. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/OXaliS Association 302 Table 100. Common plants in the Western Hemlock/AlaskaHuckleberry-Salal Association 304 Table 101. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/Alaska Huckleberry-Salal Association 306 Table 102. Common plants in the WesternHemlock/BeargrasS Association 308 Table 103. Timber productivity values for theWestern HemloCk/BeargraSS Association 310 Table 104. Common plants in the WesternHemlock/Depauperate Association 312 Table 105. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/Depauperate Association 314 Table 106. Common plants in the WesternHemlock/Devil's Club Association 316 Table 107, Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/Devil's Club AssociatiOn 318 Table 108. Common plants in the WesternHemlock/OregOngrape Association 320 Table 109. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/OregOngraPe Association 322 Table 110. Common plants in the WesternHemlock/Oregongrape/SWordferfl Association 324 Table 111. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/OregoflgraPe/SWordfern Association 326 Table 112. Common plants in the WesternHemlock/Oxalis Association 328 Table 113. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/Oxalis Association 330 Table 114. Common plants in the WesternHemlock/Rhododendron Association 332 Table 115. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/Rhododendron Association 334 Table 116, Common plants in the WesternHemlock/RhododendrOn/Beargrass Association 336 Table 117. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/RhododefldrOn/Beargrass Association 338 Table 118. Common plants in the Western HemlockRhododertdronOregOnQrape Association 340 Table 119. Timber productivity values for the Westernemlock/Rhododendron-OregOngraPe Association 342 Table 120. Common plants in the WesternHemlock/RhodOdendrOn.Salal Association 344 Table 121. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/RhododendrOn-Salal Association 346 Table 122. Common plants in the WesternHemlock/RhodOdendrOn/SWOrdfern Association 348 Table 123. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/RhodOdendrOn/Swordfern Association 350 Table 124. Common plants in the Western Hemlock/SalalAssociation 352 Table 125. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/Salal Association 354 Table 126. Common plants in the Western Hemlock/Salal/BeargrasSAssociation 356 Table 127. Timber productivity values for the WesternHernlock/Salal/BeargraSS Association 358 Table 128. Common plants in the WesternHemlock/$alal-EVergreen Huckleberry Association 360 Table 129. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/Salal-Evergreefl Huckleberry Association 362 Table 130. Common plants in the Western Hemlock/Salal-OceansprayAssociation 364 Table 131. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/Salal-OCeanSPraY Association 366 Table 132. Common plants in the Western Hemlock/Salal-OregoflgraPeAssociation 368 Table 133. Timber productivity values for the WesternHernlock/Salal-OregOflgfape Association 370 Table 134. Common plants in the Western Hemlock/Salal/OxaliSAssociation 372 Table 135. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/Salal/OXalis Association 374 Table 136. Common plants in the Western Hemlock/Salal/SwOrdfernAssociation 376 Table 137. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/Salal/SwOrdfern AssOciatiOn 378 Table 138. Common plants in the Western Hemlock/SkunkCabbageAssociation 380 Table 139. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/Skuflkcabbage Association 382 Table 140. Common plants in the Western Hemlock/Swordferfl-Foamflower Association TABLES (Continued) Table 141. Timber productivity valuesfor the Western Hemlock/Swordfern.Foamflower Association 384 Table 142. Common plants in theWestern Hemlock/SworctfernOxalis Association 386 Table 143. Timber productivity valuesfor the Western Hemlock/SwordfernOxalis Association 388 Table 144. Common plants in the Western HemlockNanjilaleaf Association 390 Table 145. Timber productivity valuesfor the Western Hemlock/Vanillaleaf Association 392 Table 146. Field codes-Recon card 417 Table 147. Tree condition codes 419 Table 148. Plot sizes 421 Table 149. Critical areas for plot sizes 421 Table 150. Summary of plantassociations by soil great group 431 Table 151. Summary of soil greatgroup by plant association 432 Table 152. Summary of selected soilpit data by plant association 433 Table 153. Macronutrientconcentration by plant association 434 Table 154. Micronutrient concentrationby plant association 435 Table 155. Plant associations of the Western Hemlock, Sitka Spruce and Douglas-firSeries ranked by three moisture variables 436 Table 156. Plant associations of the SilverFir, Mountain Hemlock and SubalpineFir Series ranked by three moisture variables 436 Table 157. Plant associations of the WesternHemlock, Sitka Spruce and Douglas-fir Series ordered by values for three moisture variables 437 Table 158. Plant associations of the SilverFir, Mountain Hemlock and SubalpineFir Series ordered by values for three moisture variables 438 Table 159. Twenty centimeter soiltemperature data by plant association 439 Table 160. Summary of laboratory mehodsused for soil chemical analysis by Oregon State University Soil Testing Laboratory 440 Table 161. Ecoclass codes for Plant Associations of the Olympic National Forest 443 Table 162. Plot distribution by plantassociation and ranger district 444 Table 163. Olympic National Forest PlantAssociation Groups for vegetation stratification for Integrated Resource Inventory 445 Table 164. Vascular plant speciesencountered in sampling forest habitats 448 Table 165. Mean absolute cover valuesof trees, shrubs and herbs for associations in the Douglas-fir Series 452 Table 168. Mean absolute cover valuesof trees, shrubs and herbs for associations in the Mountain Hemlock Series454 Table 167. Mean absolute cover valuesof trees, shrubs and herbs for associations in the Silver Fir Series 456 Table 168. Mean absolute cover valuesof trees, shrubs and herbs for the Sitka Spruce/SwordfernOxalis Association 464 Table 169. Mean absolute cover values oftrees, shrubs and herb for associations in the Subalpine Fir Series 465 Table 170. Mean absolute cover valuesof trees, shrubs and herbs for associations in the Western Hemlock Series 467 Table 171. Birds of the Olympic NationalForest 475 Table 172. Height curve equations for majortrees on the Olympic National Forest 490 Table 173. Site index equations for treeson the Olympic National Forest 492 Table 174. Other equations used to calculatetree, stand and productivity values 494 Table 175. Oldest and biggest treesencountered in ecology plot sampling 500 SECTION 1

Introduction and Background

- History of the Olympics

Geology, Climate and Soils

Flora and Fauna

Methods

INTRODUCTION

Gift ord Pinchot said the Forest Service hasonly two tion was recognized. About the same time the Soil resources--its people and its land. People manage Conservation Service promoted an idea that was the land and the land yields outputs of timber, water, very similar, but with the addition of the elements wildlife, forage, and recreation. The key elementof soil and climate. Their units were called 'range sites' what we mean by however, is the ecosystem. and implied a potential for vegetation development. The job of the Forest Service is to managethe ecosystem for outputs of timber, water,wildlife, for- In the West, early application of the association con- age, or recreational experiences.Maintaining a high cept were by Franklin (1966), Dyrness et al. (1976), level of these outputs is dependent onmaintaining Pfister (1972), Pfister at al. (1977) and Hall (1973). the health and vitality of both resources--thepeople Today classifications of plant associations (and and the ecosystem. Prudent and effective manage- habitat-types using Daubenmire's Li 968] concept) ment of the land requires a high level ofknowledge are available for parts of all Forest Service Regions and understanding about the ecosystem andits in the West. Information is used in forest planning, components. The foundation for this level of man- silviculturalapplications, environmental analysis, agement is an inventory and classificationof and many other aspects of forest and range ecosys- ecosystems. The purpose of this book is to describe tem management. the kinds of ecosystems on the Olympic National Forest in terms of their potential (climax) plant communities and to describe their composition, distribu- Region 6 Ecology Program tion, environment, and opportunities for management. The roots of the Forest Service Region 6 Ecology Program can be traced back to the pioneering work of Fred Hall in the 1950's and 1960's in eastern Origin of the Plant Association Concept Oregon (Hall 1973). Later, with the National Environ- mental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969, federal agencies The use of plants as indicator species and the were directed tO 'utilize ecological informationin the recognition that different sites support different planning and development of resource-oriented plant communities with different resource values projects.' In 1976, the National Forest Management dates back to the 19th century. These ideas were Act (NFMA) identified a number of new areas of formalized in the early 20th century by Europeans emphasis in Forest land and resource management such as Cajander (1926) and Sukachev (1928).Ca- planning, including requirements for integration of jander described site types' in Finland based on inventories, monitoring and prediction of environ- ground cover composition including lichens, and mental changes following management actions. All Sukachev described boreal spruce 'associations' in of these requirements indicated the need for identifi- Russia based on herbs, mosses, and lichens.Not cation, classification and systematic inventoryof only was there the recognition that forests were ecosystems. more than just trees, but that anunderstanding of these other components could aid in the manage- The Regional Ecology Program began about 1973 ment of forests. The concepts of 'site types' and with the publication of Plant Communities ofthe 'associations' allowed us to think more in terms of Blue Mountains (Hall 1973). By 1979, the program whole ecosystems rather than individual species or was formally organized and all Forestsin Oregon commodities. and Washington were served by an Area Ecologist. A memo from Regional Forester R.E. Worthington In the United States these concepts were applied by dated February 28, 1980 (ref 1920) helped define Daubenmire (1952, 1968) in the northern Rocky the objectives of the Ecology Program. 'The pro- Mountains. He merged these ideas and described gram is designed to provide ecological input...tothe the climax ecosystem in terms of the association. He land manager for project level work and for program also described the land area where an association planning.' The objectives are to produce a 'site po- occurs as the 'habitat type'. Thus, the potentialof tential classification generally known as Habitat- the land for supporting a particular kind of vegeta- types (Associations) which are interpreted for man-

1 agement opportunities and limitations, productivity, Objectives regeneration characteristics, range condition and wildlife habitat. When existing vegetation is known The objectives of the current project are to develop and site potential is identified by these ecological and implement a classification of the Forested Plant types, improved management decisions can be Associations of the Olympic National Forest. The made.° Plant associations are identified with Region classification phase of the project was initiallypro- 6 ECOCLASS codes (Hall 1984) and used in the jected to take 10-16 years for the Olympic and Mt. Forest Service's basic resource data storage and Baker-Snoqualmie National Forests. Development retrieval system known as Total Resource Inventory of the potentials and constraints for each associa- (TRI). In a letter (2060) dated May 2, 1983, Regional tion and application of this information into project Forester Jeff Sirmon recognized that the Pacific and Forest management was projected to takean additional 5-8 years. Northwest Region 'leads the nation in plant community classification and noted that, 'These Plant As- A classification of non-forested associations is sociations are particularly helpful in land manage- planned for the future. A sample of 155 non-forest ment because they are designed for cross-function plots is already in hand. Further development of the application.' As of Winter 1989, there are 20 ecolo- potentials, constraints and successional relation- gists in the Region and ten Plant Association guides ships for each association is also planned. A de- have been published with several more near com- tailed computer-based map of groups of associa- pletion or in revision. tions is in progress.

Figure 1. Photo of southeastern Olympic Mountains, Le Bar Creekand Mt. Tebo.

2 AREA

The area covered by this classification includes all area includes five Wilderness Areas with a com- lands under the administration of the Olympic Na- bined area of 88,265 acres and one Research Natu- tional Forest (Figure 2). This amounts to about ral Area (Quinault RNA) with 1468 acres (USDA For- 643419 acres and includes land from sea level (Seal Rock) to 71 34 feet elevation (Mt. Fricaba). This est Service 1987).

STRMT OF JUAN DE FUCA

Figure 2. Map of Olympic Peninsula showing the Olympic National Forest.

3 g1IsToy llhisory ondian CWre the area or became extinct shortly after the close of the Ice Age. The fate of these aboriginal people is The earliest known people on the Olympic Peninsu- unknown. They may have moved on, following the la were hunters and gatherers (Bergland 1983) who bison and caribou to other areas,or may have be- migrated into the area from the south following the come extinct along with the mastodons and mam- ice retreat about 13,000 years ago (Vashon Stade of moths, or they may have become the ancestors of the Fraser Glaciation [Thorson 1980] [see Glacial modern Indian peoples (Table 1). History p. 27]). Little documentation of these people exists. They were nomadic tribes with simple tools The next inhabitants of the area (6,000-9,000 years who left few signs and made a minimum impact on ago) were also hunters and gatherers, but by this the land. Some remains have been found at the time the climate and vegetation had changed (see Manis Mastodon site near Sequim (Gustafson etal. Climatic History p. 32, Paleobotanical History p. 54). 1979) which date these people in the area about This was a warm, dry period when the dominant 12,000 years ago. Some stone tools, worked bone vegetation of the lowlands was probably an open and tusk, and a bone projectile point embedded in woodland dominated by locigepolepine and a mastodon rib, among other artifacts, are currently Douglas-fir, and may have been similar to some all that is known from this early period. Climate at the open forests today of the Rocky Mountains or areas time was cold and dry and the vegetation was arctic of southern Oregon (Deevey and Flint 1957, Heuss- in appearance (Kirk and Daugherty 1978, Heusser er 1 973a, Porter and Denton 1967). Madrone, Ore- 1972, 1973a) (see Paleobotanical History p. 54). gon oak and tanoak were probably much more Caribou, bison, mastodon and mammoth were widespread. The food source had also changed probably the main source of food and material for from large cold-climate herbivores (mastodon, cari- tools and clothing. These animals migrated out of bou, mammoth) to warmer climate species such as

Table 1. History of Indian cultures of the Olympic Peninsula.

YEARS BEFORE PERIOD PRESENT CULTURAL ATrRIBUTES

Early Prehistoric 12000 - 9,000 b.p. Nomadic, hunter-gatherers relied on mastodon, bison, caribou and mammoth.

Early Prehistoric 9,000 - 6,000 b.p. Nomadic, hunter-gatherers relied on deer and elk.

Middle Prehistoric 6,000 - 3,000 b.p. Transition from hunting land mammals to fishing and sea mammals and shellfish.

Early Maritime 3,000- 1,000 b.p. Settlements along coast, often on the beach itself. Reliance on seaiife. Use of cedar becoming important

Modern Prehistoric 1,000- 200 b.p. Continued use of sealife (salmon, whales, shell- fish, sea otters, etc.), extensive use of camas, fern roots and berries.

Historic <200 b.p. Hunting of fur-bearing sea mammals for trade. Considerable European influence. Abrupt decline due to introduced diseases and cultural impacts.

4 ently marks the beginning of Indian accessto metal deer and elk, plus seeds and roots.Some archaeol- tools (Drucker 1955, Ellis n.d., Bergland1983). ogists (Bergland 1983, Righter 1978)tend to com- binetheearliest mastodon-Caribouhunters recent The prehistoric Northwest Coast culturefrom Ca. (9,000-12,000 years ago) with the more of chipped (6,000-9,000 years ago) deer and elkhunters as 200-1000 years ago is noted for its lack 1). There was stone tools, elaboration of a culturalpattern found- 'early prehistoric' cultures (Table beginning of styl- such a large change in climate, floraand fauna ed on an abundance of food, the of social status during this time, it is likely that culturesand habits ized art forms, and the development different. Evi- differentiation and individual economic specializa- during these two periods were quite recently dence for this latter culture isrepresented at the tions. This period is represented by the studied Ozette site near Lake Ozette. Cedarplank Olcott, Van Os and Quilcene archaeologicalsites houses, canoes, and many fishing toolsincluding (Bergland 1983). nets, hooks and primitive rope,indicate the impor- (such as western Modern Indian cultures (as well as modernclimatic tance of native plant materials and biotic patterns) becameestablished about redcedar) to this culture. 4,000-6,000 years ago, although little isknown of started with the these cultures. Pollen records (Heusser1972, The Historic Period of Indian culture first contact with Spanish explorers in 1775(Pethick 1 973a) show that the modern' forestflora dominat- hemlock and 1979, Bergland 1983). At that time (ca.1780) there ed by western redcedar, western the Peninsula Douglas-fir was established by this time.The stabi- were about nine recognized tribes on included lization of sea level and climate at theend of the (Bergland 1983, Campbell 1979). These absorbed Hypsithermal marked the beginning of Indian cul- the Chimacums (400 but now extinct or (Fladmark 1975 in into other tribes),Klallam (2,000), Makah and tures which relied on salmon (100), Queets Bergland 1983), shell-fish and redcedar.An 'Early Ozettes (2,000), Quillleute (500), Hoh the Olympic (250), Quinault (several hundred), andSkokomish Maritime' culture was established on and Copal- Peninsula about 3,000 years ago (Bergland1983). (several hundred), the Twana to the east included with Artifacts at Tongue Point, Sand Point andthe Hoko is to the south may also have been plus this group. The last 200 years havewitnessed the River are from this period. Animal remains, (e.g. the Chi- stone and wood artifacts, indicate thatreliance had decline and sometimes the extinction and sea macurn Indians) of NorthwestIndian tribes and the shifted from land mammals to shell-fish history of mammals (Bergland 1983). This relationshipwith dismantling of their cultures. Early cultural (1857, 1869) maritime resources is no doubt related to thestabi- these people was recorded by Swan at Neah Bay lization of sea level and increasedprecipitation, who lived among the Makah-KlallamS reliable salmon in the middle 19th century, Eells (1886,1887, 1903), which allowed the establishment of Hood's Canal (as it was shell-fish ecosys- a missionary, who lived on runs and an extensive intertidal and the tem. Establishment of this culture wasalso facilitat- called then) during the late 19th century, redcedar about anthropologist, Franz Boas, wholived on the ed by the increased abundance of (Campbell 1979). this time, without which these cultureswould have Olympic Peninsula in the 1890's period probably been much different. During this native plant ma- woodworking was highly developed; the useof The Indians made extensive use of of flaked terials (Gunther 1945, Norton 1979).Western redcedar plank houses had begun but the use noted) was the projectile points had declined. cedar (Thuja plicata) (as previously most important native plant species toPacific North- have west cultures. However camas(Camassia qua- Pre-1 8th century contact with Orientals may aquilinum), significantly altered the course of Northwest Coast mash), brackenfern (Pteridium salal (Gaultheria Indian cultures. Prior to 1875 no less than 75oriental salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), spp.) were craft had been found adrift or ashore along the west shallon), and huckleberries (Vaccinium coast (Gibbs, cited in Campbell 1979).The first also very important food. known contact of Northwest Coast Indians withori- most important ental cultures was by Chinese explorer Hwui Shan, Western redcedar was one of the beginning about the fifth century a.d. (Campbell1979). This commodities in Indian culture prior to the affecting the of white settlement and for sometime thereafter. may have been an important event in establishment of reli- course of Northwest Coast culture sincethis appar- This species, along with the 5 able and abundant salmon runs about 5,000years pit and were often eaten with dried salmon (Gunther ago, contributed without equal to the development 1945). of prehistoric Indian cultures. Its woodwas widely used for canoes, including large oceangoing craft Salal is one of the most common shrubson the which could carry up to 3 tons (Reagan 1934). Red- Olympic Peninsula, preferring mesic lowland sites, cedar was also the major house building material, but also occurring in high precipitation areas along owing to its ability to be split into planks and its the coast. The berries are collected in the summer, resistance to decay. Other items made of redcedar dried in cakes and preserved for the winter. Such included boxes, cradles, arrowshafts, spindles for loaves often weighed as much as 10 to 15 pounds spinning and paddles (Gunther 1945). The bark (Gunther 1945). The Indians also used theroots, was as important as the wood. It was shreddedor bark, and leaves for medical purposes. The leaves separated and used to make mats, hats, raingar- were smoked with kinnikinnick; according to Gun- ments, clothes, baskets, eating utensils and numer- ther (1945), the medicinal benefits of the juice of ous other objects. Shredded inner bark was usedas ericaceous leaves are due to the presence of tannic and gallic acid. padding (as in infants cradles), andas fire starter. The limbs were woven to make a strongrope. The roots were widely used in basketry arid in making Huckleberries (mostly Vaccinium alaskaense, V. ropes and nets (Gunther 1945). membranaceum, V. ovalifolium, V. ovatum and V. paivifolium) are common and widespread throughout the Peninsula.Vaccinium ovatum and V. Camas is not known today from siteson the parvifoliumareparticularlycommonatlow Olympic National Forest. It occurs in several prairies elevations, V. membranaceum and to some extent in the lowlands around the Peninsula, mainly near V. ovalifolium and V. alaskaenseare more common the coast. Jones (1936) reported it from Quillayute' at higher elevations. All were treated similarly. They Prairie, Aloha1 Elma and Scott's Prairies. Gunther were eaten fresh or dried in the sun or smoked, and (1945) and Reagan (1934) also noted the Indians sometimes pressed into cakes and wrapped in got camas from Forks, Baker, Cook, O'toole and leaves for storage. One type, identified by Swan other prairies on the west side of the Olympic Penin- (1869) as shot.berrjeSa was stored fresh andeaten sula. These prairies were regularly burned (accord- the following spring before other berries had ing to early accounts [Lang 1961, Norton 1979])as ripened (Gunther 1945). a means of cultivating and maintaining the camas and other food plants. The Indians knew howto Other species of importance among the Indians,but vegetatively propagate camas by separating the not necessarily for food, were nettle (Urtica dioica), bulbs and leaving immature ones or transplanting used for medicine and rope; cattail (Typha latifolia), them to new sites. They also actively tradedcamas the leaves were used in basketry, the roots and among the tribes (Gunther 1945). The camas bulbs lower stalks were used for food; kinnikinnick (Arc- were cooked in a pit in the ground then dried or tostaphy!os uva-ursi), used as tobacco;cascara pressed into cakes for storage (Gunther 1945). (Rhamnus purshiana), commonly usedas a laxative but also in the treatment of sores and dysentery; Bracken fern (Pteridium equilinum) occurs inopen thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), berries and shoots areas throughout the lowlands of the Olympic used as food; blackberry (A. ursinus), berriesas Peninsula and was a major source of starch in the food, leaves as tea; beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax) Indian diet. The Indians roasted the rhizomes in hot was very widely used in basketry; Pacific yew (Taxus ashes (Gunther 1945) or extracted the starch and brevifolia) wood was used for weapons and imple- made a bread of the fern paste (Reagan 1934). The ments; oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor), called ironwood by the English, was used as a medicine, emerging fiddleheads were also eaten raw. as well as roasting tongs, digging sticks, arrow and spear shafts, and prongs of spears; Sitka spruce Salmonberry is a common shrub of wetter areas on (Picea sitchensis) roots were widely usedamong the Olympic Peninsula. The fruits were commonly coastal Indians for cordage and nets, and other eaten fresh but were too soft to preserve by drying. minor uses were made of the pitch, limbs, bark and The sprouts were cooked in the warm ashes ina fire wood.

6 on the eastern horizon, flanked by foothills.'He History of European Exploration named the peak Santa Rosalia. In 1788 it was re- and Discovery named Mt. Olympus by Captain John Meares. Inter- estingly, Perez also noted that 'smoke of forest fires It is uncertain when the first European visited the shrouded the Washington coast' (McDonald 1958). Olympic Peninsula. As early as 1521 Magellan The next year, in 1775, Perez again sailed north sailed across the Pacific from Tie rra del Fuego to the accompanied by Bruno Heceta and Juan Francisco Indian Ocean. In 1577 Sir Francis Drake followed de Bodega y Quadra. On July 14, 1775 they an- Magellan's route around the world and sailed up the chored off the coast of Washington within sight of western coast of North America at least asfar as the Olympic Mountains. Quadra and Heceta each San Francisco and perhaps, as he himself claimed, led a small party ashore in the vicinity of the Quinault nearly to the latitude of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. River, Quadra to obtain water for the expedition and He referred to the entire Northwest Coast as New Heceta to claim the land for Spain. Heceta carried Albion' and claimeditfor England (McDonald out his chore while seven of Quadra's party were 1958). massacred by the natives. This is the first documented landing by Europeans on the Olympic In 1592, a Greek named Apostolos Valerianus, who Peninsula.Italso established Spain's claim to sailed out of Mexico under the name 'Juan de Fuca Washington State. Spain had already claimed Van- claimed to have sailed north to 47 degrees N. lati- couver Island by landing at Nootka Sound the previ- tude and to have discovered the entrance to the ous year (McDonald 1958). On the return trip(Au- fabled Northwest Passage. He described native In- gust 17, 1775) they also discovered the mouth of dians, including their clothing and a stone pillar at the Columbia River, although they did not enter it. the mouth of the strait which now bears his name (McDonald 1958). Despite this, many historians dis- Captain James Cook left England in 1776 and sailed claimed Valerianus' story (Lavender 1958) and eastward across the Pacific in 1778 to California and didn't recognize his discovery of the Strait of Juan thence northward, naming, among other de Fuca or that he may have been the first European things,Cape Perpetua and Cape Flattery. Although explorer to the Olympic Peninsula. Whether his Cook discovered and named Cape Flattery, he claim is true or false, he was immortalized by the missed the entrance to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, European cartographer J. N. Bellin when he placed writing in his log: 'In this very latitude geographers the 'Entrance of Juan de Fuca' on a map of North have placed the pretended Strait of Juan de Fuca. America in 1755 (Pethick 1979). Later sea captains But nothing of that kind presented itself to our view, such as Meares and Vancouver perpetuated the nor is it probable that any such thing everexisted.' name. Interestingly Midshipman George Vancouver accompanied Cook on these early voyages and re- Vitus Bering sailed into the North Pacific from Rus- turned later to explore this same 'pretended strait sia in 1728, and later sailed across the Pacific in and the rest of Puget Sound. Cook sailed north to 1741 to southeast Alaska (Lavender 1958). Bering Nootka Sound where he named 'Friendly Cove' and was accompanied by George Stefler, a German engaged in fur trade (McDonald 1958). botanist and physician, who made the earliest natural history observations in this part of the world. In 1786 Captain Barkley discovered Barkley Sound Stefler Sea Lion (Northern Sea Lion) and Steller's on Vancouver Island and the Strait ofJuan de Fuca. Jay were among his discoveries (Pethick 1979). On the way south, he sent a party up either the Hoh or Quillayute River for water. This party wasalso In 1774 Juan Perez sailed north from Mexico to killed by Indians. Destruction Island, nearby, was southeast Alaska and back, but failed to discover named for this massacre. Barkley's bride, Frances either the Columbia River or the Strait of Juan de Trevor (who accompanied him on the voyage), be- Fuca (Lavender 1958). On his trip back he anchored came the first European woman to visit the North- in Nootka Sound and established Spanish claim to west Coast (McDonald 1958). Vancouver Island, and thereby initiated the Spanish fur trade that was to flourish there for many years. The person who actually discovered the Strait of On his way back (August 9, 1774), passing the Juan de Fuca for the first time is not known for sure. Washington Coast, Perez sighted a 'snow-white cliff Apostolus Valerianus is the first to have claimed it.

7 Later Barkley claimed to have found it. Cooksailed plored 'Hood's Canal' which he named. Notable by the mouth without discovering it. CaptainRobert members of Vancouver's party were the botanist Duncan also claimed to be the first. In 1788, after and physician Dr. Archibald Menzies and Lieu- wintering in Hawaii (Sandwich Islands), Duncanvis- tenant Peter Puget, who lead much of the explo- ited Tatoosh Island and also anchored near an Indi- rations and for whom 'Puget's Soundwas named. an fishing camp west of Neah Bay. Later in the same Menzies was the first botanist in Puget Soundand year, Captain John Meares also discovered the reported many new species. Menzies mademore Strait, and thought he was the first. Mearesis often than one trip to the Northwest Coast and also given credit for discovering the fabledpassage. He botanized on Vancouver Island (McDonald 1958, did discover Willapa Harbor later in thatvoyage Vancouver 1801, Meany 1942). (McDonald 1958). It is a commentaryon the history of the Northwest Coast as we know it that almost The Spaniards were heavily involved with theearly every different book on the subject credits a differ- fur trade and explorations, although this hasoften ent person with the discovery of the Strait of Juande been discredited by some historians of the North- Fuca. Although Barkley's journalwas lost, he ap- west Coast. They completed the first circumnaviga- pears to have been the first after Juan de Fucato tion of Vancouver Island (originally called 'Quadra have 'discovered' the Strait. and Vancouver's lsland). By the time of Gray and Vancouver in1792, the Spanish settlement at Captain Robert Gray's first voyage to theNorthwest Nootka Sound (Friendly Cove) consisted of 16 Coast was in 1787 aboard the Lady Washington, buildings. The settlement was presidedover by accompanying Captain John Kendrick aboard the Juan Francisco de Bodegay Quadra, the same Columbia Redeviva. They were the first Americans Quadra who with Heceta first claimed thecoast of to enter the Pacific fur trade. Gray reported seeing Washington for Spain and named the Columbia Riv- the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Later Kendrickand Gray er San Rogue' in 1775. He entertained Gray and his switched vessels, and sailed to China. Gray,as cap- crew at a feast served on no less than 270 solid tain of the Columbia, completed the expeditionin silver plates (McDonald 1958). 1790 and became the first American to circumnavi- gate the globe. Gray's second voyage to the North- About the same time as Vancouver and Gray, Sal- west Coast followed in 1791. After businesson Van- vador Fidalgo left San BIas, Mexico to establish couver Island a (it was not yet called Vancouver Colony in Washington. He landed near Neah Bay, Island, nor was it even known to bean island), he May 29, 1792, at Village Creek where Quimper had returned south, revisiting the Strait of Juan de Fuca, put ashore two years earlier and placed thecross of met Captain George Vancouver on his historic ex- possession. He was accompanied by 89men and ploration and discovered Grays Harbor, whichhe erected a settlement of crude wooden buildings and originally named Bulfinch's Harbor. Graywas the a brick oven for baking bread. Their first visitors first to cross the bar of the Columbia River and sail (July 16) were Galiano and Valdezon their way to do up river. This was May 10, 1792, which established the Spanish version of Vancouver'ssurvey of the American claim to the Oregon Territory including Strait of Juan de Fuca. Interestingly theycarried an that part north of the Columbia River. Hestayed 8 instrument called an 'eudiometer, for measuring days on the Columbia River and explored only the quality of the atmosphere (McDonald 1958). about 35 miles upriver. His goal was mostly trade, From Bellingham Bay in June 1792, Galiario and not exploration, and since trade was not good, he Valdez noted a mysterious illuminationon Mount left. Before departing, he named the river after his Carmel' (Mt. Baker) plus rumblings like those ofa ship, the Columbia. This was the same river called volcano, flashes and clouds of... steam' (McDonald 'San Rogue' by Heceta in 1775 (Lavender1958) 1958). and the aOregon by Jonathan Carver in1766 (Lavender 1958). The dispute between England and Spainover rights totheNorthwest Coast,especiallyNootka Captain George Vancouver with his two ships,the Sound,was partially resolved by the Nootka Con- Discovery and the Chatham, entered the Straitof vention of 1790, which relieved Spain of much of its Juan de Fuca on May 5, 1792, three weeksbefore claim to the area. Later events in Europe, the Spaniard Fidalgo and two months especially before the French Revolution, would cause Spainto lose Galiano and Valdez. By the 18th of May he had ex- interest in such a far away place and eventuallyto 8 behind much at Port Discovery in 1858, andanother at the mouth give up claim to any part of it, leaving beginnings of the history and many place names. Disputesbetween of Chimacum Creek in 1859. The timber industry were in the northwest partof the the United States and England weresettled in 1846, Olympic Peninsula and in the Grays Harborcountry when a treaty established the northernboundary of the Oregon Territory as the 49th parallel,however, (Campbell 1979). of there was that portion of Vancouver island south learned of to the Sometime about 1890 Theodore Moritz excluded, and the entire island was given Sol Duc Hot Springs from the Indiansand filed a British (McDonald 1958). claim on it. After Moritz's death,Michael Earley hotel at the site exploration of bought the hot springs. He built a Following Vancouver, the next major which opened May 15, 1912. OnMay 26, 1916, it Charles Wilkes in Puget Sound was by Captain burned to the ground. Later, the NationalPark Serv- detailed maps 1841 (Wilkes 1874). Wilkes made ice acquired the site for $880,000(Campbell 1979). and charts, and members of hisexpedition com- the area. piled the first comprehensive Flora of The first white family came to the townsite of Forks in 1878. Originally it was called "IndianPrairies. The windstorm of 1921 destroyed manybuildings in the Settlement History young town, hitting Forks between5 and 8 PM on January 29, 1921 (see p. 20). The firstrailroad to By the mid-i 9th century the settlementperiod had Forks was built during World War I bythe United begun. Hudson's Bay and NorthwestFur Compa- States Spruce Division, and wascompleted in 1919 nies had been trading furs for decades. TheOregon at the end of the war (Campbell 1979).This railroad Trail had been opened and settlementhad begun ultimately belonged to the Port Angelesand West- east of the Cascades. FortNisqually was estab- ern Railroad, who weresuspected of starting the lished in 1833. Settlement of mostof the major great Forks Fire in 1951 (see p. 18).John Huelsdonk towns of the Olympic Peninsulaand western Wash- homesteaded in the Hoh Valley in 1892(Fletcher ington occurred in the mid- to late 1 800s.The "set- 1979). tlement period", as we refer to it,began Ca. 1845. The first of these settlements wasNew Market on Grays Harbor was explored by land byDavid Dou- the Deschutes River, later to becalled Tumwater. It glas in 1825. Settlement in the GraysHarbor coun- and two men was founded by Colonel MichaelT. Simmons in try began in 1852 when B. Armstrong Grand 1845. Olympia (originally calledSmithfield), was named Strahill and Cox cut a trail from near founded in 1846 by Edmund Sylvesterand Levi Mound to Cedar Creek on the ChehalisRiver. There 12 planks Smith (Newell 1950). Smith stakedhis claim near they built a sawmill intending to cut 3 x Grays Harbor. present downtown Olympia. At thededication of and ship them to San Francisco via Smith's claim as a town in 1850, the namewas By this time the early settler andmissionary, James the Indi- changed to Olympia in reference to the viewof the 3. Swan, had established himself among Bay) (McDonald Olympic Mountains from Budd Inlet,although the ans on Shoalwater Harbor (Willapa exact intention or the person whosuggested the 1972, Van Syckle 1980). name is now obscure. Colonel l.N.Ebey is credited southern Olympics by Newell (1950) as suggesting the name.There are Early logging (Figure 3) in the PoIson Broth- also suggestions that the name carried atleast a began in the 1870's and involved the double reference to the Greek Gods as well as to an ers, Alex and Robert (1882),the Shafer Brothers, beginning obscure Italian poet (Newell 1950). PortTownsend John and Anton (1871), and Sol Simpson in 1850 by Charles Bachelor and in 1887 (James 1986), among manyothers. The was settled Hoquiam. They George Emery, Sequim in 1854, and Dungenessin PoIsons logged mainly around Company in 1855. Port Angeles was settled in 1857 byAngus formed the Poison Brothers Logging but switched Johnson. However, A. Sampson, A. Holmesand W. 1891. Originally they used bull teams, Winson had settled nearby at Ediz Hook the year to donkey engines ca. 1892. By1894 they were operations, before (Campbell 1979). planning a railroad. At the height of their the Poisons owned two sawmills, ashingle mill, 100 and The first timber company, Pope andTalbot Compa- miles of railroad, operated 12 logging camps ny, was formed in 1833.The first sawmill was built cut about 300 million board feet per year. 9 The Shafer Brothers logging centered near Satsop. yellow jacket's nest. From there theytraveled down The Shafer Brothers Logging Companywas incor- the Quinault River to Lake Quinault. porated in 1914, a year after they began Professor Louis railroad Henderson accompanied O'NeiIon part of this ex- logging. Over time they acquiredmany of the small- ploration and made the first botanicalobservations er operations in the area. This included the Chehalis of the area (Wood 1976). Logging and Timber Company, GraysHarbor Com- mercial Company, Wynoochee Timber Company, and National Lumber ManufacturingCompany, among others (Van Syckle 1980). In 1955, the History of Olympic NationalForest Shafers sold out to Simpson LoggingCompany. The Olympic National Forest beganin 1897 as the Much of the early timber from the GraysHarbor area Olympic Forest Reserve.It was established by was exported to San Francisco via steamship. Also, proclamation of President Grover Clevelandunder there was an emerging ship buildingindustry in the authority of the Forest ReserveAct of 1891 and Grays Harbor from 1887 to the 1920's. Whilemost of included some 2,188,800acres (USDA Forest Serv- the area's timber left in ships,a considerable quan- ice 1973, Dodwell and Rixon 1902,Brier 1958). tity left as ships (Van Syckle 1980),as shipbuilding Alienated land in Clallam County, mostlyaround the was a major industry at the time. town site of Forks, was removed from thereserve in 1900 reducing the acreage to 1,939,200(Dodwell Sol Simpson arrived in the area in 1887and formed and Rixon 1902). Land additions anddeletions con- the S.G. Simpson and Company in1890, which tinued in 1901. President Mckinley,yielding from became the Simpson Logging Companyin 1895, pressure from settlers and loggers, reduced there- and the Simpson Timber Company in1960. S imp- serve by 750,000 acres, leaving it at1,466,880 son logged much of the southeastpart of the acres. Olympic Peninsula, including muchof the Shelton Ranger District under an agreementauthorized by In 1905 the Forest Reservewas transferred from the the Cooperative Sustained Yield Actof 1946 (Van U.S. Department of Interiorto the Department of Syckle 1980). Agriculture. By Congressional action in1907, all Forest Reserves became National Forests.Only two In 1885 a military expedition led by Lieutenant J.P. days before that Act, President Rooseveltrestored O'Neil made a short exploration of the northeastern 127,000 acres to the Olympic ForestReserve (soon Olympic Mountains. They explored part of the Dun- to be the Olympic National Forest),putting total geness River, Hurricane Ridge and the Elwha River. acres at about 1,594,560 acres. They reported shooting a large wolf. Theyalso shot elk, and noted deer arid bearnear the head of In 1909, President Roosevelt Chambers Creek. They reported under pressure from evidence of Congressman W.E. Humphrey,established the hunters already having been in thearea (Wood 610,560 acre Mount Olympus National 1976). Monument in the center of Olympic NationalForest. His reason was to protect the native elk which were being The first exploration of the interior of the hunt- Olympics ed heavily (poached) by settlers.This action left the began in December 1889, only a month after Wash- dwindling Olympic National Forestat 984,000 acres. ington became a State. The famous Press Expedi- In 1915, President Wilson reducedthe size of the tion, lead by James H. Christie,traveled up the El- Monument and returned 305,280 wha River and down the Quinault River, acres to the For- arriving at est, bringing it back up to about 1,289,280acres. A Lake Quinault in May 1890, namingmany land- small amount of land was lost in 1925 marks and enduring an Olympic winter (USDA Forest (Seattle Service 1973). Around 1935,about 50,000 acres in Press, July 16, 1890 [now the SeattleTimes], Wood the Clearwater drainage 1967). was transferred to Wash- ington State as trust land. Lieutenant O'Neil lead a second expedition in 1890 In 1938 Olympic National Park which explored both the South Fork was created Out of and North Fork Mount Olympus National Monument of the Skokomish River up to O'NeiI and parts of Pass, where the Olympic National Forest. The they started a forest fire while trying park was estab- to burn out a lished at 680,000 acres, 69,440acres larger than 10 Queets Corridor and Two years later an shed protection. By 1953 the the original National Monument. Park bringing it to transferred from the Coast strip were added to the additiOnal 187,411 acres was approximately its modern size at 936,011 acres. Olympic National Forest to thePark. This included land in the Elwha, Calawah,Hoh, Queets, Quinault, As of September 1987, theOlympic National Forest North Fork Skokomish,DosewallipS and Duck- land is 643,419 acres (USDAForest Service 1987) abush drainages, and broughtthe Park to 867,411 with an additional 65,776 acresof other ownership acres and the Forest toabout 670,000 acres. In as inholdingS withinthe Forest administrative 1943 an additional 20,600 acresin Ennis and Morse Creek drainages were added tothe Park for water- boundary.

/ '-.-, ,.-

- -(; 4

Asahel Curtis, Ca. 1920. Figure 3. Felling a large oldDouglas-fir on the Olympic Peninsula. Photo by (Courtesy of the Washington StateHistorical Society, Tacoma,Washington).

11 flR DIISTORY

The occurrence of wildfireson the Olympic Peninsu- not uniform and can be characterized la is closely tied to climate and by periods of climatic history (see large intense fires and periodsof few small fires. p. 32). It appears that the pattern of fires has been as variable as the pattern of past climates. Some Our knowledge of the fire historyincreases greatly periods have had many stand destroying fires, oth- about 1000 years ago. Prior to thattime we can only ers have had almost none. Still other periods may speculate about fires, basedon evidence such as have had a pattern of high fire frequency but low fire charcoal preserved in bogs andour knowledge of intensity. Because of this variabilityand the many different tree species. For theperiod of the past factors involved, one aspect of the firehistory of the 1000 years we can study livingtrees (Douglas-fir Olympics seems certain--one cannot characterize and western redcedar both liveto over 1000 years) the fire patterns of one period byknowing what it is and refer to historical records toconstruct a much in another. more detailed picture of the fire history.

Our earliest evidence of fire in theOlympics comes The Medieval Optimum (see ClimaticHistory p. 32) from a bog in the Hoh River drainage.In a core from was warmer and drier than today (Lamb1965). This this bog, Heusser (1974) notedtwo layers of char- period lasted from about 1000a.d. to about 1300 coal at 3.1 and 3.4 m depth, just belowa layer of a.d. We assume thatfiresburned frequently 6800 year old Mazama ash. These layersare rem- throughout Northwest forests duringthis time. nants of two fires which appeared to have burnedin Pollen studies are not detailedenough to support the lower Hoh River drainage between7200 and this, however, and thereare too few living trees from 8700 years ago. They appear to havebeen large early in that period to helpconstruct a detailed pic- fires since they left behind enoughcharcoal to still ture. The fact that there are very fewtrees surviving be recognized today. These firesoccurred in the from this period suggests thatfires may have been early Hypsithermal period when the climatewas dri- either frequent or large, at leastnear the end of the er, probably warmer, and less maritime thantoday. Medieval Optimum. Very oldDouglas-firs are mostly The vegetation of the Olympicsat that time was found outside of theirpresent natural range. That is, dominatedbyDouglas-fir,western hemlock, they have survived ona site where they can no spruce, alder and lodgepole pine (Heusser1974). longer regenerate. These sitesare mostly at high The species composition resembles thatof northern elevations in the upper Silver FirZone or Mountain Hemlock Zone. Idaho today, suggesting that the climateof the Hyp- sithermal may have been similar to thatof the northern Rocky Mountains. The abundance of Douglas- Three great burning periodsoccurred from 1300 to fir also suggests a forest in whichfires were 1750 during the Little Ice Age.The first occurred at common. The vegetation of the Puget Trough the end of the Medieval Optimumand the beginning was of the Little Ice Age. This characterizedbyDouglas-fir,alderand oak was a very large fire or series of fires which swept (Barnosky etal. 1987), suggestinga climate similar western Washington and to the present day Willamette Valley. burned at least half of theOlympic Peninsula. It occurred in about the year 1308.Douglas-fir trees from this time are mostly 640 The Hypsithermal was followed bythe Neoglacial to 680 years old. They occur sporadically throughout much of Period (see p. 30), beginning about 4000years ago. the Silver Fir Zone, especially on coolor moist sites. The fire history of the Olympic Peninsulaappears to have been quite different during the NeoglacialPeri- od than it was in the Hypsithermal. The The second great burningepisode occurred be- climate between the years 1448 and 1538, came slightly cooler, but significantly wetter or 450 to 540 years and ago. Several fires burned during more maritime. The vegetation of this period (see this time, the p. biggest one about theyear 1508 or about 480 years 55) appears to reflect this change in climateand fire ago (Figure 4). Remnants of this seriesof fires occur history. The fire history of the NeoglacialPeriod is at mid-elevations or stream bottomsin the Silver Fir

12 Figure 4. Map of Olympic Peninsula showing the remnant stands fromthe fire about 1508.

13 Figure 5. Map of Olympic Peninsula showing the remnant stands fromthe fire about 1701.

14 or Western Hemlock Zones. Many of the -areasthat mum, there have been three extendedperiods burned during this time are believed to have also when there were virtually no sunspots on the sun. burned earlier in about 1308. Also, it is believed that These periods were the Wolf Sunspot Minimum the area covered by these fires was much more from 1282 to 1342 (Stuiver and Quay 1980), the extensive than indicated by the present distribution Sporer Minimum from 1416 to 1534 (Eddy 1977, of trees or stands 450 to 540 years old; for much of Stuiver and Quay 1980) and the Maunder Minimum the area burned during that time also burned during from 1645 to 1715 (Eddy 1976). The three burning the episode from 280 to 320 years ago. These later periods and the five biggest fires (i.e. about 1308, fires, therefore destroyed many of the trees which 1448, 1508, 1668, and 1701) all occurred during originated from fires 450 to 540 years ago. This age these three periods of very low sunspots. class is also common in the Cascades of Washing- ton and Oregon. The correlation between low sunspot numbers and increased fires in western Washington is specula- The last of the three great burning episodes during tive. There is a great deal that we do not know about the Little Ice Age occurred between 287 and 320 the physics of the sun or the causes of climatic fairly well years ago. During that time there were two patterns on earth. However, during these periods of documented fires or burning episodes, one in about absence of sunspots, the energy of the sun's output 1668 and the other about 1701. Since the fire about (and the solar wincis lower, perhaps by about 1% 1701(287 years ago) was the last of the big fires, we have the best records of its distribution. Areas (Eddy 1977). The temperate global climate is cooler where stands from this fire occur are shown in Fig- and mid-latitude glaciers advance during these ure 5. This fire or series of fires apparently burned sunspot minima At this point the linkage between more than one million acres on the Olympic Penin- cooler climate and forest fires is still unclear. It is sula, and 3 to 10 million acres in western Washing- believed that the global climatic pattern is affected ton. Much of the valuable Douglas-fir old-growth, by these changes, that the position of the jet stream that has formed the basis for the local timber and summer high pressure cells shift (Schneider industry, is the result of this great fire. and Londer 1984), and that at least for western Washington the summer climate becomes drier. It is An interesting aspect to these three great burning possible that if these climatic shifts do occur, the episodes is their correlation with the long-term likelihood of high east winds may also increase and sunspot cycle (Figure 6). Since the Medieval Opti- create the opportunity for very large fires.

100-

90- WOLF SUNSPOT MAUNDER SUNSPOT .0 MINIMUM MINIMUM E 80- SPORER SUNSPOT ZQ) 70- MINIMUM oa 60- o_ C) 50- 40- 30-.- La U) 4: 10-S 0 1900 2000 1000 1100 1200 1300 14.00 1500 1600 1700 1800 Yecr

Figure 6. The Iongterm sunspot cycle (adapted from Stuiver and Quay 1980).

15 At the end of the Little Ice Age, there was a period Olympics. However, these fires from 1720 to 1850 when there were all small com- were virtually no large pared to fires that burned during fires on the Olympic Peninsula. The the Little Ice Age. climate was stilt These fires were caused by both cool during this time, but it hadapparently become lightning and hu- mans. They were almost restricted wetter. Known fires were smali (onlya few thousand to the Western acres) and were restricted to southerlyaspects in Hemlock and Subalpine Fir Zones,and burned on drier environmentalzones. One such fire in the southerly aspects unless therewas a high east South Fork of the Skokomish Riveroccurred about wind. The following is a recapitulationof some of the 1833 and covered about 3000acres. bigger or more significant firesduring this period. This information is excerptedmostly from Morris Beginning in the late 19th century until about 1934 (1934) and Miller (1943).Acreage burned for each there was a period of high firefrequency in the year from 1905 to 1985 is shown in Figure7.

20000-

18000-

16000-

14000-

12000-

10000- CI) a) 8000-

6000-

4000-

r C 2000-

0 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 Year

Figure 7. Acres burned on the Olympic National Forest, 1905to 1985. 16 SUMMARY OF RECENT FIRES: worst tire year of the last 275 years, being more severe, even, than the fire season of 1868.

1849Great tires burned in the Coast Range of Oregon, 1907The Great Soleduck Fire burned about 12,800 but apparently none occurred in the Olympics. acres in the Soleduck Valley between Lake Crescent and Bear Creek along the south side of Snider Ridge In the 1864 to 1868Many large fires burned in Oregon and summer of 1907. ft started in April when a settler named Washington in 1864, 1867 and 1868. The Ludlow- Cap Mueller was burning ferns in a field (a common Quilcene Fire started in slash near Port Ludlow in practice at the time). The fire was not put out, as was also September 1864 and burned several thousand acres uncommon, and it spread to nearby forest. By July it was der a high east wind. The fire burned on Mt. Walker, Mt. burning out of control and threatening other settlers in Turner, and the Quilcene Ridge. Most of the area burned the Lake Crescent-Soleduck Valley area. Most of the in one or two days. Other fires occurred in the area, area burned during one afternoon when a strong east including Vancouver Island. In 1868, again many tires wind came up (Morgenroth 1935). Another fire In the occurred in western Washington and Oregon. Much of same area burned about 3000 acres in 1908. the area was covered by smoke for extended periods. Apparently little of the Olympic National Forest burned in 1910Many fires burned in western Washington and thIs year, but there were fires all around. There was at Oregon, but none of any consequence and apparently least one large fire between Olympia and Seabeck (Au- no fires occurred on the Olympic National Forest. The gust 13) and others in the San Juans, near Montesano, big fires In this summer occurred in Idaho and Montana. on both sides of Hood Canal, Discovery Bay, near Bellingham, Snoqualmie, and on Vancouver Island. The- 1916 to 1920Many small to moderate fires burned on se tires burned into September, flaring up under east the Forest during these dry years. Most were logging wind conditions. The drought was so severe that sum- related fires, although some were caused by lightning. mer that heavy thunder showers on September 2 appar- Most of these fires occurred in the rainshadow of the ently did little to quell the fires. Records taken at the Olympics, especially In Environmental Zones 9, 10, and mouth of the Columbia River showed that this was the 11. The biggest of these fires were driest June, July, August and September for the 58-year record up to that time. This appears to have been the Duckabush Fire - 4810 acres (1918) worst fIre season since the early 1700's. Most of these Littleton Fire - 3200 acres (1920) fires started from land clearing or careless tending of Slab Camp Fire - 3000 acres (1917) cooking fires. Dosewaiilps Fire - 2665 acres (1918) Canyon Hill Fire - 2170 acres (1918) 1885The Nellton Burn near Lake Quinault started from Mt. Zion Fire - 2000 acres (1916) right-of-way clearing on the old Quinaulttrail. ft burned about 2000 acres. 1922Duckabush Fire, Another 2000 acres burned in the Duckabush drainage in 1922. 1890 and 1891Several fires apparently burned in the Soleduck Valley in the early 1890's. One in Kugel Creek 1924 and 1925This was another dry period with many burned about 2000 acres. Others occurred in the Bear fires in the Olympics, mostly in the rainshadow area. The Creek, Pysht River and Twin Creeks area. In 1890 land biggest of these fires wore: clearing fires burned out of control in the foothills near Sequim. Rainfall that next winter was light and at least Green Mt. Fire - 9615 acres (1925) one of these fires survived the winter by smoldering in Twin Creek Fire - 9250 acres (1924) rotted logs or stumps. It flared up the next spring and Discovery Bay Fire - 5000 acres (1924) burned toward the south, eventually covering about Snow Creek Fire - 3825 acres (1925) 30,000 acres on the Quilcene District, mostly In the Dun- Snow Creek Fire - 3100 acres (1924) geness drainage. Phoenix Camp Fire - 3080 acres (1924) Penney Creek Fire - 1774 acres (1924) 1902This was another fire year like 1868. Many fires burned throughout western Washington and Oregon. 1928The Hobi Fire burned 3507 acres near Quinault. In Much property and at least 16 lives were lost. The 1927, 35,000 acres of the Vacolt burn in the Lewis River biggest of the fires during this summer was the famous reburned. Yacolt Burn In the Lewis Valley. It burned about 250,000 acres. The biggest fire on the Olympic Peninsula, the 1929Many lightning fires were started this year. The Elma-Humptulips Fire, burned from near EIma to the Forest recorded 85 lightning caused fires. The biggest Humptulips River mostly on September11. Both the Va- was the Interrorom Fire which burned 8602 acres in the colt and the Elma-Humptulips fires burned under high lower Duckabush and Fulton Creek drainages. Also, east wind conditions. A small fire appears to have 1495 acres burned in the Hamma Hamma drainage. burned near the Tubal Cain Mine. There were perhaps hundreds of fires burning in western Washington and in 1930This was another year with many lightning fires, western Oregon in September 1902. ft was perhaps the 120 on the Forest, but none larger than 1000 acres.

17 1932The Hamma Hamme fire started from logging and started along the Port Angeles-Western right-of-way. burned 2165 acres. The fire was contained, but by September 19th it flaredup again. By the morning of September 20th it 1 933A few small fires burned on the Forest The Tillam- was raging 00k fire in Oregon covered about 250,000 acres. out of control, carried by a strong east wind. At 2:30pm everyone In the town of Forks was ordered to evacuate. 1 939The Deep Creek Fire burned 13,000acres of which The town was thought to be doomed. By eveningthe 3460 acres were on the Olympic National Forest wind shifted, and an oncoming lowpressure system helped stop the fire at the outskirts of town. Over30 1942Two fires burned In the Bear Creek-Calawah River buildings were burned, Including one mill,a motel, and area and covered 5844 acres. 28 houses (Smith 1976, Campbell 1979).

1951The Great Forks Fire, also called the Port Angeles- 1952At least two fires burnedrithe Bear Creek- Western (PAW) Fire covered about 33,000acres (18,500 Deadman Creek area, and covered about 16,000acres. acres of National Forest land) (Figure 8). In August, a fire This was the last big fire to occur on the Forest.

Figure 8. The Forks Fire of 1951. Aerial viewof the fire on September 20.

18 Since 1952 the Olympic National Forest has aver- The patterns of past fires also correlate with plant aged less than 300 acres of fire per year. The worst associations and vegetation series. In the cooler, years were 1975 and 1984 when 1003and 1016 moister associations, fires appear to have been acres burned. Although fire fightingtechniques much less frequent than on drier or warmer types. have certainly improved since the early years,the An analysis of the reconstructed firepatterns two main reasons for these decades oflow fire oc- showed that the Sitka Spruce, Silver Fir and Moun- currence are: 1) greatly improvedprevention, as tain Hemlock Zones had much less acres burned or most of the severe historical fires wereman-caused than the Western Hemlock, Subalpine Fir and therefore preventable and 2) a changein the Douglas-fir Zones. During the last 340 years, only 30 Mountain summer precipitation pattern (Figure21 p. 37). Dur- percent of the area of the Silver Fir or ing the decades of the 1910's and 1920's,for exam- Hemlock Zones had burned, while 128 percent of ple, summers with less than 2 inches ofprecipitation the Western Hemlock Zone burned. The fire return were common. During the periodfrom 1953101983, period for the Sitka Spruce, Mountain Hemlock and there were only two years with summer (June,July, Silver Fir Zones for the last 800 years were 900, 844 and August) precipitation less than 2 inches atthe and 629 years, respectively; for the Western Hem- Olympia weather station. Of course much of the lock, Subalpine Fir and Douglas-fir Zones they were Forest gets more rainfall than Olympia In this con- 234, 208 and 138 years respectively (Table 2). The- text, this figure is used as an index to showthe se relationships reflect theenvironmental differ- marked difference between the summer precipita- ences between different groups ofassociations tion pattern during the period when there were ex- even at the series level. They also suggestthat the plant tensive fires on the Forest and the summerprecipi- occurrence of wildfires in the future will vary by tation pattern during more recent timeswhen association or vegetation series. relatively few acres burned.

Table 2. Summary of fire history statistics by vegetation zone. Douglas-fir Western Silver Sitka Subalpine Moutain Zone Hemlock Fir Spruce Fir Hemlock Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone

17,300 2200 Acres 430,500 163,600 19,000 14,300 3 <1 Percent of Forest 64 24 3 2

Average Fire Return Period for 844 138 the last 800 years 234 629 900 208

Acres burned since 5,100 3,700 1645 (340 years) 550,500 49,200 7,000 19,000

Percent of acres burned in the last 30 168 340 years 128 30 37 133

19 WD DlSTUBANC1ISTORY

Wind is an important element in the ecosystems of fell. A survey in the Olympic National Forest (Boyce the Olympic Peninsula. In the last century, hurricane 1929) found that western hemlock and silverfir ac- force winds have hit the coast of Washingtonon the counted for almost 40% of the volume, while Sitka average about every 20 years. Our earliest record of spruce, Douglas-fir and western redcedar amount- a stand destroying windstorm comes from the log of ed to only about 25%. Boyce (1929) also noted that the English sea captain John Meares, who in 1788 not only was there more western hemlock and silver noted extensive areas of blowdown along the fir in the affected area, but that these species Washington coast, with trees all lying in ap- a south- peared to be more susceptible to windthrow than west to northeast directions (Ficken 1987). Douglas-fir and western redcedar. Western hemlock and silver fir deteriorated very rapidly, followed Stand ages and historical records show thata significant storm occurred in 1780-88, 1880, 1895, by Sitka spruce, while Douglas-fir and western red- 1921 (January 29), 1923, 1955, 1961 (December cedar were more resistant to decay. Causes of dete- 16), 1962 (October 12), 1979 (November 27, 28), rioration of windthrown trees in the first couple of and 1981 (November 13,14). The most violent years included ambrosia beetles and blue stain storms were the 21 Blow", in 1921 and the "Colum- fungi. After about three years wood rots become bus Day Storm in 1962. These storms originated in common; Fomitopsispinicola (brown crumbly rot, p. the tropics as typhoons. The Columbus Day Storm 69) and Ganoderma applanatum (=Fomesapp/aria- of 1962 began as typhoon Freda (Lilly 1983, Lynott tus), (white mottled rot) caused the greatest loss from decay (Boyce 1929). and Cramer 1966). Occasionally thesesuper stormsa stray into the North Pacific and whenthey contact the jet stream the low pressure is intensi- The Columbus Day Storm of October 12, 1962, blew fied. As the jet stream carries the storm onto the down an estimated 11 billion board feet of timber in coast it results in a brief but violent windstorm (Lilly Washington and Oregon (Pugh 1963). It affecteda 1983). The highest wind from one of these storms much wider area than the 21 Blow, including consid- was on October 12, 1962, when wind gusts at the erable area in the Coast Range of Oregon. It caused Cape Bianco Loran Station were estimated at 170 more damage than any other recorded storm in mph. At that point the anemometers had already Northwest history. Damage was estimate at 260 mil- been broken (Lynott and Cramer 1966). During the lion dollars and 31 people died. The amount of tim- 21 Blow the anemometers at the North Head weath- ber leveled by the storm approximated theamount er station at the mouth of the Columbia River had of timber cut from Oregon and Washington inone been disabled at 132 mph and estimates put the year (Lynott and Cramer 1966). wind at about 15Q mph (Campbell 1979). The historical record shows that ten knownstorms The 21 Blow of January 29, 1921 (Figure 9),was of hurricane force winds have hit the coast in the called the Big Blowdown by early residents of the past 200 years, with two of these having winds in Peninsula (Campbell 1979).It affected an area excess of 150 mph. On this basis, there seems little about 30 miles wide, extending from the mouth of doubt that such storms will continue to periodically the Columbia River to Vancouver Island, and blew batter the west side of the Olympic Peninsula, and down an estimated 6.7 to 8.0 billion board feet of that forest management strategies will have to deal timber (Pugh 1963, Campbell 1979). Much of the with this natural phenomenon. timber was salvaged, but much of it rotted where it

20 y?.- :.t'. - :: %T v

-- S__ -. _

4 j: _ :.

Si '1 : '4-/ , t ,_,-, IT

Figure 9. Photo of windthrown timber from the '21 Blow' Storm of 1921. (Photo courtesy the Bert Kellogg Collection and Jack Zaccardo).

21 G EOL'ø GY

Geo'ogic History of theIympks the Crescent Formation (peripheral rocks).The upper part of this formation is mostly columnar basalts The story of the Olympic Mountains isa chapter in presumed to have come from seamount islands the building of the Cordillera, which begansome- (labor 1975). The lower part consists ofpillow time prior to the Jurassic Period (Mintz 1972) (Fig- basalts deposited under water in the seamount(s). ure 10). At that time, according to the theory of plate At some point, perhaps as lateas the Miocene, a tectonics, the North American continent split from piece of sea floor basalt (a piece of the Juande Europe and began moving west, setting into motion Fuca plate itself?) may also have brokenoff and the events which eventually built all the mountains became wedged under the seamount basalt (Glass- of the West. The western edge of the continentcol- ley 1973). This massive underthrustingcaused an lided with an oceanic plate which was movingeast. extensive series of folded thrust faults, the largest of At the point of contact the oceanic plate was pulled which are called the Calawah, Hurricane Ridgeand downward (subduction), and was overridden bythe the Southern Fault zones (labor and Cady 1978). continental plate. During this collision, the continen- These major faults which date to the mid-Miocene tal plate scraped off sediments and volcanicmateri- (17 million years ago), mark the timethat the al being carried by the oceanic plate. This material Olympic Mountains first began to build(Glassley buckled upward. Later, when the subductionzone 1973).. As more sediments accumulatedfrom the shifted further west, this whole mass bobbedup- west, they were thrust under the rocks of the Cres- ward as it was released from the downward pullof cent Formation and associated peripheral rocks, subduction. undergoing much folding and faulting in thepro- cess. These marine sediments became what is For the story of the Olympic Mountains,we only known as the core rocks, and consistmostly of need to look back as far as the Eocene (58 million sandstones, siltstones, shales and conglomerates. years ago). During this time, the coastlinewas The core rocks are most deformed deeperand to- roughly along the front of the present Cascade wards the center, and along the contactzone with Mountains. However, the Cascades hadnot yet the Crescent Formation. The intensepressure gen- been built. There was only a rolling lowlandextend- erated by the underthrusting may have actually ing far inland. The climate was muchwarmer than squeezed the seamount basalts into a notch in the today, and without a mountain range to interruptthe continental margin resulting in the present day flow of moist air, the rain penetrated themainland a horseshoe shape of the Crescent Formation (labor considerable distance (Chaney and Axelrod 1959, 1975, Beck and Engebretson 1982). Fossils show Wolfe 1969). Apparently, much of thepresent Pacif- the sedimentary core rocks to beyounger than the ic Northwest was a large subsiding terrestrial basin, Crescent Formation, but because they lieunder the where sediments and volcanics were accumulating Crescent Formation there was originallymuch con- (Mckee 1972). fusion about this aspect of Olympic geology.Devel- opment of the Theory of Plate Tectonics provided During the Oligocene (30 million years ago) the the key to unlocking this underthrustingmystery. Olympic bedrocks began to take shape (Figure11). At this time the subduction zone (the contact be- The subduction currents under theOlympics tween two tectonic plates) was where thePuget- stopped about 12 million years ago (Pliocene). At Willamette Troughis now (Warren1982). A this time the subduction zone may haveshifted to tremendous thickness of marine sediments, plus a the west. Released from the downward pullof sub- chain of basalt seamounts, had accumulated on the duction, the materials which had been addedto the eastward moving Juan de Fuca (oceanic) plate. As margin of the continent, began to rise sincethey this plate was forced to bend down andunder the were less dense than the mantle into which they continental margin, sediments were scrapedoff and were being pulled (Warren 1982). The Olympic added to the continental margin. At least one large Mountain mass is probably still rising, althoughper- seamount was also scraped off and becamepart of haps not as fast as it is being eroded (labor 1975).

22 ERA PERIOD EPOCH EVENTS TIME I.resent Human cultures evolve. Olympic Mountains continue to rise as alaclers and water wear them down. QUATERNARY PLEISTOCENE orests dominated by conifers. my ago Olympic Mountains begin to rise. Subduction zone shifts to the west. Forests dominated by angiosperms. PLIOCENE with some conifers. 3 my ago More sediments scraped off ocean floor and added to the continental margin. Much folding, faulting and thrusting MIOCENE of the Olympic rock formations. 0 5 my ago Seamounts scraped off oceanic plate and added to the continental margin TERTIARY OUGOCENE at the subduction zone. 36 my ago wz 0 Volcanic island arc forms in ocean. Columbia Embayment accumulates EOCENE thick beds of sediments. 58 my ago

Coastline is approximately along the front of the present day Cascade Mountains. PALEOCENE 63 my ago

2 CRETACEOUS 0 135 my ago N North American Plate moves west. JURASSIC 190 my ago LI North American Plate splits from Europe TRIASSI C and starts moving west. 225 my ago

Figure 10. Geologic Time Line showing the major eventsin the building of the Olympic Mountains.

23 p. 3O-55rrit[ion PiLe o baaL± tavas yeai-s ago und& the Ocean .iIefl -- fi tte t_i net - _Er rr]-'- .-,_i1J. I1-i ir ///// _-ir-± / ------'.mo.rain. L (e. or no motion o

Sedimentary rock5 fromcontinent +o{ded and. St.icedup neathLaia. oiLø

i//iCeo,, 1/ P. 12-30 ° rn ILL on JQars ago Q / 1 OLaer rocks ciraoced d.own

CORE ROC.S bo.saLt U. Ihner ring OLympics 4 Qlympsch0

'--' --'.

IT IQr

C. Toaa '1/ (more or Les Thick pit.e of sed.ime.ntar rock rises because of ts Lou denst

Figure 11. The origin of the Olympic Mountains (adapted from Tabor 1975).

24 As the Olympic Mountains rose, they began to inter- Olympics. The upper member is prominent along cept moist air flowing in from the Pacific,stimulating Hood Canal and is characterized by volcanic brec- greater precipitation. The risingmountain range cia, some sedimentary interbeds and columnar formed into a circular mass and precipitation ran off jointing although pillow basalts are also present. lnterbedded with the lower member are red lime- carving a radial pattern of stream valleys. This ero- stones which sometimes contain copper and man- sional process was greatly accelerated by the carv- ganese ores. These ores have beenmined or ing of glacial ice in the Pleistocene and continues to prospected in the vicinity of Lake Crescent, Mt. Con- the present day, with streams now eroding into the stance, Buckhorn Mtn. and Mt. Cruiser,but none glacially widened valleys. have become major sources (labor 1975).

Basalt of the Crescent Formation is a dense, hard Bedrock Geology volcanic rock rich in iron and magnesium minerals. It is more resistant to erosion than the sedimentary The two basic rock types in the Olympics are sedi- rocks associated with it. Most of the Olympic basalts mentary and volcanic (Figure 12). The sedimentary are massive (without bubbles) but somevescicular rocks comprise most of the center and western part basalt formed when gas bubbles were present as it of the Peninsula and are often referred to asthe cooled. Basalt extruded into the sea cooled quickly 'core rocks'. The volcanic rocks which comprise on the surface forming pillowand tube shaped most of the Crescent Formation occur around the structures. Nearly all of the lower Crescentbasalts northern, eastern and southern fringe and are often are of this kind. Basalt extruded on land cools more referred to as the 'peripheral rocks' (Tabor and slowly and often develops large hexagonalshrink- Cady 1978). All of the volcanic and many of the age joints. This columnar basalt is foundin the up- sedimentary rocks are of Eocene age. Most of the per Crescent Formation which demonstratesthat remainder of the sedimentary rocks are Oligocene islands did form on top of the seamounts. Violent (36-25 million years ago) and Miocene age (25-13 eruptions of lava often release much pulverized and million years ago) (labor and Cady 1978). broken rubble which may solidify into rock. Thisis called volcanic breccia if the pieces are large, or tuft The volcanic Crescent Formation appears to overlie if they are smaller, Deposits of breccia and tuff are the sedimentary core rocks, and it was once found in the Crescent Formation in the Klahhane thought that the core rocks were older (McKee Ridge, Mt. Angeles, Silver Creek, Silver Lake, upper 1972). However, fossil evidence shows the opposite West Fork Satsop River and Stovepipe Mt. areas to be true. Interbedded in the Crescent Formation (labor 1975, labor and Cady 1978). Dikes and sills are early to mid-Eocene pelagic red limestones, of more coarsely crystalline diabase and gabbro are Eocene coccoliths(planktonicalgalremains), common in the basalts and sedimentarybeds of the Eocene gastropods (snails),and mid- to late Crescent Formation. These formed when basaltic Eocene foraminiferans (oceanic unicellular organ- lava was injected into cracks in the rock formations isms) (labor and Cady 1978). Fossils in the seth- but never reached the surface (labor 1975). mentary core rocks, on the other hand, span the time from Eocene to mid-Miocene, and are therefore The core rocks are mostly composed of different partly younger. The sedimentary core rocks have marine sedimentary rocks including sandstone been thrust under the older volcanics of the Cres- (Figure 14),shale, and conglomerate. Olympic cent Formation along a series of thrust faults which sandstones occur both as interbeds in theCrescent now separate the two rock groups (labor and Cady volcanics and as a major component of the core 1978) (Figure 11). rocks. Sandstone is softer than basalt, but more resistant to erosion than shale or slate (labor1975) The Crescent Formation can be divided into upper and tends to form ridges and peaks in areasof other and lower members. The lower Crescent is mostly sedimentary rocks. Mt. Olympus is primarilysand- pillow basalt (Figure 13) with a few sedimentary stone. Olympic sandstones are mostlygraywackes interbeds. Itis prominent in some of the higher (poorly sorted sandstones containing rock frag- peaks of the southern, eastern and northern ments as well as quartz). They often containmuch

25 Unconsolidated Sediments Glacial outwash, glacial till,alluvium, etc. Core Rocks--primarilymarine sediments Highly folded, littledisrupted sandstone, Peripheral Rocks--primarilyCrescent Formation shale and othersedimentary rocks Predominantly extrusivevolcanics (mostly basalt andmetabasaft) Highly folded, highly :::::::::.::: disrupted sandstone, shale and othersedimentary rocks Sedimentarocks--sandstone, shale, and conglomerate Highly folded, highlydisrupted slate

Figure 12. Map of the bedrockgeology of the Olympic Mountains (modified from labor1975).

26 Figure 13. Pillow basalt from the Crescent Forma- Figure 14. Sandstone outcrop representing the sed- tion, upper Dungeness River valley. imentary core rocks from Three Peaks in the southern Olympics. feldspar and mica and may also contain tuff or volcanic grains. The cementing agent of marine sandstones is often calcareous, which is quite suscepti- Glacial History bletochemicalweathering.Theforcesof uncierthrusting have metamorphosed some of the The glacial history of the Olympic Peninsula is not sandstone into semischist (labor 1975). well known. In general, we recognize two geologic epochs: the Pleistocene which includes the glacia- Shale is fine-grained sedimentary rock formed from tions of the lastmillion years or so, and the mud. Olympic shales are of marine origin and are Holocene which begins about 10,000 years ago and composed of clay minerals, quartz, feldspar, and includes the present. The Wisconsin ce Age in- micas (labor 1975). Shales are quite prominent in cludes several glaciations between 10,000 and the core rocks and occur in the Crescent Formation about 100,000 years ago. The Holocene is divided as interbeds. Some shales in the core rocks were into the Hypsithermal (Deevey and Flint 1957) from metamorphosed into slate and phyllite by the forces about 10,000 to about 4000 (Porter and Denton of underthrusting. Slope failures are a common 1967), the Neoglacial period from about 4000 years problem on steep slopes underlain by shale ago to about 138 years ago, and the Modern Period bedrock tilted with the bedding planes parallel to since about 1850 (Figure 15). the slope. During the period from about 30,000 to about 1 Olympic conglomerates are also of marine origin. million years ago there were several glacial- and formed from gravels or larger fragments. If the interglacial periods. Littleis known about these gravels are angular, the term breccia is used. Con- episodes in terms of their extent or the climate- glomerates are often quite hard and may form vegetation relations. Even the absolute ages are ridges (labor and Cady 1978), such as Mt. Zion. uncertain. The Salmon Springs Glaciation was ap-

27 60 / '-. 58 PLEISTOCENE * HOLOCENE -

LiJ D 56 F- OLYMPIA 54 INTERGLACIAL >< > FRASER GLACIATION 52 I- UTILE -J ICE 50 AGE z VASHON Z 48 EVANS STADE CREEK HYPSITHERMA SIADE z < 46 SUMAS SIADE 44 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 YEAR BEFORE PRESENT

Figure 15. The climate of the past 25,000years as depicted by mean annual temperature.

parently the most recent of these periods. In extent River near the Satsop Work Center(Long n.d.). As and climate it was probably similar to the Vashon the glacier slid past the old mouth episode described below. of the West Fork of the Satsop River, it formed a damand created a large lake. The lake surface probablylay at about Prior to the Salmon Springs glaciation in order of 1100 feet when it found a new outleteast of Weath- increasing age were the Puyallup Intergiaciation, erwax Ridge and began to rapidly cuta new chan- Stuck Glaciation, Alderton Interglaciation and Ort- nel. Before the glacier retreated, therock gorge of ing Glaciation(Ca.80,000 years ago) (Crandell etal. the West Fork of the Satsop River hadbeen Cut 1958, Armstrong etal. 1965). During the Stuck and deeper than the original outlet, thuspermanently Salmon Springs Glaciations, the Hoh Glacier appar- changing the drainage pattern (Longn.d.). ently extended to the sea. During the Stuck Glacia- tion (about 50,000 years ago), the terminus of the Following the Salmon Springs Glaciationthere was Hoh Glacier was about 1000 feet thick. Duringthe a cool, dry period called the Olympia Interglacial Salmon Springs all major valleys in the Olympics (Figure 15). The vegetation at that contained glaciers. time was quite different from today, being characterizedby species of spruce and pine (lodgepole) Glaciers in the Queets, Quinault and Humptulips (Armstrong et al. 1965). Many early authorspresumed that the valleys all fed piedmont lobes whichwere responsi- spruce pollen from this period was Sitka ble for the flat to rolling, gravelly and cobbly spruce, out- thereby inferring a cool moistclimate during the wash deposits of the Wedge Point and Cook Creek Olympia Interglacial. However,Barnosky (1981) areas of the Quinault District. In the Wynoochee identified two macrofossils of Engelmannspruce drainage, glaciation caused a major change in the from Davis Lake. The implication,therefore is that drainage pattern. Prior to glaciation, the West Fork the Olympia Interglacialwas a cool, dry period just of the Satsop River drained into theWynoochee prior to the Fraser Glaciation.

28 The extent of the VashonStade (continental) ice The most recent of theWisconsin Ice Age events sheet on the OlympicPeninsula is shown in Figure was the FraserGlaciation. It lasted about 10,000 The area affected on the of three cold stages(called 16 (Armstrong etal. 1965). years and consisted Olympic National Forest includesthe northern part stades) and two warmer stages(or interstades) of the Soleduck District,including Snider Ridge and (Figure 15). The earliest of thesewas an advance of northeast corner of the 18,000-21,000 years ago Ellis mountain, and the alpine glaciers about Quilcene District to about NedHill and Bon Jon called the Evans Creek Stade(Figure 15). Alpine extended to at least 3550 throughout much of Pass. On Mt. Zion the ice glaciers in the Olympics (and feet above sea level (Longn.d.). The ice extended North America) accumulated massand moved Valley about 11 miles to about valleys on the west side up the Dungeness down the major valleys. The 2500 feet elevation and upthe Gray Wolf to an large glaciers that ex- of the Olympics contained elevation of about 1600 feet. In theElwha it pushed glaciers of the drier tended nearly to the ocean. The up the valley to aboutOlympic Hot Springs at 2350 much smaller, often be- northeastern valleys were feet elevation (Long n.d.).Along Hood Canal, the ing restricted to theheadwallS or upper parts of the Puget glacial lobe rode up overMt. Walker, but only side valleys. Many previouslyforested cirques filled skimmed along the eastern part of theOlympic Na- with glaciers or permanent ice,and timberline was tional Forest down to LakeCushman. (Old Lake considerably lower than today (seePaleobotafliCal Cushman formed behind aglacial moraine of this History pp. 54-55, ClimaticHistory pp. 32-33). time period.) The Dennie AhI areaand the South Alpine timberline at this time wasprobably about Fork of the Skokomish Valley werecovered with ice 3000 feet elevation as the temperatureswere be- at this time, as was the siteof Olympia, all oi Hood lieved to be 10-12 degreesF colder (Heusser Canal, part of the Black Hills, andthe Puget Trough I 973b). east to the Cascades.

This alpine glaciation wasfollowed by a contential glaciation called the Vashon Stade(Figure 15). It was perhaps not the largestof the Pleistocene continental glaciationS, but was themost recent, and shaped the landscape of PugetSound that we see today. Massive ice sheets beganmoving south out of the Coast Range of BritishColumbia sometime after 25,000 years ago. By 15,000-18,000years ago, the glaciers had reached thenorthern part of Puget Sound (Armstrong et al. 1965).Estimates from the area south of Seattleindicate that the ice front was moving south about 400 feet per year(Crandell 1965). At its maximum, about 13,000 years ago,the glacier was about 3,000 feet thickin the vicinity of Seattle (Armstrong etal. 1965) andabout 6,000 feet thick near Bellingham (Easterbrook1969).

The glaciers followed river valleysand low channels and carved them deeper as theyadvanced. They scoured over much of the NorthCascades, and gouged their way down thePuget Trough south past Olympia. They splitwhen they reached the Olympic mountains, however, with partmoving down the east side of theOlympics and the Puget Trough, and part following theStrait of Juan de Fuca along the northernportion of the Olympics. Figure 16. Map of the extent of glaciationduring the This lobe of the continental icesheet gouged its way Vashon Stade (adapted fromArmstrong around the west side of thePeninsula and south to about the Bogachiel River(Figure 16). at al. 1965). 29 Many large lakes formedbehind ice dams of the (Figure 15). On Mt. Rainiermoraines of the Bur- continental ice sheet (Warren 1982).Thick beds of roughs Mountain Stadewere built between about tine sediments accumulatedin these lakes, espe- 3500 and 2000 years ago (Porter andDenton 1967). cially in the Gold Creek, Dungenessand Gray Wolf drainages. In some cases these This glacial advance isnot often mentioned in ac- buried silt or clay counts of the Neoglacial period. This layers are overlain bycoarse gravelly material which may be because most of the morainal evidence has been interpretedas outwash that followed re- for this period has been overrun or obliterated cession of the continental ice sheet.However, some by more recent glaciations. of this Outwash' may becontemporary with fossil bearing glacio-marine sedimentsof the Everson In- terstade when sea level rose severalhundred feet. The Little Ice Age is the lastof the glacial-geologic Following the Vashon Stade, therewas a warm in- units of the Neoglacial period.It began about 680 terglacial period (from about11,000-14,000 years years ago (Ca. 1300 a.d.) and endedabout 138 ago) (Figure 15). This was calledthe Everson Inter- years ago (Ca. 1850) (Figure 15). Mostmoraines stade. Glaciers receded andsea level rose briefly to from thisperiod date from about theyears several hundred feet above thecurrent level (East- 1400-1550 or from 1700 to 1850 (Porterand Denton erbrook 1969). 1967, Crandell 1965, Crandelland Miller 1964). The Little Ice Age may haveconsisted of two or three The last episode of the FraserGlaciation is known glacial advances (andrecessions) which were ap- as the Sumas Stade (about 10,000years ago) (Fig- parently not synchronous frommountain to moun- ure IS), named after till left in the lowerFraser Valley tain or glacier to glacier. Thisis apparently due to near the town of Sumas, Washington.Its effect was the relative effect ofprecipitation and temperature minor compared to the earlier iceadvances. During on different glaciers. this time, alpine glaciersexpanded and some major valleys filled with ice. It was short-lived and marked We see evidence of the LittleIce Age throughout the the end of the Wisconsin Ice Age and the transition higher mountains (Figure 17).Many of the major to the Holocene Epoch (Figure 15). glaciers in the Cascades andOlympics have receded from their Neoglacial A major climatic change positions (Crandell 1969; apparently took place Heusser 1957, 1974). Thishas left small moraines about 10,000 years ago. The cold, dry Ice Age cli- which mark the positionof the terminus of the mates gave way to a warmer, butstill dry, post- glaciers at that time, and glacial climate called the extensive areas between Hypsithermal (Hammond the current position of the glacierand the moraines 1976) (Figure 15). TheHypsithermal was followed which are unvegetated, by the slightly cooler and raw glacial rubble. There much wetter Neoglacial are also extensive areas which period in western Washington. were covered by It Corresponds to the year-round or long-persistent snowfiekjs period when the modern only a cou- vegetation (as we know it) ple hundred years ago, which became established (see are now open rock, Pateobotanjcal History scree or talus (Figure 17). The abrupt pp. 54-55). Early in the Neoglacial period there transition from were unweathered rock debris to vegetated glacial advances comparableto the Little Ice Age areas often marks the extent of theseNeoglacial ice fields.

30 brook (1963) put it at 400 feet higher than today, Changes in Sea Level while Armstrong etal. (1965) put sea level about 600 feet higher than today, and Crandell (1965) putit The relative position of sea level has changed sever- about 250 feet higher. This rapid rise in sealevel al times during the last 20,000 years. Studyof these was followed by a rise in the land mass(Crandell changes is complicated; not only does theabsolute 1965). The effect of this rebound was for sea level to level of the ocean rise and fall as more or less water recede rapidly to a level contemporary with ice age is tied up in glaciers on the land, but theland mass sea level or about 400 feet below its presentlevel. itself rises and falls under the weight of theglaciers This occurred about 11,000 years ago (Grebmeier during ice ages. During the last continentalice ad- 1983, Crandell 1965, Easterbrook 1963). Then, asif vance (about 16,000 years ago), sealevel in west- the land mass were vibrating up and down,this ern Washington was 300-400feet lower than today scenario apparently occurred again about 10,000 and the coastline was 5 or 6 miles farther west(Kirk years ago. Shortly after this secondinundation, sea and Daugherty 1978). Almost immediatelyafter level became relatively stable about 33 feet lower glacial retreat, sea level rose to several hundred feet than today, and then began rising slowly tothe above its current level relative to the land.Easter- present (Grebmeier 1983).

Figure 17. Photo from the Olympic Mountains showing the Little IceAge effect. Much of the area of bare rock and talus behind the riders was covered by permanentsnowfields during the Little Ice Age. Photo by Asahel Curtis, Ca. 1920. (Courtesy WashingtonState Historical Society.)

31 CLI MATE

Climatic History peatedly froze over, and by 1492, ebecause ofex- cessive freezing of the waters,a no ship hadput A reconstruction of the long-term climatic history of ashore on Greenland for 80 years. Alpine glaciers an area is speculative at best. Even with our exten- expanded in the mountains of Scandanavia, France sive network of climatic stations, modern technol- and throughout Europe and North America,and ogy and satellites, we still don't understand the cur- arctic timberline was many kilometers southof its rent climate very well. We start with an unclear present limit. In the middle of this period the vUlages understanding of modern weather patterns and of LaRoziere and Argentier in France wereoverrun have to deal with an increasing degree of uncertain- by glaciers, vineyards which thrived in England dur- ty as we go back farther in time. However, most ing the 11th century declined, and the Santa Fe paleontologists and geologists seem to agreeon River in New Mexico froze over (Brysori and Murray some basic aspects of the climatic history of this 1977, Schneider and Londer 1984). While condi- area. Figure l5(p. 28) showsareconstruction of the tions in the northern latitudes may have beenmore mean annual temperature for western Washington severe, life around the Mediterranean may have for the past 25,000 years. It is based on dozens of been favorable. However, it is important tonote that different pieces of data and references too numer- this was not a long period of a homogeneousor ous to conveniently cite here. It serves as the basis stable climate. There was considerable variability, for much of the climatic interpretations which follow. probably in both temperature and precipitation. The This is a rough curve, subject to revision. Also, it coldest periods were probably from 1400-1510 and implies nothing about the winter to summer varia- 1645-1715 (the Sporer and Wolf sunspot mini- tions which might have occurred or the accompany- mums) (Eddy 1976, Stuiver and Quay 1980, Schnei- ing precipitation patterns. der and Londer 1984). Towards the end of the Little Ice Age the climate in the Pacific Northwestwas The climate of today on the Olympic Peninsula is apparently cool and wet as interpreted from tree rings and glacial records. This period, from about relatively warm and wet compared to what we know 1750 to about 1830, was apparently a period of of the climate of the past 50,000 years. This modern poor growth for most tree species. However, these condi- climate (see p. 34), however, on a global scale, is tions were apparently favorable to silver fir, which best described as cool, temperate and maritime. It expanded its range at that time. supports a lush flora and is favorable for the growth of trees. The current climatic period began by the Evidence for Little Ice Age glacial activity iscommon mid-I 9th century and corresponds to the period of throughout the Olympic and Cascade Mountains. the Industrial Revolution. Even within this short There are numerous small moraines which mark the 100-200 year time span there have been important maximum extent of glaciers during this time. There temperature and drought cycles. are also extensive areas of bare rock, talus and scree that represent areas covered by year-round Prior to about 1850 and back to about the 14th snow and ice 200 years ago that now melt off during century, was a period called the Little Ice Age (Math- the summer (Figure 17). es 1939, Porter and Denton 1967). It was a period of about 600 years with cold winters, and generally Prior to the Little Ice Age there wasa period which unfavorable climate in the northern latitudes. Its be- lasted from about 1000 to 1300 a.d. whichwe call ginning corresponds to the beginning of the Renais- the Medieval Optimum (Lamb 1965). Historians also sance in Europe, the decline of Viking settlements in call it the Age of the Vikings. The Medieval Optimum the North Atlantic, and the end of Pueblo (Anasazi) was the period when Vikings plundered much of cultures along the Mogollon Rim in Arizona (Schnei- Europe. The North Atlantic was relatively free of ice der and Londer 1984). The climate in Europewas during this time and the climate in Newfoundland cold by modern standards. Icebergs in the North and Greenland was favorable to Viking settlement. Atlantic were major navigation hazards (Bryson and Solar activity was very high during this period (Eddy Murray 1977). The shipping canals in Hollandre- 1977b, Stuiver and Quay 1980), and the climate was

32 little soil develop- believed to be correspondingly warm(Schneider were raw till and outwash with ment. Early successional speciessuch as alder and and Londer 1984). lodgepole pine were well adapted to thesecondi- in the We characterize the Medieval Optimum asa warm- tions. Bracken fern was apparently common understory of these forests. The warm, dry summers dry period in the Pacific Northwest. Indirecttemper- probably favored frequent forest fires. The pine ature records (oxygen isotopelevels, apparent increase in for- forests may have burned every 50-1 00 years asis glacial recessions, and an apparent pine est fire frequency) all indicate a warmerclimate typical of modern lodgepole pine forests. As later in succession and then. Alpine glaciers probablyreceded from their was replaced by Douglas-fir later in the Hypsithermal, the fire pattern mayhave current positions. The vegetationof the Olympics probably included greater proportionsof Douglas- shifted to a longer period between stand-destroying fires. fir (especially in younger age classesdue to the fires and a shorter interval between ground frequency of fires), subalpine fir,lodgepole pine and Although the Hypsithermal and the Little IceAge western white pine, and lessSitka spruce, silver fir and mountain hemlock. Some of the areawhich is appear to be very differentby modern standards, Fir and Mountain Hem- compared to the climate of the previous 100,000 now the Sitka Spruce, Silver glaciations), they lock Zones was probably WesternHemlock Zone. years (during the Wisconsin age are relatively similar and canbe considered part of Hypsithermal Discovery of plant roots buried deepin the Green- the Holocene climate. Prior to the scoured and land permafrost suggests thatNorthern Hemi- there was a series of glaciations which sphere temperatures may have been2-4 degrees C molded the landscape of the northern latitudes sev- collectively re- (3.6 to 7.2 degrees F) higher thantoday (Lamb eral times. These glaciationS are in the Pacific ferred to as the Wisconsin Ice Age and includethe 1965). We believe the temperature general- Northwest was about 1-2 degrees Chigher during Fraser Glaciation (Figure 15). This period is modern period, but includes some the Medieval Optimum. It also mayhave been anly colder than the have other 1-2 degrees C colder during theLittle Ice Age warmer interstades in which the climate may about the (Figure 15). Using a temperature lapserate of 5 been comparable to today. Little is known of certainty. degrees C per 1000 m (2.7 degrees F/i000 ft.) po- climate of this period with any degree Age are tential timberline may have been650-1300 ft. The coldest periods of the Wisconsin Ice (200-400 m) higher in medieval times andperhaps generally acknowledged to be 10-12 degress F (5-7 1 973b). Dur- lower by the same amount during the LittleIce Age. degrees C) colder than today (Heusser ing the periods between glaciationsthe climate was knowledge about presumably warmer but specific details of thecli- Prior to the Medieval Optimum our general (Heusser climate in this area declinessubstantially. There mate during these periods is very were two or three Little IceAges type glaciations 1973b, Heusser etal. 1980). from 1000-4000 years ago, including theBurroughs be reli- Mountain Stade (Crandell 1969, Porter andDenton The climate of the Pacific Northwest cannot than about 1967). Climate at those times was probably compa- ably reconstructed for periods earlier 25,000 years ago. However, we do knowthat at a rable to the Little Ice Age. very broad scale, by Pliocene orMiocene time Geologic History p. The Hypsithermal Period was about4,000 to 10,000 (13-25 million years ago) (see quite different. years ago (Deevey andFlint 1957). This was a 22), the climate and vegetation was of years and warm-dry period with apparently a morecontinental This is a time scale that spans millions species and the climate than today. Palynology studies(Heusser is significant in the evolution of migrations and evolutions of entire floras. TheCas- 1964, 1969, 1 973a) point to an abundance ofalder, lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir, and also the cade Mountains rose from the seaduring the during scarcity of many of the tree species weassociate Pliocene or Miocene and the Olympics silver fir, Pliocene time (see Geologic History p.22). The ab- with the Puget Sound area today, such as prior to the western redcedar and mountain hemlock(Dunwid- sence of major mountain ranges Pliocene significantly affected the climateand vege- die 1986). tation. The climate during the Miocene waswarm, retreated, by about wet and temperate. Many speciesof hardwoods After the continental glaciers Metase- 12,000 years ago, the newlydeglaciated surfaces such as oak, elm and maples dominated. 33 quoia and gingko (now found in China) plussome climate on the leeward (northeast)part of the moun- true fir species are common in the fossil records for tains. Table 3 gives summer and annualprecipita- that era (Wolfe 1969). The modern flora in the Pacific tion, plus mean July and mean annualtemperature Northwest developed sometime after the rise ofthe values for selected weather stationson the Peninsu- Cascade and Olympic Mountains. la. The precipitation map shown in Figure18 gives the average annual precipitation as estimatedby Current Climate the Soil Conservation Service (1965).

The climate of the Olympic Peninsula varies from The precipitation pattern on the OlympicPeninsula very wet, humid and maritime along the far west can be partially described by the two lines in Figure coast, to relatively dry and almost continental in the 19. The upper line is taken from theprecipitation map (Figure 18) and shows the average precipita- rainshadow of the northeastern corner. Withina dis- tion for each environmental zone (Figure tance of only 25 air miles the rainfall varies fromover 24 p. 40). The lower curve shows the average 200 inches to about 20 inches. These valuesrepre- annual precipitation for weather stations near sea level sent both the highest and lowest for western Wash- around the peninsula. These stations have an ington and western Oregon. Weather average eleva- patterns are tion of 328 feet. A derivative of the two strongly influenced by the flow of winter storms and curves shown in Figure 20, represents the effect of elevation the counter-clockwise air circulation pattern on around precipitation, given as the change in precipitation these storms. The prevailing wind at the frontof (in inches) per 1000 feet elevation gain.In all envi- such storms is from the southwest. Themovement ronméntal zones, precipitation increases witha rise of such storms follows the jet stream and varies from in elevation. In Environmental Zone 2, forexample, northwest to southwest. Winter storms with winds in precipitation increases 24.6 inches per 1000 feet, excess of 50 mph and 24-hour rainfall in excess of while in Environmental Zone 8 it increases only 3 inches are common. This pattern is 8.7 responsible inches per 1000 feet elevation. Thus, thewetter mar- for the very wet climate on the windward (south- itime zones show a much greater orographic effect west) part of the Olympic mountains and the dry than the drier, more continentalzones.

Table 3. Temperature and precipitationdata for weather stations on the Olympic Peninsula.

Station Elevation Mean Annual Mean July June, July, Aug. Annual (ft.) Temperature' Temperature' Precipitation2 Precipitation2

Aberdeen 436 50.5 60.5 5.89 82.34 Cushman 760 50.8 64.7 5.10 100.25 Forks 350 49.4 60.2 8.12 119.06 Port Angeles 200 49.4 59.8 2.20 25.38 Quilcene 123 50.1 63.5 4.79 50.98 Qulnault 220 51.1 63.3 9.70 134.43 Olympia 206 49.6 63.0 3.54 50.96 average 328 50.1 62.1 5.62 80.48

temperature in degrees Fahrenheit 2 precipitation in inches

34 Figure 18. Map of mean annualprecipitation (in inches) for the Olympic Peninsula (adapted from Soil Conservation Service 1965).

35 250-

.._ 200 - 0, -ca) 0 C 150- 0z I- 100 a- 0 LU a.50-

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 ENVIRONMENTAL ZONE

Figure 19. Precipitation by environmental zone. Uppercurve is the average precipitation for the zone, the lower curve is sea level precipitation for the zone.

I- LU LU LL 0 30 0z

6 10 12 ENVIRONMENTAL ZONE

Figure 20. Rate of increase of precipitation by environmentalzone. This figure is derived from the two lines in Figure 19.

36 The climate can also be characterized by having a Snow accumulations vary from light and intermittent in the Western Hemlock Zone, from 3 to 10 feet in total annu- summer drought. About 7 percent of the the Silver Fir Zone, 4-6 feet in the SubalpineFir al precipitation comes in the summer monthsof Zone, and over 10 feet in the Mountain Hemlock June, July and August. Analysis of the summer pre- Zone. Areas in the Subalpine Meadow Zone may accumulate 20 feet or more of snowpack in a typical cipitation records since the early 1900's show con- winter. Figure 22 shows snow accumulations for the siderably less summer precipitation compared to years 1949 to 1983 at Hurricane Ridgein Olympic recent decades (Figure 21). This relates to the high National Park. This station is in Environmental Zone frequency of fires during the same period (Figure7). 10 at 4300 feet elevation.

11 Z 10 0 I- 8 I- I u-cOQ) 6 ci.°5 ..- 4 U 3 2

cj- 1 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 YEAR

Figure 21, Summer precipitation (June, July,August) for Olympia weather station, 1920-1983. (U.S. Dept. of Commerce)

200 - C,, -cQ) C) . 160.- L 140- I- 120- 100- zo80- 60- D 40- >< 20- 0 'I 1975 1980 1985 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 YEAR

Figure 22. Winter snowpack at Hurricane Ridge.

37 ENVIRINMENTAL ZONES

Environmental zones are geographical areas of After the general pattern was establishedusing sil- roughly similar environments. Theyare delimited on ver fir as the key indicator, the approach the basis of abundance and distribution was ex- of plant panded to delineate the Silver Fir andMountain indicator species. In this way, a certain combination Hemlock Zones. This placed limits ofabundance of key species is used to indicate a certain combina- (10 percent cover in old-growthstand condition) on tion of environmental factors. Thesezones are not the key species- silver fir and mountain hemlock. based on elevation directly but are related to oro- The distribution of the Subalpine Firand Douglas-fir graphically induced climatic patterns,so that wetter Zones was added to give resolutionin areas where (lower numbered) zonesoccur along windward silver fir and mountain hemlockwere poorly repre- slopes of mountains and drier (highernumbered) sented. zones occur in the rainshadow. Withinany zone there is an elevational effectas precipitation in- The results were a series ofaspect-elevation curves creases and temperature decreases with elevation (Figure 23) which help delineatethe Silver Fir and (Figure 20 p. 36, Figure 38p. 84). Mountain Hemlock Zones, anda map (Figure 24) of the 13 environmental zones definedfor the Olympic Environmental zones were derived originallyas a Peninsula. From these two figureswe were then mapping tool and were basedon the elevational able to draw a map (Figure 25)which shows the distribution of silver fir.It was observed that the distribution of the vegetationzones which are based elevational limits of silver fir variedgeographically on these relationships. In developing thismap Zone around the Olympic Peninsula. In placessilver fir 12 was delineated toencompass most of the Sub- occurs near sea level, elsewhere it is notencoun- alpine Fir and Douglas-fir Series.Also,in field tered until almost 3,000 feet, and insome areas it checking the maps we discoveredsome minor local appears to be virtually absent. Some environmental anomalies which appeared to be relatedto cold air causes for this distribution patternwere suggested drainage patterns or steepness of slope.These fac- from analysis of the data. However,the approach tors were not built into the model directly,but were used was strictly empirical. Theobjective was to used to interpret and redefine the boundariesof the develop a model which could describethe distribu- Silver Fir and Mountain HemlockZones on the map. tion pattern of silver fir in a predictableand map- The map shown in Figure 25,correctly depicts virtu- pable way. ally all 1609 plots taken during thisproject and thus has less than a 1% error at thisscale. The process of delimiting environmentalzones be- Once the environmental gan with three observations. The pattern of silverfir zone relationship was defined and the maps drawn (Figure varied 1) with elevation, 2) withaspect, and 3) geo- 24), many other graphically. The effect of elevation andaspect were vegetation-environrnena relationships becameap- parent. Many of these are discussedor mentioned apparent from the beginning. Silver fir occurredat lower elevations on northerly throughout this guide. Some of theapplications in- aspects than on clude relating the fire history southerly aspects. However, themagnitude of this pattern to the environment, analyzing and describing species relationship varied from the wetzones to the dry distribution patterns along geographical-environmentalgradi- zones. It was observed that silver fir occurredat lower elevations in the wetter, ents, and understanding thepatterns of soils western parts of the around the Forest. Olympic Peninsula and at progressivelyhigher elevations around the mountainrange to the rainshadow. It was apparent that there was 1-Fire History--the pattern of historicand prehistoric an obvious rela- fires varies tremendously from tionship with the wet zones to the moisture. The more water dry ones. In zones 0-3 there (precipitation, fog drip, etc.), the lower were very few fires of silver fir was appreciable size in the last 700years. Those that able to grow. It was also evident thatin drier zones, have been recognized at least on southerly aspects, silver fir occur along southerly as- was not able pects mostly at mid-elevations (the to tolerate the drought. thermal belt) and rarely exceed 1000acres in size.

38 5000,- UPPER BOUNDARY OF THE SILVERFIR ZONE

4500-

4000- ?i9 z a 23500 > w _j 3000-r tJ

2500

I I 4 4 I 4 1 4 2000 I 300 330 360 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 ASPECT (degrees)

4O00- LOWER BOUNDARY OF THE SILVERFIR ZONE 3500-

3000 iii:ii:i:iiiiiiii:i___ 4J - '1) 2500- - Q2000-

1500 U -- 2 1000- Z0 500

I I I 1 4 4 I I 4 0 I I 300 330 360 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 ASPECT (degrees)

Figure 23. Aspect-elevation curves for the Silver Fir Zone.

The upper set of curves represents the upper limit of the Silver Fir Zone for eachdifferent environmental zone (EZ). The upper boundary of the Silver Fir Zone Is usually the same as thelower boundary of the Mountain Hemlock Zone. Note that the Silver Fir Zone extends higher on both southerly aspects and in drierenvironmental zones (e.g. EZ 10). The break in the curves for Environmental Zone 10 indicates that for that EZ and on southerly aspects,the Silver Fir Zone is absent. The lower set of curves represents the elevation and aspect where one should expect to find thelower limit of the Silver Fir Zone (upper limit of the Western Hemlock Zone). Both of these relationships representtopographically modal conditions. The actual boundary of the Silver Fir Zone can shift upward on dry or steep slopes, and shiftlower on moist toe-slopes or stream bottoms.

39 Figure 24. Map of environmental zones.

40 Subalpine Fir (ABLA2) Zone Sitka Spruce (PISI) Zone.

Western Hemlock (TSHE) Zone Douglas-fir (PSME) Zone

Silver Fir (ABAM) Zone Non-forest

Mountain Hemlock (TSME) Zone

environmental zones. Figure 25. Map of vegetation zonesbased on aspect-elevation curves and

41 In contrast, wind has playeda much more significant role as a disturbing force in terns. Douglas-fir is uncommon inzones 0-3, more these zones than common in 4-6 and very common in fire. In zones 4-7 there havebeen a few fires, but not zones 7-12. In contrast silver fir is very common in much more than in zones 0-3.Some evidence can zones 0-6, less so in zones 7-9 and almost absent be found of large fires thatburned 480, 680 and 750 in zones 10-12. years ago. Wind is less of a disturbancefactor than Western hemlock is commonthroughout but more in zones 0-3. Fire hasplayed a major role inzones abundant in zones 0-3 (Figure27). 8-12, and much of thisarea has burned several times in the last 700years. Fire is a major element 3-Soil relationships--Most ofthe well developed in these ecosystems (Figure26). Wind has played spodosols are found inzones 0-8. Soils derived a minor role compared to the wetter zones 0-3. from sandstone in the wettestzones seem especially likely to become spodosols. Among 2-Species distribution the incepti- patterns--not Only does the sols the umbrepts arerestricted to zones 0-8. Or- distribution of silver fir andmountain hemlock vary thents were found throughout by environmental the Forest but were zones, but most other specieson more common in zones 7-12 where the Olympic Peninsula show soil formation is similar distribution pat- probably slower.

LOW FREQUEN Y FES

Figure 26. Map of Olympic Peninsula showing therelationship between forest fire frequency. groups of environmental zones and

42 80 80

70 ABAM 70 EZ 0-3 EZ 4-6 I I' 6 I % -- TSHE 60 / I % I I % LU I % LU I 50 - - PSME 50 0 0 1-40 1-40z TSME LU LU 30 ABLA U LU 20 THPL 20 1

1 0 1 0

I 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 60007000 7000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 ELEVATION ELEVATION

90 90 80 80 EZ 7-9 EZ 10-12 70 70 Lii 60 60 > o I,I' o I 0 50 \ 050 "S_S_I' \ F- 40 II'\ 11% 40 I '\ I .5 1 0 I 0 ' ___/ I t I Lu30 .- '/.4 30 II / 0.- I,II I I 20 I 20 I /"\ \'; 5% ' '. 5 10 /'./ I 10 _/___ -% 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 50006000 7000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 60007000 s ELEVATION ELEVATION

Figure 27. Distribution of tree speciesby elevation and environmental zone.

43 SOILS

The soils of the Olympic Peninsula reflect a varied portant with regards to phosphorus environment and complex history, but uptake (Trappe are generally and Bollen 1979, Heilman1979). quite young. The complexgeologic history of the Olympics has left a diversity ofparent materials for The soil moisture regimes soils to form from. Bedrock present on the Forest are on the Peninsula in- aquic, perudic, udic andxeric. Aquic Conditions cludes a variety of sedimentaryrocks and marine occur where water collects causingwet anaerobic basalts, Much of the lowlandand valley bottoms are conditions. It is not requiredthat the soil is always covered with glacial sediments whichmay or may saturated, but it must be not have been derived locally. Although saturated and anaerobicat no granitic some time. Thus wet soils thatare supplied with bedrock exists on the Peninsula,deep deposits of oxygen by moving ground water granitic glacial sediments from are excluded (Soil the mountains of Survey Staff 1975). Thesesoils fall into the perudic Canada were deposited by thecontinental ice sheet regime. In this regime, water on the eastern and northern sides moves through the soil of the Peninsula. in all months that it isnot frozen (Soil Survey Staff Since the retreat of the glaciers, deep piles of collu- 1975). Wet areas occur in allparts of the Forest but vium have accumulated inthe valleys and on the the greatest opportunity for slopes of the mountains. these conditions is in Rivers have reworked the wetter environmentalzones, especially in the whatever sediments were left in the valley bottoms flats of the Quinault District.The most common soil and spread sheets of alluvium along their courses. moisture regime is udic. It includesall moist soils but From time to time, eruptions of Cascade volcanos can be dry up to 90 total daysduring the year or 45 have dusted the Olympics with volcanic ash,as consecutive days in thesummer in 6 out of 10 years happened in 1980 from Mt. St. Helens.Mazama ash (Soil Survey Staff 1975). Udicsoils occur throughout deposits from about 6800years ago occur in the most of the Peninsula, butare rarely found in the Hoh River Drainage (Heusser1974). Compounding rainshadow area (EnvironmentalZones 11 and 12). all of this is a ten-foldrange of precipitation, a 7000 It is in this area that xericsoils are common although foot range in elevation, andtopography from flat to they can be foundon dry microsites elsewhere. vertical. In addition, for all butthe very youngest Xeric soils are dry for atleast 45 consecutive days soils, the climate that the soilsare currently develop- in most years (Soil SurveyStaff 1975). It is these ing under is different fromwhen they began their soils where the lack ofmoisture becomes a critical genesis. limiting factor for plants.

Topography and slopesteepness have a profound Environmental Factors effect on soil development byinfluencing soil stability and redistributionof soil water. In general, lower slopes have deep colluvial The amount of moisture inthe soil is the driving regolith which has ac- force in soil development. Acting cummulated from mass-wasting ofthe upper slope. over a long period Deeper regoliths allow of time, it influences most of thechemical and physi- deeper soils to develop cal features of the soil. Rates which makes a greaterarea available to roots for of mineral weathering water and nutrient uptake. are largely determined by the Abrupt soil textural presence of water to changes many cause dissolve and carry away soluble perching of the water table compounds, and to resulting in subirrigation of the freeze and expand therebycracking rocks to ex- site. Many of the pose more surface area. Sufficient better growing sitesespecially in the lower environ- water is present mental zones are on well-watered over most of the Peninsula tocause both rapid toe slopes which are subirrigated in thismanner. weathering and leaching ofnutrients out of the profile. Thus our soils tend to berelatively infertile, It is not by chance that plants and plant The soil temperature regimespresent on the Forest communities are mesic, frigid and cryic (Figure that tolerate infertile soilspredominate here. Many 28). (See Soil plants tolerate infertile soils by Methods pp. 82-84, Figure 37p. 83 and Figure 38 an association with 84). Most of the Forest has p. mycorrhizal fungi. This seemsto be especially im- a frigid regime which corresponds with the mid-montaneregion. It is the

44 frigid regime. Figure 29 showsthe reconstructed annual temperature patternfor different environ- 4000 mental zones. (See Soil Methods p.83, Figures 37, CRYIC 38 pp. 83-84). 3500 Soil nutrients are stronglyinfluenced by bedrock, regolith, climate, and the bioticcommunity. The 3000 source of most nutrientsother than nitrogen is the weathering of parent material. Theavailability of nu- 0Z 2500 trients to plants is determinedby the efficiency of nutrient cycling, the intensityof the leaching and I- chemical factors such <> 2000 FRIGID weathering environment, and w as soil pH, and anionand cation exchange capaci- -J microbial fixation of W 1500 ties. Nitrogen is supplied by atmospheric nitrogen and atmosphericinputs. Ni- trogen input from rainwater oratmospheric com- 1000 pounds such as ammonia, are oftenderived from MESIC volatilized soil nitrogen (Stevenson1986). Sulfur 500 can be supplied fromcommon minerals such as gypsum or pyrite,or from atmospheric gases (Stevenson 1986). Sulfur andnitrogen are principal- 4 7 9 10 1112 ly bound in the organicfraction of the soil and are ENVIRONMENTAL ZONE dependent on microorganisms fortheir various transformations (Brady 1974).Regardless of the source of the nutrient, thecarbon cycle is important Figure 28. Soil temperatureregimes. to maintaining levels ofavailable nutrients. soil temperature is less than area where the annual of soil nutrients to has greater than 5 de- Our data indicate relationships 8 degrees C at 50 cm, but The availabil- summer and winter pH, moisture, regolith and vegetation. grees C fluctuation between related to pH. Phos- conditions exist over ity of soil nutrients is strongly (Soil Survey Staff 1975). These and 7. As the pH Mountain Hemlock phorus is most available at pH 6 much of the Peninsula below the decreases, phosphorus is bound upas insoluble Zone, in virtually all of the SilverFir Zone, the upper aluminum and iron phosphates (Bohnet al. 1979). Western Hemlock Zone, and theDouglas-fir and the regime Since nearly all of our soils have apH lower than 6.0 Subalpine Fir Zones. The mesic temperature relatively low levels of avail- annual temperature is we can expect to have is that area where the mean there was much vari- less than 15 degrees able phosphorus. Although greater than 8 degrees C but average of about summer--Winter fluctua- ability in our data, they indicate an C at 50 cm, and there is a 10 ppm at pH 6.0. C (Soil Survey Staff 2.5 ppm at pH 4.2 and about tion greater than 5 degrees closely; the in the lowlands Nitrogen paralleled organic matter very 1975). This regime is very common and organic mat- about 1300 feet largest quantities of both nitrogen and foothills of the Olympics up to Potassium generally in- probably only a ter occurred about pH 4.8. elevation on the eastern slope, but pH on potassium slope of the moun- creased with pH but the effect of few hundred feet on the western the soil (Bohn et al. Sitka Spruce Zone can vary widely depending on tains. It probably includes the and cop- Hemlock Zone. The cold- 1979). Calcium, magnesium, manganese and much of the Western pH range of 5.7 to 6.2. It has a mean annu- per were all highest in the est temperature regime is ciyic. between nutrient al temperature less than 8 degreesC at 50 cm, and There were also some parallels between summer levels and the moisture variablesof environmental fluctuates less than 5 degrees C Potassium was Survey Staff 1975). zone and topographic moisture. and winter at 50 cm depth (Soil both of these On the Olympic Peninsula it occursprimarily in the highest in drier areas with respect to Subalpine Fir Zone variables. Phosphorus and manganese werehigh- Mountain Hemlock Zone. The Nitrogen and that fluctu- est in the drier environmental zones. has a cold average annual temperature with respect to ates more than 5 degrees C, soit is placed in the boron were highest in wetter areas

45 14 - 1000ft

-2000ft 12 EZ 0-3 -.3000ft / if ''4000ft I,

8 I,I. I. 6 I. 4

.7 /

JAN 0 FEBMAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUGSEPOCT NOVDEC JANFEBMAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOVDEC MONTH MONTH

-1000 ft

- 2000ft -.3000ft EZ 7-9 / -- 4000ft c 10 / 0 10 - -5000ft / F '. I.LJ I,'

II 8 II .. II .1\ I-

I ' . I LIi 0,, / I' ' LII a_. 6 III ..'%\ U II . I- I . 1

/ I 04 / / ,1 U) U)

JANFEBMAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUGSEPOCT NOV DEC JANFEBMAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MONTH MONTH

Figure 29. Soil temperature profiles (20 cm depth) by elevation band forenvironmental zone groups.

46 much more resistant to weatheringthan many sedi- both variables, and calcium and copperwere high- mentary rocks. est in topographically wetter areas.With respect to highest regolith, potassium and phosphorus were rocks, and are marine shales and sand- Shales are prominent in the core on soils formed from composed principally of clay and weatherback to lowest on basaltic soils. stones. Phosphorus was clay. In general shale weathers rapidly.The rate that continental tills and lowest Sulfate was highest on shale weathers to soil has much todo with the de- and shales. Copper and on the marine sandstones gree of consolidation andwhether the exposed manganese were highest onsoils derived from eroding surface is parallel orperpendicular to the were also basalt and continental till. Some patterns bedding plane. Layered sedimentaryrocks, such as discernable with respect to thevegetation series. shale, weather very rapidly if the layerededges are The highest levels of potassium,calcium, phospho- exposed when tilted, but weather fairly slowlywhen rus and manganese werein the Douglas-fir Series just the original bedding plane isexposed. Minerals (Tables 153 and 154, pp. 434-435).Sulfate was released during weathering of shales areintermedi- highest in the Western HemlockSeries. Boron, zinc ate to basalt and granite (Bohnetal. 1979). and copper were highest in the wettertypes of the Western Hemlock Series. Nitrogen waslowest in the Sandstone weathering is strongly dependent onthe Douglas-fir Series and increased in wetterand cool- cementing agent. Lime cement weathersrapidly Sandstone er series. and silica cement weathers very slowly. generally produces weathering products veryhigh in silicon and low in iron and manganese,such as of Rock quartz sands, or clays (in the caseof very soft sand- Effects of Different Types stone) (labor 1975). Most Olympic sandstones are cemented with lime and are fairly soft. Different types of rock weather atdifferent rates, producing different soil materials andnutrient com- Table 4. Weathering characteristics of Olympic rocks. positions (Table 4). Highly fracturedbedrock weathers into soil much morerapidly because of its Rock Weathering End Product greater surface area. Basalts,shales and softer Type Location Rate 1975), although sandstones weather to clay (Tabor granitics continental slow sand not at the same rate. Granitics are veryslow to till weather because they are high in quartzand potas- basalt igneous moderate clay sium feldspars, and because oftheir coarse texture Crescent Form. which offers little surface area.Eventually, however, sand (Hausen- shale sedimentary rapid clay the feldspars weather leaving quartz Core rocks builler 1972). Granitics tend to berelatively high in sand silicon and potassium, and low inmagnesium, iron, sandstone1 sedimentary rapid Core rocks sulfur and phosphorus (Bohn etal.1979). Although no granitic bedrock existsin the Olympics, much 1 Lime-cemented sandstone, I.e. most of the Olympic sandstones. granitic till and outwash was depositedby the continental glaciers. The effect of bedrock on the soil isexpressed mainly in the way it influences the watertable. Perennial Basalt bedrock is widespread in theOlympics. It is subirrigation may produce seeps andsprings such frequently referred to asmetabasaltu because it is as are often found inDevil's club communities. In somewhat metamorphosed, but for purposeshere slightly drier or better drained areas, moreproduc- In the ab- itis assumed to weather the same as non- tive swordfern communities may develop. metamorphosed basalt. Because basalt ishigh in sence of subirrigation, extremelydry communities oak and some calcium feldsparS and ferro-magneSiUmminerals, it such as Douglas-fir climax, madrone, weathers rapidly for an igneous rock. Itusually non-forest associations develop. Theability to and frac- weathers to sesquioxide clays (Hausenbuiller1972) perch water is also affected by the jointing bedrock may and releases more calcium, iron, manganeseand turing of the bedrock; highly fractured phosphorus than most other rocks.Basalt is more allow fairly rapid drainage. On steeptilted bedding the smooth easily weathered than most igneousrocks, yet it is planes, water collects and lubricates 47 plane surface, causing slope failures. In this situa- 20,000 years old and exhibit no weathering rinds tion or with any other shallow bedrock with few frac- nor any formation of red clays. The depth of oxida- tures, windthrow can also be a serious problem. tion is typically only two feet (Crandell 1964),thus soils formed in this material are rather poorly developed. There is also some pre-Vashon continental Types of Regolith drift exposed around the fringes of the Vashon drift (Crandell 1964). This material is oxidized sixto Regolith is unconsolidated surficial material which twelve feet deep but has still not formed redclay. overlies bedrock. It can form in place by weathering Weathering rinds are typically a couple of millime- of the bedrock below, or it can be transportedby ters thick (Crandell 1964). Long (n. d.) found well- water, wind or glaciers from someplace else. It is weathered rocks in this pre-Vashon till, which he possible for several different layers of regolith to believes is from the Salmon Springs Glaciation. exist in one place. For example, a layer of volcanic ash may occur on top of an older layer of glacial till On the south and southwest sides of the Peninsula which may overlie older colluvium. Parent material is where the continental glaciers did not reach,expo- a term for the upper part of the regolith in which the sures of several older alpine tills can be found. Soils soil is forming. Common types of regolithon the derived from this material are more mature. Located Olympic National Forest include colluvium, glacial mostly off the Forest to the southeast, the oldest till, glacial outwash, alluvium and residuum. Talus is glacial outwash (70,000 to 150,000 years ago) is a peculiar type of colluvium. oxidized to a depth greater than 25 feet (Crandell 1964). These are some of the most mature soilson the Olympic Peninsula, with almost complete degra- Colluvium is the most common regolith. Theseare materials that have been eroded or mass-wasted dation of rocks and an abundance of red clay (Cran- from positions higher on the slope. Colluvium is dell 1964). In the Humptulips drainage, but mostly oft Forest, soils are forming in early Wisconsin drift primarily angular, unsorted rock fragments. Hard- pans are almost nonexistent, and abrupt textural which is younger than 70,000 years. This drift is oxidized to about 12 feet, and has weathering rinds changes that could cause perching of the water three to six millimeters thick but no red clay (Cran- table are less common than in glacial soils. Subirri- delI 1964). More common on the Forest in the gation is more likely to result from contacts with shallow bedrock. Humptulips drainage are deposits of alpine glacial outwash and till of intermediate and younger Wis- consin ages. The younger Wisconsin till is farmore Glacial sediments are one of the most important 9xtensive both on and off the Forest. It is contempo- regoliths on the Peninsula. They range from strati- rary with the Vashon continental glaciation and is fied outwash to glacial till. They may be derived less than 20,000 years old (Crandell 1964). Huge from native rocks brought downslope by alpine piedmont glaciers deposited vastaprons of drift glaciers, or from non-native rocks transported from eroded from native rocks on the plainsnear the Canada by the continental glaciers. Several differ- mountains (Tabor 1975). Like the Vashon drift it is ent ages of depositions are represented, some are only oxidized to about two feet, hasno weathering older than 70,000 years, but most are less than rinds and no red clay (Crandell 1964). The interme- 20,000 years (Crandell 1964). Glacial regolith forms diate Wisconsin drift is oxidized to about an apron completely surrounding the Olympic seven feet, has one to two millimeter weathering rindsand no Mountains and extending up the valleys of the major red clay (Crandell 1964). Thus it has takenmore rivers. Pockets can be found in the higher moun- than 70,000 years to convert glacial gravelto a pre- tains where new regolith is still being created by dominantly clay soil. active glaciers. Most of our glacial soils are less than 20,000years Along the eastern and northern parts of the Penin- old and show very little weathering. Soil compaction sula, most of the glacial sediments are derived from in glacial soils is very common. We findstrongly the most recent continental glaciation and contain compacted and cemented hardpans often less than much granitic material. These glacial sedimentsare a meter deep in Vashon and alpine drift on the east of a uniformly young age. According to Crandell side of the Forest. According to Brackeft (1966), (1964), the Vashon glacial materials the are 13,000 to hardpans are mostly compacted continental basal 48 till, although in some cases they are old lake sedi- high. These clays are often the breakdown products ments. The parent material for thtsoil on top of of volcanic ash. these hardpans appears to be a looser ablation till left on top of the basal till as the glaciers receded. These hardpans decrease total available soil vol- Organic Matter ume, restrict roots and perch the water table.Glacial outwash can also be somewhat stratified. Major tex- The amount and kind of organic matter in the soil is tural boundaries can cause perching of the water very important to soil structure and fertility. Struc- table. It is not unusual to find poorly-drained soils turally, humus improves stability and aeration by even infairlycoarse-textured glacial outwash. binding soil particles into aggregates. Organic mat- Coarse fragments are usually quite high in these ter contains many organically bound nutrients (e.g. soils, although layers of fine material are not uncom- nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur) which are re- mon. leased slowly in the rooting zone where they are most available (Hausenbuiller 1972). Humus has a Alluvium is a relatively minor kind of regolith com- high cation exchange capacity (CEC), thus helping posed of sediments deposited by moving water. to prevent leaching of soluble nutrients (Hausen- Most Olympic rivers and streams are young and builler 1972). Soil organic matter is also the food swift. Their active downcutting results in steep nar- base for many animals which are important in soil of row canyons with little room for accumulation mixing and aeration, and soil microbes which help alluvium. The rivers flowing west have cut through release nutrients for plant use. softer sedimentary rocks and are fed by much higher precipitation than the eastern rivers.Thus these In cool moist forest soils, such as are present on the rivers have cut larger, deeper valleys than the east- Olympic Peninsula, the tendency is for organic ma- ern rivers (labor 1975), which flow almostentirely terial to accumulate on the soil surface in 0 layers. through harder basalt. Broader floodplains covered The amount of organic material at the surface and with alluvium are mote common along the westside, the proportions of 01 to 02 give some indication and on the gentle lower reaches of rivers usually outside the Forest boundary. Alluvial soils are not about the kind of environment present at a site. The unimportant, however, since these subirrigated 01 layer is undecom posed litter and the 02 layer is soils tend to be highly productive, but may also be well decomposed, but not necessarily unrecogniz- frequently flooded. Alluvial soils within the Forest able material. A mor is composed of thick-matted, boundary tend to be coarse, with much sand, gravel partially decomposed organic material and litter ly- and cobbles, but pockets of finer silts and sands ing on top of the mineral soil. A mull is characterized may accumulate along slower parts of rivers and by a thin litter layer lying on a mineral horizon with streams, especially along the lower reaches. much organic material mixed in. A third classification, the duff mull, is an intermediate type. Most of Residuum is regolith which has formed in place from our forest floors are duff mulls or mors. We occa- underlying bedrock. Most of the Olympic Peninsula sionally find mull under hardwood stands and cli- is either too steep to allow accumulation of residu- max Douglas-fir stands. In hardwood stands this um or the residuum is buried under colluvium or probably relates to the readily decomposable na- glacial materials. Residuum can be expected only ture of the litter. Mulls in Douglas-fir stands indicate on relatively gentle slopes in areas which wereei- a low level of litter production and warmer tempera- ther not glaciated or were scoured by glaciers. Be- tures. In general there is a gradient from mull at low cause of the geologic history of the Olympics, resid- elevations to mor at high elevations (Topik 1982). ual soils are rare, and when they occur, are shallow This relates both to the effect of temperature on and rocky. rates of decomposion and decomposability of the litter itself (Topik 1982). Generally we have found Volcanic ash is uncommon in Olympic soils. The mors in the Mountain Hemlock and Silver Fir Zones thick layers of ash which are common in the Cas- and duff mulls in the Western Hemlock and Sitka cades are not found here. Occasional light dustings Spruce Zones, although mors occasionally occur in of ash from Cascade volcanoes have probably the lower zones, especially on wetter sites. Silver fir added significant amounts of fine soil materials. and mountain hemlock litter decomposes much Tests show that amounts of amorphous clays are slower than western hemlock or Douglas-fir litter

49 (Topik 1982). In general mull has more invertebrates iron and aluminum to be leached from the surface which break down and mix organic material into the horizon. Slight changes in the ionic content of the B mineral soil (Topik 1982). Earthworms whichare horizon cause precipitation of the humus, iron, and common in mull are nearly absent in mors. In our aluminum (Birkeland 1974), but the basesare gen- work we have only rarely observed earthworms. Mor erally lost from the profile altogether. This results in is often completely permeated with fungalmycelia an infertile, acidic soil. Conditions favorable to the and fine roots (Topik 1982). Ericaceous shrubsare development of spodosols exist over much of the common on mor soils (Topik 1982). Olympic Peninsula except for parts of the dry northeast, and are especially favorable on the wetter west Much of the nutrient capital of the soil is tiedup in side and at cooler high elevations. Albic horizons the organic layer. The importance of this is empha- were observed several times in the Mountain Hem- sized in the Olympics by the preponderance ofmor lock Zone and wetter silver fir types. Silver fir types and duff mull soils. Topik (1982) found 43% of the which occur on soils derived from sandstone in the soil nitrogen and 57% of the soil organicmatter Matheny area seem especially likely to produce al- occurred in the forest floor at higher elevations in bic horizons. the Oregon Cascades. According to Birkeland (1974) it may take 1000 years for a spodosol to come into equilibrium al- Common Soil Orders though it should be identifiable well before that.If aluminum oxide is the primary translocatedcom- pound there will be very little color change. In this Spodosols (Table 5) are forming in most soilson the Forest. The development of a classic spodic profile case chemical tests may be the only way to determine whether or not a spodosol is present. Spo- has not yet occurred because most soilsare very dosols can be rapidly destroyed, however. Churn- young. The process of podsolization begins as or- ing of the soil by mass-wasting, plowing, windthrow, ganic matter decomposes and begins tomove down into the soil profile. This organic burrowing animals, or even logging operations matter, (Mitchel 1979) is often sufficient. Nearly all the known as humus, generally accumulates in the top spodosols in our sample were in Environmental Zones mineral horizon. This can be seen in the profile as a 0-8. This is probably due to more intense leaching darkening caused by humus coatings on the miner- and fewer fires resulting in greater stability of the al grains and such a horizon is called an A (alsoAl soil. or Ah in older classifications). Where precipitation is high enough, some or all of the humusmay move lnceptisols (Table 5) are soils which showa moder- beyond the A horizon and be deposited in the B ate degree of profile development but not enough to horizon producing a Bh. This process is knownas be considered at equilibrium with the environment podsolization and is common on the Olympic Penin- (HausenbuiUer 1972). They do not haveany hori- sula. Given sufficient time a leaching environment zons showing marked leaching (elluviation) or accu- such as this drives most soils in the direction of mulation (illuviation), although they have lostsome being spodosols. In a well developed spodosol, up- bases, iron and aluminum oxides, and retainsome per soil horizons may become leached (elluviated) weatherable minerals (Soil Survey Staff 1975). They of all soluble minerals, clays, organic materials, iron, are young soils and are the most common soil order and aluminum oxides, leaving only light-colored on the Olympic Peninsula. Because they are not at quartz sand behind (albic horizon). The organic equilibrum with the soil forming environment they matter and oxides may be redeposited in the B are constantly evoMng toward other soil orders. horizon (illuviation) imparting red or black color (Bir Most inceptisols on the Olympic Peninsula or Bh). are probably moving in the direction of spodosols. Because spodosols are frequently difficult to identify in the The kind of climatic conditions that result in accu- field it is possible that a number of thesoils here mulation of acidic organic layers on the surfacepro- identified as inceptisols may in fact bevery young duce spodosols. These are generally cool, moist spodosols. In our sample two suborders of incepti- climates with coniferous forests (Mitchel 1979). solswereidentified--ochreptsandumbrepts. Acidic leachate from the organic layer and chelating Ochrepts are light-colored brownish, freely drained organic compounds cause most of the bases, plus inceptisols which usually form under forest vegeta- 50 bogs, tion (Soil Survey Staff 1975). Umbrepts areacid, HistosolS are organic soils, commonly called dark, organic rich and freely drained. They form moors, peats or mucks (Table 5).They are usually under coniferous forests in areas of high precipita- saturated with water most of the year but this is not The only two tion but with a distinct summer dry season(Soil a requirement (Soil Survey Staff 1975). histosols in our sample occurred in Environmental Survey Staff 1975). In our sample, ochrepts were Zones 1 and 2. No doubt they form elsewhere too, distributed across the entire Forest. Umbrepts were but the wet anaerobic conditions conducive totheir restricted to Environmental Zones 0-8, with most formation are more likely to occur on the rolling occurring in zones 0-5. outwash plains in the wetter environmental zones.

Entisols represent the youngest and least devel- The proposed Andisol Soil Order (Leamy 1987) in- oped of the soil orders (Table 5). These aresoils cludes primarily soils developed in volcanic ejecta with little or no evidence of pedogenic horizons(Soil (Table 5). However, since the definition of andisols caused Survey Staff 1975). In other words, horizons isbased on chemical properties, many non- by soil forming processes are absent, but horizons volcanic soils in humid climates may also meet the caused by deposition of different layers of regolith criteria. To be an andisol, the colloidal fraction of the are often quite prominent. Entisols areusually in soil must be dominated by minerals such as allo- areas of very recent deposits such asflood plains or phane,imogilite and ferrihydriteor aluminum- in areas where erosion has been severeenough to organic complexes. Normally these minerals are un- remove the A and B horizons. In oursample we stable,butinandisols theypersist.Another found two suborders of entisols - orthents andflu- important concept of andisols is that little transloca- vents. Orthents are entisols on recentlyeroded sur- tion of iron or aluminum occurs. This means they will faces, such as eroding slopes or landslide debris, never have an albic horizon in association with a and weremore common oncolluviumin spodic horizon (Leamy 1987). Field identification of Environmental Zones 7-12. Fluvents are common andisols will be difficult. Non-ash soils in areas of along floodplains. Erosion and mass-wasting occur high precipitation with much organic matter are in both wet and dry areas, but entisols do not per- prime candidates. The clay fraction should feel sist. They develop into other soils over time andthe more smeary than sticky, and the soil will have alow time required is probably much less in the wetter bulk density (0.9 gm/cu cm or less). Meurisse (in environmental zones. In addition the more intense press) described two andisol 'ecosystems west of fire history of the dry, eastern Olympics has proba- the Cascade crest in Oregon and Washington. The- bly resulted in accelerated erosion and mass- se are the coastal westernhemlock/Sitka spruce, wasting. All the orthents in our sample were in collu- medial, iso-mesic and mesic ecosystem, and the vial regolith although there are probably orthents in Cascade, western hemlock/Pacific silver fir, ashy, rapidly eroding glacial drift as well. cindery and medial, frigid and cryic ecosystem.

Table 5. Summary of major Soil Orders of the OlympicNational Forest.

and organic matter deposited In B horizon, Spodosols Highly developed soil: leached (podsolized) A horizon, iron, aluminum acidic pH; main uborders are Orthods and Humods.

main euborders are Inceptisols Immature soil: no evident leaching or deposition, horizons recognized by color or structure; Ochrepts and Umbrepte.

Orthents and Fluvents. Entisols No significant soil development: flood plains, landslides, eroded areas; main suborders are

and Saprists. Histosols Organic soil: bogs, moors, peats, muck, often saturated; main suborders are Fibrists, Hemists

in some cases, transloca- Andisols Proposed now soil order: Primarily volcanic ash soils but may form nonvolcanic materials tion of weathered products is minimal, aluminum-humus complexes and amorphous claysaccumulate, many soils of the wetter environmental zones in the Olympics will probably be reclassified as Andisols.

51 VEETATON

Overview about 2000 feet, but in drier areas itmay go to about 4000 feet. Forest fires have beencommon in the The vegetation of the Olympic Peninsula isstrongly Western Hemlock Zone, with large firesoccurring at influenced by a maritime climate, as it is surrounded intervals of 50-250 years for most places. Stands by saltwater on three sides. Temperaturesare mild throughout most of the Western Hemlock Zoneare and drought is usually not severe. The resulting dominated by Douglas-fir. In the wetter partsof the forests and meadows are often dense and lush. zone western hemlock may be dominant, even in Timber productivity is among the highest inthe young stands. In very old stands the composition world. The dominant climax tree speciesare west- shifts to dominance by western hemlock andwestern hemlock and silver fir. The dominant seral tree ern redcedar. Common shrubs include salal, vine species and the most importantcommercial maple, Oregongrape, red huckleberry, Alaska huck- species at lower elevations is Douglas-fir. Theupper leberry, salmonberry and rhododendron. Herbsin- elevational limit of forests (timberline)occurs at clude swordfern, deerfern, oxalis, beargrass,twin- about 5300 feet in the wetter environmentalzones to flower, prince's pine, evergreen violet,vanillaleaf, over 6200 feet in the rainshadow. trillium and foamflower.

The Silver Fir Zone is also Using the vegetation series described in thisguide, very common on the we can generalize a broad vegetation pattern (Fig- Peninsula, occurring in all but the driestenviron- ure 25). When mapped, these series are called mental zones, It is generally the mid- toupper slope zones and consist of the Western Hemlock, Sitka forest, occurring above the Western Hemlock Zone and below the Mountain Hemlock Zone. The domi- Spruce, Douglas-fir, Silver Fir, MountainHemlock and Subalpine Fir Zones. The Western Hemlock nant trees are silver fir and western hemlock. Douglas-fir can occur as old relicts from earlier peri- and Sitka Spruce Zones occur at the lowerelevations. Figure 30 shows the generalized distribution ods on many sites in this zone,or it may occur as a pattern of the major vegetation zoneson the component of young-growth stands in drier sitesor Olympic National Forest. at lower elevations in the Silver Fir Zone. Western redcedar, Alaska yellowcedar, mountain hemlock and Pacific yew can also occur. Common shrubs The Sitka Spruce Zone is limited to thearea of includeAlaskahuckleberry,redhuckleberry, strong maritime influence along the western sideof the Peninsula. It generally occurs where salmonberry, fool's huckleberry, salal and Ore- precipita- gongrape. Herbs include queen's cup, bunchberry, tion exceeds 100 inches (Figure 18) and there is a rosy twisted-stalk, vanillaleaf, false lily-of-the-valley, summer fog effect.It also appears to be limited deerfern, swordfern, five-leaved bramble, above 600 feet elevation. Most of the Sitka Spruce foamflower and trillium. Zone occurs in Environmental Zones 0, 1,and 2 (see Figures 24 and 25). It is characterized bysuch The Mountain Hemlock Zone occurs species as Sitka spruce, western hemlock, at upper eleva- western tions in all but the driest parts of the OlympicPenin- redcedar, salmonberry, salal, vine maple, redhuck- sula, where it is replaced by the Subalpine leberry and Alaska huckleberry. Herbs include Fir Zone. oxal- It occurs above the Silver Fir Zone andgrades into is, swordfern, ladyfern, deerfern and foamflower, subalpine parkiand at upper elevations. It is Timber productivity is very high. a cold, snowy zone where winter snowpacks usually exceed 10 feet. It is dominated by silver firand moun- The Western Hemlock Zoneoccurs around the tain hemlock, and sometimes Alaska yellowcedar. Peninsula from very wet to moderately dry habitats. Common shrubsinclude Alaskahuckleberry, It usually extends up in elevation to where the Silver oval-leafhuckleberry, bighuckleberry,white Fir Zone begins, unless the precipitation isvery low rhododendron, mountain-ash, fool's huckleberry as in Environmental Zones 10-12, where it is often and red heather. Herbs include five-leaved bramble, replaced by the Subalpine Fir Zone. In thewetter trailing bramble, avalanche lily, deerfern, queen's parts of the Peninsula, it may extend up to only cup, beargrass and sidebells pyrola.

52 include kinnikinnick, Ore- The Subalpine Fir Zone occurs in thedrier parts of Common shrubs baldhip rose, the OlympicPeninsula(Environmental Zones gongrape, serviceberry, oceanspray, include 10-12), at elevations generally above4000 feet. creeping snowberry and salal. Herbs can Snow accumulations are less than 10feet. Domi- westernfescue,vanillaleaf,whitehawkweed, nant trees are subalpine fir and/orlodgepole pine. prince's pine, Scouler's harebell, bigleafsandwort Shrubs include big huckleberry, white and start lower. rhododendron, common juniper andpachistima. Herbs include subalpine lupine, Sitkavalerian,side- Subalpine and Alpine Zones occur in a mosaicwith bells pyrola, trailing bramble, Martindale'Slomatium the Mountain Hemlock and Subalpine Fir Zonesand and white hawkweed. at higher elevations. Trees occur assporadic individuals or clumps, or at the transition fromsubalpine The Douglas-fir Zone occurs sporadically ondry (krummholz). 10-12. It to alpine, as nearly prostrate shrubs microsites, usually in Environmental Zones The communities in these non-forest zones are River drainage. is most common in the Dungeness dominated by shrubs (red heather, white heather, Douglas-fir is the dominant tree, whilegrand fir, phlox) or herbs (lupine, bistort, valerian, sedgesand lodgepole pine, Rocky Mountain 1uniper,madrone and western hemlock can occur insmall amounts. grasses).

VEGETATION ZONES BY ASPECT AND ELEVATION

6OOO--

5000- N

-4-J a) 4-a) z 9 3000- > LLI 2000- WESTERN HEMLOCK ZONE

1000-

Olympic National Figure 30. Diagram showing the relativedistribution of the major vegetation zones for the Forest.

53 Paleobotanjcal History The vegetation history during the earlyPleistocene (30,000 to about 2 millionyears ago) is not well The ancient history of the flora andvegetation of the known. We can speculate that thevegetation during Olympic Peninsula dates back to onlyabout 12 mil- that time was dominated bytemperate or boreal lion years ago when the primordialOlympic Moun- conifers. At times during the periodfrom 20,000 to tains rose from the sea. By that time theCascades 80,000 years ago, the lowland forestsof the had developed considerable altitude,and this had Olympics included western hemlock,mountain hemlock, Pinus spp. (mostly lodgepole begun to affect the regionalclimate. The an- and white giosperm dominated forests (mixed pine), Picea spp. (Sitka and/orEngelmann spruce), mesophytic for- Abies spp. (grand fir or subalpine est) of earlier periods in the PacificNorthwest had fir), alders and declined, and the early conifer numerous members of the grass, sedge, andcom- dominated forests posite families (Stuiver et al. 1978, began to develop. The lowland tree Heusser 1964, flora in the Cas- Florer 1972, Petersen etal. 1983). cades during late Miocene (Wolfe Douglas-fir is con- 1969) includes spicuously absent from early pollenprofiles in the members of the following conifergenera, Pinus, Olympics representing the period from Picea, Abies, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga 10,000 to plus several 40,000 years ago. It is known from theWillamette broad-leaved genera. Although the earlyOlympic Valley and as far north as Fargher Lakein Washing- Mountains were nothing more than lowhills or ton during the Fraser Glaciation. Byabout 11,250 plains, the early forests of the OlympicMountains years ago it had migrated as far north as Davis Lake were probably similar in composition to the floraof near Mineral (Tsukada 1982). the Cascades. During the Evans Creek (Alpine)glacial period During the Pliocene, 2 to 10 millionyears ago, the about 18,000-20,000 years ago, the lowlandforests of the Olympics were characterized paleobotanical record is very weak. However,dur- by mountain hemlock with some spruce (probably ing this time we know that the floraunderwent slow P. enge!man- nil) lodgepole pine, subalpine fir, changes. Most conifer generapersisted in the area and western hemlock (Heusser 1964, 1972). This while many broad-leaved taxa became was a cold period extinct. The- when timberline was probably only se changes in taxa suggest an increasing about 3,000 feet summer in western Washington. During the drought during this period. Vashon (Conti- nental) glacial period about 13,000to 17,000 years ago, the composition of the forests changedto a Many of the modern taxa of the Olympic Peninsula predominance of lodgepole pine. Mountainhem- were represented in the Northwest flora duringlate lock declined and subalpine fir andspruce (both Miocene, when the Olympics began to rise out of Engelmann and Sitka) persisted (Heusser1964, the ocean. They include blackcottonwood, Oregon 1972, Peterson et al. 1983, Barnoskyet al. 1987). oak, red alder, chinkapin, Oregongrape, The climate had become drier andapparently more oceanspray, bigleaf maple and madrone.These continental (see p. 32), and sea levelwas several species have persisted in the area throughmoun- hundred feet lower than today (seep. 31). This is a tain building, climatic shifts and iceages. Taxa time period relatively well studiedin the Olympics; which entered the area about 10million years ago however, many of the earlierbog profile descrip- (as the regional biome shifted froma mixed mesa- tions lacked reliable radiocarbonages (Hansen phytic to a more temperate coniferforest), include 1941, Hansen and Mackin 1949). Scouler willow, Sitka alder, vinemaple, salal and Following the continental Alaska huckleberry, Also members ofthe genera deglaciation 12,000 to 13,500 years ago, many studies show Pinus, Picea, Tsuga and Abieswere present in the that the low- uplands during the time of the mixed land forests of the Olympicswere still characterized mesophytic by lodgepole pine with flora, and expanded their range duringthe Pliocene. species of true fir and spruce. About 10,000 years agoan abrupt change Douglas-fir was poorly represented duringlate Miocene and Pliocene periods, and occurred with pine declining andwestern hemlock, apparently did Douglas-fir, true fir species (probably not become dominant in the area until the grand fir), and Pleis- red alder entering the forests. Thisrepresents the tocene Ice Age began about 2 millionyears ago (Wolfe 1969). approximate beginning of the Hypsithermalperiod (see p. 33) and the last timesea level was higher 54 that than the present. The forests along the westside of The paleobotanical record of the past shows the floristic composition and presumably the struc- the Peninsula were mainly lodgepole pine, western ture of Olympic forests have changed manytimes hemlock, red alder, spruce and Douglas-fir (Heuss- associ- forests resembled and are probably still undergoing changes er 1964, 1965, 1973a). These the last forests farther inland today. The presenceof ated with changes in climate. Even during 1000 years we have detected significant shifts inthe Douglas-fir and red alder pollen, plus charcoalfrom ranges of important tree speciesassociated with this period, suggest that even along the westcoast changes in climate (see p. 32). Silver fir has appar- forest fires were common (see p. 12). ently expanded its range considerably duringthis time and the range of Douglas-fir hasdecreased. About 4,000 years ago another change inforest composition occurred. Douglas-fir virtuallydisap- peared from the Hoh-Bogachiel area, red alderde- clined significantly, and spruce, hemlock and west- Botanical History dominance.Thisis ernredcedar assumed The earliest botanist to explore this part ofthe world approximately the composition of the forests of that was Dr. George Steller, who wasbotanist and physi- Tsukada 1982). area today (Bamosky 1981, cian to Vitus Bering on his historic voyagefrom Russia across the north Pacific in 1741 (Lavender Olympic We know little of the drier parts of the 1958). Bering and Steller did not get as far south as it Peninsula from this period. We can assume that the Strait of Juan de Fuca, however. Heis best might be comparable to climatic-vegetational re- remembered in our area by the Steller's jay. constructions from near Battleground or Davis Lake. In these studies (Barnosky 1981, 1985),lodgepole The first botanist to explore the OlympicPeninsula pine, subalpine fir and spruce forests werereplaced (and western Washington also) was Dr. Archibald about 10,000 years ago by Douglas-fir,grand fir, MenzieS in 1792. He was botanist and physician to western hemlock, western redcedarand red alder Capt. George Vancouver on his historicexploration forests. The noticeable change in speciescomposi- and discovery of the area we now refer to asPuget tion about 4,000 years ago are not clearly represent- Sound. Vancouver actually called this area'New ed in Barnosky'sdata However, there appears tobe Georgia' and the body of water as a whole the a shift in proportions of thespecies about that time. 'Gulph of Georgia'. 'Puget's Sound' as he firstused At Battleground, Douglas-fir and westernhemlock the term applied only to the body of watersouth of remain about the same but western redcedar in- the Tacoma Narrows. Menzies described many new creases (Barnosky 1985). At Davis Lake,Douglas-fir species on this trip and returned to Englandwith and red alder decline as western redcedar increas- numerous specimens of seeds and plantsfor the es (Barnosky 1981). famous Kew Gardens. Menzies, Mr. Whidbeyand Lieutenant Peter Puget were the first toexplore Little is known of high elevation forests during any Hood Canal (named Hood's Canal by Vancouverfor of these periods. The only publishedpollen or his friend the Honorable Lord Hood' who appar- macrofossil record for a montane or subalpine bog ently never visited the area). Menzies is remem- in western Washington was by Dunwiddie(1986) bered by the trees Pseudo fsuga menziesii,Arbutus from Mt. Rainier. His study site is comparable to menziesii, and the herb Chimaphiiamenziesii much of the wetter parts of the Olympics today.It among others (Vancouver 1801). occurs near the lower boundaryof the Mountain Hemlock Zone. He shows that about the time of Mt. David Douglas made several early explorations of Mazama ash, those forests were dominated by sub- the far west. He spent some time at FortNisqually alpine fir and silver fir. About 3,000 years agothe ca. 1833 and apparently traveled asfar as Hood composition changed to approximate the current Canal, but most of his botanizing was doneelse- species composition of silver fir and mountain hem- where. While exploring the lower Columbia River lock. Based on this, we can speculatethat during between Fort Vancouver and The Dalles heclimbed the Hypsithermal period, subalpine fir wasmuch a high mountain and discoveredPacific silver fir and more common throughout theOlympics and there noble fir (Piper 1906). He is perhaps best remem- was much less mountain hemlock thantoday. bered by 'Douglas-fir. Dr. John Scouler was a corn-

55 panion of Douglas in the 1820's andcollected some Northwest' published in five volumes(Hitchcock et plant specimens from the DStraitsof Juan de Fuca'. al. 1955-1969), is a landmark workand was the major taxonomic reference throughout During the famous Wilkes expedition this project. of 1841 there It is the taxonomic authority for were two botanists, Dr. Charles Pickering all vascular plants and Mr. that we identified. In practice, the W.D. Brackenridge. Theyspent some time collect- condensed and slightly modified version, 'Flora of ing on the northeast partof the Olympic Peninsula the Pacific North- west' (Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973), during May 1841 (Piper 1906).Their collections was used in the field. Another work by Nelsa formed the basis of the firstformal taxonomic treat- Buckingham and ment for the area (Wilkes 1874). Ed Tisch (1979) providedan up-to-date checklist of vascular plants of the OlympicPeninsula. It was Mr. J.M. Grant collecteda few specimens of plants heavily used during the fieldstages of this project 'from the Olympic Mountains' in1889 which he sent and was an invaluable reference.It is the most cur- to the Gray Herbarium (Piper 1906). rent taxonomjc treatment for thisarea.

The first botanist to explorethe interior of the Olympic Mountains was Prof. LouisF. Henderson Previous Ecologic& Studies who accompanied the O'Neilexpedition in 1890 (Henderson 1891, Wood 1976). Heis remembered Jones' (1936) description of Merriams by the shrub Petrophytum Life Zones for hendersonh! and the the Olympics constitutes the firstecological de- sedge Carex henderson/i. Henderson was followed scription of the vegetation of theOlympics. His Hud- by J.B. Flett in 1895 whonot only botanized the sonian Zone corresponds closely Olympic Mountains but explored with our Mountain parts of Mt. Rainier Hemlock Zone plus the SubalpineFir Zone; his and Mt. Adams. He is rememberedby Viola flettii Canadian Zone correspondsclosely with our Silver and Senecio fletti!. Mr. LH. Lambwas perhaps the pioneer botanist in the Fir Zone, and his Humid TransitionZone corre- southwest partof the sponds with our Western Hemlock Olympic Peninsula,collecting plants northward and Sitka Spruce from Grays Harbor in 1897 (Piper Zones. His map of these Zonesbears a great re- 1906). The sec- semblance to our map of Vegetation ond comprehensive flora for thearea was by C.V. Zones (page 43). Other descriptions from the Piper in 1906. The 'Flora ofWashington' (Piper early 1900's were oriented toward a timber 1906) was a landmark publication.It included a or cover type objective e.g. compilation of the early botanists'works as well as Dodwell and Rixon (1902), NationalPark Service (1940). Piper's own extensive collections.He botanized in the Olympic Mountains himself in1890 and 1895. He is remembered by the herbCampanula piper! Following Jones there wasa period where mosses among others. and lichens were emphasized,as the rich epiphytic flora of the 'rain forests'attracted much attention. The next major work was by GeorgeNeville Jones Although much of this workwas floristic-based, (1936). He based his bookon the work of earlier some of the studies (e.g. Sharpe 1956)tried to re- botanists plus his own extensiveexplorations from late mosses and lichensto communities and 1923 to 1935. He described 1015species including habitats. Coleman et al. (1956)inventoried the epi- 16 species and 4 varieties heconsidered to be en- phytes of the Olympic Peninsula,in a comparative demics. He noted that on a species per area basis, study with the flora of New York State.They found the Olympic Peninsula represents one of the great- 195 epiphyte species and relatedthem to elevation, est concentrations of endemics in the world.He also moisture and host species. Harthill(1964) did a noted that the species list included 40 non-native more complete inventory ofmosses. Following species by the turn on the century and 143 non- along the lines of Colemanet al. (1956), Hoffman natives in 1935. He described broad communities of (1971) and Hoffman and Kazmjerskj(1969) studied plants, including a description of thearea in terms the epiphytes on Douglas-fir. of Merriams Life Zones. More recently Nad.- karni (1984) studied the biomassand nutrient capital in 'rain forest' epiphytes. Kunze Two modern works have had significant (1980) studied input to the the distributional patterns ofalpine lichens at Deer current study. 'The Vascular Plants ofthe Pacific Park. 56 association Early vegetation classification efforts followedEuro- In the current study, preliminary plant (1947) and classifications were reported for the SheltonDistrict, pean traditions. Spitsbury and Smith and the Becking (1954) described site types for western the Quinault District, the Soleduck District, and Washington using a system which resembledthat Hoodsport and Quilcene Districts (Henderson of Cajander (1926). Spilsbury and Smith (1947)de- Peter 1981a, b, 1982a, 1983a). scribed 5 site types for Douglas-fir dominated communities. They were: (1) Swordfern, (2) Swordferrl- During the late 1970'S and 1980's most of the eco- ecological (4)Salal-Parmeliaand (5) logical interest has focused on studies of salal, (3)Salal, between ecosys- Salal-Usnea site types. The first three bearclose processes, and the interactions relating to fire resemblance to three of our major WesternHemlock tems and the environment. Studies and fire effects include Pickford et al. (1977),Fonda Zone Associations. (1976), Agee and Huff (1980), Agee andSmith plant (1984). Successional studies include Fonda(1974), The earliest vegetation classifications using a the community or association approach were thoseof who described successional relationships on of the river terraces in the Hoh Valley,Henderson (1982), Fonda and Bliss (1969) for the forests relationships Olympics, and Kuramoto and Bliss (1970) forthe who described general successional Fir/Alaska subalpine meadows. Fonda and Bliss (1969) recog- for the Western Hemlock/Salal and Silver (1986), nized seven community types based on their sam- Huckleberry Associations, and Dale ef al. the tree ple of 39 plots. Their level of resolution is verysimilar who applied a stand development model to components in a Douglas-fir, westernhemlock, sil- to our series level classification.Their Pseudotsuga menziesii type represents our Douglas-fir Series; ver fir ecosystem. their Abies amabilis-Tsuga martens/a fla type repre- and their Abies Ia- Since about 1975, del Moral and his students sents our Mountain Hemlock Series; dynamics of siocarpa type represents our Subalpine FirSeries. associates have been studying the subalpine ecosystems in the northeasternOlympics Their Tsuga heterophylla-PseudOtSUgamenziesll (del Moral [19821, Belsky and del Moral[1982], del type and Pseudotsuga menziesii-Tsugaheterophyl- of Moral[1984b] and Loneragan and del Moral ía type represents a wetter and a drier segment fun- their Abies [1984]). He also applied this research to more our Western Hemlock Series. Lastly (del amabilis-Tsuga heterophylla/OXa!iS type and the damental or theoretical aspects of ecology [1985]). Other Abies amabilis-Tsuga heterophylla types represent Moral [1983, 1984a], del Moral etal. (1983) who Silver Fir Series. studies from that area include Milliren a wet and a dry segment of our Steven- Kuramoto and Bliss (1970) described eight non- looked at snowpack - meadow interactions, of subalpine forest subalpine meadow types based on 38plots. son (1983) who studied the response fir to summer drought at timberline,and Pfitsch (1981) and Stevens (1982), who looked atmountain Franklin and Dyrness (1973) reviewedand described the vegetation of Oregon and Washington, goat-plant community interactions. including the Olympic Peninsula. Their work was a structure landmark synthesis at the time. Their general treat- Lastly, an integrated study of ecosystem and process has been carried on in theS. Fork of ment of the vegetation of the Olympicsemphasized the Hoh drainage since 1978. This projecthas been the very limited nature of ecological work up tothat led by J. Franklin. Early papers from thisstudy in- time. clude Franklin (1982), Franklin at al. 1982,Graham (1982), McKee et al. (1982) andSwanson and Working in the Sitka Spruce Zone, Kratz (1975) described eight community types based on his sample Lienkaemper (1982). of 37 plots. Taking a different approach Ossinger (1983) made a more thorough analysis of one community,thePseudotsuga-TSuga/RhodOdefldrOfl TaxonomicConsiderations type. Later, in a study in the Hoh andDosewallips made drainages in Olympic National Park, Smith and Hen- During all phases of this work, an attempt was derson (1986), recognized 49 forested, and 47 non. to identify all vascular plants to species.Variety was forested associations based on 313 and 236 plots sometimes determined, but this was not anobjec- respectively. tive of sampling. Later in the project, cryptogamS,

57 mammals, birds and amphibianswere also identi- has been renamed C. fied. Mosses, liverworts and lichens unalaskensis. We feel that were identified using one regional authority to genus in most cases and to enhances communica- species whenever tion and reduces ambiguity. possible. There is considerable difficultywith the taxonomy of some genera, especiallysome lichens Field identification of some and mosses, such that fieldidentification beyond taxa proved to be diffi- genus was impossible. cult or inconsistent. Althoughcrew members were experienced in plant taxonomyand considerable The authorities for each ofthe following taxa are time was spent keying unknownplants in the field and in collecting and verifying Hitchcock et al. (1955-1969) forvascular plants; them later, some Lawton (1971) for mosses; Hale1979, Brodo and misidentificationsprobablystillexistinthe Hawksworth (1977), Thomson (1967)for lichens, database. In other cases plotswere taken when and Conard (1956) for liverworts.Nomenclatural some species were in a phenologicalstage which changes occur rapidly for fungi,so we have used did not allow proper or positiveidentification. Some Hadfield etal. (1986) as thetaxonomic standard for sedges or grasses were identifiedonly to genus if names for the pathogenic fungi. Nomenclaturefor mature flowers were not available.Early in the birds follows the current AmericanOrnithologists' project Symphoricarpos a/busand S. moms were Union Checklist (1983). not consistently distinguished; Festucaoccidental/s was confused with F. idahoens/s; Festucasubuliflo- A number of taxa among all of these groups have ra was not consistently distinguishedfrom F. subu- undergone recent revision. Notably among the vas- lata, and Stachys mex/canaand S. coo/eyae were cular plants, there arenewer names for some not consistently distinguished. The species than used by Hitchcock species Galium etal. (1 955-1 969). triflorum and G. tr/fidum werenot consistently distin- However, we have chosen to not adopt these recent guished. When therewas uncertainty the specimen changes, and to continueto use the older names. was identified as G. tr/f/orum, althoughsome of the- For example, they recognizedthe species Tiare/la se plants were probably G. tr/fldum.The high eleva- unifollata and T. tilfollata. Subsequently,these two tion species of Ribes species have been assigned were usually called A. howe/lu. variety status in the However,someof single species T. unifoliata. Also Cornus thesespecimenswere canadensis apparently misidentified A. triste.

58 Indicator Species in The following table (Table 6) gives all of thevascular identifying these species. They are described Species plant species used to indicate or identify theforest- Lesher and Henderson (1986), 'Indicator National ed plant associations of the OlympicNational For- for the Olympic and Mt. Baker-SnOqualmie est. To use this guide one shouldbe competent at Forests.'

Table 6. Indicator species of the OlympicNational Forest. CODE SPECIES COMMON NAME ABAM Abies amabilis Silver Fir Subalpine Fir ABL2 Abies lasiocarpa ACCI Acer circinatum Vine Maple Bigleaf Maple ACMA Acer macrophyllum ACTR Achlys triphylla Vanillaleaf Red Alder ALRU Alnus rubra ARUV Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Kinnikinnick Oregongrape BENE Berberis ner'osa BLSP Blechnum spicant Deerfern Queen's Cup CLUN Clintonia uniflora COCA Cornus canadensis Bunchberry Avalanche Lily ERMO Erthronium montanum FEOC Festuca occidentalis Western Fescue Fragrant Bedstraw GATR Galium triflorum GASH Gaultheria stia!lon Salal Oceanspray HODI Holodiscus discolor JUCO4 Juniperus communis Common Juniper Twinflower LIBO2 Linnaea borealis LULA Lupinus latifolius Subalpine Lupine Skunkcabbage LYAM Lysichitum americanum OPHO Oplopanax horridum Devil's Club Oxalis OXOR Oxalis ore gana PHEM Phyllodoco empetriformis Red Heather Sitka Spruce PISI Picea sitchensis POMU Polystichum munitum Swordfern Douglas-fir PSME Pseudotsuga menziesu RHAL Rhododendron albiflorum White Rhododendron Rhododendron RHMA Rhododendron macrophyllum ROGY Rosa gymnocarpa Baidhip Rose Five-leaved Bramble RUPE Rubus pedatus RUSP Rubus spectabilis Salmonberry Star-flowered Solomon's seal SMST Smilacina stellata STRO Streptopus roseus Rosy Twisted-stalk Western Redcedar THPL Thuja plicata TITR Tiarella trifoliata Three-leaved Foamf lower Single-leaved Foamflower TIUN Tiarella unifoliata TSHE Tsuga heterophylla Western Hemlock Mountain Hemlock TSME Tsuga mertensiana VAAL Vaccinium alaskaense Alaska Huckleberry Blueleaf Huckleberry VADE Vaccinium deliciosum VAME Vaccinium membranaceum Big Huckleberry Oval-leaf Huckleberry VAOV Vaccinium ovalifolium VAOV2 Vaccinium ovatum Evergreen Huckleberry Vaccinium parvifolium Red Huckleberry VAPA XETE Xerophy!!um tenax Beargrass

59 Endangered, Threatened and sensitive warrants further study and continuedconcern. The- Species se are listed in Table 7. It represents thestatus of the Endangered, Threatened, Sensitiveand Monitor There are 40 listed sensitive vascularplant species, species as of Spring 1988. This list issubject to two threatened, and no endangered speciesknown constant revision. For the currentstatus of any or suspected to occur on the Olympic NationalFor- species on this list, consult the est. Also, there are an additional 22 current Region 6 taxa on the Sensitive Plant List (USDA 1988)or Washington Monitor List whose current status isin doubt but Natural Heritage Program List (1987).

Table 7. Endangered, threatened, sensitive and monitor plants knownor suspected to occur on Olympic National Forest. Based on February 1988 Region 6 Sensitive Plant List and1987 Washington Natural Heritage Program List of Endangered, Threatened and Sensitive Vascular Plantsof Washington.

ENDANGERED_OO Parnassia palustris var. neogaea Wet, mid-elevation, SW Plantago macrocarpa cool, wet, low elevations THREATENED (2 species) Pleuricospora fimbnolata moist to dry forest Poa grayana subalpine, alpine, meadow Astragalus cotton/i Olympic Nat. Park. Gray Wolf. and scree, NE Morse Cr. drainages Poa lax/flora moist to dry, low elevation Ophioglossum vu!gaturn Mason County, boggy areas with Potemonium cameurn thickets and openings, low spiraea? to mid elevation Ranuncu/us cooleyae damp rock crevices, SW (Colonel Bob) SENSITIVE (40 species) Sanguisorba menziesii coastal bogs, W (Wedgepoinl) Saxifraga debilis damp rock crevices, alpine Arenaria paludicola possibly extirpated Synthyris pinnatil'ida var. lanuginosaalpine. talus, scree, NE Utriculana intermedia Aster sibiricus var. meritus rocky, high elevation, N (Buckhorn) aquatic, NW Astra ga/us rnicrocystis alpine, NE (Buckhorn, Tyler Peak) Woociwardia timbriata streambanks, seeps, SE, Botrychium boreale (8. pinnatum) moist, (Silver Cr.) Hamma Hamma Botrychium lanceolaftjrn moist, (Higley Peak) Carox ar,thoxanthea moist meadows, SE Carex circinata moist, (Colonel Bob) MONITOR (22 species) Carex interrupta moist, (Three Peaks) Carex oblusata subalpine, alpine, snowmelt, NE Anemone oregana var. felix moist areas, SW (Buckhorn) Asp/en/urn v/ride high cliffs, NE Carex pluriflora wet, low elevation Aster paucicapitatus subalpine Carex sa.xaii/is wet areas, mid-elevation, N Botiychium lunar/a moist woods, N Carex stylosa moist Bot,ychium virgin/anurn lowland, often with hardwoods, E Chtysolepis chtysophylla dry, low to mid-elevation, SE Campanula p/pen rocky, subalpine, N and E (Mt. Vashington Cr.) Townsend) Cimicifuga elata moist woods, low elevation Eburophyton austin/ae lowland-montane woods, E (Satsop) Clayton/a Ianceolata var. pacifica Engeron lleltü subalpine, rocky, throughout OP. Coptis asp/en/to/ia moist woods, bogs, SW (Mt. Townsend) Draba lanceolata subalpine, alpine, rocky. NE Erythroniurn oregonum lowland-montane woods, E (Tyler Peak) (Duckabush A.) Epipactis gigantea wet areas, N Geurn triflorum var. campanu/aturn subalpine, N, E Erigeron aliceae subalpine, moist to dry Hemitornes congestum dry, lowland woods, often with salal, Erigeron peregrinus ssp. peregrinus Lloydia serotina rocky, subalpine, N, E (Mt. Baldy) vat. thompson/i low elevation bogs, SW Nephrophyllidium crista-galli wet, lowland, SW Er)lhron/um revo/uturn moist woods, low to mid-elevation, Oilhocarpus imbricatus subalpine, NE SW (Higley Pk) Ped/cularjs bra cteosa var. Ga//urn karntschaticum boreal species, SW atrosanguinea subalpine, NE (Moonlight Dome) Petrophytum henderson/i cliffs at higher elevations. Gentiana douglasiana wet, low elevation, W (Lake Ozette) throughout OP. Lobelia dwlrnanna shallow water, low elevation, N Phlox henderson/i alpine, rocky, NE Microserjs borealis Poa marc/cia montane, moist woods, NW (Snider) Mont/a diffusa moist woods Selaginella dougfasii lowland to montane, N, E (?) Orobanche pinorum moist woods Senecio neo websten subalpine scree, NE (Tyler Peak) Oxytropis viscida subalpine, alpine, rocky, N Synthyris schizantha monlane, S Viola tIe/f/i rocky, subalpine, alpine N. E (Mt. Townsend)

60 Members of the lichen genera Lobariaand Peltigera CryptogamS are able to convert atmosphericnitrogen into a form Lichens also which include available for uptake by higher plants. Cryptogams are non-vascular plants provide important winter forage for deer(Stevenson mosses, lichens andliverworts. Their primary Alectoria nutrients comes from the at- and Rochelle 1984), especially the genera source of water and and Bryoria and to a lesser degreePlatismatia and precipitation,humidity and mosphere through Lobaria. CryptogamS also providefood for small throughfaH, and is absorbed directlyinto their tis- mammals (Ure and Maser 1982, Guntheretal. 1983, sues. They also havethe ability to tolerate pro- Maser et al. 1978). longed periods of drought, whenthey become dor- again for growth. These mant until water is available of forest enable them to be suc- CryptogamS are important components aspects of their physiology the forest colonizing sites which ecosystems. They may be dominant on cessful pioneering species, boles or in higher plants, such as bar- floor or abundant as epiphytes on tree may be inhospitable tO canopies. In our sampling of cryptogamS, wedealt ren rock, soil and wood.CryptogamS colonize down mainly with those specieswhich were common, wood and standing trees, creatingmicrosites favor- abundant or conspicuous. Tables 8 and9 show the able for other species of plants,insects and mi- relative distribution by vegetation seriesof the major crobes. CryptogamS aid in thecycling of nutrients.

and liverworts of forest floor,down wood and lower tree boles. Table 8. Common mosses, lichens cryptogams were sampled. Percent frequency by vegetationseries is based on forest plots where

SERIES ABLA2 PISI TSHE ABAM TSME PSME

35 29 16 Number of sample plots 22 294 156 24 31 7 Average moss cover (%) 47 38 29

12 6 11 34 50 Cladonia spp. 50 14 17 22 43 38 Dicranum spp. 17 EurhynchiUm ore ganum 54 34 22 3 EurhynChium praelon gum 13 3 3 24 HomalotheCiUm megaptilum 3 58 12 Hylocomium splendens 40 39 18 2 28 10 25 Hypnum circinale 11 19 4 6 Isothecium sto!oniferum 4 LeucolepiS menziesii 13 1 1 1 11 3 Lobaria unite 14 Lobaria pulmonaria 2 48 6 P&tigera aphthosa 5 2 10 10 34 75 Peltigera spp. 9 6 Pie giomnium insigne 13 1 2 8 6 P/agiothecitim undulatum 9 16 20 24 12 Polytrichum spp. 6 10 27 31 RhacOmitrium spp. 7 2 Rhizomnium glabrescenS 18 6 10 8 20 RhytidiadelPhUS Ioreus 36 14 15 34 6 Rhytidiade!PhuS triquetrus 4 3 1 45 17 50 RhytidiOpSiS robusta 11 24 Scapania bolanderi 4 9 15 11 Sphagnum spp. 4 3 1 8

61 taxa which were recorded on our forest plots. Some Table 9 shows the distribution species within a genus are discussed of common epi- at the generi- phytes. Lobaria oregana is clevel, as it was difficult to identifythem in the field. commonly found in In addition, some taxonomic stands over 200 years old, inthe wetter environmen- problems exist in cer- tal zones, and in the mesic tain genera. Vouchers have been to wetter types, often collected to verify below 3000 feet elevation. Alectoria at a later date. This list isa first approximation of the sarmentosa and Biyoria spp. are common lichensat the mid- to high relative frequency of commoncryptogams. elevations, especially In thecolder or drier climatic areas of the Forest. Species of Some interesting patterns ofdistribution for ground Hypogymnja and Platismatia are common and fairlyubiquitous, yet it cryptogams are shown in Table 8. Themosses Eu- is interesting that they rhync/ijum ore ganum and Hylocom/um are relatively rare in the the splendens Sitka Spruce Series. Generally, are primarily low to mid-elevation lichens are the dom- species. Rhytid- inant epiphytes, but in the Sitka iopsis robusta becomesa dominant moss in the Spruce Zone the mid- to high elevations. moss Isothecjum sto/onhferum becomesdominant, R/lytidiadelphus loreus was and it seems to favor the not recorded in the Douglas-fir wetter climatic areas of the or Subalpine Fir Se- Sitka Spruce, Western ries, where Peltigera Hemlock and Silver Fir spp. were most abundant. Zones.

Table 9. Common epiphytic lichens, mosses and liverworts recordedon forest plots. Percent frequency by vegetation series is based on plots whereepiphytes were sampled.

SERIES PISI TSHE ABAM TSME PSME ABLA2 Number of sample plots 8 104 58 18 20 14 Alectorfa sarmentosa 44 Biyoria spp. 47 100 95 79 22 15 Cetraria spp. 44 85 100 1 C/adonja spp. 1 11 30 36 11 10 Dicranum spp. 25 9 1 5 5 Fru/lanja spp. 12 7 Hypnum circinale 1 10 13 21 28 Hypogymnia enteromorpha 25 34 26 Hypogymnia imshaugii 17 50 21 4 5 5 Hypogymnia inactive 15 14 7 3 Hypogymnia physodes 10 9 1 Hypogymnia spp. 30 7 22 16 44 Isothecium stolonhferum 30 57 62 21 22 Letharia spp. Lobaria oregana 15 21 12 13 Lobaria spp. 24 28 Neckera doug/as/i 1 14 11 25 5 Parmella su/cafa 3 Parmeliopsis hyperopta .10 7 31 Platismatia glauca 33 25 29 47 P/atjsmatia herrei 55 75 43 3 3 Pore/Ia spp. 5 25 21 37 11 Scapania bo/anderi 12 5 3 5 Sphaerophorus globosus 19 Usnea spp. 38 50 20 10 9 5

62 important wood rotters. The parasite,dwarf mistle- Diseases and Insects toe, is included in this discussion, eventhough it is components of for- a vascular plant.Table 10 lists the major diseases, Fungi and insects are important Olympic National For- disease and damage rots and insect pests on the est ecosystems. Many cause of major dis- role. All are im- est. Table 11 lists field observations while others play a more beneficial the Forest. These This sec- eases for plant associations on portant in the functioning of ecosystems. section as well as under tion will deal only with those fungiand insects that are further discussed in this individual plant association descriptions. cause important diseases,major damage, or are

Forest. Table 10. Common diseases andinsect pests on the Olympic National

ROOT DISEASES Armillaria root disease Armillaria obscura Laminated root rot PhellinuS weirll AnnoSus root disease Heterobasidion annosum Black stain root disease Vorticicladiella wageneri (imperfect stage) (also Ceratocystis wageneri (perfectstage)

HEART AND BUU ROTS Brown cubical butt rot Phaeolus schweinitzii AnnoSuS root rot Heterobasidion annosum Red ring rot Phellinus pin! Brown trunk rot Fomitopsis officionalis Rusty-red stringy rot Echinodontium tinctorum Armillaria root rot Armillaria obscura Crumbly brown rot FomitopSis pinicola Long pocket rot Hericium abietis

DWARF MISTLETOE Hemlock dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium campylopodum f. tsugensis

POTENTIAL INSECT PESTS Douglas-fir beetle DendroCtOflUS pseudotsugae Silver fir beetle PseudohyleSiflUS sericeus Western blackheaded budworm Acleris gloverana Hemlock looper Lambdina fisce!Ia lugubrosa Balsam woolly aphid Adelges piceae Spruce weevil Pissodes sitchenSiS

syn. Fomes annosus 1988) syn. LeptograPhiUmwageneri (imperfect stage) (Harringtofl and Cobb syn. Oph!ostoma wageneri(perfect stage) (Harrington and Cobb 1988) syn. Arceuthobium tsugense(Hawksworth and Weins 1972)

63 Table ii. Field observations of major diseases on Olympic NationalForest by plant association for the Silver Fir, Sitka Spruce andWestern Hemlock Series.

Diseases I Plant Association AROB HEAN PHWI VEWA PHSC PHPI FOOF ARCA6

Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry 0 0 0 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/AvalancheLily o Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry! Beargrass 0 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckeberry-oregongrape Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Oxalis 0 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/QueensCup 0 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberryfrwinfpower 0 Silver Fir/Beargrass o Silver Fir/Devil's Club o Silver Fir/Oxafls o Silver Fir/Rhododendron + o o 0 0 Silver Fir/RhododencjronAlaska 0 Huckleberry 0 Silver Fir/Salal/Deerfern 0 Silver Fir/Salal/Oxapis o + Silver Fir/Skunkcabbage ? Silver Fjr/Swordfern o + Silver Fir/Swordfern-Oxalis + o ? o + Silver FirNanillaleaf-Foamflower Sitka Spruce/Swordfernoxagjs 0 + Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry o ? 0 Western Hemlock/AlaskaHuckleberry/aeargrass 0 Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/Oxalis + Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry-Salal o + Western HemIock/Oregongrape/swordfr o Western Hemlock/Oxalis o + Western Hemlock/Rhododendron + ? o + o Western Hemlock/RhododendronSapal + ? o o + o o Western Hemlock/RhododendronlSworcjfern 0 Western Hemlock/Salal o ? o o o Western Hemlock/Salal/Beargrass o o o Western Hemlock/Salal.Oceanspray o Western Hemlock/Salal-oregongrape o ? o o o 0 Western Hemlock/Salal/Oxajis o Wetern Hemlock/Salal/Swordfern + o o Western Hemlock/SwordfernFoamfpower o o o Western Hemlock/SwordfernOxaljs o o + 1 AROBArm,/Iaria obscura, HEAN--He(erobasjdjon annosum, PHWIPheI/jnuswierjj, VEWA--Ve,tjc/c/adje//a wagenori, PHSC--Phaeolus schwienitzii, PHPI--Phe//jnuspini, FOOF-.Fomifopsjs officiona/js, "o'recorded for type at least once; ARCA6--Afceuthobjum campylopodum f. tsugensis "+"consistently occurred; I--questionable identification.

64 1. Root Disease Pathogens the disease moves from tree to tree via root contacts. Usually, the tree which has been dead the Root disease pathogens are important components longest is in the center with recent dead trees pe- of forest ecosystems. They aid recycling of nutri- ripheral to it. Trees with crown symptoms are be ents, create forest openings for wildlife and may tween dead trees and healthy trees. in plantations play a role in succession. In intensively managed the center of the disease pocket may be an infected forests, root diseases account for much of the indi- stump left from the previous stand. The fungi that vidual tree mortality. There are three common root cause Armillaria and annosus root disease and lam- diseases on the Olympic National Forest, laminated inated root rot can persist in stumps for many years, root rot, Armillaria root disease, and annosus root black stain root disease does not persist after tree disease. One less common root disease, black stain death. root disease, is showing up on Douglas-fir plantations. See Hadfield etal. (1986) and Bega (1979) for Crown symptoms and disease centers indicate pos- discussions on root diseases. sible root disease, but do not necessarily indicate the causal agent. One must look closely for signs of Root diseases are recognized in forest stands by the disease, which means digging around the base crown symptoms in trees and disease centers of infected or recent dead trees and examining the which create openings (Table 12). Crown symp- larger roots. Table 12 indicates signs and symptoms can include reduced height growth, fading toms of four common root diseases. Forest open- yellowish foliage, thinning crown, distress cone ings or group killings by insects or abiotic factors crop, and death. Disease centers are created when usually kill all trees at once, root disease kills trees trees begin dying in a roughly concentric pattern as over time.

Table 12. Symptoms and signs of four important forest root diseases ofthe Olympic National Forest (from Hadfield etal. 1986).

Symptoms and Signs Laminated Armillarla Annosus Black stain root rot root disease root disease root disease

Reduced height growth x 'C Yellow foliage x x Slow loss of foliage x x Distress cones x 'C Slow crown decline x x Rapid tree death Dead tree, no foliage loss Abundant basal resin flow Black stain in sapwood Roots rotted Wlridthrown live trees Insect galleries under bark Golden mushrooms on tree base Mycelial fans Rhizomorphs Leathery conks Setal hyphae Ectotrophic mycelium Creamy leathery pustules on roots Laminated decay with pits on both sides of sheets Laminated decay with pits on only one side of sheets Yellow, stringy decay with black zone lines x White, stringy decay with black specks

65 Trees differ in susceptibility to disease. Table 13 lists tree and not kill it. In this case it can kill individual the relative susceptibility of conifers to damage by roots and thereby reduce the growth and vigorof the four common root diseases on the Olympic Na- the tree. It spreads from tree to tree viaroot to root tional Forest. This table describes the likelihoodof contacts or by rhizomorphs which grow through the damage occurring should a particular tree come in soil (from an infected tree to a previouslyuninfected contact with a disease organism. one) (USDA n.d., Morrison 1981). As thedisease spreads from tree to tree it forms a pocketof dead Armillaria root disease, caused by Armillaria obscu- and dying trees (Bega 1979). In plantationsthe ra (syn. Armilaria mellea), is the most common root stump of a previously infected treemay be the cen- disease on the Olympic National Forest. It ismost ter of a new disease pocket. It can persist in dead important in young-growth Douglas-fir plantations trees or stumps for many years, living off of thedead (Morrison 1981, Hadfield etal. 1986). On most sites, wood. This can easily carry over the diseasefrom mortality from Armillaria occurs in stands by the time generationtogeneration.Removinginfected they are about 30 years old. On some driersites it stumps before planting, growing less susceptible may persist and be a problem into older ages. In species, cultivating mixed species standsor thin- old-growth it is endemic and occurs most common- ning (and possibly fertilizing) to maintainvigor in ly on suppressed trees of silver fir, western hemlock trees can all be used to control the spread of Armil- and occasionally Douglas-fir. lana in second-growth stands (USDA n.d.,Morrison 1981, Hadfield et al. 1986). Mechanicaldamage Armillaria kills trees by girdling the root collar (Bega from thinning can weaken trees and increasetheir 1979). It can also be present in the rootsystem of a susceptibility to diseases including Armillaria.

Table 13. Relative susceptibility of conifers on the Olympic National Forest to damage by fourcommon root diseases (based on Hadfield et al. 1986).

Host Laminated Armillaria Annosus Black stain root rot root disease root disease root disease Abies amabi!is 2 2 1 4 A. grand/s 1 1 1 4 A. !as/ocarpa 2 2 2 P/nus contorta 4 3 2 2 P. mont/co!a 3 3 2 3 Picea sitchensis 4 3 2 3 4 Pseudotsuga menziesii 1 2* 3 Thuja plicata 4 2 3 4 Tsuga heterophyl!a 2 2 2** T. mertensiana 3 1 2 1 3

Relative susceptibility: 1= severely damaged, 2= moderately damaged, 3=seldom damaged, 4= not damaged

* Douglas-fir is moderatelydamaged up to age 25, thensusceptibility decreases

** Western hemlock isnot severely damaged until it exceeds150 years

66 Stress is an important factor determining whether when highly susceptible tree species come in con- trees will be killed by Armillaria root disease (Wargo tact with laminated root rot. Growth loss, root and and Shaw 1985, Hadfield et al. 1986). Low quality butt rot, windthrow and tree killing are probable sites, off-site stock, and poorly planted seedlings occurrences (Hadfield 1985). are often cited as causing trees to besusceptible to this root disease. Symptoms which may indicate the Laminated root rot causes death of inner bark in presence of Armillaria include pocketsof trees with roots and root crowns of trees, and a wood decay decreased vigor, crown thinning, yellow foliage, of roots and the lower bole (Bega 1979). When trees basal resin discharge or distress cone crops. Posi- are less than 10 years old they usually arekilled tive identification can be made by removing the bark soon after coming in contact with the disease(Had- at the root collar and looking for the distinctive white field 1985). Older trees may last 30 or more years mycelial fans in the cambium or inner bark. Black before dying. Douglas-fir,if older than 40 years shoestring-like rhizomorphS may also be found un- when it contacts the disease, usually will not be der the bark of the lower bole or on roots. Fruiting killed before normal harvest age, but growth loss bodies can be found in the fall. They are gilled may occur due to root killing, and secondaryattack mushrooms which occur in clusters at or near the by bark beetles is possible. Windthrow is also com- base of infected trees (Morrison 1981). mon because of decayed roots.

Armillaria was most commonly observed on trees in In sapling stands, laminated root rot is difficult to the Western Hemlock Zone, less commonly in the detect. It appears to affect scattered individual trees Silver Fir Zone, and not at all in the Mountain Hem- rather than groups of trees (Hadfield 1985). Some- lock Zone (Table 11), Within the Western Hemlock what circular openings are created in pole-sized Series, Western Hemlock/Salal, Western Hemlock! arid larger stands as the disease progresses from Salal-Oregongrape, Western Hemlock/Rhodo- an infected stump in all directions via root graphs. dendron-Salal, Western Hemlock/Rhododendron Trees with fading yellowish foliage, thinning crowns, and Western Hemlock/Salal/Swordferfl most com- distress cone crops and reduced terminal growth monly had disease centers present. Trees in these are often beside dead trees. The center of thedis- disease centers were 40-60 years old and did not ease pocket is often occupied by trees that have appear to be developing resistance to the disease. been dead the longest. Patches of windthrown trees This infers that silviculturists should use more cau- leaning in several directions (as opposed to leaning tion when entering dry site stands with known infec- all one direction as caused by high winds) indicate tion centers than in the more mesic stands.When possible root disease (Hadfield 1985). Armillaria was found in old-growth stands, it was on suppressed or dying trees. We observed only one Positive identification of laminated root rot may be old-growth stand of western hemlock which had a made by examining uprooted trees for the charac- root rot pocket where large western hemlock were teristic laminated decay, which is pitted and sepa- dying. rates at the annual rings. Reddish whiskery myceli- urn called setal hyphae will be present betweenthe Laminated root rot, caused by Phellinus weirii, is the laminations (Hadfield 1985). Laminated root rot is most serious root disease of Douglas-fir (Hadfield the probable disease if the roots have all broken off 1985). On the Olympic National Forest the disease at the root crown creating a root ball. A white to readily infects and kills Douglas-fir and other highly grayish mycelium may be found on the surface of susceptible species such as mountain hemlock and bark on roots infected with laminated root rot. A buff silver fir (Table 13). It is currently most important in colored, flat sporophore may develop on the lower second-growth Douglas-fir planted on sites where sides of down trees or on exposed roots close to the laminated root rot was already present. ground (Hadfield et al. 1986). This fruiting body is uncommon, however. Laminated root rot is endemic to Northwest forests especially where Douglas-fir grows. After logging, Laminated root rot was found in Douglas-fir on laminated root rot can remain in stumps up to 50 Western Hemlock/Salal and Western Hemlock/ years depending on the size of the stump.Infection Salal-Oregongrape types (Table 11). We expect it to can occur in the next stand of treesvia root contacts be most common in the Western Hemlock Series in with the infected stump. Infection usually occurs types where Douglas-fir is a major successional

67 species. However, laminated root rot is a secondary Annosus root disease spreads by spores and root pathogen on western hemlock and silver fir and a contacts (Hadfield et al. 1986). In intensively man- primary pathogen of mountain hemlock (Hadfield et aged forests, annosus root disease is commonly al. 1986) (Table 13). The extent of the disease in associated with infected stumps from the previous stands of the Silver Fir Series and Mountain Hem- stand and with cut stumps from commercial and lock Series is unknown. precommercial thinning. The disease can pass from old infected stumps to new trees via root contacts. Management of laminated root rot is complex. Lami- Spores, which are present throughout the year, land nated root rot is considered a disease of the site on freshly cut thinning stumps and colonize the root because spores are not a major mode of dispersal system (Russell et al. 1973). The roots then act as (Hadfield et al. 1986). The fungus does not grow infection courts to nearby healthy trees through root through soil, but spreads by mycelia on or within contacts (Wallis and Reynolds 1970). Precommer- roots (Hadfield etal. 1986). Management does not cial thinning as early as possible may reduce stump seek to control the disease but seeks to manage the infections of healthy trees (Wallis and Morrison site (Thies 1984). Treatments differ at each stage of 1975). In addition, damage to residual trees from stand development. Hadfield (1985) gives manage- thinning causes wounds which are often colonized ment recommendations for reducing losses from by annosus root disease (Goheen et al. 1980). this disease. Annosus root disease was found in western hem- Annosus root disease, caused by Heterobasidion lock, silver fir and mountain hemlock. Because of annosum (Fomes annosus), is an important root dis- the difficulty in diagnosing this disease, no real pat- ease and stem decay on the Olympic National For- tern of habitat distribution was apparent to us. How- est. It is most common on western hemlock, silver fir ever, annosus root disease should be expected and mountain hemlock (Hadfield et al. 1986). It sel- anywhere western hemlock, silver fir and mountain hemlock grow. As stands become intensively man- dom kills trees outright, but causes root and butt rot, and stem decay which slows growth, weakens aged, annosus root disease probably will increase trees, and causes volume losses. In old-growth in importance because of increases in available substrate caused by thinning and tree wounding western hemlock, annosus root disease is common (Wallis and Morrison 1975). and causes significant losses to decay (Goheen et al. 1980). Hadfield etal. (1986) state the disease will Identification of annosus root disease can be diffi- not be a problem in short rotation western hemlock, cult on the Olympic National Forest because crown but Driver and Edmonds (1970), Wallis and Morri- symptoms and tree killing does not usually occur son (1975), and Chavez etal. (1980) suggest it may (Hadfield et al. 1986). Windthrow or secondary at- be more of a problem as management intensifies. tack by bark beetles may be associated with this disease. For positive identification, look for the char- Areas where annosus root disease are most likely to acteristic white, stringy rot, which may be flecked be a problem are in the wetter types of the Western with black specks, or the perennial, flat to button to Hemlock Series,such as Western Hemlock! bracket-shaped conks in hollows, crotches or on Swordfern-Oxalis, Western Hemlock/Oxalis and root collars of dead trees (USDA n.d.). The conks Sitka Spruce/Swordfem-Oxalis. These are among are uniform white throughout, tan above and white the most productive types on the Forest (Tables below with a sterile margin between. 143, 113, 81) and are areas where natural regeneration favors western hemlock. In these situations Black stain root disease, caused by Verticicladie!!a overstocking can easily occur and will often require wageneri (also Ceratocystis wageneri), is not cur- precommercial thinning. Thinning will promote the rently considered a major problem on the Olympic spread of the disease (Wallis and Reynolds 1970, National Forest. It is increasing in Douglas-fir planta- Wallis and Morrison 1975) but this can be minimized tions in the Pacific Northwest (Hadfield at al. 1986) by thinning as early as possible, reducing the dam- and can be expected to increase on this Forest also. age to residual trees, by removing damaged trees, The major host species of this disease is Douglas- and by favoring thick barked or more resistant fir, but mountain hemlock, western hemlock, and species (Table 13) (WaIlis and Morrison 1975, Had- western white pine are occasionally infected (Table field etal. 1986). 13). The disease is most common in 10-30 year old

68 Douglas-fir plantations (USDA n.d.).Douglas-fir problem in young-growth stands. In general, they over 30 years old is thought to develop resistance become important in stands older than 120 years to the disease (Hadfield et al. 1986). and in thinned stands where trees are wounded.

Black stain root disease is a vascular wilt-type dis- Heart and butt rots of major importance on the ease (Hadfield at al. 1986). It infects rootswhere it Olympic National Forest (Table 10) are brown cubi- spreads throughout the sapwood of the root sys- cal butt rot (Phaeolus schweinitzis) on Douglas-fir, tem, root crown and lower bole (Bega 1979). Infec- annosus root rot (decays stems too) (Heterobasid- tion causes a visible decline in tree crown, terminal ion annosum) on western hemlock, mountain growthisreduced, needles become shorter, hemlock and silver fir, red ring rot (Phe!!inus pini), chlorotic, and the host dies. The fungus does not (the most important decay in the Pacific Northwest), decay wood (Bega 1979). on Douglas-fir, western hemlock and mountain hemlock, brown trunk rot (Fomitopsis officionalis) The disease spreads in several ways. Long distance on Douglas-fir, and rusty-red stringy rot (Echinodon- dispersal involves insects, primarily root-feeding tium tinctorum) on silver fir, western hemlock and bark beetles (Hylastes sp.) and weevils (Steremnius mountain hemlock. Armillaria root disease (Armll!ar- sp. and Pissodes sp.) (Hadfield etal. 1986). Fruiting ia obscura) decays the lower bole of most conifers bodies form in insect galleries and spores adhere to when present. Crumbly brown rot (Fomitopsis pin!- dispersing insects. The insects usually attack low cola) (Figure 31) is the most common conk (red belt vigor trees and hence the disease is associated with fungus) observed in the forest but rarely attacks live stressed trees in disturbed sites (Hadfield et al. trees. Long pocket rot (Hericium abietis) (coral fun- 1986). In addition, thinning stumps are colonized by gus) has been found to cause decay in large old- the insects, which has become a major mode of growth silver fir and western hemlock, especially in entry of this disease into plantations. Short distance the Matheny area. For a good discussion of these spread occurs through root contacts and fungal decays and photographs see USDA (n.d.) and growth through soil (Hadfield at al. 1986). Infection Bega (1979). then occurs regardless of host vigor and distinct disease centers develop (Hadfield at al. 1986). Brown cubical butt rot is one of the most important butt and lower stem decays of old-growth Douglas- Identification of black stain root disease (Table 12) fir (Hadfield at al. 1986). It was common in old- can be made by chopping into lower stems or roots and looking for a dark-brown to purple stain in sap. wood (Hadfield etal. 1986). Stain may not be visible in the outer most ring of xylem, but will be evident in older sapwood (Hadfield et al. 1986). The stain is usually restricted to one or two annual rings. Armil- lana root rot, and bark beetles that attack the upper stem, often secondarily attack trees infected with 4 black stain. See Hadfield et al. (1986) and Hansen et al. (1988) for management recommendations.

2. Heart and Butt Rots

Heart and butt rots are an important part of the forest ecosystem, as they aid in the recycling of organic matter and nutrients. However, some furigal decays can attack live trees through wounds, broken tops, dead stems, or roots. These are the decays of concern to foresters because they cause degrade of lumber and may cause stem breakage Figure 31. Photo of the conk of Fomitopsis pinicola and windthrow. Decay organisms are not usually a on western hemlock log.

69 growth stands of Douglas-fir in Western Hemlock! swollen stems and witches brooms on the ground Rhododendron-Salal,WesternHemlock/Rhodo- beneath infected trees (Shea and Stewart 1972). dendron, Western Hem lock/Salal, Western Hemlock/Salal-Oregongrape,Western Hemlock! Hemlock dwarf mistletoe is most common in old- Salal/Swordfern, WesternHemlock/Swordfern- growth stands of the Sitka Spruce, Western Hem- Oxalis, Western Hemlock/Swordfern-Foamflower lock and Silver Fir Series, particularly in stands with Silver Fir/Beargrass, Silver Fir/Rhododendron and a large component of western hemlock in Environ- Silver Fir/Rhododendron-Alaska Huckleberryasso- mental Zones 0-5. We occasionally found dwarf ciations on the Olympic National Forest (Table 11). mistletoe on western hemlock in Environmental The most reliable evidence of its presenceare the Zones 6-10, and on mountain hemlock. When dwarf conks which are most common on the groundnear mistletoe occurs in natural stands less than 100 infected trees or at tree bases (USDA n.d., Hadfield years old, western hemlock was at least 90 percent et al.1986). Stem breakage may occur above canopy cover. These stands often originated from ground (Hadfield et al. 1986) and carpenter ants windthrow. Plant associations most likely to have may be associated with the decay. hemlockdwarfmistletoeareSitkaSpruce! Swordfern-Oxalis, Western Hemlock/Salal/Sword- Red ring rot is the most common stem decay of fern, Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry-Salal, conifers in the Pacific Northwest and enormous vol- Western Hemlock/Swordfern-Oxalis, Western Hem- umes of wood are decayed by this fungus (USDA lock/Oxalis,WesternHemlock/AlaskaHuckle- n.d.). We consistently found fruiting bodieson live berry/Oxalis, Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-Salal, Douglas-fir, western hemlock and mountain hem- Silver Eir/Alaska Huckleberry, Silver Fir/Salal/Oxalis, lock in stands 85 to 540 years old. On Douglas-firwe Silver Fir/Swordfern, Silver Fir/Swordfern-Oxalis, found red ring rot on drier habitats of Douglas-fir/ SilverFir/Oxalis and Silver Fir/Alaska Huckle- Kinnikin nick, Douglas1ir/OceansprayBalcJhip berry/Oxalis (Table 11). Rose, Douglas-fir/Salal, Western Hemlock/Rhodo. dendron-Salal, Western Hemlock/Rhododendron, 4. Insects Western Hem lock/Salal-Oceanspray, Western Hemlock/S alal, Western Hem lock/Salal- Ore- Few damaging insects are present on the Olympic gongrape, and Silver Fir/Rhododendron Associa- National Forest. Major devastating outbreaks have tions (Table 11). not been recorded. Six insects are considered potential pests on the Olympic National Forest, based 3. Dwarf Mistletoe on historical evidence for this coastal region. They are the Douglas-fir beetle, silver fir beetle, western Hemlock dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobiumcampy- blackheaded budworm, hemlock looper, balsam lopodum f. tsugensis = A. tsugensis, is a parasitic woolly aphid, and the spruce weevil (Table 10). Of plant that attacks stems of western hemlock and these, Only the balsam woolly aphid is not endemic. mountain hemlock (Shea and Stewart1972, See Furniss and Carolin (1977) for a discussionof Hawksworth and Weins 1972). It occasionallyat- these insects. tacks silver fir and subalpine fir (USDA n.d.). Itsroot system penetrates into the stem of the live tree The Douglas-fir beetle and silver fir beetleare causing swelling, deformation and brooming (USDA scolytid bark beetles which burrow beneath the n.d.). In especially severe cases tree tops or whole bark of trees, feed on cambium, and layeggs. The trees may be killed (Bega 1979). Most damageoc- larvae that hatch feed on cambium also, and char- curs in multistoried stands with a susceptible under- acteristic gallery patterns are left behind. Theyusu- story and an infected overstory (USDA n.d.). See ally attack trees weakened by root diseaseor other Shea and Stewart (1972) and Russell (1976) for factors. The hemlock looper and blackheaded bud- management recommendations. worm are moths whose larvae are catepillar defoliators. The balsam woolly aphid feeds on stems, The plants are leafless green shoots about 2 inches branches and twigs. The insectcovers itself with a long. Flowers are wind and insect pollinated. Seeds woolly substance. Bole and crown infestationsoc- are explosively discharged and sticky. Basal cups cur on true firs, especially silver fir at low elevations. are present after plants have fallen from stems, and The spruce weevil attacks terminal shoots of Sitka they can be used in identification when foundon spruce, primarily in plantations.

70 ANIMALS

use predominantlynon-forest habitats and there- Mammals fore were seldom recorded on forestplots. the ecosystems Mammals are an important part of based on evi- They are selective in Most of the mammal records were of the Olympic National Forest. trails. About two significant impact on dence of browsing, grazing, scat or what they eat, and can have a signs of communities. They are thirds of the Intensive plots showed some the composition of different possible to they use for browsing or grazing. It was not always also selective about the communities in most cases breeding. Some tell what had done the browsing but hiding and thermal cover, and for record- selective it was either deer or elk. Deer browsing was species such Roosevelt elk are relatively browsing Others such as ed on over a third of the plots, while elk about which community they use. of the plots. Observations black-tailed deer or Douglas squirrel are moreubiq- was recorded on a fourth of ungulate browse were recorded onother plots uitous. without distinguishing between deer orelk. Only a both deer which are known small fraction of the plots showed signs of There are 63 species of mammals mountain beaver, National Forest (Table 14) and elk. Browsing or grazing from to occur on the Olympic mountain goats, porcupines and Douglassquirrels (Guenther and Kucera 1978). Eleven ofthese occurred commonly on our Intensive plots.Others un- was also recorded. doubtedly used the sample plots or were even on However, if the Deer showed preference for driersite communities the plot at the time of sampling. West- animals or their signs were not visible orreadily such as those in the Western Hemlock/Salal, example, ern Hernlock/Salal-OregoflgrapeAssociations, plus identifiable, they were not recorded. For Elk in the course of the the Douglas-fir and SubalpineFir Series. we recorded few microtineS wet mammals, showed a preference for the Sitka Spruce, sampling, yet they are common forest Series. their habits, there- Western Hemlock and Mountain Hemlock they are mostly subterranean in encountered with a fore were seldom seen or recorded.Theopening to Deer and elk signs were both but were not low frequency in the Silver Fir Associations.Douglas their nests were often observed, recorded recorded. Nocturnal mammals such asbats and squirrel was the third most commonly prefer- flying squirrels were similarly notrecorded. Some mammal species. However, it showed little species such as the Olympic marmotand beaver ence for any association.

Table 14. Mammals of the OlympicNational Forest. Didelptiis virginiana Opossum Masked Shrew Sorex cinereus Vagrant Shrew Sorex vagrans Dusky Shrew Sorex obscurus Water Shrew Sorex palustris Pacific Water Shrew Sorex bendiri! Trowbridge'S Shrew Sorex trowbridgii Shrew-Mole Neurotrichus gibbsii Townsend's Mole Scapanus townsendii Coast Mole Scapanus orarius Litt'e Brown Myotis Myotis lucifugus Yuma MyotiS Myotis yumanensiS Keen's Myotis Myotis keenhi Long-eared Myotis Myotis evotis Long-legged Myotis Myotis volans

71 Table 14. (cont.) Mammals ofthe Olympic National Forest.

California Myotis Myotis caifornicus Silver-haired Bat Lasionycteris noctivagans Big Brown Bat Eptesicus fascus Hoary Bat Lasiurus cinereus Townsend's Big-eared Bat Plecotus townsend/i Brush Rabbit Sylvilagus bachmani Snowshoe Hare Lepus americanus Mountain Beaver Aplodontia rufa Yellowpine Chipmunk Eutamjas amoenus Townsend's Chipmunk Eutamias townsend/i Olympic Marmot Marmota olympus Douglas Squirrel Tamiasciurus douglas/i Northern Flying Squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus Northern Pocket Gopher Thomomys talpoides Western Pocket Gopher Thomomys mazama Beaver Castor canadensjs Deer Mouse Peromyscus maniculatus Bushy-tailed Woodrat Neotoma cinerea Southern Red-backed Vole Clethrionomys gapped Western Red-backed Vole Clethrionomys occidental/s Heather Vole Phenacomys intermedius Townsend's Vole Microtus townsend/i Long-tailed Vole Microtus Ion gicaudus Creeping Vole Microtus oregon! Muskrat Ondatra zibethjcus Black Rat Rattus rattus Norway Rat Rattus nolvegicus House Mouse Mus musculus Pacific Jumping Mouse Zapus trinotatus Porcupine Erethizon dorsatum Coyote Canis latrans Red Fox** Vulpes vulpes Black Bear Ursus americanus Raccoon Procyon lotor Marten Mattes americana Fisher Mattes pennant! Ermine Musteja erminea Longtail Weasel Muste/a frenata Mink Muste/a vison Western Spotted Skunk Spio gale grad/is Striped Skunk Mephitis mephitis River Otter Lutra canadensjs Mountain Lion Fe/is conco/Or Bobcat Fells rufus Harbor Seal Phoca vitulina Roosevelt Elk Cer'us e/aphus roosevelt! Columbian Black-tailed Deer Odoco//eus hemjonus columbianus Mountain Goat Oreamnos amer/canus

** Recently introduced into the lowlands of the OlympicPeninsula (Aubry 1984). 72 Birds heavily on seeds, especially in the fall. They appear to play a major role in maintaining the balance be- Birds are an important component of the ecosys- tween various components of the ecosystems and tems of the Olympic National Forest. They don't in the nutrient cycling of the forest. There are 32 appear to have as much immediate impact on the common birds which were recorded regularly on plant communities as mammals, but many of them Intensive plots during 1985 and 1986 (Table 15). such as the winter wren, Vaux's swift, the wood- There are a total of 183 birds known to occur on the peckers, thrushes and warblers, consume large Forest, plus an additional 32 saltwater species quantities of insects. Others such as pine siskin, red which are known from the vicinity of the Forest, crossbill, dark-eyed junco and chickadees feed especially near Seal Rock (Table 171 p. 475).

Table 15. Seasonality, habitat, food preference and nesthabits of common breeding forest birds on the Olympic National Forest.

FOOD SPECIES SEASONALITY and HABITAT1 NEST small birds Sharp-shinned PR; YF to 0G. all Series stick nest in Hawk conifer small mammals, Red-tailed PR; CC to 0G. prefers large stick nest other vertebrates Hawk open areas, all Series in large tree insects, berries, seeds, Blue Grouse PR; SS to 0G. all Series on ground subalpine fir buds and needles

RartunCuluS leaves, berries, Ruffed Grouse PR; SS to 0G. prefers SA on ground deciduous twigs and buds and deciduous, all Series but TSME and ABLA2 fruits, seeds, buds Band-tailed SR; YF to OG conifer, all twig platform and blossoms Pigeon Series but ISME and ABLA2 in conifer insects and small mammals Western PR; YF to 0G. PISI, TSHE cavity in tree Screech- Owl and PSME Series aerial insects Vaux's Swift SR; MA to OG conifer, all dish, inside wall Series but ABLA2 and of hollow tree upper TSME, prefers 06 nectar and insects Rufous SR; CC to 0G. all Series cup in small Hummingbird tree or shrub

ISeasonaiity and Habitat Codes PR = permanent resident SR = summer resident CC clearcut, GF = grass-torb, SS = shrub-seedling. SA = sapling. YF = young forest, MF = mature forest, OG =old-growth forest.

73 Table 15. (cont.) Seasonality, habitat, food preference and nest habits ofcommon breeding forest birds on the Olympic National Forest.

SPECIES SEASONALsr' and HABITAT 1 NEST FOOD

Red-breasted PR; YF to OG, all Series excavated cavity sap and ants Sapsucker but ABLA2 and upper TSME in dead tree

Hairy PR; YF to OG, all Series excavated cavity wood-boring beetles Woodpecker but ABLA2 in dead tree and larvae, ants Northern PR; CC to OG, all Series, excavated cavity Flicker ants, ground beetles, prefers open areas, edges in dead tree fruits, seeds Pileated PR; MF to OG conifer, all excavated cavity carpenter ants, wood Woodpecker Series but ABLA2 and TSME in large dead boring beetle larvae tree

Olive-sided SR; CC to OG conifer, all cup on conifer aerial insects, Flycatcher Series, prefers edges branch mostly Hymenoptera and openings

Western SR; YF to OG, all Series cup on bank, insects, mostly Flycatcher but ABLA2 and upper TSME small tree, stump Hymenoptera and Diptera Gray Jay PR; YF to OG conifer, stick nest high omnivorous, insects, all Series in conifer carrion, fruit, etc. Steller's Jay PR; YF to OG conifer, all stick nest in insects, fruit Series but ABLA2, TSME conifer

Common Raven PR; CC to OG, all Series stick nest-large carrion, berries, tree or on cliff small animals Chestnut-backed PR; YF to OG conifer, all excavated cavity foliage and bark Chickadee Series or old nuthatch insects, conifer seeds cavity

Red-breasted PR; YF to OG conifer, all excavated cavity bark and foliage insects Nuthatch Series in dead tree and spiders, conifer seeds Brown Creeper PR; YF to OG conifer, all behind flap of bark spiders and Series but ABLA2 and TSME bark on dead or insects dying tree

Winter Wren PR; CC to OG, all Series cup in stump, insects and spiders near and rootball or log on forest floor.

Seasoeslity and Habitat Codes

PR = permanent resident SR = summer resident CC= clearcut, GF = grass-forb, SS = shrub-seedling, SA = sapkng, YF = young forest MF = mature forest.. OG= old-growth forest.

74 breeding forest birds Table 15. (corn.) Seasonality, habitat, foodpreference and nest habits of common on the Olympic National Forest.2

FOOD SPECIES SEASONAUTY and HABITAT1 NEST foliage Insects Golden-crowned PR; YF to 00 conifer, cup at end of conifer branch Kinglet all Series Insects of forest SB; SA to OG, all Series cup in low tree Swainson's floor and understory Thrush but TSME and ABLA2, or shrub prefers dense deciduous understory insects of forest SB; SA to 0(3 conifer, cup on ground, Hermit Thrush floor and understory all Series but PISI low tree or shrub worms, insects, fruits American Robin PR; GF to 0G. all Series, cup in tree or prefers edges and openings shrub forest floor invertebrates, PR; YF to 00 conifer, cup in small Varied Thrush seeds and fruits all Series tree foliage insects of canopy Townsend's and SR; YF to 00 conifer. cup in conifer Hermit Warbiers TSHE, PSME, ABAM, lower TSME understory foliage Wilson's SB; SS to OG, all Series cup in conifer Warbler but TSME and ABLA2, prefers insects deciduous understOry insects, weed and PR; OF to YF conifer, all cup on ground Song Sparrow grass seeds, berries deciduous, wet conifer of low elevation, all Series but TSME, ABLA.2 insects, weed and PR; CC to 00, all Series, cup on ground Dark-eyed Junco conifer seeds prefers edges and openings conifer seeds Red Crossbill PR; YF to 00 conifer, platform on prefers 00, all Series conifer branch foliage insects; seeds of PR; YF to 00 conifer, platform on Pine Siskin conifer, alder, weeds, grass deciduous, also in winter, conifer branch all Series

1 SeasonaMy and Habitat Codes

PR permanent resident. SR summer resident, CC = clearcut. OF = grass-torb SS = shrub-seedling. SA = sapling, YF = young forest.MF mature forest, 00 old-growth forest.

Meehafl-Maltifl, plus L.F. 2This table was prepared by Chris Chappell. Heacknowledges the contributions made by Paul Old-Growth Wildlife Habitat Program. Ruggiero, KB. Aubry, D.A. Manuwal, andthe Pacific Northwest Experiment Station

75 Amphibians and Reptiles others, especially the salamanders,undoubtedly occur frequently on plots insome types, but were There are 23 species ofamphibians and reptiles not observed or recorded. They known to occur on the Olympic live under logs and National Forest (Ta- forest debris, in cool damphabitats and are seldom ble 16) (Guenther and Kucera1978, Nussbaum et seen unless a concerted effort ismade to uncover al. 1983, W. Leonard andK. McAllister pers. comm.). them. Those speciesencountered and recorded on Many of these are speciesof specialized habitats the plots included roughskinnewt, common garter and were not encountered in thesampling. Many snake, Pacific tree frog andred-legged frog.

Table 16. Amphibians andreptiles of the Olympic National Forest.

Common Name Species Abundance and Habitat I

Northwestern Salamander Ambystoma gracile C--Sea level to well up in the mountains, seldomseen, occasionally in ponds, often under logs Long-toed Salamander Ambysoma macrodacy/um C--Mostly seen in ponds at low to mid-elevations,most commonly occurring underground, N and SW part of the Forest Cope's Giant Salamander Dicamptodon cope! C--Streams and seepagea in moist coniferousforests, up to 4000', occasional in ponds Olympic Salamander Rhyacotriton olympicus C--Small salamander of small mountain streams,up to 3500' Ensatina (salamander) Ensatina eschscho/fzjj C--Mainly found in forests, occasionally in clearings,under leaf litter and logs in spring and fall, underground insummer Van Dyke's Salamander Plethodon vandykei U--Seepages and streamside talus, up to 4500' Western Redback Salamander P/elhodon vehj cu/urn C--Dense conifer forest under leaf litter arid logs,up to 3800 Roughskin Newt Taricha granulosa VC--Mesophytic conifer or hardwood forest,up to 5000', sometimes in lakes or sluggish streams Western Toad Bufo boreus VC--Terrestrjal, occasional to high mountainareas, nocturnal during dry weather Pacific Treefrog Hyla regilla VC--Very common, sea level to high montane,mostly terrestrial but breeding in shallow water, nocturnal in dry weather Tailed Frog Ascaphus true! C--Fast flowing streams in forested areas,up to timberline, sensitive to water temperature, especially in clearcuts Rod-legged Frog Rana aurora VC--Usually terrestrial but close to streamsor ponds in dry weather Cascade Frog Rana caScadae U--Ponds or sphagnum meadows, fairly high in themountains Bullfrog Rains catesbejana U--Introduced, aquatic, usually of low elevations Spotted Frog Rana pretiosa ?--Marshy edges of ponds or In algae-grown overflowpools, occasional around high mountain lakes in Oregon, Olympic Peninsula,but not known from Olympic National Forest. Possibly extirpated. Painted Turtle Chrysernys picta ?--Marshy ponds, slow moving streams, low elevationson Olympic Peninsula,not known from Olympic National Forest Northern Aligator Lizard Elgana cOenJ!ea U--Known from margins of conifer forestsarid in cut-over areas along the NandE fringe of the Forest, up to 5000' in Oregon butmuch lower in Washington Western Fence Lizard Sce!oporus occidentalis ?--Dry bouldery areas, farmlands and fence-rows,known from Olympic Peninsula but not Olympic National Forest Rubber Boa Charina botfae tJ-.Varied habitats, sea level up to highmountains. Gopher Snake Pituophis me/anoleucus ?--Usted by Nussbaum et al. (1983), but probablydoes not occur on the Olympic Peninsula (W. Leonard 1988, personalcommunication). Northwestern Garter Snake Thamnophis ordinoides C--Meadows and brushy areas along edges offorests, sea level up to moderate elevations, Common Garter Snake Thamnophis sirfalis VCWet meadows and along watercourses, into deep confierous forests. Western Garter Snake Thainnophis elegans ?Terresfriaj, but often near water or in dampmeadows, Olympic Peninsula but possibly not on Olympic National Forest Abundance codes: VC=very common C=common U=unornmon ?May not occur on Forest

76 METHODS

Sample Design equivalents of 1/10, 1/5 and 2/5 acre plots (see Table 148 p. 421). When Intensive plots were used, The sample design included both Reconnaissance the standard was 1/5 acre, but the sampling goal and Intensive plots distributed over the landscape was a plot which included about 50 trees on the tree in a systematic design. This design called for one measurement part of the plot. Plot size was adjusted Reconnaissance plot near the center of each sec- accordingly. Few plots in the data base include few- tion of land on the Forest, for a total of about1000 er than 40 trees and many contain over 80. plots. In addition, 400-600 Intensive plots wouldbe located at previously unfilled locations in this systematic sample or randomly in selected associa- Analysis tions and/or age classes (Figure 32). In a subsam- ple of these Intensive plots, 60-100 soil pits would Analysis of the sampled data to develop an associa- be dug. Also 400-600 Reconnaissance plots would tion classification and the accompanying ecological and environmental relationships, plus development be placedinnon-forested communities. Even though the basic sample design approximated a of their potentials and constraints is very complex systematic sample in a statistical sense, it was and virtually impossible to describe in much detail hoped that this design would not only give a good here. What follows is a short discussion of the more representation of the potential vegetation of the For- important of these methods. It should be noted that est without sampler bias, but would yield at least 10 because of the size of the data base and the com- old-growth plots and one soil pit per association. plexity of the analysis, this project in its present This did not happen, as some minor types were scope would have been impossible without the use undersampled. An attempt was made in establish- of modern computers. ing the Intensive plots to even out this plotdistribu- tion by association. An attempt was also made to put many of the Intensive plots in ageclasses Classification younger than old-growth in order tohelp develop the productivity, potential and constraintinforma- Methods for classifying vegetation into types are tion for each type. described by many authors including Mueller- Dombois and Ellenberg (1974) and Braun-Blanquet (1932). We used a three-stage analysis to produce Plot Design this association classification. Only the first of these stages is used by classical phytosociologIsts. The Several different kinds and sizes of plots were used last two stages are used so that the associations during the course of this project. Basically there represent meaningful relationships to the environ- were two types of plots, theReconnaissance (Re- ment and for management. These stages are: con) plot and the Intensive plot. The Recon plot was used during the earlier stages of the project to gain Develop a floristic based classification extensive information which could be used to devel- using cluster analysis, similarity analysis, op the basic classification.The Intensive Plot was ordinations and association tables. used to help analyze the environmental and biological relationships of each association and to better Test the classification against known or develop the potentials and constraints. inferred environmental variables to be sure the 'types' represent relatively small The layout of the plot was fixed-area and circular. segments of the environment. Early in the project a 500 sq. meter plot was standard, with smaller (250 sq. meter) or larger (1000 sq. Test the productivity potentials and in- meter) plots being used where the structural or ferred constraints against management spatial relationships in the community warranted. standards to be sure that each associa- Later this size was converted to the English size tion is useful for management.

77 Figure 32. Map of plot locations (Reconnaissanceand Intensive plots)on the Olympic National Forest.

Each of these three stages functions as a sieve the cluster analysis-similarity through which the classification analysis-association must pass. The first table approaches. stage however, turned out to bethe major sieve, for 90 percent of the finalclassification was determined after this stage. The later two stages only served to Timber Productivity Analysis confirm what was found throughstage 1. in a few cases two floristically similartypes were eventually separated because these There are numerous methodsfor estimating the tim- were shown to represent ber productivity potential significantly differentenvironments or significantly for a site. But noneare different timber productjvjtjes. consistently reliable. We haveused the following methods for at least somesituations in this guide. in stage 1 we began by doing agglomerative cluster 1. Site Index analysis techniques (Romesburg1984) as developed by Voliand and Conneily(1978). The resulting Site index is the heightof dominant and codomi- clusters (types) were fed intoan association table routine. Plots were regrouped mant trees in a stand ata given base age. This using this technique concept has been used for until floristic differenceswithin groups and floristic many years and perme- similarities between some ates the forestry literature, it isa well accepted index members of different of site yield capability. groups could be reconciled. Similaritytables using Although this concept is a modification of the Bray-Curtis widely used, thereare several assumptions that af- index of similarity fect the calculation and (Dick-Peddie and Moir 1970): interpretation of a site index value. First, it is speciesspecific. Only curves derived for a particular species sim = 2 mm(a or b)/a + b should be used, since shape of the height/agecurve varies by species. Furthermore each curvespecifies which trees to measure and which base age touse. Some specify were utilized to analyze difficultsituations. Ordina- tions were tested on some dominant trees only, somedominants and codomi- data sets but did not otter nants, and others may specify additional informationover what was gained from the tallest 40 trees per acre. Base age may be 50or 100 (or sometimes 78 height age. index age (often 50 years), or Curtis' (1962) Relative 20) and be based on total age or breast and Other assumptions affect the interpretationof site Density, which relates average tree diameter index. One assumption that is widelyheld, is that stand basal area. All these relationships attempt to index the relationship between tree size, number, site index is independent of stocking.This can be viewed in two ways, one that trees grow to the same growth and stand growth. height at a given age regardless of therelative stocking of the stand. Data from this project sug- The concept of Growth Basal Area assumesthat for gests that the range of stockingwhere height a given site and age, radialincrement of dominant growth is unaffected may be narrower thanprevi- trees will vary in a mathematicallypredictable way ously thought. Another view is thatstockability is with stand basal area. This relationship holdsthat proportional to site index, i.e. there is a narrowand as stand basal area increases,radial increment of consistent range of potential stocking(and there- dominant trees decreases. GBA also holds thatfor fore yield) that is associated with each siteindex (or a given basal area and age,radial increment of site class). Data from eastern Oregon andMontana dominant trees will vary relative to the qualityof the suggests, at least for drier sites, that awide range site for stockability. This is different from thequality of stockability may be associated with a singlesite of a site to grow taller trees, which is usuallyindexed index class. by dominant tree height at a base age,i.e., site index. Lastly, GBA holds that theserelationships We have calculated site index for as manyspecies vary with age of the stand.Therefore, GBA is a way as was appropriate in eachsampled stand. To do of comparing stockability of different kinds ofsites this we used the equations given in Appendix4 (pp. by determining the stand basal area which will sup- 490-493) applied to the appropriate trees foreach port a constant amount of radial growth.This radial plot. The resulting site index values aregiven in the growth is established to be 1/2 inch of radialincre- timber productivity tables for each association.In ment in 10 years (which is equal to oneinch of addition, these site index values were used toderive diameter growth, or 10/20 of an inch of radial incre- yield estimates for each association in the cases ment). Thus on a better site, 1/2 inch of radial where suitable yield tables were available.Curves increment/decade might be possible at 400 sq ft/ac were derived from those yieldtables which listed of basal area, while on a poorer site the sameradial site index and potential yield at age ofculmination growth would be possible at only 200 sq ft/acof given of mean annual increment. These curves are basal area. in Figure 189 (p. 496). Determining GBA--To estimate GBA for a stand, se- 2. Growth Basal Area (GBA) lect five dominant trees per plot. Increment core each tree to determine total age and 10-yearradial Growth Basal Area (GSA) is an index of foreststand increment (measured in 2oths inch). Determine cur- stockability (Hall 1983, 1987). It uses the relation- rent stand basal area in the vicinity of eachsampled ship between current radial increment ofdominant tree, or for the plot as a whole. trees, current total stand basal areaand age, to index the capability of a site to supportand grow For each sampled tree use the radial incrementto wood volume. This relationship is relatively indepen- conditions, determine the GBA conversion factor from Figure 33 dent of stand density except at extreme (usually and can be used iii combination with siteindex to (or equation 4 p. 494). Multiply this number appraise the capability of a site for timber produc- from 0.7 to 2.0 by the estimate of stand basal area the tion. In concept it is not unlike Reinecke's (1933) (sq ftJac). For example, if the basal area around Stand Density Index which used number of trees sampled tree is 270 sq ft/ac and the radial increment per area at an average standdiameter of 10, Wiley's is IS 2oths, multiply 1.4 (conversion factor for 18 (1 978b) Growing Stock Index which is thebasal 2oths) by 270. This yields an uncorrected GSA esti- area a stand may be expected atattain at a given mate of 378 sq ft/ac.

79 10 1.2

1.1

0 uiuIllaul.-a 0I- 0z 0I- LQ 0. uuuiuuuui 0 W 0.7

0.1 1.0 10 2.0 20 3.0 10YEAR INCREMENT (20th inch) AGE

Figure 33. GBA conversion factor curve. Figure 34. GBA age correction factor.

Next adjust for stand age by applying the correction Growth Basal Area may be used to adjust yield table factor from Figure 34 (or equation 4p. 494). This values which are based only on height growthpo- number can vary from about 0.9 to 1.2 for stands40 tential. In the above example, normal yield table to 200 years old. In the example above, the treewas basal area for Ponderosa pine site index 60 is 169 150 years. The correction factor for this age is 1.08. sq ft/ac. However, if stands of Pipo/Cage (GBA= 90 The corrected GBA is finally calculated tobe (1.08 sq ft/ac) are considered DnormaI, then stands of x 270)408 sq ft/ac. Repeat this process on the other Pipo/Agsp with GSA of only 35 sq ft/ac would be four trees. The resulting average of these fivetrees expected to have only 39% of the yield table values is the GBA for the stand, i.e. the basalarea which for Ponderosa pine. should allow these trees on this site to grow 1 inch in diameter in 10 years. 3. Site Index-yield Table

This method is used when site index Application of GBA--Growth Basal Area is usedpri- curves and marily for indexing stockability and as corresponding yield tables are available. For low- a measure of land Douglas-fir we used McArdle and Meyer's relative stand productivity. A GSA of 600 isvery high and a GBA of 50 is very low. It may be (1930) site index curve (base 100) and yield table used to (all trees >1° DBH), King's (1966) site index compare the relative stockabilities of different kinds curves of sites. For example, sites characterized by the (base 50, breast height age), and DFSIM (Curtis at al. 1981) yield model. (Figure 189p. 496) gives site Ponderosa pine/wheatgrass (Pipo/Agsp) and Pon- index and corresponding yield values.) Insome cas- derosa pine/elk sedge (Pipo/Cage) associationsin es we used the high elevation site index curves the Blue Mountains of Oregon (HaIl 1983) both have developed by Curtis et al. (1974) for Douglas-fir. an average site index of 60 feet at 100 years. Howev- er the GBA for the Pipo/Agsp type is 35 sq ft/ac, and For western hemlock we used Barnes (1962) site 90 sq ft/ac for the Pipo/Cage type. Although the site index curves and yield table. We also used Wiley's index values suggest that each of these kindsof site index curves (1 978a) and yield table (1 978b) for sites should be equally productive, Pipo/Cagehas comparison. The yield table of Chambers and Wil- 2.5 times the stockability of Pipo/Agsp. son (1978) uses Barnes (1962) site index curves

80 (adjusted for base 50 age) and appears to be an multiplied by Growth Basal Area (GBA) and a coeffi- improvement over Barnes' yield table because it cient (k), which varies between .0025 and .005. This takes stocking into consideration. However their coefficient appears to vary relative to moisture yield table only covers the age range from 30-100 regime and productivity. The better the site the low. years. For high elevation western hemlock, Barnes er the k value. We have used a k of .003 for Sl-GBA (1962) curves and yield table was used, however calculations throughout this guide. However further upper slope conditions are different from lowerele- studies will probably show that good site Douglas-fir vation coastal areas, and the use of this yield table stands should use a k of .0025 and poor sites for these stands may give an over-estimate of pro- should use a k of .004 or even .005. A sample of ductivity potential. intensive plots (Figure 35) shows the relationship between Sl-GBA estimates of productivity potential For red alder we used the site index curves (base and the more classical site index-yield table ap- 50) and yield table of Worthington ef al. (1960). We proach. At yields greater than 150 Cu ft per year, the chose not to use the more recent site index curves relationship falls apart, suggesting that some addi- of Harrington and Curtis (1986) because they are tional factor may need to be considered on better presented in base 20 format. The yield table of sites. it should also not be inferred that yields from Chambers (1983) is an improvement over Worthing- yield tables are without error, or that one site index ton ef al. (1960), but represents a narrower age represents one yield potential. There is probably a range and therefore was not used. range in stockability associated with any site index. Sl-GBA is an attempt to deal with this variability in For Sitka spruce we used the site index curves and stockability. The relationship between stockability the yield table of Meyer (1937). His curves use base and Sl-GBA, though well documented for eastside 100 and the yield table is all trees > 2.6a DBH. The forests, is yet undetermined for westside forests. site index curves of Hegyi etal. (1981) were used in some situations not covered by the curves mentioned above.

For silver fir and mountain hemlock, suitable site index curves and yield tables are not available. We used McArdle and Meyer's (1930) site index curves to get a first approximation. However these curves consistently overestimate the height of dominant : uueassuam and codominant trees at 100 years. We also tried the curves of Hegyl et al. (1981). These seemed 3.ivaaaai somewhat better although even better site index curves for this area are badly needed. We used site 30. index values of Hegyl et al. (1981) and the DFSIM model (Curtis etal. 1981) to estimate potential yield. b25. asaislUsi Some model outputs were adjusted based on stand basal area values. This approach is weak but is probably the best site index-yield table estimate °:::111111111 available. Empirical yield curves based on local plots should give better estimates, except that natural stands of critical ages (50-1 50 years) are very rare on the Forest. ::INIII1I1 4. Site Index-Growth Basal Area (Sl-GBA) muassassa 0 1.01 02.0 2 0 3.03 0 0 YIELD (cubic feet/acre/year) This method was originally developed by Hall (McArdle and Meyer 190) (1983) for eastern Oregon. More recently Lillybridge and Williams (1984) and Topik et al. (1986) have applied it to northeastern Washington and western Figure 35. Comparison of yields from Sl-GBA and Oregon. In this approach, site index (base 100) is yield table methods.

81 5. Empirical Yield

This method takesgross volume and age data from Intensive plots, 30 to 300years old, and fits a volume-age curve to the data. Theseresults often Compared favorably to the site index-yieldtable estimates but not with the Sl-GBAestimates.

In all cases we triedto estimate the potential yieldat age of culmination ofmean annual increment (CMAI) for all trees includingtops and stumps. In some cases the potential andempirical yield values are different, and are so noted inthe text. Net mer- chantable yields are expectedto be less than the potential yields given in this guide.

At the very best, ourmethods for estimating potential yield are weak,especially for the Silver Fir and Mountain Hemlock Zones. Acertain amount of cau- Figure 36. Map of soil pitlocations. tion needs to be used wheneverone is interpreting potential yield values, especiallywhen using the site index-yield table approach. and parent materialwere recorded for the pit and percent cover of bare ground, gravel,rock, bedrock Soil Methods and moss were recorded for theplot. Rooting depth was considered to be the depthabove which 90% of all roots were present. 1. Soil Pit Location and ProfileDescription Effective depth and effective rooting depthwere calculated by subtracting One hundred soil pitswere dug on the Forest from the coarse fragment fractionfrom one and multiply- 1983 to 1986. An attemptwas made to distribute the ing by the depth. The 0 layerwas described as 01 pits across the Forestgeographically (Figure 36) or 02 and notes were takenconcerning its compo- and to represent the vegetational diversity as wellas sition, thickness and extentto which roots penetrat- possible (Table 152P. 433). The pits were located ed. General notes about thepit and the geology on a proportion of Intensive plots.They were placed were also recorded on the cardsto aid in later inter- well away from plot centerwith the intention of de- pretation of the data. scribing the soil of thatvegetational unit. This differs from the usual methods usedby soil scientists inter- 2.Soil Nutrients ested in taxonomic considerations by focusingon the vegetation and not thesoil per Se. The intent A soil sample was taken from here was to better understand 20 cm in the pit and those characteristics mixed with two other 20cm soil samples from else- of the soil which influencethe composition of the where on the plot for nutrient vegetation. Most of the data which analysis. This was are generally done on 49 of the pits, butsamples were also taken used to describe and classifysoils (Soil Survey Staff from plots without pits 1975) were also taken. to make a total of 80 nutrient analyses plots. The goal was tosample the densest part of the rooting zone. The The pits were dug at least composite samples one meter deep where were mixed in plastic bags and air possible and from 50 to 100 dried in the office cm on a side. Mineral before sending them to the horizon thickness was Oregon State University measured in centimeters and Soil Testing Lab for moist Munsell color (Munseil analysis. The methods used Soil Color Charts follow Methods of Soil Analysis 1975), mottles,texture, (Horneck et al. in structure,consistence, press) (Table 160 coarse fragments, roots,pores and boundaries p. 440). Samples were analyzed for pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, OM%,TN%, SO4, Na, B, Zn, Cu, were described for each horizon(Soil Survey Staff and Mn. The nutrient dataare summarized by plant 1975, 1981). In addition, rootingdepth, total depth association in Tables 153 and 154(pp. 434-435). 82 3. Soil Temperature Graphs of annual average lapse rates by groups of zones and mean difference between summer and Soil temperature was recorded on 783 plots using a winter temperature by elevation are shown in Figure 20 cm (8 in) soil temperature probe. Each record 37. These data were then used to formulate the consists of I to 3 averaged measurements from the model given in Figure 28 (p. 45) for determination of plot. In addition, 97 measurements from 20 cm, 91 the soil temperature regime. from 50 cm, 10 from 100 cm, and 19 from various depths greater than 50 cm have been recorded from soil pits. These measurements were recorded from May to October, 1981-86, with 572 records in June, July and August in stands with closed canopies (Table 159 p. 439).

The summertime data from closed canopy stands were sorted into groups by environmental zones and month, and then into 1000 foot elevational bands within these groups. Means of each of these - E2 0-3 groups were calculated, so for each month and zone, there was a mean temperature for each eleva- - EZ 4-6 tion band. A linear regression was fit to each of these data sets to produce monthly lapse rates for E27-9 each zonal group for each summer month. Temper- ature patterns for the rest of the year were estimated from data from following three sources. Soil temperature was recorded at 20 cm in Olympia for one year to provide a low elevation measurement. Tempera- 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 tures of mid- and upper elevations were estimated ELEVATION with data from Mt. Rainier (Greene and Klopsch 1985) and data from Mt. Baker (Naslund 1985). The Figure 37. Difference between summer and winter annual temperature cycle was then modeled on thesoil temperature at 50 cm depth, by ense data (Figure 29 p. 46). The average annual tem- vironmental zone. perature was estimated by averaging the monthly data from these graphs. In addition, summer and winter means were calculated. 4.Soil Moisture Data from the profile descriptions were analyzed to To determine the soil temperature regime, the annu- estimate the relative contribution of the soil to the al average temperature and the difference between water balance of the community. The average tex- summer and winter temperature are needed at 50 ture of the rooting zone was assigned a percent of cm depth. Temperature measurements from soil available water based on procedures presented in pits at depths of 20 cm, 50 cm and greater than 50 Brady (1974). The effective rooting depth was multi- cm were stratified by zonal groups and elevation plied by this percentage to give a value which repre- band. These data were averaged by depth and lin. sents the potential storage of available water in the early regressed to approximate a profile and deter- mineral rooting zone. This was also done for the mine the temperature difference between 20 cm organic rooting zone using a percent available wa- and 50 cm depths. According to Soil Taxonomy ter value equal to that of clay to reflect both the high (Soil Survey Staff 1975) the temperature at 50 cm is water holding capacity of organic matter and its expected to be 1.5 degrees C lower than 20 cm in high wilting coefficient. The potential storage of the the summer, and 1.5 degrees higher than at 20 cm mineral soil and organic layer were then added to in the winter. Figure 37 shows the difference be- give a value approximating the total potential avail- tween summer and winter soil temperature at 50 able water of the soil. These values were then aver- cm, by environmental zone. aged by association (Tables 157 and 158, pp.

83 10 5.Soil Classification

0 An attempt was made to classify soils tothe Great S.-0 Group using profile descriptions and SoilTaxonomy w (Soil Survey Staff 1975). Theseare reported in Table 150 (p. 431) in taxonomic hierarchyand Table 151 (p. 432) by plant association. The classifications LI presented in these lists should be regardedas ten- 0 6 tative. I-LI -I 5' 0 N C,.) Construction of Keys -j - EZ 0-3 Construction of keys to the series z3 --EZ4--6 or association is z a critical step in developing and implementinga z2 EZ7-9 classification such as this one. While the keyis not LI intended to be the classification, it isimportant in -EZ 10-12 helping to define the limits of associations.Once the classification is determined, the key will makeit possible for many people to readilyuse and understand 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 it. Building a good key is oftena process of trial and ELEVATION error. Certain principles have evolved over theyears which make key building easierand more consis- Figure 38. Mean annual soil temperatureby eleva- tent. Some of these are summarized here: tion and environmental zone. Keys must be unambiguous. 437-438). Since different soils occur in differentto- pographic positions, they have different opportuni- Associations indicated by species with ties to receive water from the landscape. For exam- thenarrowestecologicalamplitude ple, a very gravelly sandy soil with little ability to hold should key out first. Theseare usually water, may be wet more often thana clay soil, simply very dry or very wet site species. because it is in a position to receivemore runoff or subirrigation. This is what we referto as topographic The dichotomous key is preferred butnot moisture. Topographic moisture isa value between necessary. 1 and 9, where 1 would be equivalent toa dry, steep, rocky ridgetop and 9 would be an aquaticenviron- Any association may key out atmore ment (see Table 146 p. 417). It is an attemptto rank than one place in the key. each site with respect to the tendency forprecipita- tion to be redistributed by topography. Tables Do not allow communities tofail be- 155-158 (pp. 436-438) arrange thetypes along tween the cracks. Everything must key three potential moisture gradients. out, even if it keys out to unknown'.

84 SECTION 2

Introduction to the Classification

Keys to the Series

Series Descriptions

Keys to the Associations

Association Descriptions

85 INTRODUCTION TO THECLASSIFICATION

Descriptive information about eachassocia- The Porested Plant Associationsof the Olympic components of identifying a plant tion. This includes the floristic National Forest' is a tool to use in soils and po- making deci- the association, its environment, association in the field and to use in tential productivity. This informationis used to of the plant association. sions about management help identify the association but alsoto help of potential nat- Section 2 presents the classification apply the association concept tothe solution the forested land of the ural plant communities for of management problems. Olympic National Forest. Thisclassification COflSiSts of a hierarchy of two levels.The categories at the plant associations. These bottom level are called How to Identify the PlantAssociation plant associations areaggregated into a more general level called vegetation series(or simply, series). stand, the following proce- abstract grouping of To identity a particular Both of these levels represent dure should be used: natural plant communities at theirpotential or 'cli- development. The land max' stage of successional Locate the stand to be identified. area where a seriespredominates is called the veg- the series etation zone and has the same name as Determine the number of samplepoints to be Silver Fir Series is a it represents. For example, the taken in the stand. One is sufficient ifthe stand dominated associa- taxonomic grouping of silver fir is all one association. Several maybe needed Silver Fir Series pre- tions. The land area where the if more than one association occurs. dominates is called the Silver FirZone. Therefore, the series is a taxonomiC categoryand the zone is Each sample point will be a plotof some fixed a geographical ormapping unit. size. An area from 1/20 to 1/5 acreworks well.

The association is named forthe climax stage, but Identify all indicator species on theplot. also includes all successional stagesleading tO the climax. This name takes theform of a binomial. It Estimate the cover for each indicatorspecies consists of one dominant climax treespecies as the (see Appendix 1 p. 420). first part of the binomial, and one or moreground vegetation species as the second partof the name. Go to the series key on page 88.Begin at the Only one tree species is used,although in most top and work through the keyuntil the series cases on the OlympicNational Forest, there are two is determined. Check the identificationagainst or more tree specieswhich codominate in the cli- the appropriate series description. max stage. If the community is welldeveloped or over 80 Section 2 consistS of three basic elements: years old, then go to theassociation key for the appropriate series. A classification of potential forestcommunities key carefully, (plant associations). Theclassification is a hi- Work through the association some erarchy which consists of seriesand plant as- noting all situations where there was in the key. sociations. It is also a conceptof how all the question about which way to go of one asso- climax forest communities relate toeach other This key should lead to the name are and to their environment. ciation that best fits the field conditions you dealing with. associations. A key to the forest series and description. This key is a tool to help determinewhich plant Go to the appropriate association (stand) be- Compare what was found on the plot(and in association a particular community descriptions and tool to identifying the stand as a whole) tO the longs to. In this sense, it is a abundance tables an association, but it S notthe classification. tables. Refer to the species

87 following the series descriptions or in the as- to have developed a mature understory,or the cli- sociation descriptions. If there issome ques- max tree indicators are not present. In thiscase the tion about the identity of theassociation, try user must apply local knowledge or the key again. If the ground extrapolate cover is sparse, from nearby stand conditions to be able see the 'Depauperate' type descriptions or de- to properly identify the association. Another termine why the cover is sparse. stand condition which will be difficult to key out is wherethe stand is more mature, but the ground Check the information to see if thestand fits vegetation is still the expectations for that association. depauperate (i.e. sparse). Theassociation key will lead to the Silver Fir/Depauperateor Western At this point 90 percent or more ofthe stands Hemlock/Depauperate Association. However,the should be properly identified. user must determine it the groundvegetation is sparse due to dense tree stocking or heavylitter, or Once the association is identified, thereare due to the environment. In the firsttwo cases the three sources of information thatcan be used stand should not be identifiedas a depauperate in relating the association tomanagement: type. The user should try to determinewhat the ground vegetation would be undermore normal This plant association guide givesInfor- stand conditions and identify theassociation based mation about the composition, environ- on that. ment and management responses of each particular association. Keys are presented to help identifythe series and associations. They apply to climaxor stable-state Other research may relate speciessuit- vegetation. The series key is presentedbelow and ability, ecology, managementresponses, on page 501 in the appendix. The associationkeys insect and disease relations, soil,environ- are presented in each of the appropriateseries dis- ment, nutrient relations, or growthand cussions and also beginningon page 501. These yield. are dichotomous keys but are not presented inthe classical format. The second lead in thekey is omit- Local knowledge may be thegreatest ted. In this sense, the second leadis always as- source of information about individualas- sumed to be 'not as above,' and letsthe reader go sociations in an area. As stand exams, sil- immediately to the next lead in the key.For example, vicultural prescriptions, inventories,and in the series key below, the firstlead is mountain administrative studies become stratified hemlock (TSME) greater thanor equal to 10 percent and coded by plant association, this cover (in the mature or climax stand condition).If the knowledge will be available tousers of the statement is true, then the stand in plant association concept. question has keyed to the Mountain Hemlock Series,if the statement does not fit the stand in Some difficult stand conditions will question, then the be encountered. reader should go to the next lead inthe key and One such condition is where thestand is too young repeat.

KEY TO FOREST SERIES OF THEOLYMPIC NATIONAL FOREST

Mountain Hemlock > 10% cover Mountain Hemlock Series (TSME)p. 109 Silver Fir > 10% cover Silver Fir Series (ABAM) p. 139 Sitka Spruce 10% cover Sitka Spruce Series (PISI) p. 243 Western Hemlock and/or Western Redcedar > 10% cover Western Hemlock Series (TSHE)p. 277 Douglas-fir 10% cover Douglas-fir Series (PSME) p.89 Subalpine Fir 10% cover Subalpine Fir Series (ABLA2) p. 253 88 DOUGLAS-FIRSERIES

89 DOUGLAS-FIR SERIES Pseudotsuga menziesii PSME

The Douglas-fir Series (Zone) covers about 4200 occur. The 02 horizon is thinner (1.2 cm) than that acres (0.6%) of the Olympic National Forest(Figure found in other series. The factors most likely to 39). It occupies middle elevation sites on south fac- cause such a thin 02 layer are low productivity, a ing slopes in dry areas. It is most common in Envi- shorter fire return period and favorable conditions ronmental Zone 12 in the upper DungenesS River for rapid decomposition. drainage. At higher elevations in the Dungeness drainage it is replaced by the Subalpine Fir Zone. Inceptisols comprised 60% of our sample and enti- On moister sites it is replaced by the Western Hem- sols the other 40%. There was no indication of de- lock Zone. The productivity and stockability in this velopment of spodosols. The comparatively high pH series is low. and mineral nutrient levels indicate that little leaching is going on compared to the other series. The climate of the Douglas-fir Zone is dry temperate to almost continental. Winter and summer tempera- The dominant tree species are Douglas-fir or lodge- tures are quite variable from day to night and from pole pine. Madrone, western hemlock, western season to season. Soil drought is common and ex- white pine, western redcedar or Rocky Mountain tended. Winter snowpacks, even high in the moun- juniper may also occur. This series is too dry for tains, are light and transient. Therefore, soil is poorly most Pacific Northwest conifers. insulated from the extremes of winter. Precipitation is usually less than 40 inches annually and/or the Root disease problems may include Armillaria root site is very dry topographically. There is very little disease and laminated root rot In Douglas-fir. Both 'precipitation' from tree drip and the humidity tends of these diseases may impact regeneration and pro- to be low. ductivity. Black stain root disease may be present in Douglas-fir plantations. Heart and butt rots of poten- Soils are cool and dry with a thin 0 horizon and only tial importance are red nng rot, brown trunk rot and modest development of mineral horizons. An A hori- brown cubical butt rot, especially in old-growth zon is usually present but is not very high in organic stands. Red ring rot may be the most important matter or nitrogen. These soils are the least acidic decay in the Douglas-fir Series. (pH 5.6) of any series, and were also highest in potassium, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium Insect problems can include western blackheaded of any series. The texture is often coarse with many budworm on Douglas-fir and Douglas-fir beetle on large fragments. They typically occupy mid-to upper stressed, windthrown, or diseased Douglas-fir. slopes in dry topographic positions. The regolith is usually shallow to moderately deep colluvium and a Potential yield for associations in the Douglas-fir variety of bedrocks are possible. Series was estimated using three methods. The first method is the site index-yield table approach using The soil moisture regime is xeric which indicates the site index curve and yield table of McArdle and there is a pronounced summer drought. The soil Meyer (1930) and the site index curve of King (1966) temperature regime is frigid, which means that the and the DFSIM model (Curtis efal. 1981). The sec- average annual temperature is less than 8 deg C ond method used an empirical volume curve which and the summer-winter fluctuation at 50 cm is was generated from the plot data. The third method greater than 5 deg C. It is likely that the soil tempera- was the St-GBA method of HaIl (1983, 1987). Since ture fluctuates quite widely in this series. Because of all stands for all associations were predominantly the sparse canopy and tendency of these stands to Douglas-fir, and the site quality of this series is low, be on south-facing slopes, soil temperatures can it is not surprising that there is a good correspond- become quite high during the summer. ence between the three methods. For example, for the Douglas-fir/Salal Association the three potential The organic layer for associations in the Douglas-fir yield estimates were 48, 56, and 63 cubic feet per Senes is mostly a mull although duff mulls may also acre per year.

91 Three Plant Associations are recognized in the in Tables 17 and 18 (pp. 94-95). The threeassocia- Douglas-fir Series. These are described by 48 Re- tions are presented in alphabetical orderby com- connaissance and Intensive plots taken from 1979 mon name on pages 96-107. They can be identified to 1986. Environmental values and mean relative by using the following key. (See page 88 forexpla- cover values for these associations are summarized nation of how to use this abbreviated key).

Key to Plant Associations of the Douglas-fir Series

Salal >5% PSME/GASH p. 104 Kinnikinnick >5% PSME/ARUV p.96

Oceanspray and Baidhip Rose >5%, Western Fescue 1 % PSME/HODI-ROGY p. 100

92 Figure 39. Map of the Douglas-fir Zone on the Olympic Peninsula

93 Table 17. Environmental values for associations in the Douglas-fir Series. Slope,elevation and topographic moisture are mean values for the sample.

ASSOCIA11ONS

ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES PSMEIARUV PSME/HODI-ROGY PSME/GASH

ECOCLASS Code1 CDS6 51 CDS2 21 CDS2 55

Numberof plots2 8 25 15

Aspect SE-SW SE-SW SE-SW

Slope (%) 53 61 52

Elevation (ft.) 3894 2996 1888

Environmental Zone3 12 (9,11) 11,12 (8) 8-11 (12)

Topographic Moisture4 3.0 3.6 3.6

Soil Moisture Regime5 xerlc xeric xeric

Soil Temperature (deg C) 13.2 (4) 12.7 (12) 12.0 (7)

Soil Temperature Regime7 frigid frigid frigid

Lichen line (ft.) 2 4

1 See Table 161 p.443

2 Number of plots includes all successionalstages sampled. 3 See Figure 24p. 40, and discussion p. 38. See discussion p. 84. Table 146 P. 417.

5 See discussionp. 44. 6 Summer soil temperature at 20cm for mature and old growthstands; only June, July and August measurements included: values in ()are sample size for the mean. See discussionp. 83. ' See discussion p. 44-45.

94 Table 18. Mean relative cover1 values and constancy2 of trees shrubs and herbs for associations in theDouglas-fir Series. Cover values based on stands >150 years.

ASSOCIATIONS

PSMEJ PSME/ PSPAEJ ARUV HODI-ROGY GASH

CDS8 SI COS2 21 CDS2 55 ECOCLASS Code 7 Numberofplots 7 17

TREES

ABGR Grand fir 6(35) ABL,A2 Subalpine tIc i (14) ACMA Bigleat maple 25 (5) 8(14) ARME Madrone 7(28) CONU Pacific dogwood JLJSC Rocky Mountain )unlper 3(14) 4(11) 29(42) RICO Lodgepole pIne 4(28) PIMO Western white pine 1(28) 2(5) 73(100) 71 (100) PSME Oougias'fir 49(100) PYFU Western crabapple OUI3A Gerry oak 3 (5) RI-IPU Cascara 2 (17) TABA Pacific yew 8(14) Western redoedar 8 (5) ThPL 3(71) TSHE Western hemlock 2(28) 4(35)

SHRUBS and HERBS 18(51) ACCI Vine maple 8(41) 4(28) ACGL Douglas maple 5(14) 1 (42) 2 (41) 1(14) ACMI Var-row 1(14) Vanillaleaf 1(14) 8(52) ACIR 1(14) AD8I Pathfinder 2 (82) Nodding onion 1(14) 1(23) ALCE 1(57) AMAL Servtcebercy 2 (20) I (58) I-yell's anemone 1 (20) I (11) ANLY2 7 (28) ARCO3 hairy manzanila 1(14) 1(17) 20(100) I (29) 19(42) ARLJV Kinnikinnick 1(28) ARMA3 Bigleaf sandwort I (57) 2(82) Ocegongiape 5(71) 4(88) 15(85) BENE 1(14) Columbia brome 4 (14) 8 (88) BAVU 1(42) CASC2 Scoulers hareball 1(42) 2 (10) 1 (11) 1(14) CARO Boss sedge 1(28) CHME Little pr-Inca's pine 1 (5) 1(71) 1 (10) 1(85) CHUM Prince's pine 2(14) cOcO2 Hazelnut ELGL Blue wildrye 8(14) 3(41) 1(28) 1 (17) ERLA Woolly sunflower 3(71) Western fescue 2 (71) 5 (82) FEOC 1(14) Woods strawberry 1(42) 2(70) FRyE 56(100) GASH SaJat 1 (23) Fragrant bedstraw 1 (35) GATR 1(57) COOS Rattlesnakeplantaln 1(14) 1(47) 1(100) 1(94) 1(85) I'IIAL White hawlneeed 4(57) HODi Oceansprey 4(85) 9(100) JUCO4 Common junIper 1(42) 2 (29) 2 (35) LANE Nuttall's peavine 3(57) UBO2 Twinftower 1(14) 1(29) Orange honeysuckle 1 (28) 1 (52) 1(14) LCd 1(14) LOMA2 Martindale'elomatium 1(100) 1(11) LOUT2 Utah honeysuckle 5 (5) LULA Subalpine lupIne 20 (14) 1(14) I-YAM Skunkcabbage tjttteieat morrtia 1 (14) 1 (29) 1(14) MOPA 2(28) NONE Woodland beardlongue 1 (42) Sweet cicely 1 (52) OSCH 1(14) Pachistima 1(85) 3 (29) PAMY 4(71) POMU Swordfern 1(14) 1(52) Bracken tern 1(5) 1(28) PIAD 7 (28) Rhododendron RHMA 2(11) BOGY Baldhip rose 2 (85) 7 (94) Trailing blackberry I(5) 1(57) RUUR 2(42) SYMO Creeping snowberry 1 (85) 5 (88) Tail tiisetum 1(17) TF1CA 2(71) TRLA2 Starfiower 1 (42) 2 (10) VAPA Red huckleberry 1 (14) 1 (17) 2(11) VIAM American vetch I (35) Evergreen violet 1(11) 1(14) VISE 1(11) XETE Beargrass

1 Mean relatIve cover ace values where zeroes are not Included in the calculation of the mean. See Table 165 p. 452-453 for mann absolute cover values.

2 ConstanCy lathe percentage of plots for that association where the species occurred.

95 DOUGLAS-FIR/KINNIKINNICK Pseudotsuga menziesii/Arctostaphylos uva-ursi PSME/ARUV CDS6 51

The Dougias-fir/Klnniklnnick Association isan un- small amounts, usually in wet microsites in the common type or dry areas and topographically dry stand. sites, high elevations and low timber productivity. It is found mainly on the Quilcene District (Figure40). Other Biota Soils are shallow, coarse and immature, derived from very stony colluvium, and appear to be particu- Deer signs are frequently recorded on this type, with larly low in organic matter and nitrogen. Standsin signs of recent activity observed in August. Com- this type have burned frequently in the past, which monly browsed species include oceanspray, bald- has contributed partially to the low fertility of these hip rose, pachistima (PAMY), red huckleberry and sites. Oregongrape. Douglas squirrel and snowshoehare can also occur. Birds commonly observed include red-breastednuthatch,chestnut-backedchick- Floristic Composition adee, golden-crowned kinglet and graylay.

The dominant understory species (Table 19) is kinnikinnick (ARUV). Other shrubs may include Ore- Table 19. Common plants in the PSME/ARUV gOngrape (BENE), oceanspray (HODI), baidhip Association, based on stands >150 rose (ROGY) and creeping snowberry (SYMO). years (n7). Herbs are sparse and may include westernfescue (FEOC), Martindale's lomatium (LOMA2)and white Abs. Rel. hawkweed (HIAL). The tree layer is dominated by Common name CodeCover Cover Const Rancie Douglas-fir and sometimes lodgepole pine (Figure 41). Rocky Mountain juniper and western white pine TREES are occasionally found. Old-growth stands in this Douglas-hr PSME 48.7 48.7 100 20-80 type are less than 300 years old. Brush competition lodgepole pine PICO 12.6 29.3 42 0-50 bitter cherry is not usually significant, however because PREM 0.7 2.5 28 0-3 of the western hemlock TSHE 0.6 2.0 28 0-2 harshness of the site, regeneration is oftenvery western white pine PIMO 0.3 1.0 28 0-1 slow. GROUND VEGETAflON kjflnjkjnjck ARUV 20.4 20.4 100 3-40 Ground mosses and lichens are sparse,except in Martindale's some open, rocky stands. Rhacomitrium canascens lomatium LOMA2 1.3 1.3 100 1-2 white hawkweed is the most common ground moss. Nitrogen-fixing HIAL 1.0 1.0 100 1-1 oceanspray lichens such as Pe!tigera aphthosa and Lobaria pul- HODI 3.7 4.3 85 0-15 baidhip rose ROGY 1.9 2.2 monaria can occur. Epiphytic lichens 85 0-4 are conspicu- creeping snowberry SYMO 1.0 1.2 85 0-2 ous and often abundant. Alectoria sarmentosa, pachistima PAMY 0.9 1.0 85 0-1 Biyona spp., Hypogymnia imshaugll, H. enter- Oregongrape BENE 3.7 5.2 71 0-20 omorpha and Platismatia glauca western fescue FEOC 1.6 2.2 71 0-5 are the most prince's pine CHUM 0.9 common. 1.2 71 0-2 bigleaf sandwort ARMA2 0.6 1.0 57 0-1

SuccessIonal Relationships

There are two probable successional pathways for this type. One dominated by Douglas-fir, the other by lodgepole pine. Later seral stages are dominated by Douglas-fir. Western hemlock may occur invery

96 Environment and Soils or colluvial gravelly or very gravelly barnsin areas of extensive rock outcrops. They are well drained This type is found on moderately steep to steep, and highly permeable. The mean soil temperature straight to convex mid-slopes to ridgetops. The soils was 13.2 deg C (55.8 deg F) which was the warmest form in rocky coliuvium and are probably shallow Douglas-fir summer temperature. Due to a higher with a low water holding capacity. The 0 layer is thin elevation (3908 ft) and very little snowpack, this soil reflecting a high fire frequency, low productivity and is probably quite cold in the winter and therefore the probably a rapid decomposition rate. According to the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder at al. most extreme of the Douglas-fir Series. The tern per- 1969), soils in this type tend to be shallow residual ature regime is frigid and the moisture regime xeric.

Figure 40. Map of plot locations for the Douglas-fir/Kinnikinnick Association.

97 Timber Productivity age. Regeneration can be slow andunpredictable. This association representsenvironmental Condi- Timber productivity of this typeis very low. This is tions which are extreme for the Olympic due to the dryness of the siteand poor soils. Site Peninsula. index of measured stands averaged 41 (base 100). Root disease problems in thistype may include The productivity potential usingthe site index-yield Armillaria root disease and laminated table approach was 20Cu ft/ac/yr. The stockability root rot in Douglas-fir. Both these diseasesmay significantly of these sites is low. The empiricalyield for stands impact regeneration and productivityon this associ- of this association was 19cu ft/ac/yr (Table 20). ation. Black stain root diseasemay be present in Douglas-fir plantations. Heart and buttrots of potential importance are red ring rot, brown Management Considerations trunk rot and brown cubical butt rot, especialryin old-growth stands. Red ring rot may be themost important Management considerations for thistype include decay. minimizing site disturbance and protectingshallow unstable soil. Natural stocking levels are low. Be- Insect problems on this series cause of the ridgetop positions and dry can include western southerly blackheaded budworm tip killing Douglas-firand exposures where this type usuallyoccurs, there is Douglas-fir beetle on stressed, winclthrown,or dis- an increased susceptibility tosnow and wind dam- eased Douglas-fir.

Table 20. Timber productivity values for the Douglas-fir/KinnikinnickAssociation.

srr Sif TREE SPECIES GBA PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI6 SDI7 TREES GBA8 SIGBA9 EMAF'° Douglas-fir (Mcftrdle1) 5 22 41 6 20 253 19 119 14 19 Douglas-fir (McArdle2) 4 4 42 13 21 Douglas-fir (Curtis3) 5 22 43 6 253 19 116 14 Douglas-fir (King 4) 2 5 33 6 21 Lodgepole Pine (Hegyl 5) 2 9 46 10 17 298 9 104 14 Subalpine Fir (Hegyi 5) 1 1 55 25 203

1 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), IntensIve plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), ReconnaIssance plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 100, Breast heightage (Curtis et al. 1974), ages 25 to 400 years. 4 Base age 50, Breast heightage (KIng 1966), ages 25 to 120 years. Base age 100. Total age (Hegyl et al. 1979). 6 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site indexcurve for the species (see Figure 189 p. 496). Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933). 8 Growth Basal Area (Hall1987) (see Table 174 p. 494). Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr. basedon the equation SI*GBA*0.003 (Hall 1987). 10 Estimated Mean AnnualIncrement derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure 192p. 499).

98 Henderson and Pe- Comparison with Similar Types tion is previously described by ter (1 983a) and Smith andHenderson (1986) in the Franklin et Similar types include DouglaS-tirlSalalwhich OCCUrS Olympics. A similar type is described by on slightly moister sites atlower elevations, and the al. (1988) in Mt. RainierNational Park. On the Western Hemlock/BeargraSS typewhich occurs on Willamette National Forest, Hemstrom etal. (1987) precipitation. It similar sites but in areas with more recognized the Grand fir/KinflikirifliCk typewhich WesternHemlock! is alsorelatedtothe Dougiasfir!Kiflflikifln1ck Rhododendrofl/BeargraSS type which occurs on has many similarities to our moister sites. The Douglas-f irfKinnikinfliCkAssocia- Association.

-I -

p --

' 4'',f.

Creek, Quilcene District. Figure 41. Photo of theDouglas-fir/Kiflnikiflflick Association, upper Gold 99 DOUGLASFIR/OCNSPRAY..BALDHIP ROSE Pseudotsuga menziesi//Ho/odiscusdisco/oi-Rogymnocarpa PSME/HODI-ROGY CDS2 21

The Doug las-fir/Oceanspray..Baldhip Rose Associa- Other Blota tion is a type of dryareas, warm soils, and low timber productivityitis found at moderateelevations Deer signs are frequently observedin this type and mostly in the upper DungenessRiver area of the indicate heavy use. Recentactivity was recorded in Quilcene District (Figure42). Soils are shallow, de- August. Commonly browsedspecies include bald- rived from very stonycolluvium, and appear to be hip rose, creeping snowberry,red huckleberry and well drained. Stands in thistype have burned fre- Oregongrape. Snowshoe hareand Douglas squirrel quently in the past, which hascontributed partially may also occur. Birds frequentlyobserved include to the low fertility of thesesites. red-breasted nuthatch,golden-crowned kingtet, common raven, gray jay andchestnut-backed chickadee. Pine siskin, American Florlstic CompositIon robin, dark-eyed junco, Steller's jay, olive-sidedflycatcher and sharp- shinned hawk may alsooccur. The dominant understoryspecies (Table 21) are oceanspray (HODI), Oregongrape(BENE) and batdhip rose (ROG. Creepingsnowberry (SYMO) Table 21. Common IS Common in youngstands. Herbs are sometimes plants in the PSME/HODI-ROGY Association, based sparse but may include Columbiabrome (BRVU), on stands >150 years (n= 17). vanillaleaf (AdA), pathfinder(ADBI),Scouler's harebell (CASC2) andwestern fescue (EEOC). Dou- glas maple (ACGL)occurs in some stands. The tree Abs. Rel. Common name CodeCover layer is dominated by Douglas-fir,with an occasion- Cover Const Ranqe al grand fir, western redcedar,western hemlock, TREES madrone or yew (Figure 43). Douglas-fir PSME Old-growth stands in 73.2 73.2 100 10-95 this type are less than about grand fir ABGR 300 years old, having 2.2 6.2 35 0-12 western hemlock TSHE originated from fires about90 and 280 years ago. 1.5 4.3 35 0-20 Pacific yew TABR 0.4 2.3 17 0-4 Rocky Mtn. juniperJUSC 0.5 4.0 ii 0-5 Ground mosses are moderatelycommon in this type averaging 28% cover. Themost common moss GROUND VEGETATiON oceanspray HOOP is Hylocomium splendens;others cryptogams 8.6 8.6 100 1-60 baidhip rose ROGY which occur frequently 6.7 7.1 94 0-20 are Rhytidiadelphus tn- white hawkweed HIAL 0.9 1.0 94 0-1 quetrus, Cladonia spp. Homalothecium Columbia brome BRVIJ megapt//urn, 6.8 7.7 88 0-35 creeping snowberry SYMO and the nitrogen-fixing lichens 4.2 4.7 88 Peitigera aphthosa, Oregongrape 0-25 Pe!tigera spp. and Lobaria BENE 3.2 3.6 88 pulmonania. Epiphytic western fescue 0-15 FEOC 4.4 5.3 82 lichens are common, particularly pathfinder 0-15 Alectonia salmon- ADBI 1.4 1.6 82 tosa, Bryonia spp., Platismatia glauca, big leaf sandwort 0-5 P. heire!, Hyp- ARMA3 1.4 1.6 82 0-3 Scouler's harebell CASC2 ogymnia entenomorpha and H. physodes. 1.6 2.2 76 woods strawberry 0-7 FRVE 1.4 1.8 76 prince's pine 0-10 CHUM 0.9 1.3 70 starflower 0-4 TRLA2 1.1 1.6 70 serviceberry 0-3 Successional Relationships AMAL 0.6 1.1 58 vanillaleaf 0-2 ACTR 3.2 6.1 52 0-40 orange honeysuckle LOCI 0.5 1.0 52 There is one probablesuccessional pathway for this sweet cicely 0-1 OSCH 0.6 1.2 52 type, dominated by Douglas-fir. swordfern 0-2 Later seral stages POMU 0.6 1.1 52 0-2 are also dominated by Douglas-firwith small amounts of western hemlock andwestern redcedar.

100 Environment and Soils depth of the pits (120 cm) with many very fine roots throughout the profile. Despite the average effective This association can be found on moderate tosteep depth of 70 cm the water holding capacity is low due slopes. The regolith is usually colluvial but canbe to the coarse texture. The 0 layer averagedonly 2.7 glacial and the bedrock can be metabasalt,sand- cm with only 0.3 cm of it being02. Reconnaissance stone or shale. Slope positions varyfrom ridgetopS plots occurred on a variety of Olympic SoilRe- to lower slopes with a strongtendency toward con- source Inventory types (Snyder etal.1969), though vex surfaces. The soilsexhibited many similarities in most are colluvial inclusions in areas of extensive the three pits in this association. Theygenerally rock outcrop. These soils tend to be thin,well have a moderately well expressed A horizonfol- drained, highly permeable1 gravelly to very gravelly AC lowed by one or more weak B horizons or an barns. A number of plots fell on deep colluvialcob- barns overlying the C. All surface layers were sandy bly barns with compacted subsoils. The com- sands to and deeper horizons varied from loamy paction makes these soils effectively shallower,but sand. Structures were moderate to weak,fine to they are still well-drained and permeable.A few very fine subangular blocky orgranular. Coarse plots fell on glacial soils with thin to thick surface fragments varied from 10% to 63%, averaging49%. gravelly barns or sandy barns and thick gravelly Two pits were classified as xerorthentsand one as a xerumbrept. The rootingdepth was equal to the sometimes compacted subsoils.

Figure 42. Map of plot locations for theDouglas-fir/OcearlSPray-BaldhiP Rose Association.

101 The mean soil temperature was 12.7 deg C (54.9 Management Considerations deg F) making this the secondwarmest Douglas-fir type in the summer. Thetemperature regime is Management considerations for thistype include warm frigid and the moisture regime isxeric. ensuring restocking and enhancementof soil nutrients, organic matter, and preservationof the shallow soil litter layer. Becauseof the moderately steep Nutrient analysis indicate a high to veiy high phos- slope positions where thistype often occurs, there phorus, potassium, calcium,magnesium and manis an increased problem fromsurface erosion and ganese, and low to very low sodium, boron,organic unraveling. Accumulated soil organicmatter and nitrogen should be preserved, matter, nitrogen and sulfate. ThepH was 5.8 which and the litter layer should be kept intact to helpkeep the unstable soil is one of the highest recordedon the Forest. in place. The steepness of slopeand instability of the soil may precludecommercial thinning on this type. Because of thewarm exposed site conditions Timber Productivity where this type occurs, it offerslow to moderate wildlife values in mature andold-growth stands. Young growth stands sometimesoffer moderate Timber productivity of this type is low (Site VI). Site browse for deer. Game trails andscat are fairly com- index of measured standsaveraged 71 (base 100). mon in this type, indicating that itgets some big The productivity potential usingthe site index-yield game use. This type represents harshgrowing conditions with severe limitations table approach was 46Cu ft/ac/yr (Table 22). The for the Forest. Regen- eration following clearcuttinghas been very slow stockability of these sites is low. and sporadic.

Table 22. Timber productivity values for the Douglasfir/Qceanspray..BaldhipRose Association.

SirE SITE TREE SPECIES GBA PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI5 SDI6 TREES GBA7 SIGBA8 EMAI° Douglas-fir (McArdle1) 11 61 71 9 46 441 52 265 57 48 Douglas-fir (McArdIe2) 7 7 73 14 50 Douglas-fir (Curtis3) 11 61 66 8 441 52 265 57 Douglas-fur (King4) 1 5 50 44

1 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Intensive plots only, ages 25 to 400years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Reconnaissance plotsonly, ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 100, Breast height age (Curtis et al. 1974). ages 25 to 400years. ' Base age 50. Breast heightage (King 1966). ages 25 to 120 years. Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site index curve for the species (seeFigure 189 p. 496). Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933). 7 Growth Basal Area (Hall1987) (see Table 174 p. 494). 8 Index of potential Volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr. based on the equation SI*GBA*0.003(Hall 1987). 9 Estimated Mean AnnualIncrement derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure192 p. 499).

102 Comparison with Similar Types Root disease problems mayinclude Armillaria root disease and laminated root rot inDouglas-fir. Both Similar types include the Douglas-fir/Salalwhich oc- these diseases may significantlyImpact regenera- onslightlymoistersites, Douglas-fir! tion and productivity. Black stain rootdisease may curs Kinnikinnick type which occurs ondrier, shallower be present in Douglas-fir plantations.Heart and butt red ring rot, brown soilsathigher elevations,and the Western rots of potential importance are Hemlock/Salal-OCeaflsPraY type which occursin trunk rot and brown cubical butt rot,especially in areas. The Douglas-fir! old-growth stands. Red ring rot maybe the most somewhat wetter Oceanspray-BaldhiP Rose Association isonly rec- important decay in this type. ognized in the Olympics (Hendersonand Peter blackheaded 1983a).itis similar,in some respects, to the Insect problems can Include western Dougiasfir/OceaflSPraY.Oreg0ngraPe and Doug- Douglas-fir bee- budworm tip killing Douglas-fir and lasfir/OceaflSPraY!GraSS types on the Wiliamette tie on stressed, windthrown, ordiseased Douglas- National Forest (Hemstrom etal. 1987). fir.

, .

I "4'

u -IY - - ..

I. -, --k'. "

' 1 .5. 5 .C(t -:_

S 55 -I -

-.1 p

River, Figure 43. Photo of the DouglaS-fir/OceaflSPraY-BaldhlP Rose Association, Dungeness Quilcene District.

103 DOUGLAS-FIR/SALAL Pseudotsuga menziesll/Gau/therjas/ia/Ion PSME/GASH CDS2 55

The Douglas-fir/salap Association is a type of mod- serviceberry (AMAL) and beargrass erately dry areas, warm soils,and low timber pro- (XETE). Dou- ductMty. glas squirrel use is common in thistype. One sight- Itis found on the Hood Canaland ing was recorded of mountain Quilcene Districts (Figure 44). Soils beaver activity in are shallow, de- June. One tree frogwas observed. Birds commonly rived from very stony colluvium,till or outwash, and observed were red-breastednuthatch, Steller's jay appear to be well drained. Stands in thistype have and dark-eyed junco. Rufoushummingbird may oc- burned frequently in the past,which has contribut- casionally be seen and ed partially to the low fertility woodpecker workings on of these sites. snags are sometimes present.

Floristic Composition Environment and Soils

The dominant understoryspecies (Table 23) is salal This type can be foundon a wide variety of slopes, (GASH). Few herbs are found.Other shrubs include positions, regoliths and bedrock.Slope steepness Oregongrape (BENE), kinnikinnick(ARUV), vine ranged from 17-140%, positions fromridgetops to maple (ACCI) and occasionallyrhododendron (RHMA) or oceanspray (HODI). benches and toes, regolithwas alpine or continen- The tree layer is tal glacial, or colluvium, and dominated by Douglas-fir with bedrock included small amounts of metabasait, sandstone and shale. western hemlock, western redcedar,western white The soil itself is pine or Pacific dogwood (Figure highly varied. Coarse fragmentsvaried from 8-65% 45). Old-growth and surface texture varied from stands in this type are less than about sandy clay barns to 300 years old, loamy sands. The total thickness the oldest having originated fromfires about 280 of the 0 layer was and 320 years ago. similar in the two pits dug, butthe 02 varied from a trace to 6cm. In both pits, howevertheprofiles were Ground mosses can be abundant in this type, or Table 23. Common plants in sparse probably due to shading from thesalal cov- the PSME/GASH Association, based on stands>150 years (n=7). er. Hy/ocomium splendens and Eurhynciumore- ganum are common mosses, and thenitrogen- fixinglichenPeltigeraaphthosa mayOccur. Abs. Rel. Epiphytic lichens and mossesare conspicuous and Common name CodeCoverCover Const Ranqe abundant. Alectoria sarmentosa,Sphaerophórus globosus, Hypogyrnnja spp., Hypnumcircinale and TREES crustose lichens are most Douglas-fir common. PSME 70.6 70.6 100 55-90 western hemlock TSHE 2.4 3.4 71 0-8 Pacific dogwood CONU 1.9 6.5 28 0-8 western white pine Successional Relationships PIMO 1.0 3.5 28 0-5 GROUND VEGETATION salal Early and late successional stagesare dominated GASH 56.4 56.4 100 20-95 Oregongrape by Douglas-fir with minor amounts BENE 12.4 14.5 85 0-60 of western hem- prince's pine CHUM 1.1 1.3 85 0-3 lock. white hawkweed HLL 1.0 1.2 85 0-2 swordfern POMU 2.7 3.8 71 0-15 western fescue FEOC 2.1 3.0 71 0-10 red huckleberry Other Blota VAPA 1.4 2.0 71 0-5 baldhip rose ROGY 1.1 1.6 71 0-2 Starfiower TRLA2 1.1 1.6 71 0-3 Deer signs are frequently recorded beargrass on this type and XEE 1.0 1.4 71 0-1 Vine maple indicate heavy use. Signs of ACCI 10.1 17.7 57 0-40 recent activity were oceanspray HODI 2.4 4.3 57 0-10 observed in June and September.Commonly twinf lower LIBO2 1.6 2.8 57 0-8 browsed species include red hucklebeny serviceberry (VAPA), AMAL 0.6 1.0 57 0-1 rattlesnakeplantain 000B 0.6 1.0 57 0-1 trailing blackberry RUUR 104 0.6 1.0 57 0-1 rather weakly expressed. The A horizons arethin sity of soils for this type. Soils where plots were and faint and structures are moderate to weak, fine located are glacial,colluvial and residual over to very fine subangular blocky. Bothsoils are metabasalts or sedimentary rocks. They are thin to ochrepts. The major similarity between these soilsis thick gravelly or very gravelly barns or sandy barns. that they are dry, although they may be dryfor very Drainage is usually good and permeability rapid. In different reasons. The water holding capacityis some of the glacial soils, however compactedsub- generally low, but may be so due to coarse texture soils may cause imperfect drainage and slow per- or high coarse fragment. Slopeposition and dry meability. The soil temperature averaged 12.0 deg climate may allow this association to develop on C (53.6 deg F) for June and July whith makes this soils with more favorable water holding capacities. the coolest summer temperature of the Douglas-fir Rooting depths were fairly great, averaging 74.5 cm. types. The temperature regime is at the warm end One pit had a dense mat of roots in the 02, Fine of frigid and the moisture regime is xeric to dry udic. roots were numerous near the surface in bothpits, The nutrient analysis in the two pits indicate that but were also common near the bottom of the pro- these soils are high in phosphorus, potassium, cal- file. This probably reflects the need to maintain a cium and magnesium, and low in organic matter, volume of roots in the deeper horizons which don't nitrogen and sulfate. Nutrient concentrations were dry out as severely. The Olympic Soil Resourse In. among the lowest recorded. The pH was 5.2 which ventory (Snyder et al. 1969) also indicates a diver- is about average for the Forest.

Figure 44. Map of plot locations for the Douglas-f ir/Salal Association.

105 Timber ProductIvity dominated ground vegetation, it offerslow to moderate wildlife values in young andold-growth Timber productivity of this type is low(Site V). Site index of measured stands stands. Young growth stands oftenoffer good averaged 83 (base 100). browse for deer, particularly red The productivity potential usingthe site index-yield huckleberry. Game trails and scat are uncommon in this table approach was 63Cu ft/ac/yr (Table 24). The type, indicating that it gets only irregularuse. stockability of these sites is moderate tolow.

Root disease problemsmay include Armillaria root Management ConsIderatIons disease and laminated root rot inDouglas-fir. Both these diseases may significantlyimpact regenera- Management considerations for thistype include tion and productivity. Black stainroot disease may ensuring restocking and enhancementof soil nutri- be present in Douglas-fir plantations.Heart and butt ents and organic matter. Accumulatedsoil organic rots of potential importanceare red ring rot, brown matter and nitrogen should beprotected. Salal trunk rot and brown cubical buttrot, especially in competition can be significant and burningfor old-growth stands. Red ringrot may be the most brush control may be needed. Fertilizingwith nitro- important decay. gen should enhance the productivity ofthis type, however enhancing organic matter and Soil struc- Insect problems can includewestern blackheaded ture should increase the effectivenessof nitrogen budworm tip killing Douglas-fir and fertilizer. Because of the Douglas-fir bee- warm, exposed site condi- tle on stressed, windthrown,or diseased Douglas- tions where this type occurs andthe dense salal fir.

Table 24. Timber productivity values for the Douglas-fir/SalalAssociation.

srrE srr TREE SPECIES GBA PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI5 SDI6 TREES GBA7 SIGBA8 EMAI9 Douglaè-fir (McArdIe1) 7 32 83 22 63 378 32 221 56 48 Douglas-fir (McArdle 8 8 78 11 56 Douglas-fir (Curtis3) 7 32 86 28 378 32 221 56 Douglas-fir (King4) 3 13 59 24 59

I Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Intensive plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Reconnaissance plotsonly, ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 100, Breast heightage (Curtis et al. 1974), ages 25 to 400 years. Base age 50, Breast height age (King 1966),ages 25 to 120 years. Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site Index curve for the species(see Figure 169 p. 496). 6 Stand Density index(Relnecke 1933). 7 Growth Basal Area (Hall1987) (see Table 174 p. 494).

Index of potential volume growth in Cu ft/ac/yr basedon the equation SI*GBA.0.(y33 (Hall 1987). 9 Estimated Mean AnnualIncrement derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure 192p. 499).

106 which occurs in drier areasmostly on the Quiicene Comparisons with Similar Types District. The Douglas-fir/SalalAssociation is previ- (Henderson and Hemiock/Salal- ously recognized in the Olympics Similar types include Western National Forest slightly moister sites; Peter 1983a) and on the Wiliamette OregongraPe which occurs on similar to the Douglas- mlock/Saial/BeargraSs type, which (HemstrOm etal. 1987). it is the Western fir-Western HemloCk/Salai typeof Smith and Hen- occurs on slightly drierand shallower or coarser derson (1986). soils in areas of higherprecipitation. It is also related to the WesternHemlOCk/RhOdodefldro Salal type

West, Hood Canal District. Figure 45. Photo of theDouglas-f ir/Salai Association, near Lake

107 MOUNTAINHEMLOCK SERIES

109 MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK SERIES Tsuga mertensiana TSME

The Mountain Hemlock Series (Zone) covers about the average annual temperature is less than 8 deg 22,000 acres (3%) of the Olympic National Forest C and the summer-winter fluctuation at 50cm is less (Figure 46). It occupies the upland areas around the than 5 deg C. Forest, above about 3300 feet elevation in the wetter environmental zones (Matheny Creek area), and The organic layer is usually a mor although duff above about 4000 feet elevation in the drier environ- mulls also occur. The 02 which is dense and well mental zones (Duckabush River area). At lower ele- decomposed averages 5.3 cm for stands older than vations it is replaced by the Silver Fir Zone. In Envi- 275 years. The well developed 0 horizons probably ronmental Zones 10, 11 and 12 (Quilcene District) it result from a cold climate, low soil pH and old age is replaced by the Subalpine Fir Zone at similar of the stands. elevations. The Mountain Hemlock Series includes some of the least productive associations on the Spodosols comprise most of the soils sampled in Forest. The productivity is very low and is mostly a this series with the remainder being inceptisols. The function of snowpack depth and duration. spodosols are generally fairly well developed. The tendency for more spodosols to form in this series The climate can be characterized as cold temper- than in any other series reflects an intense leaching ate. Winter and summer temperatures are cold. Av- environment caused by higher precipitation, lower erage January temperature is about -2 deg C (28 evapotranspiration, and greater stand age and sta- deg F). Summer temperature averages about 12 bility due to fewer fires. deg C (53 deg F). Precipitation varies from about 220 inches annually in the wetter areas of the Forest The dominant tree species are silver fir and moun- (Quinault District) to about 50 inches in the rain- tain hemlock. Douglas-fir, a long-lived seral species shadow area (Duckabush River area, Hood Canal at lower elevations, is almost unknown in this series. District). In addition, fog and clouds can contribute Mountain hemlock, silver fir and Alaska yellowcedar a significant amount of 'precipitation' in the form of dominate the climax stage of succession. tree drip during the summer. Snow accumulations are high, averaging greater than 10 feet (3 m). Root disease problems may include annosus root Winds are significant, especially on the south and disease and rusty red stringy rot on mountain hem- western part of the Forest. lock and silver fir, and laminated root rot on mountain hemlock and possibly silver fir. Heart and butt Soils are cold and moist with a well developed 0 rots of importance may be annosus root disease on horizon. When present, the A horizon tends to be mountain hemlock and silver fir, and red ring rot on high in organic matter and nitrogen compared to mountain hemlock. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe may the other series. These soils are the most acidic (pH be present on mountain hemlock. 4.2) of any series. The texture is often coarse with many large fragments and the soils are frequently Insect problems may include western blackheaded very shallow. Topographically these soils occur on budworm on mountain hemlock and silver fir, silver a wide range of slope positions at upper elevations fir beetle on suppressed, windthrown, or diseased across all but the northeastern part of the Peninsula. silver fir, and possibly the balsam woolly aphid on They are found on flat to very steep slopes, from silver fir. bottom to ridgetop positions. They occupy mostly colluvial or alpine glacial regoliths and a variety of Potential yield is very difficult to accurately estimate bedrocks. for associations in the Mountain Hemlock Series. Growth patterns are strongly affected by the heavy The soil moisture regime is probably always udic snow and short growing season. Some site index which indicates the rooting zone is usually moist curves are now available for silver fir (Hoyer and throughout the summer. The soil temperature Herman in press, Hegyi et al. 1979) and for moun- regime is probably always cryic which means that tain hemlock (Hegyl at al. 1979). However, these

111 curves have not been verified forthis area. There are no yield tables for silver consistent with other empirical yieldestimates from fir and/or mountain the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie hemlock which can apply tothis area Also, there National Forest. was a problem in trying to applythese curves to our plot data. Almostevery community in the Mountain Seven Plant Associationsare recognized in the Hemlock Zone on the OlympicNational Forest is Mountain Hemlock Serieson the Olympic National older than 400years. This made it impossibleto Forest. These are describedby 67 Reconnaissance accurately apply these site indexcurves to sampled and Intensive plots taken from1979 to 1985. Environ- stands. An empirical volume curve was generated mental values and mean relativecover values are from the Intensive plot data. It gave an estimateof Summarized in Tables 25 and 26(pp.114-115). The- 38 Cu ft/ac/yr in 190years for the Mountain Hemlock se associations are presented in Zone. Considerably alphabetical order more data are needed even to by common nameon pages 116-137, and can be verify this empirical estimate,let alone generate a identified by using the followingkey. (See page 88 yield table. However, thisempirical yield value is for explanation of howto use this abbreviated key).

Key to Plant Associationsof the Mountain Hemlock Series

Red Heather >10%, BlueleafHuckleberry >10% . TSME/PHEM-VADE p. 132 Avalanche Lily >5%, Alaska Huckleberry>10% TSMENAAL.JERMQ p. 120 Big Huckleberry5%

White Rhododendron TSME/RHAL-VAME Alaska Huckleberry >5% p. 136 Beargrass >5% TSME/VAME-VAAL p. 126 TSME/VAME/XETE p. 130 Alaska Huckleberry >10%

Beargrass 5% Beargrass<° TSME/VAALJXErE p. 124 TSMENML p. 116

112 Figure 46. Map of the Mountain Hemlock Zone on the Olympic Peninsula.

113 Table 25. Environmental values for associations in the Mountain Hemlock Series.Slope, elevation and topographic moisture are mean values for the sample.

ASSOCIATiONS

TSME/ TSME/ TSMEJ TSMI/ TSME/ TSME/ TSME/ ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES VAAL VAAL-ERMO VML-XETE VAME-VAAL VAME-XErE PFIEM-VADE RHAL-VAME

ECOCLASS Code1 CMS2 41 CMS2 42 CMS2 43 CMS2 44 CMS2 45 (OL') CMS3 11 CMS3 12 Numberof plots2 11 18 4 6 4 6 18 Aspect W-SE W-SE NE-E,S SE-S SE-SW SE,NW NW-NE,SE-SW Slope(%) 55 55 38 53 61 53 25 Elevation (ft.) 3522 3688 3368 3806 4671 4611 4501 Environmental Zone3 8 (2,3,5) 2.3 (0,56) 0,2,7,8 2.3.8 8 8 (3,7) 8,9 (10,12)

Topographic Moisture4 4.4 3.7 4.5 4.5 3.0 2.8 4.9

Soil Moisture Regime5 udic udic udic udic udic udic udic

Soil Temperature (deg C)8 10.5 (1) 10.3 (14) 8.1 (10) 8.4 (2) 9.1 (3) 8.5 (2)

Soil Temperature Regime7 ciyic cryic cryic cryic cryic cryic cryic Lichentine(ft.) 14.2 14.6 12.0 9.0 17.0 11.3

See Table 161 p. 443 2 Number of plots includes allsuccessional stages sampled, See Figure 24 p. 40, and discussion p. 38. See discussion p. 84. Table 146 p. 417. See discussion p. 44. 6 Summer soil temperatureat 20 cm for mature and old-growth stands; Only June, July and August measurements included; values in () are sample size for the mean. See discussion p. 83. See discussion p. 44-45.

114 Table 26. Mean relative covers values and constancy2 of trees, shrubsand herbs for associations in the Mountain Hemlock Series. Cover values based on stands 150 yearsand older.

ASSOCIATiONS

TSMEJ TSME/ TSME/ TSMEJ TSMEJ TSMEI TSMEJ PHEM-VADE RHAL-VAME VML VAALIERMO VMLJXETE VAME-VAAL VAMEIXETE CMS2 45(OLY) CMS3I1 CM9312 ECOCLASS Code CMS2 41 CMS2 42 CMS2 43 CMS2 44 2 5 12 Numberof plots 10 18 4 8

TREES 48(91) 44(100) 45(100) 38(100) 41(100) 9(80) ABAM Silver fir 82)100) IS (50) Subalpine fir 12(40) 34(16) ABLA2 30(50) 7(80) 20(83) CHNO Alaska yeilowcedar 12(40) 12(75) 28 (50) 9(100) P1AL Wlitebark pine PIMO Western white pine 1(16) 2 (16) 25(50) 5(8) PSME Douglas-fir 1 (6) 7 (25) TABA Pacific yew 4 (6) 1(18) Western redcedar 6(10) 10 (6) THPL 10(50) 21(41) TSHE Western hemlock 14(50) 12(31) 12(50) 8(33) 18(100) 25(100) 38(100) TSME Mountain hemlock 30(100) 34(100) 54(100) 24(100)

SHRUBS and HERBS 3(50) ACW Varrillaleaf 1(10) 1 (8) 8(12) 1 (18) 8(25) ALSI Sitkaeider 2 (40) 8(18) ARLA Mountain arnica 1 (50) 2(8) ARUV Kinnikinnick 1(8) ATFI Ladyfern 1 (30) I (25) 2 (81) 2(50) 1(16) BLSP Deerfem 1(80) 1(20) 3 (10) 1(25) CABI Mershmarigoid 10 (40) 3(16) CAME White heather 1(50) ClIME Utile princes pine 1 (6) 1 (50) 1 (8) CHUM Princes pine 2(50) 2 (16) CWN Queens cup 5 (60) 1 (6) 13(50) COCA Bunchberry 3(10) 2(12) 3(50) COME Western corslroot 1(20) 1(12) 1 (40) 1 (8) 1 (6) CRCR Parsley fern 4(60) 4(25) Avaiarlche lily 2 (50) 14(100) 2(25) 2(66) ERMO 1(50) GAOV Slender wintergreen 1(31) 1(25) 1(33) 1(31) 1(25) 1(33) 1(33) 13006 Rattlesnake-plantain 1(10) (8) 1(12) 1 GYOR Oakfem 1(10) 1(16) 1)10) 1 (6) 1(33) 1-4YMO Fringed pinesap 1 (8) 1(10) 1 (6) 1)25) UBO2 Twinflower 1 (8) UCO3 Heart-leaf twayblade 1(12) 1(25) 1(16) 2 (40) 1 (8) LOMA2 Martiridale's lomatium 1(40) 1(18) 1 1 (25) LUPA Small-flowered woodrush 1(10) (6) 1(40) 4 (8) LUPE Partnidgefoot 1(10) 1 (8) LYAM Skunkcabbage 4 (25) 5(10) 1(12) 3(25) MAD12 False lily-of-the-valley 2 (20) 9(33) Fool's huckleberry 3 (80) 2 (81) 4(100) 4(100) MEFE 1)50) 1(20) 1(16) NONE Woodland beardtorrgue I(8) OPt-tO Dcvii's club 2 (20) 3(40) 1 (8) PAMY Pechislima 3(20) 1(16) PERA Leafy lousewort 3 (40) 1(8) PHOI Spreading phlox 35(100) 3(50) 2 (43) 3 (50) PHEM Rød heather 1 (8) POMU Swordfern 1(10) 1(25) 1(15) 1(40) 1(12) 1(25) 1(16) 3(50) PYSE Sidebqlls pyrola 1(20) 22(100) ANAL White rhododendron 4(30) 6(62) 2 (66) 2 (20) 2(66) 2 (40) 1)31) 1(25) 2 (33) RULA Trailing bramble 3 (20) 8(75) AUPE Five-leaved bramble 15(100) 6 (93) 4(100) 2 (50) RUSP Saimonberry 2 (40) 1(6) 1(25) 1(40) 1 (8) SAFE Rusty saxifrage 1(8) 1(41) 1(40) 1(43) 1(50) 1 (50) 1 (50) SOSI Mountain-ash 1 (8) STAb Rosy twisted-stalk 1(50) 1(18) 1(25) I (25) I (25) TrrR Three-leaved foamliower I(8) TIUN SIngle-leaved foaniflower 1(50) 1(31) 0(50) 2 (20) 2 (41) VML Alaska huckleberry 45(100) 45(1 00) 39(1 00) 39 (66) 5 (16) 28 (80) 2(8) VADE Blueleaf huckleberry 8(100) 14(100) 2 (70) 2(75) 1(75) 32(100) 38(100) VAME Big huckleberry 20 (20) 5 (83) Oval-leaf huckleberry 9(93) 18(50) 19(100) VAOV 10 (70) 5 (20) 4 (33) VASI Sitka valeriarr 2 (40) I (12) I (25) 2 (25) VEVI False hellebore 2 (20) 1 (8) 1(33) V1SE Evergreen violet 1(18) 23(100) 12(60) 3 (86) XETE BeargrasS 2 (20) 5(58) 15(100) 8 (83)

I Mean relative cover are values where zeroes are not included in the calculation of the mean. See Table 166 p. 454 for mean absolutecover values- 2 Constancy is the percentage of plots for that association where the species occurred.

115 MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK/ALASl( HUCKLEBERRY Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium alaskaense TSME/VAAL CMS241

The Mountain Hemlock/Alaska HuckleberryAssoci- are dominated by silver fir, mountain hemlock and ation is one of the most common mountain hemlock Alaska yellowcedar. associations on the Forest. It occurs mainly on cool, moist sites, with low timber productivity. It is found throughout the Forest, but mainly on Hood Canal Other Blota and Soleduck Districts, and in the Humptulips drainage of the Quinault District (Figure 47). Soils Deer and elk sign were frequently recordedfor this are mostly deep, and derived from colluvium,or type, with recent activity of elk observed in late Au- glacial till mixed with colluvium. Snowaccumulates gust. Salmonberry was the most common browse to considerable depth (10-15 feet) and usually melts species, other species browsed included fireweed, off by early July. Soils appear to be moderatelyhigh fool's huckleberry, queen's cup, Sitka valerian and in organic matter and nitrogen. The typical area of pioneer violet. Bear damage to silver firwas ob- this type has burned rarely in the last 1000 years. served. Recent activity of Douglas squirrelwas recorded in late August. Coyote scatwas also recorded. Floristic CompositIon Red-breasted nuthatch, golden-crowned kinglet, The dominant understory species (Table 27) are chestnut-backed chickadee, American robin and Alaska huckleberry (VAAL) and ovalleaf huckleberry warbler were the most common birds.Other (VAOV), which are usually present in allages of species observed were hermit thrush, mountain stands, although they may be inconspicuousor ab- chickadee, pine siskin, gray jay, red-tailed hawk, sent in densely stocked second growth. Alaska ruffed grouse and red-breasted sapsucker. huckleberry usually becomes established quickly after ciearcut or fire. Herbs and other shrubsare sometimes sparse, but may include fool's huckleberry (MEFE), five-leaved bramble (RUPE),and Table 27. Common plants in the TSME/V,AAL queen's cup (CLUN). The tree layermay be domi- Association, based on stands >150years (n= 10). nated by silver fir, mountain hemlockor Alaska yel- iowcedar (Figure 48), western redcedaror western hemlock can sometimes occur. Mostareas of this Abs. Rel. type have not been cut over. Much of the type is Common name CodeCoverCover Const Ranqe over 500 years old. TREES silver fir Ground mosses are common, averaging ABAM 61.9 61.9 100 25-99 11% cov- mountain hemlock er. The most frequently observed species were Rhy- TSME 30.0 30.0 100 13-80 western hemlock TSHE 7.2 14.4 50 0-40 tidiopsis robusta, Dicranum spp. and Plagiothecium Alaska yellowcedarCHNO 4.9 12.2 40 0-32 undulatum. Epiphytic lichens are conspicuousand abundant, particularly Alectoria sarmentosaand GROUND VEGETATION Platismatia glauca. Other common epiphytes in- Alaska huckleberry VAAL 45.0 45.0 100 10-90 five-leaved bramble RUPE 14.6 cluded Sphaerophorus globosus, Hypogymniaspp. 14.6 100 1-35 fool's huckleberry MEFE 2.1 2.6 80 0-10 and crustose lichens. Occasionally Lobariaore gana oval-leaf may occur. huckleberry VAOV 7.3 10,4 70 0-50 big huckleberry VAME 1.1 1.6 70 0-3 queen's cup CLUN 3.0 5.0 60 0-15 avalanche lily ERMO 0.8 1.6 50 0-3 Successional Relationships deerfert, BLSP 0.7 1.2 60 0-2 rosy twisted-stalk STRO 0.7 1.4 50 0-3 The common successional pathway is dominated single-leaved foamfiower TIUN 0.7 1.4 50 0-2 by silver fir and mountain hemlock. Climaxstages

116 Environment and Soils age over all types. This soil was classified a cryorthod. This type occurs on gentle to steep, straight lower rock According tO the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory to upper slopes usually in areas of extensive (Snyder etal. 1969), these are shallow, well-drained, and outcrops. The slope varied from 10% to 100% rapidly permeable, colluvial soils often in areas of averaged 55%. The regolith is coUuvium derived extensive rock outcrop. Textures vary from sandy from metabasalt or occasionally sedimentary rocks. barns to loam and silt loam and the coarse fragment fraction. The coarse fragment fraction ranges from One soil pit dug in this type showed moderate soil 15% to 65% near the surface and 35% to 85% in the development. The texture varied from clay loam in subsoils. the top horizon to loamy sand in the deepesthori- zon. Coarse fragments averaged 41%. The01 layer The August soil temperature was 8.6 deg C (47.5 was thicker than average at 3 cm as wasthe 02 at deg F) which is about average for theMountain 8 cm. The rooting depth was 50 cm but also extend- Hemlock Zone. The temperature regime is cryic and ed into the 02. The water holding capacity is aver- the moisture regime is udic.

Figure 47. Map of plot locations for the MountainHemlock/Alaska Huckleberry Association.

117 Timber Productivity Insect problems may include western blackheaded budworm on mountain hemlock and silver fir,silver Timber productivity of this type is low. This is dueto fir beetle on suppressed, windthrown,or diseased the moistness of the site, cool soils, and relatively silver fir, and possibly the balsam woolly aphidon short growing season. Site indexwas not calculated silver fir. for this type because suitable site indexcurves are not available and because most sampled stands were older than 400 years. The productivity poten- Comparison with Similar Types tial was estimated for all Mountain HemlockZone types using the empirical volume curve method (see Similar types include Mountain Hemlock/Alaska Figure 191 p. 498). It is estimated to be about38 cu Huckleberry-Big Huckleberry on slightly drier sites, ft/ac/yr in about 190 years. The stockability ofthese the Mountain Hemlock/Alaska sites is moderate. Huckleberry/ Avalanche Lily type in wetter areas, and the Moun- tain Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/Beargrasstype on drier and warmer sites. It is floristically similar to Management Considerations Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry and SilverFir/Alaska Huckleberry/Queen's Cup at lower elevations. The Management considerations for this type include Mountain Hemlock/Alaska HuckleberryAssociation ensuring rapid initial stocking and brushcontrol. isrecognized throughout the Cascades and Maintenance of soil nutrients and organic matter is Olympics of Washington. The type isnot yet recog- less critical in this type than other types, since these nized in Oregon, however, the plot data ofDyrness sites contain hundreds of years'accumulation of et al. (1976) suggests that fragments of it might nutrients and organic matter. Response tofertilizer occur as far south as the H.J. Andrews Experimental in this type is still unknown. This type occurs in mid- Forest.It was not recognized by Franklinet al. to high elevation areas and along cool slopes where (1988) in Mt. Rainier National Park. However deer and elk range, and riparian their management are Alaska Yellowcedar/Qval-leaf Huckleberry andSil- not critical. Douglas-fir is virtually unknownon this ver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry types are represented by type and there is considerable doubt whether it can plots which could fall in our MountainHemlock/ grow here under the current climatic regime. Silver Alaska Huckleberry Association. This type isrecog- fir or mountain hemlock are the preferred species. nized as Silver Fir/Oval-leaf Huckleberryand the Alaska huckleberry can pose brush problems.Re- Mountain Hemlock-silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry- generation and early height growth is slow. Fool's Huckleberry community types bydel Moral et al. (1976) for the Middle Fork of theSnoqualmie Root disease problems may includeannosus root River.It is recognized as the Silver Fir-Mountain disease and rusty red stringy rot on mountain hem- Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry Association lock and silver fir and laminated root in the rot on moun- Olympic National Park by Smith andHenderson tain hemlock and possibly silver fir. Heart and butt (1986). It is recognized in the Cascades byHender- rots of importance may be annosus root diseaseon son and Peter (1981 c,d, 1 982b, 1 983b, 1984, 1985). mountain hemlock and silver fir, and red ring rot on It is not recognized in British Columbia butappears mountain hemlock. Hemlock dwarf mistletoemay to be representedinthe be present on mountain hemlock. Vaccinio-Tsugetum mertensiana Association of Brooke et al. (1970).

118 (a'1 F'-'CDC0 CD0C I03CDC) (/2 =C)C CDCD 0C)(I)(/20 0CD I0D2C)a.0 0C)Ci, MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK ALASKAHUCKLEBERRWAVALANCHE LILY Mertensiana/Vaccin,um alaskaense/E,yfhronjummontanum TSMENAALIERMO CMS2 42

Successional Relationships The Mountain HemlockjAlaska Huckleberry/ Avalanche Lily Association is a common Mountain The successional pathway is Hemlock Zone type in the high usually dominated by precipitation areas silver fir and mountain hemlock. on the Forest. It occurs on cool, Climax stages are moist but well- dominated by both silver fir and drained sites, with moderatelylow timber productiv- mountain hemlock, ity. It is found mainly with significant amounts ofAlaska yellowcedar in on Quinault District (Figure 49). some stands. Soils are mostly deep, andderived from colluvium or glacial till. Soils appear to bemoderately high in organic matter and nitrogen. The typical area of this Other Blota type has burned rarely if at all in thelast 1000 years. Elk and bear sign were frequentlyrecorded for this Florlstic ComposItIon type, with sign of recent elkactivity in early July. Alaska huckleberry was theonly species with evi- The dominant understory dence of browse. Bear damagewas observed on species (Table 28) are silver fir. Coyote scat, deer Alaska huckleberry (VAAL) and sign, Douglas squirrel ovalleaf huckleberry and snowshoe hare were also (VAOV) which are usuallypresent in all ages of recorded. stands, although they may beinconspicuous or absent in densely stocked second Red-breasted nuthatch, pine siskinand gray jay growth. Alaska were the most common birds recorded. huckleberry can becomeestablished quickly after Other birds clearcut or light fire. Other shrubs observed were American robin,varied thrush, her- may include big mit thrush, dark-eyed junco, huckleberry (VAME), sitka alder(ALSI) and fool's band-tailed pigeon, huckleberry (MEFE). Avalanche nighthawk, rufous hummingbird,sapsucker activity lily (ERMO), five- on silver fir, western flycatcher, leaved bramble (RUPE), beargrass(XETE) and Steller's jay, com- deerfern (BLSP) may also mon raven, common crow, chickadee,winter wren occur. The tree layer may and golden-crowned kinglet. be dominated by silver fir,mountain hemlock, or Alaska yellowcedar (Figure 50),or any combination of these trees. When stands in this type are under- Table 28. Common stocked, a thick understorymay develop. Douglas- plants in the TSMENAAL/ERMO Association, based on stands fir is absent from this type andwestern redcedar is >150 years (n= 16). rare, as this type is too cool andwet for these species. Virtually none of this type has been cut Abs. over. Therefore, much of the type isstill in old- Rep. Common name CodeCoverCover Corist Ranqe growth, and many stands areover 500 years old. TREES Ground mosses are silver fir common, averaging 35% cov- ABAM 44.0 44.0 100 15-75 mountain hemlock er. Rhyt/d/opsis robusta was themost frequently TSME 33.7 33.7 100 15-70 Alaska yellowcedar CHNO 9.1 12.2 75 0-30 recorded and often abundantground moss. Other western hemlock TSHE 3.7 11.8 31 common species included Dicranumspp., Rhytidi- 0-25 adeiphus loreus, and Hypnumcircinale on woody GROUND VEGETA11ON Alaska huckleberry VAAL debris. Occasionally, nitrogen-fixinglichens such as 44.7 44.7 100 5-95 avalanche lily ERMO Lobaria I/n/ta, Peltigora aphthosa 13.6 13.6 100 4-40 and other species Oval-leaf of Peitigera may occur. Epiphytic lichens are con- huckleberry VAOV 8.1 8.7 93 0-60 spicuous and abundant, particularly five-leaved bramble RUPE Alectoria sar- 5.3 5.7 93 0-45 mentosa. deerfern BLSP Other epiphytes observed were 1.8 2.0 87 0-5 fool's huckleberry MEFE Sphaerophorus globosus, Platismatia 1.9 2.3 81 0-7 glauca, Bryo- big huckleberry VAME na spp. and Hypnum circinale. Lobaria 1.6 2.2 75 0-10 ore gana may white rhododendron RHAL 3.9 6.2 62 occur infrequently. beargrass 0-30 XETE 2.9 5.2 56 0-15 120 otherwise dry upper slopes occupied by thetype. Environment and Soils One pit was classified a cryochrePt, one acryohu- This type occurs on moderate to steep, concaveor mod and four were cryorthods. straight, mid- to upper slopes. The slopevaried from 30% to 80% and averaged 55%. Theregolith Is col- According to the Olympic Soil ResourceInventory luvium derived from metabasait, sandstone,or oth- (Snyder et al. 1969), these are all shallow,well- er sedimentary rocks. drained, rapidly permeable, colluvial soilsoften in areas of extensive rock outcrop.Textures vary from Moderately well developed horizons wereshown by silt barns and barns to clay loam.Coarse fragments six soil pits dug In this association. Inmost cases a range from 15% to 50% nearthe surface and 35% clear ifluvial horizon, which wassometimes albic, to 55% in the subsoil. was present. Textures were barnsand sandy barns and coarse fragments averaged 41%.Bedrock was The soil temperature averaged 10.3 degC (50.5 encountered In all pits between 24 cmand 82 cm. deg F) which is warm for theMountain Hemlock and the The 01 layer was thick averaging 2,2 cm, Zone. The temperature regime is cryicand the mois- depth 02 was thin averaging 4.8 cm. The rooting ture regime is udic. was 36.2 cm but also extended4.8 cm into the 02. of this soil is The apparent water holding capacity Soil samples analyzed for nutrients show lowcalci- average but because of theshallow rooting depth um, magnesium, boron and coppercompared to only a fraction of it is available. This ispartially com- other types. The pH was 4.3 which isquite bow pensated for by the moist climate and atendency for the type to occupy concavelandforms in the compared to other plots from the Forest.

Huckleberry/Avalanche Lily Association. Figure 49. Map of plot locationsfor the Mountain Hemlock/Alaska

121 TimberProd&ictivlty lock and silver fir, and laminatedroot rot on mountain hemlock and possibly Timber productivity of this type is silver fir. Heart and butt low. This is due to rots of importance may be the wetness of the site, coolsoils, and relatively annosus root disease on short growing season. Siteindex of measured mountain hemlock and silver fir,and red ring rot on mountain hemlock. Hemlock dwarf stands averaged 68 (base 100) for silver firand 46 mistletoe may for mountain hemlock (Table 29).However, this was be present on mountain hemlock. using tow elevation site indexcurves whose shape overestimates the height of these treesat 100 years. insect problems may includewestern blackheaded The productivity potential of thesestands is about budworm on mountain hemlockand silver fir, silver 38 cu ft/ac/yr in about 190years. The stockability of fir beetle on Suppressed,windthrown, or diseased these sites is moderate to low, and small openings silver fir, and possibly the balsamwoolly aphid on associated with wet spots arecommon. silver fir.

Management ConsIderations ComparIson with Similar Types Management considerations for this type include Similar types include the elk habitat, and ensuring rapidsuitab'e regenera- wet Alaska huckleberry types. The Mountain Hemlock/Alaska tion. Maintenance of soil nutrientsand organic mat- Huckleberry ter is less critical in this type thanother types. Re- type occurs on lower elevation sites,or in areas with sponse to fertilizer in this type is still unknown.This lower precipitation. The MountainHemlock,White type occurs in high, wetareas where elk summer Rhododendron..Big Huckleberrytype occurs on range, and riparian and snowpackmanagement are sitesin drierareas. TheSilverFir/Alaska important. Douglas-fir is not knowto occur on this Huckleberry/Avalanche Lily type occursat tower el- type. Silver fir or mountain hemlockare the pre- evations with warmer soils andless snow. The ferred species. Alaska huckleberry can pose brush Mountain HemtockJAlaskaHuckleberry/Avalanche problems. The productivity of thistype is too low to Uly Association is notrecognized elsewhere. One warrant intensive forest management. plot was sampled in OlympicNational Park (Smith and Henderson 1986) whichrepresents this type, Root disease problems may includeannosus root however,it was included within theirSilver Fir- disease and rusty red stringy roton mountain hem- Mountain HemlockJFive.leavedBramble type.

Table 29. Timber productivityvalues for the Mountain Association. Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/AvalancheLily

SITE SFE TREE SPECIES GBA PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI3 Sot4 TREES GBA5 SIGBA6 EMAJ7

Silver Fir (Hoyer1) 3 12 68 17 42 559 5 519 98 38 Mountain Hemlock (Hegyi2) 3 10 46 6 3 370 57 Base age 100, Breast height age (Hoyer and Herman. in press), ages 25 to 400years. 2 Base age 100, Totalage (Hegyi et al. 1979). 3 Culmination of Mean AnnualIncrement derived from the site index curve for the species (see Figure 189P. 496). Stand Density index (Reinecke 1933).

5 Growth Basal Area (Hail1987) (see Table 174 p. 494). 6 Index of potential volumegrowth fl Cu ft/ac/yr. based on the equation SI*GBA*0.003 (Hall 1987). 7 Estimated Mean Annual incrementderived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 30 years old (see Figure191 p. 498).

122 CO CDC'1 .'':-' - -:./ -oCDO 0 1,11 rM.- . -.' - -, . -- i _Ij- - .. - ,-- ,, -UI-L CO 0. CD 4t': - SD0DC 44c - -. 1 C CD . 1:, 3 . C, U) C, f'_; ICDC 4 I0 MOUNTAIN HEMLOCKjALAS HUCKLEBERRY/BEARGRASS Tsuga mertensianall/accjnjumalaskaense/xerophyljum tenax TSME/VAALJxErE CMS2 43

Other Blota The Mountain Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry! Beargrass Association isa minor type of easterly Wildlife observations are limitedto two plots for this and southerly, well-drained sitesat moderately low type. Elk use was heavy onone plot with evidence elevations in the Mountain HemlockZone. It has low of browse on skunkcabbage andbeargrass. Bear, timber productivity. t iscommon in the wetter and Douglas squirrel and Cascadefrog were also mesic climatic areas of the Olympics(Environmen- recorded. Bird observations are limitedto one plot tal Zones 0 to 9) (Figure 51). Soilsare mostly shal- for this type where winterwren was observed. low and derived from colluvium. Thetypical area of this type has burned rarely inthe last 500 years. Management options are limited by theharsh cli- Environment and Soils mate. This type occurs on gentle tosteep, straight to convex, upper slopes often in areas ofextensive rock Floristic Composition outcrop. The slope varied from 9% to 77%and averaged 38%. The regolith is generallycolluvial derived from metabasalt. Dominant understory species (Table30) are Alaska huckleberry (VAAL), oval-leaf huckleberry(VAOV) and beargrass (XETE), which According to the Olympic Soil ResourceInventory are usually present in (Snyder et al. 1969), this type all ages of stands, although theymay be inconspic- usually occurs on shallow, well-drained, rapidlypermeable, colluvial uous or absent in densely stockedsecond growth. soils although it may alsooccur on deep glacial Beargrass, Alaska huckleberry andoval-leaf huckleberry can resprout or becomeestablished quickly after clearcut or fire. Other shrubsmay include fool's huckleberry (MEFE) in smallamounts. Queen's cup Table 30. Common plants in theTSMENAA(.JXETE (CLUN) and trailing bramble (RULA),avalanche lily Association, based on stands >150years (n=4). (ERMO) (in wetter zones) and deerfern (BLSP) can also occur. The tree layer is usuallydominated by silver fir and mountain hemlock, withminor amounts Abs. Rel. of western hemlock or Alaska yellowcedar. Common name CodeCoverCover Const Ranqe TREES Cryptogam data are limited for this type. Rhytidiop.. mountain hemlockTSME 53.5 53.5 100 30-70 sis robusta was the mostcommon and abundant silver fir ABAM 45.0 45.0 100 5-95 Alaska yellowcedar CHNO ground moss, Rhytidiado/phus loreusand Hylo- 14.0 28.0 50 0-40 western hemlock TSHE 5.8 11.5 50 comium sp/endens may alsooccur. Alectoria sar- 0-15 mentosa and Platismatia glaucawere the most GROUND VEGETATiON abundant epiphytic lichens,Sphaerophorus globo- Alaska huckleberryVML 39.2 39.2 100 2-95 beargrass sus and Hypogymnia spp. may XETE 14.5 14.5 100 8-30 occur. fool's huckleberry MEFE 4.3 4.3 100 1-12 five-leaved bramble RUPE 4.3 4.3 100 1-10 big huckleberry VAME 0.8 1.0 75 0-1 Successional Relationships oval-leaf huckleberry VAOV 8.0 16.0 50 0-30 queens cup CLUN 6.5 13.0 50 0-25 The common successional pathway isdominated bunchberry COCA 1.3 2.5 50 0-4 by silver fir and mountain hemlock. deerfern BLSP 1.0 2.0 50 0-2 Climax stages mountain-ash are dominated by silver fir and mountain hemlock. SOSI 0.5 1.0 50 0-1

124 cades. The stockability of these sites is low,and soils with compacted subsoils. The texturevaries from loam and silt barns to sandy barns.Coarse regeneration is slow. fragments range from 15% to 50% near thesurface and 35% to 75% in the subsoils for unitsin which Management Considerations data was given. Many plots fell in unitsmapped as extensive rock outcrop. These plots probably occu- Management considerations for this type include py inclusions of soilwith very high coarse fragment soil maintenance and stability, and ensuring suit- fractions. able regeneration. The low productivity and long period of time to reach CMAI need to be considered Two soil temperatures were taken in this typein when making management decisions in this type. August and September. The mean of theseis 8.3 Maintenance of soil nutrients and organic matter is deg C (46.9 deg F) which is cool for the Mountain more critical in this type than otherAlaska Huckle- Hemlock Zone. The temperature regime is cryic and berry types. This type occurs in high areas, and the moisture regime is udic. along upper slopes and ridgetops. Douglas-firis not known to occur on this type. Silver fir or mountain hemlock are the preferred species. Beargrass and/or Alaska huckleberry can pose brush problems.

Root disease problems may include annosus root disease and rusty red stringy rot may be on mountain hemlock and silver fir, and laminated root rot on mountain hemlock and possibly silver fir. Heartand butt rots of importance may be annosus rootdisease on mountain hemlock and silverfir, and red ring rot on mountain hemlock. Hemlockdwarf mistletoe may be present on mountain hemlock.

Insect problems may include westernblackheaded budworm on mountain hemlock and silver fir, silver fir beetle on suppressed, windthrown, or diseased silver fir, and possibly the balsam woollyaphid on silver fir.

Comparison wIth SImIlar Types

Similar types include the dry Alaska Huckleberry Figure 51. Map of plot locations for the Mountain types. The Mountain Hemlock/AlaskaHuckleberry! Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/Bear- Beargrass type occurs on warmer exposures, on grass Association, drier sites and at higher elevations. TheSilver Fir/ Alaska Huckleberry/BeargraSS type occurs atlower elevations with less snow. The Mountain Hemlock! Timber Productivity Alaska Huckleberry/BeargraSS Associationis not recognized elsewhere than in the Olympic Moun- Timber productivity of this type is low. This is due to tains. It was recognized as the Alaska Huckleberry the dryness of the site, moderately heavysnowpack PhaseoftheSilverFir-MountainHemlock! and relatively short growing season. Theproductiv- Beargrass Association by Smith and Henderson ity potential is about 30 cu ft/ac/yr in about 200 (1986). It may be represented in the Snoquaimie years based on empirical yield curvesfrom the Cas- River drainage of the Cascades.

125 MOUNTAIN HEMLOCKjBIG HUCKLEBERRY.ALASC.JHUCKLEBERRY Tsuga mortensiana/Vaccjniummembranaceum..Vaccjnium alaskaense TSMENAME-VL CMS2 44

Successional RelationshIps The Mountain Hemlock/BigHuckleberry-Alaska Huckleberry Association is a minor type of cool, Climax stages are dominated by bothsilver fir and moist sites, high snowpacks and lowtimber produc- mountain hemlock. tivity. It is found in the mesic climaticareas of the Olympics (Environmental Zone 8),particularly on the Hood Canal District (Figure 52),and occurs pri- Other Blota marily along upper slopes just abovethe Silver Fir Zone. Soils are mostly shallow andderived from Wildlife observations are limitedto two plots for this colluvium. They are often well drained.Soils appear type. Deer, elk and Douglas squirrelwere recorded. to be moderately high in organicmatter and nitro- Beargrass had evidence of deer browse.Bird obser- gen. The typical area of this type has burnedrarely vations are limited to one plot forthis type and in- in the last 500 years. This type ismuch more com- clude rufous hummingbird,woodpecker, western mon in the Cascades. flycatcher, chestnut-backed chickadee, red- breasted nuthatch, browncreeper, golden-crowned kinglet, American robin, dark-eyedjunco and pine Florlstic Composition siskin.

Dominant understory species (Table31) are Alaska huckleberry (VAAL), oval-leafhuckleberry (VAOV) Table 31. Common plantsin the TSME/VAME..VML and big huckleberry (VAME), whichare usually Association, based on stands>150 years (n=6). present in all ages of stands, although theymay be inconspicuous or absent in denselystocked second growth. Other shrubs may include blue-leaf Abs. Rel. huckleberry (VADE), mountain-ash (SOSI) and Common name CodeCoverCover Const Ranqe fool's huckleberry (MEFE). Beargrass(XETE) and avalanche lily (ERMO) can alsooccur. The tree layer TREES silverfi, is dominated by silver fir and ABAM 37.5 37.5 100 13-55 mountain hemlock, mountain hemlock TSME 24,2 24.2 100 11-45 with some Alaska yellowcedar (Figure 53).Stands in Alaska yellowcedar CHNO 9.0 9.0 100 5-15 this type may be slow to regenerate. Most western hemlock areas of TSHE 2.7 8.0 33 0-15 this type have not been cutover. Therefore, much of the type is still in old-growth, andmany stands are GROUND VEGETATION big huckleberry over 500 years old. VAME 31.7 31.7 5-50 tool's huckleberry MEFE 4.2 4.2 1-10 beargrass XETE 6.5 7.8 0-10 Alaska huckleberry Ground mosses are abundanton this type, averag- VAAL 25.8 38.7 0-60 white rhododendron RHAL ing 26% cover. Rhytidiopsis robusta isthe most fre- 1.3 2.0 0-3 avalanche lily ERMO 1.0 1.5 quent and abundant moss, Dicranumsp., Rhytidi- red heather 0-2 PHEM 1.3 2.7 0-5 adeiphus loreus, five-leaved bramble RUPE and occasionally the 1.0 2.0 0-4 mountain-ash nitrogen-fixing lichen, Lobaria pulmonariamay oc- sosi 0.7 1.3 0-2 cur. We do not have intensive plot data forepi- phytes, but the lichen flora is probablycomparable to other Mountain Hemlock types.

126 Figure 52. Map of plot locations for the MountainHemlock/Big Huckleberry-Alaska Huckleberry Association.

127 Eivlronment end Soll known. This type occurs in lowareas for the Moun- tain Hemlock Zone, and alongupper slopes. This type occurred on gentle to steep, straight lower Douglas-fir is not know to occur on this to upper slopes and toe-slopes often in type, so may areas of not be a management option. Silver fir extensive rock outcrop. The slope varied from or mountain 14% hemlock are the preferred species. Big huckleberry to 81% and averaged 53%. The regolith is colluvium and/or Alaska huckleberry can derived from metabasalt or sandstone. pose brush problems. Regeneration is slow and heightgrowth of established seedlings is slow. According to the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder etal. 1969), theseare shallow, well-drained, Root disease problems may include rapidly permeable, colluvial soils. Texturesvary annosus root disease and rusty red stringy rot from loam to silt loam. Coarse fragmentsrange from on mountain hemlock and silver fir, and laminated root 20% to 35% near the surface and 35%to 50% in the rot on mountain hemlock and possibly silver fir. Heart subsoil for units in which data is given. Manyplots and butt fell in units of extensive rock outcrop. Coarsefrag- rots of importance may be annosus root diseaseon ments are probably much higher in theseareas. mountain hemlock and silver fir, and red ringrot on mountain hemlock. Hemlock dwarf mistletoemay The mean soil temperature was 8.5 deg C (47.3deg be present on mountain hemlock. F) which is warm for the Mountain HemlockZone. The temperature regime is cryic and themoisture Insect problems may include western blackheaded regime is udic. budworm on mountain hemlock and silver fir,silver fir beetle on suppressed, windthrown,or diseased silver fir, and possibly the balsam woollyaphid on TImber ProductIvIty silver fir.

Timber productivity of this type is low. Thisis due to the harshness of the site, cold soils, andrelatively ComparIson wIth SimIlar Types short growing season. Reliable site indexvalues for mountain hemlock or silver fir are not available. The Similar types include the Mountain Hemlock/Alaska empirical yield is about 38 cu ft/ac/yr inabout 190 Huckleberry/Avalance Lily type whichoccurs in years. The stockability of these sites is moderate to moister areas, and the Mountain Hemlock/Alaska low. Huckleberry/Beargrass and Silver Fir/Big Huckle- berry/Beargrass types which occur on drier sites. The Mountain Hemlock/Big Huckleberry-Alaska Men gement Consldertlone Huckleberry Association occurs in the Cascades from about Mt. Adams northward andin the Management considerations for this type include Olympics. It was recognized in the North Cascades control of brush competition and ensuring suitable (Henderson and Peter 1984,1985),inBritish regeneration. Maintenance of soil nutrients andor- Columbia (Brooke et al. 1970), andas Silver Fir/ ganic matter is less critical in this type thanother Fool's Huckleberry in the Mt. Adamsarea (Franklin types. Response to fertilizer in this type is stillUn- 1966).

128 ( S. ,S ) S - -. - k-'L -. .-I ..::)./

; -

S r 1: ,. w,* .

'.5 -V

-. : S.. 5,

Figure 53. Photo of the MountainHemlock/Big Huckleberry-Alaska Huckleberry Association, Mildred Lakes, Hood Canal District.

129 MOUNTAIN HEML0CKJBIGHUCKLEBERRY/BEARGRASS Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccjniummembranaceum/xerophyllum tenax TSMENAMEIXErE CMS2 45 OLY

The Mountain Hemlock/BigHuckleberry/Beargrass Other Biota Association is a minor type ofwarm exposures, dry sites at upper elevations, heavysnowpacks, and Wildlife observations are limited forthis type, the low timber productivity. it iscommon in the mesic only record was evidence of browseon big huckleberry. Bird observations climatic areas of the Olympics(Environmental are limited to one plot Zones 8 and 9), particularlyon the Hood Canal where Cooper's hawk andgrouse were recorded. District (Figure 54), and occurs primarily on south- Environment and SoIls western aspects along the upper slopesof the Mountain Hemlock Zone. Soils are mostly shallow This type occurred on moderateto steep, straight to and derived from colluvium, and are often well convex slopes in almost any topographicposition drained. The typical area of thistype has burned except wet ones, but usually inareas of extensive once or twice in the last 500years. rock outcrops. The slope varied from25% to 80% and averaged 61%. The regolithwas colluvial or alpine glacial material derived frommetabasalt or Florlstic Composition sedimentary rocks.

According to the Olympic Soil Dominant understory species Resource Inventory (Table 32) are big (Snyder etal. 1969), theseare shallow, well-drained, huckleberry (VAME) and beargrass (XETE), which rapidly permeable, colluvial soilsin areas of exten- are usually present in all ages ofstands, although sive rock outcrop. Texturesvary from barns and silt they may be inconspicuousor absent in densely barns to sandy barns. Thecoarse fragment fraction stocked second growth. Beargrassand big huckle- is probably very high. berry can resprout or becomeestablished quickly The mean soil temperature after clearcut or fire. Other shrubsmay include red was 8.4 deg C (47.1 deg F) which is about average for the heather (PHEM), blue-leafhuckleberry ('JADE), Mountain Hemlock mountain ash Zone. The temperature regime iscryic and the mois- (SOSI) and fool's huckleberry ture regime is udic. (MEFE). The tree layermay be dominated by silver fir, mountain hemlock, or Alaskayel(owcedar. Sub- alpine fir, Douglas-fir or westernhemlock can also occur. Douglas-fir on this type are oftenvery old, Table 32. Common plants in theTSMENAME/XETE Association, based on stands >150 and may represent relics froman earlier climate. years (n=2). Stands in this type may bevery slow to regenerate. Most areas of this type have not been cut over. Abs. Rel. Therefore, much of the type is stillin old-growth, and Common nameCode CoverCover Const Ranqe many stands are over than 300years old. We do not have any data for cryptogamson this type. TREES silver fir ABAM 41.0 41.0 100 5-77 mountain hemlock TSME 17.5 17.5 100 15-20 Successional RelationshIps GROUND VEGETATION big huckleberry VAME 37.5 37.5 100 30-45 beargrass XETE 22.5 22.5 100 15-30 The common successionalpathway is dominated Alaska huckleberry VAAL 4.0 8.0 50 0-8 by silver fir and mountain hemlock sidebells pyrola PYSE 1.5 3.0 50 0-3 in early stages. mountain-ash Climax stages are dominated sosi 0.5 1.0 50 0-1 silver fir, mountain wdland beardtongue NONE 0.5 1.0 50 0-1 hemlock and Alaska yellowcedar.

130 this type in the Cascades. Douglas-firis virtually unknown on this type. Silver fir or mountainhemlock are the preferred species.Beargrass and/or big huckleberry can pose brush problems.

Root disease problems may include annosusroot disease and rusty red stringy rot on mountainhemlock and silver fir, and laminated root rot on mountain hemlock and possibly silver fir. Heartand butt rots of importance may be annosus rootdisease on mountain hemlock and silver fir, and red ring rot on mountain hemlock. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe may be present on mountain hemlock.

Insect problems may include westernblackheaded budworm on mountain hemlock and silverfir, silver fir beetle on suppressed, windthrown, ordiseased silver fir, and possibly the balsam woollyaphid on silver fir.

Comparison with Similar Types Mountain Figure 54. Map of plot locations for the Similar types include the MountainHemlock/Big Hemlock/Big Huckieberry/BeargraSs Association. Huckleberry-Alaska Huckleberry type which occurs on wetter sites, and theMountain Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/BeargraSS type which occurs on TImber Productivity warmer and lower elevation sites.The Silver Fir! Alaska Huckleberry/BeargraSs type occurs on Timber productivity of this type is verylow. This is Mountain in August, the moister sites at lower elevations. The due to the relative dryness of the site Hemlock/Big Huckleberry/BeargraSS Association well-drained soils, and relatively short growing sea- MacKenzie Pass site index values for occurs in the Cascades from about son and cold soils. Reliable Pass The (Hemstrom etal. 1982) north to about Stevens mountain hemlock or silver fir are not available. Hemlock/Big productivity potential based on empirical curves where itis replaced by Mountain Huckleberry. It is represented on the H.J.Andrews from the Cascades is about 20 cuft/ac/yr in about Experimental Forest by the SilverFir-Mountain 220 years. The stockability of these sitesis moder- Hemlock/BeargraSs type (Dyrness at al. 1976).It ate to low. was recognized in OlympicNational Park by Smith and Henderson (1986) as the SilverFir-Mountain Hemlock/BeargraSS Association (BigHuckleberry Management Considerations phase). It was not recognized in Mt. RainierNational Management considerations for this typeinclude Park by Franklin at al. (1988), buttheir type, Silver repre- soil maintenance and stability, andensuring Suit- Fir/BeargrasS-MOUntain Hemlock phase, called Mountain able regeneration. Maintenance of soilnutrients and sents some sites which could be defined organic matter is more critical in this type thanother Hemlock/Big Huckleberry/BeargraSS as (1966) in the Mt. Mountain Hemlock types. Response tofertilizer in here. It was recognized by Franklin Hemlock/Big this type is still unknown. This type occursin high Adams area as Silver Fir-Mountain the areas for the Mountain HemlockZone, and along Huckleberry. It has not yet been recognized on Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest by this upper slopes and ridgetops.Regeneration in this Mt. is expected to occur on the type is very difficult and precludesmost manage- project, although it ment decisions in this type. Noblefir can occur on White River and North Bend Ranger Districts.

131 MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK/RED HEATHER-BLUELEAFHUCKLEBERRY Tsuga mertensiana/Phy//odoce empetriformIs-Vaccinjumde/iciosum TSME/PHEM-VADE CMS3 11

The Mountain Hemlock/Red Heather-BlueleafHuck- stages are dominated by silver fir, mountain hem- leberry Association is a minor type of cool drysites lock and Alaska yellowcedar. at upper elevations, and very low timber productivity. It is common in the mesic climaticareas of the Olympics (Environmental Zones 7-9), particularlyon Other Blota the Hood Canal District (Figure 55), andoccurs on variable aspects primarily along theupper slopes of Wildlife observations are limited for this type.Deer the Mountain Hemlock Zone. Soilsare mostly shal- sign and browse on blue-leaf huckleberrywere ob- low and immature, derived from colluviumor till, and served. No bird observations were recorded. are often well drained, The typical area of this type has not burned in the last 500 years. This type has been sensitive to climatic changes associated with Environment and SoIls the Little Ice Age. This type occurs on moderate to steep,straight to convex upper slopes and ridgetops. The slope var- Floristic ComposItIon ied from 25% to 70% and averaged 53%. There- golith is colluvium or till derived from metabasaitor Dominant understory species (Table 33)are red sandstone. heather (PHEM) and blueleat huckleberry (VADE), which are usually present in all ages of stands, al- According to the Olympic Soil Resource inventory though they may be inconspicuous or absent in (Snyder etal. 1969), these are shallow, well-drained, densely stocked second growth. Beargrass (XETE) highly permeable, colluvial soils inareas of exten- and big huckleberry (VAME) can alsooccur and sive rock outcrop. Textures are barnsand silt may become established quickly after fire. Other barns. Coarse fragments of these soil unitsrange shrubs may include white rhododendron (RHAL)or from 15% to 35% near the surface and 35%to 50% mountain-ash (SOSI). The tree layer is dominated in the subsoibs. Because the coarse fragmentfrac- by mountain hemlock and/or silver fir; Alaskayel- tion appears to be higher than this in the fieldthis lowcedar may also occur (Figure 56). Stands in this type is probably occupying a rockier inclusion within this soil unit. type may be very slow to regenerate. Mostareas of this type have not been cut over. Therefore, muchof the type is still in old-growth, and many stands are Table 33. Common plants in the TSME/PHEM-VADE over 300 years old, although trees are usually less Association, based on stands >150years (n=5). than 60 feet tall and 16 inches in diameter.

Cryptogam data are limited for this type toone plot Abs. Rel. where ground moss was abundant with 60%cover. Common name CodeCover Cover Const Ranqe Epiphytic lichens included Alectoriasarmentosa and crustose lichens which were most abundant, TREES P!atismatia glauca and Hypogymniaspp. also oc- mountain hemlock TSME 25.0 25.0 100 15-30 curred. silver fir ABAM 7.0 8.8 80 0-20 Alaska yellowcedar CHNO 5.8 7.3 80 0-10 subalpine fir ABLA2 4.6 11.5 40 0-15 Successional RelationshIps GROUND VEGETATiON red heather PHEM 34.8 34.8 100 4-60 big huckleberry VAME 8.2 8.2 100 1-15 The common successional pathway isdominated blueleaf by open meadow vegetation for longperiods of huckleberry VADE 22.0 27.5 80 0-55 beargrass time, followed by slow invasion oftrees. Climax XETE 9.8 12.2 80 0-45 avalanche lily ERMO 2.2 3.7 60 0-5 132 Figure 55. Map of plot locations for the Mountain Hemlock/RedHeather-Blueleaf Huckleberry Association.

133 dwarf mistletoe may be present on mountainhem- The mean soil temperature was 9.1 deg C (48.4deg lock. F), which is warm for the Mountain HemlockZone. The temperature regime is cryic and themoisture Insect problems may include western blackheaded regime is udic. No soil pits were dug in this associa- budworm on mountain hemlock and silver fir, tion. silver fir beetle on suppressed, windthrown,or diseased silver fir, and possibly the balsam woollyaphid on silver fir. TimberProductivity

Timber productivity of this type isvery low. This is Comparison with Similar Types due to the poor nutrient status of the site, coldsoils that are well-drained, and a very short growing sea- SimilartypesincludeMountainHemlock/Big son. Site index of silver fir and mountain hemlock is Huckleberry-Alaska Huckleberry type whichoccurs not available for this association because ofa lack on warmer sites at lower elevation, and Mountain of suitable site index curves, and because most Hemlock/WhiteRhododendron-BigHuckleberry trees sampled were over 400 years old. Theproduc- which occurs on moister sites at lower elevations. tivity potential based on empirical curves from the The Mountain Hemlock/Red Heather-BlueleafHuck- Cascades is less than 20 cu ft/ac/yr in about 250 leberry Association occurs sporadically south ofthe years. The stockability of these sites is low. Columbia River in the Cascades, (although it isnot yet formally recognized there), through the Cas- cades and Olympics of Washington and wellinto Management Considerations British Columbia. It is described as the Mountain Hemlock-Subalpine Fir/Red Heather Association in Management considerations must recognize the the Olympic National Park (Smith and Henderson extreme environment and low timber productivity for 1986), on the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest this type. Emphasis is usually given to maintenance (Henderson and Peter 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985), in of these communities for watershed,wildlife and the Middle Fork of the Snoqualmie River (del Moral recreational values. et al. 1976), and in British Columbia (Brooke etal. 1970). It is closely related to the non-forest Heather- Root disease problems may include annosus root Huckleberry type which occurs commonly inthe disease on mountain hemlock and silver fir, and Cascades north of Mt. Rainier National Parkand the laminated root rot on mountain hemlock andpossi- Olympics.It has some affinities to the forested bly silver fir. Heart and butt rots of importance may Mountain Hemlock/White Rhododendron-Red be annosus root disease on mountain hemlock and Heather (Henderson and Peter 1984, 1985) inthe silver fir, and red ring rot on mountain hemlock. Cascades andtheMountainHemlock/White Rusty red stringy rot may be on silver fir. Hemlock Rhododendron-Big Huckleberry in the Olympics.

134 .:, '... ft ... 4

I.. '

.: ;

.- .. 'P .4. - A

i,.. - - & - ':

Figure 56. Photo of the Mountain Hemlock/Red Heather-Blueleaf Huckleberry Association, Three Peaks, Hood Canal District.

135 MOUNTAIN HEMLOCKJWHITE RHODODENDRON-BIG HUCKLEBERRY Tsuga mertensiana/Rhododendron albiflorum-Vaccinium membranaceum TSME/RHAL-VAME CMS3 12

The Mountain Hemlock/White Rhododendron-Big Other Blota Huckleberry Association is a minor type of well- drained sites at high elevations, heavy snowpacks, Wildlife observations are limited for this type, and and low timber productivity. It is found in the drier include deer sign and browse on mountain-ash, climatic areas of the Olympics (Environmental bear damage to silver fir and mountain hemlock, Zones 8-10), particularly on the Hood Canal and and mountain beaver activity. Quilcene Districts (Figure 57).It occurs primarily along upper slopes on the leeward side of a major ridge. Soils are mostly shallow and usually derived Bird observations are also limited, but chestnut- from colluvium. The typical area of this type has backed chickadee, golden-crowned kingiet, and burned rarely in the last 500 years. This type is gray jay were frequently recorded. Other birds in- much more common in the Cascades. clude dark-eyed junco, red-breasted sapsucker, olive-sided flycatcher, Steller's jay, common raven, red-breasted nuthatch, brown creeperand Floristic Composition red-shafted flicker.

Dominant understory species (Table 34) are white rhododendron (RHAL) and big huckleberry (VAME), Environment and SoIls which are usually present in all ages of stands, although they may be inconspicuous or absent in This type occurs on gentle to moderate, concave or densely stocked second growth. Other shrubs may straight, lower to upper slopes, generally in areas of include oval-leaf huckleberry (VAOV) and fool's extensive rock outcrop. It shows a strong prefer- huckleberry (MEFE). Five-leaved bramble (RUPE), ence for concave microsites. The slope varied from sidebells pyrola (PYSE) and beargrass (XETE) can 2% to 68% and averaged 44%. The regolith is collu- also occur. The tree layer is dominated by silver fir vium derived from metabasalt or sandstone. and mountain hemlock, sometimes with Alaska ye)- lowcedar, western hemlock or subalpine fir. Stands in this type may be very slow to regenerate. Most Table 34. Common plants in the TSME/RHAL-VAME areas of this type have not been cut over. Therefore, Association, based on stands >150 years (n=12). much of the type is still in old-growth, and many stands are over 500 years old. Abs. ReI. Ground mosses are generally sparse on this type, Common name CodeCoverCover Const Ranqe but may be abundant on some sites. Rhytidiopsis robusta and Dicranum sp. were most common. Epi- TREES phytic lichens are conspicuous and abundant, par- mountain hemlock TSME 37.9 37.9 100 15-80 ticularly Alectoria sarmentosa and crustose species. silver fir ABAM 42.1 45.9 91 0-90 Alaska yellowcedar CHNO Bryoria spp., Hypogymnia spp., Plastimatja glauca, 16.8 20.2 83 0-50 western hemlock TSHE 8.7 20.8 41 0-70 Sphaerophorus globosus, and Parmeliopsis subalpine fir ABLA2 5.6 33.5 16 0-65 hyperopta may occur in moderate amounts. GROUND VEGETA11ON white rhododendron RHAL 22.1 22.1 100 2-30 big huckleberry VAME 14.1 14.1 100 1-40 SuccessIonal Relationships oval-leaf huckleberry VAOV 4.5 5.4 83 0-15 Climax stages are dominated by mountain hemlock, five-leaved bramble RUPE 4.3 5.7 75 0-30 sidebells pyrola silver fir and Alaska yellowcedar. PYSE 0.8 1.1 75 0-2 beargrass XETE 2.0 3.0 66 0-7 trailing bramble RULA 1.3 1.9 66 0-3 red heather PHEM 1.7 3.3 50 0-10

136 Management Considerations

The low productivity and long period of time to reach culmination of mean annual increment need to be considered when making any management decisions in this type. Douglas-fir is not known to occur on this type. Silver fir or mountain hemlock are the preferred species. Big huckleberry and/or white rhododendron can pose brush problems.

Root disease problems may include annosus root disease on mountain hemlock and silver fir, and laminated root rot on mountain hemlock and possibly silver fir. Heart and butt rots may be annosus root disease on mountain hemlock and silver fir,and red ring rot on mountain hemlock. Rusty red stringy rot may be on silver fir. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe may be present on mountain hemlock.

Insects may include western biackheaded bud- Figure 57. Map of plot locations for the Mountain worm on mountain hemlock and silver fir, silverfir Hemlock/White Rhododendron-Big beetle on suppressed, windthrown, or diseased sil- Huckleberry Association. ver fir, and possibly balsam woolly aphid onsilver fir.

According to the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory Comparison with Similar Types (Snyder etal. 1969), these are shallow, well-drained, rapidly permeable, colluvial soils. The texture varies Similar types include Mountain Hemlock/Alaska from loam and silt loam to sandy loam. Coarse frag- Huckleberry on more mesic sites, and Mountain ments range from 15% to 50% near the surface and Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/BeargraSS and Moun- 35% to 75% in the subsoil. Many plots fell in units of tain Hemlock/Big Huckleberry/BeargraSS types on extensive rock outcrop. Coarse fragments are prob- drier sites. The Mountain Hemlock/White ably much higher in these areas. Rhododendron-Big Huckleberry Association occurs as far south as the Gifford Pinchot National Forest The mean summer soil temperature was 8.1 deg C where it is recognized as the Mountain Hemlock! (46.6 deg F) which is cool for the Mountain Hemlock White Rhododendron Association (Brockway et al. Zone. The soil temperature regime is cryic and the 1983). It is represented by the Alaska Yellowcedar/ moisture regime is udic. White Rhododendron type in the Mt. Adams area (Franklin 1966). However, it was not recognized by Franklin et al. (1988) in Mt. Rainier National Park, TImber Productivity although it probably occurs there. In the Cascades it was recognized as Mountain Hemlock/White Timber productivity of this type is low (Site V or VI). Rhododendron by Henderson and Peter (1981c, This is due to the cold soils, heavy snowpack and 1981d, 1982b, 1983) and as Mountain Hemlock! relatively short growing season. The productivity White Rhododendron-Big Huckleberry (Henderson potential estimated from empirical volume curves and Peter 1984, 1985). It is represented in British from the Cascades is about 25 cu ft/ac/yr in about Columbia by the Mountain Hemlock/Big Huckleber- 220 years, while similar curves from the Olympics ry type (Brooke et al. 1970). It was recognizedby gave an empirical yield of 38 cu ft/ac/yr in 190 years. Smith and Henderson (1986) in Olympic National The stockability of these sites is low, as stands are Park as the Silver Fir-Mountain Hemlock/White usually patchy and open. Rhododendron Association.

137 SILVER FIRSERIES

139 SILVER FIR SERIES Abies amabilis ABAM

The Silver Fir Series (Zone) covers about 175,000 nearly always frigid which means that the soil in the acres (27%) of the OlympicNational Forest (Figure rooting zone is cool (less than 8 deg C) but the 58). It occupies the middle elevations and many temperature varies more than 5 deg C at 50 cm from mid-and upper slopes around the Forest, up to summer to winter. The temperature regime may oc- about 3000 feet elevation in the wetter environmen- casionally be cryic which is also cool but with a tal zones (Matheny Creek area), and to about4000 greater than 5 deg C difference from winter to sum- feet in the driest part of its range(Dosewallips, mer. Quilcene drainages). In Environmental Zones10, 11 and 12 It disappears and is replaced by the upper The organic layer is mostly a mor, although mulls Western Hemlock Zone and the Subalpine Fir Zone. and duff mulls also occur. The 02 layer averaged At lower elevations it is usually replacedby the 4.1 cm in stands under 300 years old and 6.6 cm in Western Hemlock Zone, and at higher elevationsit stands over 300 years but the thickness in any one is replaced by the Mountain Hemlock Zone.The stand is quite variable. Causes of variability are cli- Silver Fir Zone includes mostly moderate to low pro- mate, topographic configuration and stand history. ductivity land, however in some warmer and moist Generally thicker layers accumulate in wetter and sites productivity potential is moderate tohigh. Pro- cooler areas. Stands originating following ductivity of associations within this series varies windthrow may inherit the previous 0 layer and the mostly with temperature and amount ofsoil windthrown trees. Stands originating from fire may drought. or may not inherit a previous 0 layer depending on the intensity of the fire and may inherit fire killed The climate of the Silver Fir Zone is characterized as trees as well. cool temperate. Winter temperatures are moderate and there is a moderate snowpack. Average Jan- Over half the soils sampled in this series were incep- uary temperature is about 0 deg C (32deg F). Sum- tisols, over a third were spodosols and the remain- mer air temperatures average about 14deg C (58 der were entisols. The spodosols are generally deg F) which approximates the peak in summersoil weakly developed, while many inceptisols show temperatures at 8 inches (20 cm). Precipitation signs of developing into spodosols. The tendency varies from about 200 inches in wetter zones at for more spodosols to form in this zone than in the higher elevations to about 80 inches in drier zones. Western Hemlock Zone reflects higher precipitation, In addition, fog drip from trees can add several inch- lower evapotranspiration and greater stand age due es of precipitationin this zone. to fewer fires. These factors result in a more intense leaching environment than in the Western Hemlock Soils are typically cool and moist with a well devel- Zone and are reflected in the differences in soils. oped 0 horizon. When present the A horizon tends Only the Mountain Hemlock Zone has a more in- to be high in organic matter. The texture isoften tense leaching environment than the Silver FirZone coarse with many large fragments.Topographically In the Olympic Mountains. they occur on a wide range of slope positions spanning mid-to upper elevations across theOlympic The dominant tree species are western hemlock Peninsula. They occupy nearly all types of regolith and silver fir. Douglas-fir can occur on drier sites, and bedrock, the entire range of slopes from flat to especially in old-growth stands. Western redcedar very steep, and slope positions from bottomsto and Alaska yellowcedar can both occur, as can ndgetops. mountain hemlock, western white pine and Pacific yew. The soil moisture regime is nearly always udic which indicates the rooting zone is usually moist through- Root disease problems can include annosus root out the summer. A few types are xeric (with apromi- disease, Armillaria root disease, and laminated root nent summer drought) or aquic (saturated for ex- rot. Annosus root disease is the most seriousdis- tended periods). The soil temperature regime is ease of the Silver Fir Zone, causing root,butt and

141 stem decay of silver fir and western hemlock. Silver to the Silver Fir Zone in this area. We have tried fir is particularly susceptible to this disease (Table several approaches to estimate yields for this se- 13). Armillaria root disease occurs throughout the ries. These included using Barnes (1962) site index Silver Fir Zone, killing mostly suppressed and curve and yield table for western hemlock; Wiley's stressed trees. It is particularly important in the drier (1978a,b) site index curve (base 50) and yield table types such as Silver Fir/Beargrass,SilverFin for western hemlock; Hoyer and Herman's (in press) Rhododendron and Silver Fir/Salal, and in Douglas- site index curve, and McArdle and Meyer's (1930) fir plantations. Laminated root rot may be moder- site index curve and yield table for Douglas-fir. Site ately destructive in silver fir and western hemlock index was calculated for Douglas-fir using the high stands. In associations that can support Douglas-fir, elevation curves of Curtis etal. (1974), but these site such as the rhododendron and salal types, laminat- index values were not applied to a yield table. In ed root rot may be very important. addition we generated empirical curves of volume versus age from plot data (Figure 191) and used the Heart and butt rots of concern are red ring rot, anno- SIGBA method of estimating potential yield (Hall sus root disease, and rusty red stringy rot on west- 1983, 1987). These values are presented in the tim- ern hemlock, annosus root disease, rusty red ber productivity tables for each association, when stringy rot and long pocket rot on silver fir, and red available. Some of these numbers are based on a ring rot, brown trunk rot and brown cubical butt rot very small sample size and therefore should be in- on Douglas-fir. Douglas-fir is most often found at the terpreted with caution. lower elevations and on drier types in the Silver Fir Series, such as the Silver Fir/Beargrass, Silver Fir! Rhododen- dron and Silver Fir/Salal Associations, Comparison of the different productivity estimates and this is where these decays are most important. yielded some interesting results. The estimator closest to the overall average for these methods was the Hemlock dwarf mistletoe is destructive to western empirical approach from plot volume data When hemlock in old-growth or multistoried stands in En- comparing the various methods against this empiri- vironmental Zones 0-5, especially on the Silver Fin cal curve, the Douglas-fir and silver fir estimates, as Alaska Huckleberry/Oxalis, Silver Fir/Oxalis, Silver described above, are consistently less than the em- Fir/Swordfern-Qxaljs andSilverFir/Salal/Oxalis pirical value and the western hemlock estimates are types. consistently higher. These observations also point out one of the major problems in developing yield Potential insect problems include western black- tables for the Silver Fir Zone, i.e. how to deal with headed budworm on western hemlock, silverfir and mixed-species stands. Douglas-fir growing tips, hemlock looper on western hemlock foliage, Douglas-fir beetle on stressed, dis- Twenty-three Plant Associations are recognized in eased or windthrown Douglas-fir, silver fir beetle on the Silver Fir Series on the Olympic National Forest. stressed, diseased or windthrown silver fir, and bal- These are described by 416 Reconnaissance and sam woolly aphid on silver fir, particularly at lower Intensive plots taken from 1979 to 1986. Environmen- elevations. tal values and mean relative cover values for these associations are summarized in Table 35 and 36. Potential yield for Silver Fir Associations is difficult to The associations are presented in alphabetical or- determine. Two recent site index curves (Hegyi etal. der by common name on pages 152-241. They can 1979, Hoyer and Herman in press) have represent- be identified by using the following key. (See page ed progress in this field, but as of yet no yield tables 88 for explanation of how to use this abbreviated or yield models have been developed which apply key).

142 Key to Plant Associations of the Sitver Fir Series.

Skunkcabbage 5% ABAM/LYAM p. 226

Devil's Club 5% ABAMIOPHO p. 198

White Rhododendron >5% and Alaska Huckleberry .10% ABAMN&AL-RHAL p. 184

Rhododendron >10%

Alaska Huckleberry ABAM/RHMA-VAAL p.210 Alaska Huckleberry <5% ABAM/RHMA p. 206

Big Huckleberry10% and Beargr"ass >5% ABAMNAME/XETE p. 190

Oxalis >10% o

Salal.?10% ABAM/GASH-OXOR p 222 Swordfern >10% ABAM/POMU-OXOR p. 234 Alaska Huckleberry 5% ABAMIVAAL(OXOR p. 172 Alaska Huckleberry <5% ABAM/OXOR p. 202

Alaska Huckleberry .1 0%

Oxalis ABAMNAALJOXOR p. 172 Salal >5% and Deerfern >1% ABAM/GASH/BLSP p. 218 Beargrass ABAMNAAL/XETE p. 160 Avalanche Lily 1 % ABAMNAAL/ERMO p. 156 Oregongrape ABAMNAAL-BENE p. 168 Twint lower >3% ABAMNAALILIBO2 p. 180 Foamfiower plus Rosy Twisted-stalk >3% ABAMNAALIIIUN p. 164 Queen's Cup, Bunchberry, Five-leaved Bramble and/or Deerfern >3% ABAMNAALICLUN p. 176 Not as above ABAMNA.AL p. 152

Swordfern >10% ABAM/POMU p. 230

Salal 0%

Deerfern >2%, Alaska Huckleberry or Red Huckleberry present ABAM/GASH/BLSP p. 218 Deerfern <2% ABAM/GASH p.214

Beargrass ABAM/XETE p. 186

Vanillaleaf plus Foamf lower >5%, Rosy Twisted.stalk and/or Queen's cup usually present ABAM/ACTR-TIUN p. 238

Ground Cover <10% ABAMIDep. p. 194

143 Figure 58. Map of the Silver Fir Zone on the OlympicPeninsula.

144 Table 35. Environmental values for associationsin the Silver Fir Series. Slope, elevation and topographic moisture are mean values for the sample.

ASSOCIATIONS

ABAM/ ABAW ABAMJ ABAM/ ABAW ENVIRONNEPU-AL VALUES VAAL ABAM.J VAAIJERMO VAALIXETE VUL/I1UN VAAL-BENE VAAIJOXOR

ECOCLASS Code1 CFS2 12 (OLY)CFS2 13 CFS2 14 CFS2 15 CFS2 16 CFS2 17

Numberof plots2 31 17 13 21 9 38 Aspect ALL SE-NW SW-NW, SE W-S SE-SW W-S Slopo(%) 50 62 53 37 62 38 Elevation (ft) 2531 3297 3238 2329 2339 1608 Envlronmentaj Zone3 0-8 3,0-6 8 (6-9) 0,36.8,9 5 (4,6.8) 0-6 Topographic Moisture4 4.4 4.1 3.7 5.7 4.7 5.1 Soil Moisture Regime5 udic udic udic udic udic udic Soil Temperature (deg C)6 10.7 (11) 9.2 (8) 7.8 (2) 10.6 (7) 10.0 (2) 10.7 (9) Soil Temperature Regime7 frigid cryic frigid frigid frigid frigid Lichen line (ft) 9.7 6 6.5

ASSOCIATIONS

ABAMJ ABAM/ ABAW ABAM/ ENViRONMENTAL VALUES ABAMJ ABAW VAAIJCUJN VAALJIJBO2 VAAL-RHAL XETE VANE/XETE Dep.

ECOCLASS Code1 CFS2 18 CFS2 19 CFS2 20 CFF3 11 CFS2 11 (OLY) CFF9 11

Numberof plots2 41 16 4 6 7 18 Aspect ALL W-N N-NE, SE, W SE-SW S (SW-NW) S-NE Slope(%) 55 54 64 54 62 57 Elevation (ft.) 2670 2641 4000 3440 4074 2427 Environmental Zone3 8(0-9) 9(3-10) 8,9 8(7.9) 8(9.10) 8(0-11) Topographic MoIsture4 4.6 4.8 4.3 3.7 3.6 4.5 Soil Moisture Regime5 udic udic udic udic udic udic Soil Temperature (deg C)6 10.8(11) 11.3 (4) 8.5 (2) 9.9 (4) 10.5 (3) 11.2 (10) Soil Temperature Regime7 frigid frigid cryic frigid frigid frigid Lichen line (It) 7 10 8 6.5

See Table 161 p.443 2Number of plots includes all successionalstages sampled. See Figure 24 p. 40. and discussion p. 38. 4See discussion p. 84. Table 146 p. 417. See discussion p. 44. 6 Summer soil temperature at 20 cm for mature and old-growth stands; only June. Julyand August measurements included; values in () are sample size for the mean. See discussionp. 83. See discussion p. 44-45.

146 Table 35 (cont.). Environmental values for associations in the Silver FirSeries. Slope, elevation and topographic moisture are mean values for the sample.

ASSOCIATIONS

ADAM! ABAM/ ABAM/ ADAM! ABAW ADAM! GASH/BLSP ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES OPHO OXOR RHMA RHMA-VAAL GASH

ECOCLASS Code1 CFS3 11 (OLY)CFF1 11 (OCr)CFS6 11 (OLV) CFS6 12 CFS1 54 (OL'v) CFS1 55

Numberof plots2 20 46 16 9 11 15 SE-NW Aspect E-W NW-SE ALL SW-N, E S-NW, E

44 Slope (%) 49 48 46 54 55 1396 Elevation (It) 2394 1722 3125 3183 2263 0 (1,3-5) Environmental Zone3 2-5,7-9 1-3 (0-5) 9 (8,10) 8,9 4,6,9 4.4 Topographic Moisture4 6.5 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.1

Soil Moisture Regime5 aquic'? udic udic udic udic udic

SoilTemperature (dog C)6 10.0(8) 11.7 (18) 10.3 (11) 9.3(4) 119(3) 11.1 (3) frigid Soil Temperature Regime7 frigid frigid frigid frigid frigid

Lichen line (ft.) 7 4.5

ASSOCIATIONS

ADAM! ADAM! ADAM! ADAM! ADAM! ENVIRONMENtAL VALUES GASHIOXOR LYAM POMU POMU-OXOR ACTR-TIUN

ECOCLASS Code1 CFSI 56 CFMI 11 CFF6 11 CFF6 12 CFF2 11

Numberof plots2 19 2 14 31 12

Aspect E-N FLAT NW-E ALL W-S

Slope(%) 44 7 59 54 45

Elevation (ft.) 1391 1815 1899 1474 3154

6-10 (6) Environmental Zon& 1-5 1 3,4.6-9 2-4 (0-5)

Topographic Moisture4 4.6 8 5.4 5.2 5.7

Soil Moisture Regime5 udic aquic udic udic udic

Soil Temperature (dog C)8 13.4 (5) 11.7 (5) 11.9 (8) 10.2 (6)

Soil Temperature Regime7 frigid frigid frigid frigid frigid

lichen line (ft.) 8

1 SeeTable 161 p. 443 2 Number of plots includes all successional stages sampled. 3See Figure 24 p. 40, and discussion p. 38. "See discussion p. 64, Table 146 p.417. See discussion p. 44. 8 Summer soil temperature at 20 cm for mature and old-growth stands; only June, July and August measurements included: values in () are sample size for the mean, See discussion p. 83. 1 See discussion p. 44-45.

147 Table 36. Mean relative cover1 values and constancy2 of trees, shrubs and herbs forassociations in the Silver Fir Series. Cover values basedon stands 150 years and older.

ASSOCIATIONS ABAM/ ABAMJ ABAM/ ABAM/ ABAM/ ABAM/ VAAI VAALJERM0 VMLJxErE VAAUT)UN VAAL-BENE VMIJOXOR ECOCLAS Code CFS2 12 (QL'fl CFS2 13 CFS2 l4 CF$2 15 CFS2 lB CFS2 17 Numbero(piots 18 15 10 19 8 29 TREES

ABAM Silver fir 50(100) 65(100) ABLA2 Subalpine fir 39(100) 53(100) 40(100) 47(100) ACMA Bigleat maple ALJRU Ped alder CHNO 5 (5) Alaskayeilowcedar 3(11) 12(48) CONu Pacific dogwood 18(30) 4(15) P100 Lodgepole pine PIMO Western white pine PISI Sltkaspruce PSME Douglas-fir 6 (3) 24 (38) 16(90) TABR Pacific yew 9 (21) 12(75) I(6) 5(16) 5 (6) 2(10) THPL Western redcedar 8 (38) 7 (20) 9 (50) 7 (26) 10 (12) 1St-SE Western hemlock 49(100) 27 (93) 8 (24) ISME Mountain hemlock 46(1(10) 54(94) 56(100) 72(100) 7 (16) 6 (40) 3(30) 2 (5)

SHRUBS and HERBS ACCI Vine maple 5(22) 1(20) ACIR Vanhllajeaf 21(40) 8 (31) 23(100) 3(10) 1 (22) 2 (33) I (30) ARCA6 Dwarf mistletoe 2 (84) 4 (75) 2 (20) ATFI Ladyfom 1(12) 2 (3) 1 (5) 2 (26) BENE 2 (73) Oregongrape 1(11) 1(13) 2 (65) BLSP 2 (60) 15(100) 3(10) Deerfern 1 (38) 2 (86) CHME UtIle prince's pine 4 (63) 2 (50) 3(100) i (22) 1 (8) 1(10) Cl-SUM Pflnco's pine 1(10) 1(50) 1(3) 1(11) 2(30) CIAL Enchanters nightshade 1(10) 2)37) CLUN Queen's cup I(5) 1(61) 2 (93) 3 (60) COCA BuncPrberry 4 (63) 1(62) 1(58) 1 (50) 1 (33) COLA 1 (60) 2 (52) 1 (37) Cudealgoldtjrread 1(22) 8(20) 2 (3) COME Western corairooS 7(36) 1(62) 8(31) 1 (22) 1(8) I (50) D1H0 1(5) 1 (25) 1 Hooker's fairybell 1(11) 1(13) (3) DISM Smith's fairybell 4(10) 2 (42) 2(25) 1(10) DRAU2 Woodfern 1(5) 1(31) ERMO Avalanche lily 5 (5) 1 (20) 2(100) 1(10) GAOV Slender wintergreen I(6) 3 (40) GASH Salal 2(16) GATR Fragrant bedstraw 8(40) 2 (15) 2 (62) 2 (31) 1(13) 2(26) G008 Rattlesnake-plantain 1(11) 1(10) GYOR 1(26) 1(10) 1(12) Oaktem I(5) 2 (13) 1 (3) I-hAL White hawkweed 4 (52) I (24) HYMO Fringed pinesap 1(10) 1(10) 1 (5) 1(30) LIBO2 Twinflowe, 1(10) 1(12) 1 (3) 1(44) 1(13) 2(70) 2(15) UCA3 Western twayblade 1(11) 10(12) 2 (3) UCO3 - Heart-leaf twayblade 1 (5) 1(10) 1(11) 1(13) 1(30) 1(15) LUPA Small-flowered woodrush 1(11) 1(13) 1(3) LYAM Skunkcabbage 1(26) 1(34) MADI2 I False lily-of-the-valley i (33) 2 (48) (8) MEFE 1 (10) 8 (47) 4 (75) Fools huckleberry 1(61) 2 (68) MOSI Candyflower 2(80) 3 (42) 1(12) 4(34) OPt-SO Dovit's Club 1(15) 1(13) 1 (Ii) 1 (6) 1 (52) OXOR Oxaiis 1(16) 2 (27) 2 (6) I(5) POMU Swordlerrr I (33) 26(100) 1 (20) 1 (20) 3 (57) PYPI White-vein pyrola I (27) 4 (75) 3 (68) PYSE Sidebells pyrola 1 (37) 1(6) 1(38) 1(20) 1(20) PYUN Woodnymph 1(31) 1(12) 1(3) 1(18) 1 (6) RI-SAL White rhododendron 1(41) RHMA Rhododendron F1OGY Baidhiprose I(5) RULA Trailing bramble 1(10) 1(12) 1(11) I(6) 1(70) 4(15) RUPE Five-leaved bramble 1 (38) RUSP 6 (80) 3 (40) 6 (73) Salmonbeny 1(11) 1(20) 7 (68) RUUR Trailing blackberry 4(68) 1(12) 6(72) SARA Red elderberry 1(15) 1(12) 1(13) SMST 1 (6) 1(10) Star-flowered solomon's seal 1(11) 1(20) 1(10) SOSI MountaIn-ash 3(10) 3(42) 2(25) 1(10) 1 (6) SIAM Claspingeaved twisted-stalk 1 (20) 1 (10) i(5) 1(13) 2(15) SIPO Posy twisted-statIc 1 (33) 1(25) 1(17) 2 (73) 4 (73) TTTR Three-leaved foamflower 1(11) 2 (12) I (62) flUN 2(28) 1(10) 5 (73) 2(25) SIngle-leaved foamfiower 1)11) 3(20) 2(79) TRCE Nodding trisetum 1(10) 3 (47) 1(25) IPLA2 Starfiower 1(21) 1(27) I(5) 1 (5) TF1OV TrillIum 1(10) 1 (5) 1(12) 1(10) 1 (38) I (33) 1 (40) I (52) VAAL Alaskahuckleberry 35(100) 1 (75) I (48) 58(100) 42(100) 39(100) VAME Big huckleberry i(5) 11(100) 23(100) VAOV 2(33) 2(60) 1(12) Oval-leaf huckleberry 3 (7) 8 (40) VAPA Rod huckleberry 4(40) 8 (21) 1(17) 4 (72) 1(8) VASI SilIca valerlan 3(50) 3 (63) 12(100) 2 (20) 9(72) VEVI False hellebore 2(10) 1(10) 1(13) 1(10) 2(21) VISE Evergreen violet i (11) 1 (3) XETE I (40) 1 (42) I (25) Beargrsss 1(16) 2 (8) 2 (24) 20(100) 2 (25) 1 Mean relativecover are values wherü zeroes are not Included In the calculation of the mean. See Table 167 p. 456 for mean absolute cover values 2Consteircy Is the percentage of plots for thatassociation where the species occurred. 148 and herbs for associations Table 36, (cont.) Mean relative cover1values and constancy2 of trees, shrubs in the Silver Fir Series. Cover valuesbased on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIATIONS

ABAM! ABAM/ ABAM/ ABAMJ ABAMJ ABAW VAME/XEIE Dep. VMLJCLUN VMLJUI3O2 VML-flHAL XE1'E CFS2II (OLV) CFF9I1 CFS2I8 CFS2I9 CFS220 CFF3II ECOCLASSCode 4 5 2 14 Numberof plots 31 II

50(1001 61(100) 42(100) 44(100) 13(100) ABAM SilvrfIr 51(100) 5 (50) 2 (7) ABLA2 Subalpine fIr 1(9) ACMA Bigleaf maple ALMU Red aider 8(100) CHNO Alaska yellowcedrir 26 (6) 10(18> CONU PeciflO dogwood PICO Lodgepole pine PiNt) Western white pine PiSI Silks spnJce 25(50> 20 (42) 22 (63) 5 (25) 36(100) PSME Douglas-fIr 0(19) 4 (14) TABR Pacific yew 7 (9) 8 (18) 10(50) 4(21) 15(72) 5(25) 2 (20) THPL Western redceder 4(38) 43(100) 84(100) 43(100) 48(100) 68(100) TSHE Western hemlock 57)100) 10 (9) 4(75) 1(20) 15 (50) TSME Mountain hemlock 7 (12) SHRtJBSd HERBS 4(100) 2 (7) 14(25) 11(45) 1(21) ACCI Vine maple 1(50) 14(60) ACTR Varrllialeaf 4(29) 5 (35) Dwarf mistletoe 2 (12) 1(1) ARCA6 1(50) 1(20) ATFI Ladylern 2 (5) 1(18) 1(21) 1(45) 1(25) 6(100) BENE Oregongrape 1(25) 2 (42) 2 (45) I (25) BLSP Deurfern 3 (71) 1(14) 1(22) 1(27) 1 (25) 1(60) CHME IjItle princø's pine 2(70) 1 (1) CIUM Prince's pine 1(12) 2 (21) Enchanter's nightshade 1(28) CIAL 3(90) 2(100) 3(40) Queen's cup 4(81) 1 (7) CLIJN 1(75) 2 (40) COCA Bunchberry 3(38) 2)45) Cutleafgoldthread 2(12) 2 (9) 1(14) COLA 1(18) 1(20) COME Western coralroot 1(16) 1(35) 01140 1looker'Sfairybeil 1(12) DiSM Smith's tairybeil 1 (6) I(9) DPAU2 Woodtem 1 (3) ERMO Avaiarrche lily Slender wirrtergreen 1 (25) 1(21) C3AOV 3(36) 1(60) GA$44 Salal 2 (19) 1 (1) CArP Fragrant tedstraw I(6) 1(7) 1(18) 0008 Ratttesnake-piantain 1(9) 2 (9) 3 (25) GYOR Oekfern 1(9) 1 (7) I (27) 1 (25) 1 (20) HiAL White hawlrweed 1 (3) 1(40) Fringed pinesap 1(9) I(9) 1(28) HYMO 3 (75) 1(60) UBO2 Twinflowor I (25) 17(100) 1(14) 1(27) UCA3 Western twaybiade 1(19) I (18> UCO3 Hewt-ieaf twaybiade 1 (3) I(1) 1 (9) 1(25) LUPA Small-flowered woodrush 1 (8) LYAM Skunkcabbage 1 (28) False lily-of-the-saucy 3 (32) 1 (18) 1(28) MADI2 5 (75) 1 (20) 5(50) MEFE Fool's huckleberry 2 (41) 2(45) MOSI Candyliower 2(14) 1(21) OPHO Devil's club 2(12) 1 (1) OXOP OxalIs 1(12) 1(28) 1(32) 2(00) 1(25) 1(100) POMU $wordfem 1(20) 1(14) White-vein pyroia 1(22) 1(28) PYPI 1(100) 2(40) 1(100) PYSE Sidebells pyrola 1(25) 2(21) 1(51) 1 (9) 1(25) PYUN Woodnympfr 1(16) 2 (7) I 18(100) 1(50) White rhododendron 1 (3) (9) 2(14) FIlIAL 15(25) 7 (20) PHMA RhododendrOn 2 (6) 2 (18) I(9) 1(80) Baidhip rose 1 (3) 1 (7) POGY 2(35) 3(75) 1(20) 1(100) RLILA Traiiing bramble 2(25) 1 (42) 3(74) 10 (45) 7(100) ALIPE Five-leaved brambie 1 (1) 1 (29) 1 (21) I (25) RUSP $aimonber'y 1(20) 1 (7) 3 (12) 1 (9) RUUR Trailing blackberry 1 (7) 1 (25) SARA Red elderberry I(6) 1 (9) 5 (20) SMST Star-flowered Solomon's seal 2(12) 1 (20) 1 (50) $061 MountaIn-ash 1 (6) 1 (25) STAM Ciasping-leaved twisted-staik 1 (9) 1 (35) I (38) 4 (25) I (20) STRO Posy twisted-stalk 1 (51) 1(57) 1(35) 3 (63) 1(25) 1(20) Trip Three-leaved foarrrfiower 1(20) I(7) Singie-leaved foamf lower 1(16) 2(18) 2(75) 'nUN 1(25) TIE Nodding lrisetum 1(14) TPLA2 Startlower 1 (6) 1 (71) 1 (63) I (25) 1 (40) TROV Trillium 1 (25) 1(100) 1 (78) 18(100) 15(100) 2(60) Alaska huckleberry 41 (96) 1 (1) VAAL 5(18) 3(15) 1(60) 11(100) Big huckleberry 2(22) 1 (1) VANE 15 (75) 1(20) oval-leaf huckleberry 14 (12) 2 (18) 1(51) VAOV 12(81) 2(25) 1(60) VAPA Red huckleberry 7 (70) 1(7) 2 (25) VASI Sitka valerlan 5 (6) 2 (1) 1 2 (50) I (40) VEVI False hellebore 1 (3) >9> I (14) I (36) 1 (75) 1 (40) Evergreen violet 1 (29) 1 (7) VISE 3(75) 21 (100) 21 (100) XETE Seargrass I(9) 2)18) I Near, rlalive cover are values where zeroes are not inciuded in the calculation of the mean. See Tabie 167 p.456 tar mean abeoiute cover values. 2 ConStancy lathe percentage of piots for that asaciatiofl where the species occurred. 149 Table 36. (cont.) Mean relative cover' values and constancy2 of trees, shrubs and herbsfor associations in the Silver Fir Series. Cover values basedon plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIA11ONS ABAM/ ABAW ABAMJ ABAW ABAMJ ABAM OPHO OXOR RHMA RHMA-VAAL GASH GASHJBLSP ECOCLASS Code CFS3 II (QL'r) CFF1 11 (OL) Numberof plots CFS6 ii (OLy) CFS8 12 CFSI 54 (01V) IS 19 CFSI 55 9 5 8 13 TREES

ABAM Silver fIr 47(100) 51 (100) ABLA2 Subalpine fir 25(100) 33(100) 31(100) 54(100) ACMA Bigleaf maple ALU Fled alder 1(7) I(6) ClINO Alaska yellowcedar 8 (6) CONU Pacific dogwood 6(11) PICO Lodgepole pine 1(7) PIMO Western white pine PISI Sltka spruce 1(11) 1 (5) PSME Douglas-fIr 8 (7) 11(26) 5 (5) 17(100) 22(100) TABA Pacific yew 23(62) 1 (7) 2(20) 6 (5) 3(33) THPL Western redcedar 3(40) 13 (25) 2(15) 5(48) 14(31) 9(88) 25 (80) TSHE Western hemlock 50 (93) 18 (87) 11(53) 53(100) 69(100) 67(100) TSME Mountain hemlock 4 (13) 47(100) 60(100) SHRUBS and HERBS

ACCI Vine maple 3(20) 33 (10) 3(33) ACTR VenhliaJeaf 1(60) 14(37) 9(15) ARCA6 3 (36) 2(22) 2 (40) 1(12) Dwarf mIstletoe 3 (21) 4 (7) ATFI Ladyfem 1(11) 3 (30) 3 (73) 1(52) 1(20) BENE Oregongrape 3 (6) 1(15) 2 (31) I (77) 3 (80) BLSP Deerferi, 3(66) 5 (87) 5 (30) ClIME 2(84) 1(11) 1(20) 1 (25) Utile princes pine i(6) I(5) 4(100) CHUM 1(33) 1(60) 1(25) Princes pine 1 (6) 1(15) CIAL I (55) 1 (20) 1 (62) Enchanters nightshade 2 (10) CLUN Queens cup 2 (66) COCA 2 (36) 1(33) 1(80) Bunchberry 2 (26) 2 (5) 3 (46) COLA 2 (44) 3(60) 1(12) 16 (30) Cutleafgoldthresd 1(6) 1(36) COME Western coralroot I(6) 1(12) 2 (7) Dll-fO 1(10) 1 (55) 1(80) 1(12) Hookers fairybehl 1 (26) 1(15) DISM Smiths fairybell 2 (20) 1 (36) 1 (7) DRAU2 Woodfern 1(20) 1(15) ERMO Avalanche lily GAOV Slender wintergreen 1 (6) GASH Salal 4 (6) 3(15) 1(33) 3 (20) GATR Fragrant bedstraw 2(33) 47(100) 23(100) I(5) 1(12) (3008 Rattlesnake-plantain 1(15) 1 (7) GYDIR Oakf em 1(20) 1(25) 1(15) 3(48) 1 (5) H1AI.. White haw$cweed 1(13) I(5) HYMO Fringed pinesap 1(20) 1(12) 1(15) I(6) I(5) UBO2 twlnflower 1(33) 1(20) 1 (6) 5 (5) LICA3 Western twayblade 2(100) 10 (80) 12 (37) 3 (30) 1 (6) 1(11) 1(20) UCO3 Heart-leaf twayblade 1(13) 1(12) 1 (7) 1(10) 1(37) LUPA Small-flowered woodrush 1(20) 1(21) 2 (23) LYAM Skunkcabbage 1 (7) 1(5) MADI2 False hly-of-the-vaiiey 3 (40) 5(68) 1(7) MEFE Fools huckleberry 2(40) 5(10) 4(53) MOSI 1(11) 1 (25) Candyflower 3(20) 2 (42) 3(38) NONE Woodland beardtongue 1 (7) 1(11) OPHO Devils Club 12(100) 2(12) 1 (7) 1(36) 2(20) 3(12) OXOR Oxalis 37 (20) 43(100) 2 (7) POMU Swordfe,n 2(66) 1(23) 3 (78) 1(33) 2(20) 2(62) PYPI White-vein pyrola 1 (6) 2 (61) 1 (5) 1(22) PYSE Sidebehis pyrola 2(13) 1(15) PYUN 1 (5) 1(44) 1(20) 1(25) Woodnymph 1(20) 1(28) RHAL White thododerrdron 1(25) 1(30) RHMA Rhododendron FOGY Baidhip rose 44(100) 26(100) 1(13) 1(33) RULA Trailing bramble 1)13) 1(12) 1 (7) 1(44) 2(20) RUPE Five-leaved bramble 2 (53) 2(21) 1(22) 6 (60) RUSP Salmonberry 4(73) 3 (48) 3 47) 1(20) RUUR Trailing blackberry 2 (6) 2(12) 2(23) 1(21) 1(11) 1(12) SARA Red elderberry 5 (46) I (15) 2(15) SMST I (20) Star-flowered solornons seal 1(15) SOSI 2(11) 1(12) Mountain-asi, 1(6) 1(7) SIAM Clasping-leaved twisted-stalk 1(53) 1(10) STRO Rosy twisted-stalk I(7) 1(40) 1(15) 1(22) T1TR Three-leaved foanrflowor 5 (80) 1 (73) 1 (II) 1(15) ThIN Single-leaved foemfiower 2(13) 2 (40) 1 (25) I (48) TPCE Nodding trlsetum 1(21) TFILA2 Starflower 1 (6) TROV Tfllllum 1 (5) 1 (22) 1 (20) 1(53) 1(78) 1(33) 3 (7) VAAL Alaska huckleberry 1(40) 1(12) 1(15) 21(86) 2 (78) 1(77) VAME Big huckleberry 18(100) 3 (75) 21(92) 1 (23) 1 (40) VAOV Oval-leaf huckleberry 20(20) 2 (5) VAPA Red huckleberry 1(11) 1(20) 2(60) 3(84) 1(55) 6(15) VASI Siticavalerlan 1(20) 7(100) 9(100) 11(100) VEV1 False hellebore V1SE Ever9reen vIolet 1(40) 1(31) 1(55) XETE Beargrass 1(20) 1(25) 1(23) 4(22) 15(20) 3(25) 30 (7) 1 Mean relative coverare values where zeroes are not included In the calculation of the mean. See Table 187 p 456 for mean absolute cover values. 2 Constancy Is the percentageof plots for that association where the species occurred. 150 shrubs and herbs for associations Table 36. (cont.) Mean relative cover1values and constancy2 of trees in the Silver Fir Series. Cover valuesbased on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIA11ONS ABAW ASAhI! ABAM/ ASAhI! ABAW ACTR-T1UN GASH/OXOR LYAM POMU POMU-OXOR CFF2 II CFF611 CFFO 12 CFS1 58 CFM1 11 7 EOCLAS$ Code 2 8 24 Number of plots 7

TREES 48(100) 21(100) 37(100) 26(100) ASAM Silver fir 22(100) AB1A2 Subalpine fir ACMA Biglest maple 12(100) Al-RU Red aider 1(14) CHNO Alaska yeliOwcedaf CONLJ PacIfic dogwood P1CC Lodgepole pine

PIMO Western white pine 1 (4) 4 (14) PISI Sitka ecvuce 17 (62) 8 (12) 18 (71) PEME Douglas-fir 5 (50) 4 (31) TABR Pacific yew 2 (14) 8(42) 49(100) 25(61) 8 (54) ThPI. Western redceder 34(57) 40(100) 51(100) 82(100) 75)100) TSHE Western hemlock 85(100) 8 (14) TSME Mountain hemlock SHRUBS and HERBS 6(25) 4(20) 2 (14) ACC Vine maple 15(16) 12(100) 1(14) 10(62) ACTR Vanilialeaf 1)12) 2(16) 4(14) APCAO Dweif mistletoe 3 (42) 1(66) 3 (57) 1(28) 1 (50) 1(37) ATF1 ladytem 3 (33) 3 (42) 12 (85) 4(62) SENE Oregongrape 2 (91) 1(28) 5(100) 3(100) 5(87) 81SF Deertern 1(12) 1(14) Little princes pine ClIME 2 (25) 1 (28) CHUM Princes pine 2 (4) 1 (14) CIA!. Enchanters nightshade 2 (50) 5(100) 1(100) 2 (82) 2 (20) Cl-UN Queens cup 3 (14) 4(42) 2(100) 4(31) 1(8) COCA Bunchberry 1(14) I (54) 2 (85) 3(100) 1 (25) COtA CuIleal goldthread 1 (4) 1(14) COME Western corelroot 1(25) 1(31) Hooker's fairybeli 1(42) 011-10 1(25) 1(29) 1(42) 01DM SmItha falrybeil 1(12) 1(33) 1(14) DPAU2 Woodfern I (50) ERMO Avalanche 1111'

The Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry Association is an nitrogen-fixer Lobaria oregana, important type on the Forest. Sphaerophorus gb- It occurs mainly on bosus, Hypogymniaspp. and Hypnum Circinalo. cool, moist sites, with moderatetimber productivity. It is found throughout theForest, mainly on Hood Canal and Soleduck Districts, and in the Humptulips Successional RelationshIps drainage of the Quinault District(Figure 59). It is very similar to the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Queen's The common successionalpathway is dominated Cup type. Soils are mostlydeep, and derived from by silver fir and western hemlock. colluvium, or glacial till mixed with Climax stages are colluvium. Snow dominated by both silver firand western hemlock. accumulates to moderate depths (5-10 feet) and Many older stands haverelict Douglas-fir trees usually melts off by early June. or Soils appear to be snags. These trees are older than600 years and moderately high in organic matter and nitrogen. The date to the end of the MedievalOptimum and the typical area of this type has burned rarely in the last beginning of the Little IceAge. Douglas-fir has 1000 years. Silver fir and sur- western hemlock are the vived in some plantations, butlittle natural regener- preferred timber species. ation occurs in this type.Ages of silver fir trees in older stands are up to 500years. This indicates that the area where thisassociation occurs has been Florlstic ComposItion silver fir climax formany centuries.

The dominant understoryspecies is Alaska huckleberry (VAAL)(Table 37),which is usually present in all ages of stands, althoughit may be inconspicu- Table 37. Common plants inthe ABAMNAAL ous or absent in densely stockedsecond growth. Association, based on stands>150 years (n=18). Alaska huckleberry usuallybecomes established quickly after clearcut or fire. Herbsand other shrubs are sparse, but may include redhuckleberry Abs. Rel. Common name Code (VAPA), five-leaved bramble(RUPE), queen'scup CoverCover Const Ranqe (CLUN) and deerfern (BLSP). Pioneer herbs may TREES include fireweed (EPAN) or pearly everlasting (AN- sliver fir ABAM 50.4 50.4 100 20-96 MA). The tree layermay be dominated by silver fir western hemlock or TSHE 49.4 49.4 100 6-99 Douglas4ir western hemlock; western redcedaror Douglas-fir PSME 9.4 24.3 38 0-90 western recicedar may also occur (Figure 60). Most THPL 3.1 8.0 38 0-20 areas of this type mountain hemlock have not been cut over. Therefore, TSME 1.1 6.7 16 0-15 much of the type Pacific yew TABR 0.8 4.7 16 0-9 is still in old-growth, and Alaska yellowcedar CHNO many stands are over 500 0.3 3.0 11 0-3 years old. Areas that have beencut support stands which are mostly less than 35years old. GROUND VEGETATION Alaska huckleberry VAAL 35.3 35.3 100 5-65 red huckleberry vAPA 2.6 3.6 72 0-20 Ground mosses are generally queens cup abundant in this type. CLUN 0.8 1.4 61 0-3 fools huckleberry Rhytidiopsis robusta is themost common and abun- MEFE 0.8 1.4 61 0-2 bunchberry COCA dant moss; P/a giotheciumundulatum, Rhytidiaclel- 0.5 1.0 50 0-1 phus loreus and Eurhyncii/umore ganum may also occur. Hypnum Circinale and Scapaniabolanderi are common on rotting wood.Epiphytes may be abundant in old-growth stands,particularly Alecto- na sarmentosa. Other common speciesinclude the

152 band-tailed pigeon,red-shaftedflicker,downy woodpecker, Swainson'S thrush, warblers, song sparrow, purple finch and pinesiskin.

EnvIronment and SoIls

This type occurs on gentle to steep, lower to upper slopes, ridgetops and benches. The slope ranged from 2% to 140% and averaged 50%. Regolith consists mostly ofcolluvialmaterial derived from metabasalt or sandstone, although glacial material is also possible.

Two pits dug in this type showed amoderate amount of soil development. Textures rangedfrom clay and sandy loam at the surface to clay loamand loamy sand in the subsoil. The 01 was thickerthan average at 3.9 cm and the 02varied greatly from 1 to 48 cm. The rooting depth averaged56 cm in the mineral soil, but also extended up into the entire02. Water holding capacity of the mineral soil isbelow average, but is considerably above averageif the holding capacity of the organic layer is included. Silver Fir! Figure 59. Map of plot locations for the The low water holding capacity of the mineralsoil is Alaska Huckleberry Association. due to a very high coarse fragment fraction(74%). Earthworms were found in one of these pits. One pit was classified as a haplorthod andthe other as a Other Blota dystrochrept. Deer, elk, mountain beaver and bearsigns were According to the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory frequently observed on this type, with recent activity (Snyder et al. 1969), these soils are generally shal- of deer recorded in early summer.Commonly low, well-drained, rapidly permeable, colluvialsoils. browsed species were Alaska huckleberry, red with huckleberry, fool's huckleberry and salmonberry. Some may be deep glacial or colluvial soils Other browse species include devil's club, vine compacted or cemented subsoils rendering them effectively shallow. Textures range from silt barns to maple, salal, sedge, baldhip rose, Douglas-fir,west- clay barns or occasionally sandy barns.Coarse ern redcedar and silver fir. Beardamage was noted fragments range from 10% to 70% near the surface on silver fir and Douglas-fir. Otherwildlife observations were recorded for Douglas squirrel,chipmunk, to 35% to 85% in the subsoil. snowshoe hare, porcupine and tree frog. The mean soil temperature was 10.7 degC (51.3 Silver Fir Birds frequently observed on this type were winter deg F), which is about average for the and the wren, red-breasted nuthatch, Americanrobin, var- Zone. The temperature regime is frigid ied thrush, dark-eyed junco, rufous hummingbird, moisture regime is udic. golden-crowned kinglet, brown creeper, western flycatcher and gray jay. Other birds include pileated One pit was analyzed for soil nutrients. It showed woodpecker,red-breastedsapsucker, western relatively high zinc, calcium and sodium compared wood pewee, Steller's jay, common raven, common to other types. The pH was 5.0, which is about aver- crow, chestnut-backed chickadee,blue grouse, age for the series, but low for the Forest.

153 Timber Productivity Salmonberry and/or Alaska huckleberrycan pose brush problems. Timber productivity of this type ismoderate (Site Ill). Site index of old-growth Douglas-firaveraged 134 (base 100) and 113 for western hemlock Root disease problems can includeannosus root (Table 38). disease and Armillaria root disease The productivity potential using thesite index-yield on silver fir and western hemlock. Armillaria may be damaging table approach was 136 cu ft/ac/yrfor Douglas-fir to and 127-182 cu ft/ac/yr for silverfir and western young-growth Douglas-fir planted on thistype, but hemlock. Empirical yield estimatedfor this associa- impact should be minimal after 30years. Laminated tion was 121 cu ft/ac/yr. Thestockability of these root rot may occur on silver fir and westernhemlock. sites is moderate. Heart and butt rots may includered ring rot on western hemlock, rusty red stringy roton silver fir and western hemlock. Annosusroot disease is Management ConsideratIons probably the most important heart andbutt rot of older stands on this type. Hemlockdwarf mistletoe Management considerations for thistype Include may be present in older western hemlockon this ensuring rapid initial stocking and brushControl. type, especially in Environmental Zones0-5. Maintenance of soil nutrients andorganic matter is less critical in this type than othertypes. Response Insect problems may include silverfir beetle on to fertilizer in this type is still unknown, although windthrown, suppressed or diseasedsilver fir, west- sampled areas showed high accumulatednitrogen ern bläckheaded budworm on western and organic matter and low hemlock pH. Experience has and silver fir buds, hemlock looperon western hem- shown that Douglas-fir survival is not good and that lock and balsam woolly aphidon silver fir, especially snow breakage is common on plantedDouglas-fir. at lower elevations.

Table 38. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/Alaska HuckleberryAssociation.

SrrE sirE TREE SPECIES GBA PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI8 SDI9 TREES 66A1° SIGBA11 EMAJ12 Douglas-fir (McArdle1) 3 13 134 20 136 232 121 Douglas-fir (McArdIe2) 3 3 116 31 Douglas-fir (Curtis3) 3 13 145 15 232 Douglas-fir (Xing4) 2 10 103 10 141 Western Hemlock (Barnes5) 7 7 113 45 166 474 161 Western Hemlock (Wiley6) 5 16 86 19 182 359 6 474 121 Silver Fir (Hoyer7) 8 31 127 14 127 316 14 528 206 121 Base age 100. Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only, ages 25 to 400years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). ReconnaIssance plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 100, Breast height age (Curtis et al. 1974), ages 25 to 400years. Base age 50. Breast height age (King 1966),ages 25 to 120 years. Base age 100. Total age (Barnes 1962), ReconnaIssance plots only, ages 25(0 400years. 6 Base age 50, Breast heightage ONiley 1978a,b), ages 25 to 120 years. 7 Base age 100, Breast height age (Hoyer and Herman, In press), ages 25 to 400years. Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site index curve for the species(see Figure 189 p. 496). 9 Stand Density Index (Reinecke1933). 10 Growth Basal Area (Hall1987) (see Table 174 p. 494). Index of potential volume growth in Cu ft/ac/yr. based on the equation SI*GBA*0.003 (Hall1987). 12 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot datafrom stands 20 to 300years old (see Figure 191 p. 498).

154 1982) Comparison with Similar Types Oregon (Dyrness etal. 1976, Hemstrom etal. and in Washington (Franklin 1966, Franklin et al. 1988, del Moral et al. 1976) it is recognized as a SimilartypesincludetheSilverFir/Alaska Huckleberry/Queen's Cup Association which is very broad type (roughly equivalent to Silver Fir/Alaska similar and may be only slightly warmer andmoister. Huckleberry, Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Queen's The Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-OregOngraPe Cup, Si'ver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-OregOngrape, type occurs on drier and warmer sites. TheSilver Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-Salal and Silver Fir! Fir/Alaska Hucklaberry/Foamf lower type occurs on AlaskaHuckleberry!Twint lowerasrecognized moister and more productive sites. TheSilver Fir/ here). The Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry Association Alaska Huckleberry Association is widely recog- as recognized here is much more restrictiveand is nized in Washington and Oregon and is represent- similar to the Silver Fir-Western Hemlock/Moss type British Columbia. This typeistreated (Henderson and Smith 1986) in OlympicNational ed in (Amabilis differently in different areas. n earlier reportsof this Park and the Zonal Hemlock fir)-Vaccinium-MOSS Ecosystem in British Columbia project it was much more broadly defined(Hender- son and Peter 1981 a,b,c,d, 1982a,b). Elsewhere in (Haeussler et at. 1982).

S 4 I.

- L I

Figure 60. Photo of the Silver Fir/AlaskaHuckleberry Association, Elk Creek, Hood Canal District.

155 SILVER FIR/ALASMHUCKLEBERRY/AVALANCHE LILY Abies amabijjs/Vaccjniuma/askaense/E,yfh,onjum montanum ABAMNAALJERMO CFS2 13

The Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Avalanche Lily Successional Relationships Association is an importanttype in the high precipitation areas on the Forest. Itoccurs primarily on The successional pathway isusually dominated by cool, moist sites, with moderatetimber productivity. silver fir and western hemlock. It is found mainly in the Climax stages are upper Wynoochee Valley dominated by both silver fir andwestern hemlock, (Figure 61). Soils are mostly deep,and derived from with significant amounts of Alaskayeiiowcedar in coliuvium or glacial till. Soilsappear to be moder- some stands. Young stands are mostly ately high in organic matter silver fir. In and nitrogen. older stands the age of silver firtrees is often in the range of 340 to 550 years, indicating thatthese sites have been silver fir climax fora very long time, in- Floristic Composition cluding most of the Little Ice Age.

The dominant understoryspecies (Table 39) is Alaska huckleberry (VAAL), whichis usually present Other Blots in all ages of stands, although itmay be inconspicuous or absent in densely stockedsecond growth. Elk signs were recorded, withevidence of recent Alaska huckleberry can becomeestablished quickly grazing activity in earlysummer. Alaska huckleber- after clearcut or light fire. Othershrubs may include ry, mountain hemlock andwestern hemlock had oval-leaf huckleberry (VAOV) andfool's huckleberry evidence of browse. Coyotescat, bear sign, small (MEFE). Avalanchelily (ERMO), five-leaved bramble mammal activity and tree frogwere observed. (RUPE), bunchberry (COCA),queen's cup (CLUN) and deerfern (BLSP) may alsooccur. The tree layer Bird observations are limitedto two plots for this may be dominated by silver fir, westernhemlock, or type; nesting gray jays, red-breastednuthatch, and Alaska yellowcedar, orany combination of these varied thrush were recorded. trees (Figure 62). Western redcedaror mountain hemlock can also occur. Douglas-firis virtually absent from this type. When treecover is light, a thick Table 39. Common plants inthe ABAM/VAAL/ERMQ understory may develop. Mostareas of this type Association, based on stands >150years (n = 15). have not been cut over. Therefore,much of the type is still In old-growthsuccessional condition, and many stands are over than 500years old. Abs. Rel. Common name CodeCoverCover Const Ranqe Ground mosses were generally abundant on this TREES type, although some plots had sparse coverage of silver fir ABAM 64.7 64.7 cryptogams. There is limited data 100 40-97 available on the western hemlock TSHE 25.3 27.1 93 0-75 occurrence of species, howeverRhytidiopsis to- AlaskayeHowcedar CHNO 5.5 11.9 48 0-40 busta was the most mountain hemlock TSME 2.5 6.2 40 0-10 common moss. Other species western redcedar THPL 1.4 7.0 20 0-15 include Plagiothecium undulatum,Dicranum sp., and Hypnum cfrcinale and Scapaniabolanderi on GROUND VEGETATION Alaska huckleberry rotting wood. Epiphytesmay be abundant, espe- VAAL 57.9 57.9 100 8-95 cially Alectoria avalanche lily ERMO 2.4 2.4 100 1-9 sarmentosa. Other common epi- queen's cup CLUN 2.1 2.3 93 0-8 phytes include Sphaerophorus deerfern globosus, Hypnum BLSP 1.5 1.8 86 0-4 circinale. Occasionally Lobariaoregana may occur. five-leaved bramble RUPE 6.1 7.7 80 0-40 rosy twisted-stalk STRO 1.1 1.5 73 0-3 fool's huckleberry MEFE 1.3 1.9 66 0-5

156 the 02. Coarse fragments were higher than average Environment and Soils at 46.4%. The water holding capacity is somewhat higher than This type occurs on flat to steep, straight to con- average due to the generally fine soil texture. The cave, mid- to upper slopes and ridgetops. Slopes classification of these pits were 3 cryorthods and 1 ranged from 0% to 95% and averaged 62%. The haplorthod. regolithwasmostlycolluviumderivedfrom metabasalt, sandstone or shale. According to the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder et al. 1969), this type occurs on shallow, Four pits were dug in this type showing moderate to rapidly permeable, well-drained colluvium. Textures strong soil development. An E horizon, which was range from loam to clay loam. Coarse fragments albic in some cases, had developed in each pit. ranged from 10% to 50% near the surface and 40% to 60% in the subsoils. The texture ranged from sandy loam to clay loam. The 01 was 0.4 cm thick, which is much thinner than The mean soil temperature was 9.2 deg C (48.6 deg average and the 02 was 5 cm, which is about aver- F), which makes this one of the cooler types in the age. The rooting zone averaged 50.9 cm, whichis Silver Fir Zone. The temperature regime is probably a little less than average and extended 4.5 cm into lower cryic and the moisture regime is udic.

Figure 61. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Avalanche LilyAssociation.

157 Timber Productivity known to occur on this type. Silver fir or western hemlock are the preferred species. Alaska huckle- Timber productivity of this type is apparently low berry can pose brush problems. (Site IV). Site index of measured stands averaged 108 (base 100) for silver fir. The productivity poten- Root disease problems can include annosus root tial using the site index-yield table approach was 98 disease and Armillaria root disease on silver fir and cu ft/ac/yr (Table 40). However, the yield table used western hemlock. Armillaria may be damaging to in this calculation tends to underestimate potential young-growth Douglas-fir planted on this type, but yield in these situations. Barnes' (1962) or Wiley's impact should be minimal after 30 years. Laminated (1 978b) yield table values would have been consid- root rot may occur on silver fir and western hemlock. erably higher, probably close to the empirical yield Heart and butt rots may include red ring rot on value for this association of 183 cu ft/ac/yr. The western hemlock, rusty red stringy rot on silver fir stockability of these sites is moderate, although and western hemlock. Annosus root disease is small openings associated with wet spots are com- probably the most important heart and butt rot of mon. older stands on this type. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe may be present in older western hemlock on this type, especially in Environmental Zones 0-5. Management ConsideratIons Insect problems may include silver fir beetle on Management considerations for this type include windthrown, suppressed or diseased silver fir, west- elk habitat, and ensuring rapid suitable regenera- ern blackheaded budworm on western hemlock tion. Response to fertilizer in this type is still un- and silver fir buds, hemlock looper on western hem- known. This type occurs in high, wet areas where lock and balsam woolly aphid on silver fir, especially elk summer range is important. Douglas-fir is not at lower elevations.

Table 40. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Avalanche LilyAssociation.

SIrE srr GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI2 S013 TREES GBA4 SIGBA5 EMAI8

Silver Fir (Hoyer1) 2 9 108 24 98 550 9 560 182 183

1 Base age 100, Breast height age (Hoyer and Herman, in press),ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site indexcurve for the species (see Figure 189 p. 496). 3 Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933). Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table 174 p. 494). 5 Index of potential volume growth Incu ft/ac/yr. based on the equation SIGBMO.003 (HaIl 1987). 6 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data fromstands 20 to 30 years old (see Figure 191 p. 498).

158 Rhododendron-Alaska Huckleberry type occurs on Comparison with Similar Types Sites in drier areas. The Mountain Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/Avalanche Lily type occurs at higher Similar types include Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry elevations with colder soils and more snow. The and Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Queen'S Cup Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Avalanche Lily Associ- types which occur on warmer and somewhat drier ation is not previously recognized, and may only or lowerelevationsites. The SilverFir,White occur in the western Olympics.

Figure 62. Photo of the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Avalanche Lily Association, Matheny Creek, Quinault District.

159 SILVER FIR/ALASKA HUCKLEBERRY/BEARGRASS Abies amabilis/Vaccinium alaskaense/Xerophyilum tenax ABAMNAAIJXETE CFS2 14

The Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Beargrass Asso- lock. Even though many of the stands of this associ- ciation is a major type of warm dry sites at moderate ation are very old (i.e. greater than 600 years),silver elevations in the Silver Fir Zone. It has moderately fir trees date mostly from near the end of the Little low timber productivity. It is common in the mesic ice Age. These trees are mostly less than 220years, climatic areas of the Olympics (Environmental with few as old as 260. Zones 6 to 9) (Figure 63), occurring primarily along upper slopes. Soils are mostly shallow and derived from colluvium. They are often well drained. Soils Other Blota appear to be moderately high in organic matter and nitrogen. The typical area of this type has burned Wildlife observations include evidence of browseon rarely in the last 500 years. Alaska huckleberry and beargrass, recent browse activity of Douglas squirrel in early September, and Florlstic Composition sign of recent snowshoe hare actMty in early June.

Dominant understory species are Alaska huckleber- Birdsbserved were woodpecker,grayjay, ry (VAAL) and beargrass (XETE) (Table 41), which chestnut-backedchickadee,red-breastednut- are usually present in all ages of stands, although hatch, brown creeper and golden-crowned kinglet. they may be inconspicuous or absent in densely stocked second growth. Beargrass, Alaska huckleberry and vine maple (ACCI) can resprout or be- Table 41. Common plants in the ABAMNAALJXETE come established quickly after clearcut or fire. Other Association, based on stands >150years (n=10). shrubs may include Oregongrape (BENE), fool's huckleberry (MEFE) and salal (GASH) in small amounts. Queen's cup (CLUN) and trailing bramble Abs. Rel. (RULA) often occur. The tree layer is usually domi- Common nameCode CoverCover Const Ranqe nated by silver fir and western hemlock, with minor TREES amounts of Douglas-fir, western redcedar, or Alaska western hemlock TSHE 46.3 46.3 100 30-67 yellowcedar (Figure 64). Stands in this type may be silver fir ABAM 38,6 38.8 100 7-71 slow to regenerate. Most areas of this type have not Douglas-fir PSME 14.5 16.1 90 0-50 western redcedar been cut over. Therefore, much of the type is still in THPL 4.4 8.8 50 0-30 Alaska yellowcedar CHNO 4.7 15.7 30 0-29 old-growth, and many stands are over 500years mountain hemlock TSME 0.8 2.7 30 0-4 old. Pacific yew TABR 0.2 2.0 10 0-2

Ground moss cover is abundant on this type. Rhy- GROUND VEGETA11ON Alaska huckleberryVAAL 41.4 41.4 100 10-90 tidiopsis robusta is the most common and abundant beargrass XETE 19.6 19.6 100 4-30 moss, Dicranum sp. is also common. Common epi- fool's huckleberry MEFE 1.2 1.5 80 0-4 phytes include Alectoria sarmentosa whichwas twinflower LIBO2 1.1 1.6 70 0-3 bunchberry COCA most abundant, Hypogymnia entoromorpha, 0.7 1.2 60 0-2 trailing bramble RULA 0.8 1.1 70 0-2 Platismatia glauca and Parmeliopsis hyperopta. queen's cup CLUN 1.8 3.0 60 0-8 red huckleberry VAPA 1.4 2.8 50 0-10 Oregongrape BENE 1.2 2.0 60 0-5 big huckleberry Successlonelelatlonshlps VAME 1.2 2.0 60 0-3 western coralroot COME 0.5 1.0 50 0-1 The common successional pathway is dominated by Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Climax stages are dominated by both silver fir and western hem-

160 Environment and Soils According to the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder et al. 1969), these soils are shallow, well- This type occurs on gentle to steep, straight to con- drained, rapidly permeable, coiluvial soils. The tex- cave, mid- to upper slopes. Slopes rangedfrom ture varies from sandy loam to clay loam.The the 17% to 79% and averaged 51%. The regolith iscol- coarse fragments range from 10% to 50% near luvium derived from metabasalt or rarely sedimenta- surface and 40% to 75% in the subsoil. ry rock. The mean soil temperature was 7.8 deg C (46 deg Although no pits were dug in this type, it is expected F), which makes this one of the coldest of the Silver that it occurs on a well-drained soil with a high Fir Zone types. The temperature regime is lower coarse fragment fraction on the basis ofpits dug in cryic or upper frigid and the moisture regime is similar types. probably udic.

Figure 63. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/AlaskaHuckleberry/BeargraSs Association.

161 Timber Productivity lock or Douglas-fir are the preferred species. Bear- grassand/orAlaskahuckleberrycan pose Timber productivity of this type is moderateto low competition problems. (Site IV). This is due to the dryness of the site, well- drained soils, and relatively short growingseason. Root disease problems can includeannosus root Site index averaged 114 (base 100) (Table42). The disease and Armillaria root diseaseon silver fir and productivity potential using the site index-yield table western hemlock. Armillaria may be damagingto approach was 105 Cu ft/ac/yr. The empirical yield young-growth Douglas-fir planted on this type, but estimate was 87 Cu ft/ac/yr. The stockabilityof these impact should be minimal after 30 years. Laminated sites is moderate to low. root rot may occur on silver fir and western hemlock. Heart and butt rots may include red ringrot on western hemlock, rusty red stringy roton silver fir Management Consideratlone and western hemlock. Annosus root diseaseproba- bly is the most important heart and buttrot of older Management considerations for this type include stands on this type. Hemlock dwarf-mistletoemay soil maintenance and stability, and ensuringsuit- be present in older western hemlockon this type, able regeneration. Maintenance of soil nutrientsand especially in Environmental Zones 0-5. organic matter is more critical in this type than other Alaska Huckleberry types. Response to fertilizerin Insect problems may include silver fir beetleon this type is still unknown. This typeoccurs in high windthrown, suppressed or diseased silver fir, west- areas, and along upper slopes and ridgetops. In ern blackheaded budworm on western hemlock contrast to many silver fir associations Douglas-fir and silver fir buds, hemlock looperon western hem- can be cultivated here, therefore it can be consid- lock and balsam woolly aphid on silver fir, especially ered a management option. Silver fir,western hem- at lower elevations.

Table 42. Timber productivity values for the SilverFir/Alaska Huckleberry/Beargrass Association.

srr SITE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI4 SQl5 TREES GBA8 SIGBA7 EMAI8

Douglas-fir (McArdle1) 1 5 114 8 105 792 5 442 151 87 Douglas.fir (McArdIe2) 3 3 100 6 Douglas-fir (Curtis 1 5 94 7 792 5 442 151

Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930) Intensiveplots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to400 years. Base age 100, Breast height age (Curtis et aI. 1974),ages 25 to 400 years. 4 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the Site index curve for the species (see Figure 189p. 496). 5 Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933). 6 Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987)(see Table 174 p. 494). ' Index of potential volume growth incu ft/ac/yr. based on the equation SI*GBA*0.0o3 (Hall 1987). 8 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300years old (see Figure 191 p. 498).

162 Comparison with Similar Types drier areas north of the Hamma Hamma River. The Silver Fir/Alaska Huckieberry/BeargrasS Associa- Similar types include the dry Alaska Huckleberry tion is not previously recognized. It was included in types. The Silver Fir/Alaska HuckleberrylTwiflflOWer, the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry Association (Hen- and Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-OregOngraPe derson and Peter 1981a,c,d) in the Olympics and types occur on warmer, moister, and lower elevation Cascades. in the southern Washington Cascades sites. The Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry! and in Oregon itis most similar to the Silver Fir! Beargrass type occurs at lower elevations with less Alaska Huckleberry/Bunchberry Dogwood Associa- snow. The Silver Fir/Rhododendron type occursin tion (Brockway etal. 1983, Hemstrom et al. 1982).

Figure 64. Photo of the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Beargrass Association, Mt.Tebo, Hood Canal District.

163 SILVER FIR/ALASKA HUCKLEBERRY/FOAMFLOWER Abies amabilis/Vaccinium alaskaense/Tiarella unifoliata ABAMNAAL[rIUN CFS2 15

The Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/FoamtlowerAsso- Successional RelatIonships ciation is a common type of moist sites at middle elevations, and moderate timber productivity. It is Climax stages are dominated by silver fir and west- found mostly in the mesic climatic areas of the ern hemlock, usually with small amounts of western Olympics (Figure 65). Soils are mostly deep, moder- redcedar. The occasional Douglas-fir is usually very ately fine textured, and derived from colluvium or old, dating from the Medieval Optimum. Measured glacial till. They are sometimes subirrigated and silver fir trees were up to 540 years old, withmany may occur along toe-slopes, or in areas of high stems in the 150-250 year age class. precipitation. Moderate snowpacks accumulate in this type during the winter. Little of this type has Other Blota burned in the last 500 years, and most old-growth of this type is very old. Wildlife observations include elk and mountain beaver activity, with sign of recent elk activity observed in late August. Douglas squirrel sign was Florlstic Composition recorded on one plot.

Dominant understory species are Alaska huckleber- Bird observations are limited to one plot in this type ry (VAAL) and foamfiower (TIUN and TITR) (Table where dark-eyed junco was recorded. 43), which are usually present in all ages of stands, although they may be inconspicuous or absent in densely stocked second growth. Alaska huckleber- Table 43. Common plants in the ABAM/VAALJTIUN ry and salmonberry (RUSP) often resprout rapidly Association, based on stands >150 years (n=19). after clearcut or fire, and sword fern (POMU) is usually present in small amounts. Other shrubs may Abs. Rel. include oval-leaf huckleberry (VAOV) and red huck- Common nameCode CoverCover Const Ranqe leberry (VAPA). Deerfern (BLSP), queen's cup (CLUN), five-leaved bramble (RUPE), and rosy TREES twisted-stalk (STRO) may also occur. Early seral silver fir ABAM 52.6 52.6 100 15-80 western hemlock TSHE 50.7 53.5 94 0-90 species can include salmonberry (RUSP) and thim- western redcedar THPL 1.9 7.2 26 0-15 bleberry (RUPA). The tree layer may be dominated Douglas-fir PSME 1.8 8.8 21 0-20 by silver fir or western hemlock (Figure 66). Alaska yellowcedar CHNO 0.6 4.0 15 0-5 GROUND VEGETA11ON Ground mosses are abundant in this type. Rhytid. Alaska huckleberry VAAL 39.4 39.4 100 2-90 iopsis robusta is the most common and abundant vanillaleaf ACTR 1.8 2.1 84 0-10 five-leaved bramble RUPE 4.7 6.4 73 0-15 moss. Other common species include Plagiotheci- three-leaved urn undulatum, Hypnum circinale and Scapania foamflower TITR 4.0 5.4 73 0-30 bolanderi on rotting wood. Occasionally Lobaria single-leaved foamf lower linita occurs on rocks or lower boles of silver fir. TIUN 1.4 3.0 47 0-10 rosy twisted-stalk STRO 2.7 3.7 73 0-20 Epiphytic mosses and lichens are conspicuous and ladyfern ATF1 1.6 2.2 73 0-10 abundant, particularly Alectoria sarmentosa. Other salmonberry RUSP 2.5 3.7 68 0-20 deerfern BLSP 2.6 63 0-15 common speciesincludeHypnum 4.2 circinale, queen's cup CLUN 2.3 3.6 63 0-8 Sphaerophorus globosus, Piatismatia glauca, Hyp- red huckleberry VAPA 1.6 2.6 63 0-5 ogymnia spp., crustose lichens, and occasionally swordfern POMU 1.5 2.5 57 0-7 oakfern GYDR Lobaria oregana. 1.9 3.6 52 0-15 bunchberry COCA 1.1 2.1 52 0-4 devil's club OPHO 0.7 1.3 52 0-2 trillium TROV 0.5 1.0 52 0-1 164 extend up 5 cm into the 02. The water holding EnvIronment and Soils capacity is above average due to the fine texture. Moisture on this site is further enhanced by the This type occurs on gentle to steep, straight mid- moist climate and topographic position. slopes and toe-slopes. The slope varied from 3% to 85% and averaged 37%. The regolith is mostly collu- Plots in this type occurred mostly on shallow, well- vium derived from metabasalt or sandstone, but the drained, rapidly permeable, colluvial soils accord- type occasionally occurs on glacial or alluvial mate- ing to the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder rials. etal. 1969). Textures of these soils range from loam to silt loam or occasionally sandy loam. The coarse Three soil pits dug in this type show weak to moder- fragments range from 15% to 65% near the surface ate soil development. Textures ranged from loam to to 35% to 85% in the subsoils. sandy clay loam and the coarse fragment fraction was near average at 43%. The 01 layer wasthin at 1.3 cm and the 02 was quite thick at 11.3 cm. The mean soil temperature was 10.6 deg C (51.5 Bedrock was never encountered in the pits, but in deg F), which is near average for the Silver Fir Zone. one case a hardpan occurred at 38 cm.The rooting The temperature regime is frigid and the moisture depth is less than average at 49.3 cm, but roots also regime is udic.

Figure 65. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/FoamflowerAssociation.

165 Timber Productivity els could be maintained. Accumulated soilorganic matter and nitrogen should be preserved byreduc- Timber productivity of this type is moderate (Site Hi), ing burning sites in this type. However,in some aithough various indicators do not agree (Table44). stands there may be excess litter and burning Site index for Douglas-fir in measured might stands over be desirable to reduce the amount of litter.Advance 400 years oid averaged 140 (base 100). Site index regeneration, when present after cutting, shouldbe was 133 for western hemlock and 101 for silver fir. preserved if possible. Response to fertilizerin this The productivity potential using the site index-yieid type is still unknown. Wildlife valuesare low. table approach was 89 cu ft/ac/yr for silverfir and 202 Cu ft/ac/yr for western hemlock. The western Root disease problems can includeannosus root hemlock estimate, sinceitis for iow elevation disease on western hemlock and silver fir,Armillaria coastal stands, is expected to be about 30% too root disease on suppressed or stressedtrees of all high. The silver fir estimate is basedon Douglas-fir species, and possibly laminated root rot yield tables and is expected to be about on western 20% too hemlock and silver fir. The most seriousdisease low. The best (con census) estimate for yieldof silver may be annosus root disease in thinned plantations fir and western hemlock is 121 to 124 cu ft/ac/yr. and old-growth stands. Heart and buttrots may The stockability of these sites appears to be moder- include red ring rot on western hemlock,rusty red ate. Western hemlock and silver fir are the preferred stringy rot and annosus root diseaseon western species on this type. hemlock and silver fir. Hemlock dwarf mistletoeusu- ally may occur in old-growth western hemlock stands. Management Considerations insect problems may include hemlocklooper on Management considerations for this type include western hemlock, western blackheaded budworm ensuring rapid initial stocking. It is also importantto on western hemlock and silver fir, balsam maintain soil nutrients and organic woolly matter. The aphid on silver fir and silver fir beetleon windthrown, available data indicate that moderate stocking1ev- diseased or stressed silver fir.

Table 44. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/FoamflowerAssociation.

SIrE SITE GSA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI3 SDI4 TREES GSA SIGBA EMAI5

Western Hemlock (Barnest) 3 3 133 20 205 121 Silver Fir (Hoyer2) 2 6 101 2 89 342 121

1 Base age 100, Total age (Barnes 1962). Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400years. 2 Base age 100, Breast heightage (Hoyer and Herman, In press), ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site index curve for the species (see Figure169 p. 496). Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933). Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure 191p. 498).

166 Fir/Alaska Huckleberry Association(Henderson Comparison with Similar Types and Peter 1981 a,b,c,d, I 982a,b). It is mostsimilar to Similar types include Silver Fir/AlaskaHuckleberry! what is called Silver Fir/FoamilOwerin Mt. Rainier Oxalis which occurs in wetter areas,and Silver Fir! National Park (Franklin et al. 1968), on theGifford Alaska Huckleberry/Queen'S Cup whichoccurs on PinchOt National Forest (Franklin 1966,Brockway et drier sites and in slightly drier areas.The Silver Fir! al. 1983), and on the Mt. Hood andWillamette Na- Association is not Alaska Huckleberry/FOamfiOWer tional Forest (Hemstrom et al. 1982).Their Silver previously recognized. In earlierclassifications Ofl Sil- National Fir/Foamf lower type is drier, however, than our the Olympic and Mt. BakerSnOqualmie lower Association. Forest it was included in the broadlydefined Silver ver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/FOamf

(

4 '4

:r. I I

Association, Three Peaks, Figure 66, Photo of the SilverFir/Alaska Huckleberry/Foamf lower Hood Canal District. 167 SILVER FIR/ALASKA HUCKLEBERRY-OREGONGRAPE Abies amabi/js/Vaccjnjum alaskaense-Berbei-jsnervosa ABAMNIAAL-BENE CFS2 16

The Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-Oregongrape As- Successional Relationships sociation occurs mainly on warm, moderately dry sites with moderately low timber productivity. Eleva- tion is low compared to other Silver Fir/Alaska Huck- Successional pathways are dominated by Douglas- leberry types. It is found mainly on the Hood Canal fir and western hemlock, or silver fir and western and Soleduck Districts (Figure 67). Soils are mostly hemlock. Climax stages are dominated by both sil- shallow, and derived from colluvium or glacial till. ver fir and western hemlock. They are often well drained. The typical area of this type has burned rarely in the last 500 years. Other Blota Fioristic Composition No wildlife or bird observations are recorded for this The dominant understory species (Table 45) are type. Alaska huckleberry (VAAL), Oregongrape (BENE) and red huckleberry (VAPA), which are usually present in all ages of stands, although they may be inconspicuous or absent in densely stocked sec- Table 45. Common plants in the ABAMNAAL-BENE ond growth. Alaska huckleberry often becomes es- Association, based on stands >150 years (n=8). tablished quickly after clearcut or fire. Other shrubs may include salal (GASH). Vanillaleaf (ACTR) and swordfern (POMU) may also occur. Pioneer com- Abs. Rel. munities may include vine maple (ACCI), fireweed Common nameCode Cover Cover Const Ranqe (EPAN) or pearly everlasting (ANMA). The tree layer TREES is dominated by western hemlock and silver fir, with western hemlock TSHE 56.0 56.0 100 27-75 smaller amounts of Douglas-fir and western red- silverfir ABAM 39.5 39.5 100 10-81 cedar (Figure 68). Douglas-fir PSME 8.9 11.8 75 0-25

Ground mosses are generally sparse on this type, GROUND VEGETA11ON vine maple ACCI 22.9 22.9 100 5-60 however, they can range from 1% to 80% cover. The Oregongrape BENE 15.1 15.1 100 3-40 average cover for our plots was 20%. There are no red huckleberry VAPA 11.9 11.9 100 1-20 data available on indMdual species, or epiphytic Alaska huckleberry VAAL 11.0 11.0 100 4-35 mosses and lichens. vanillaleaf ACTR 3.3 4.3 75 0-15 swordfern POMU 2.6 3.5 75 0-7 trillium TROV 0.8 1.0 75 0-1 salal GASH 1.5 2.4 62 0-4 cutleaf goldth read COLA 0.9 1.4 62 0-3 queen's cup CLUN 0.8 1.2 62 0-2 deerfern BLSP 0.8 1.5 50 0-3 little prince's pine CHME 0.5 1.0 50 0-1

168 due in part to the Environment and Soils average for the Silver Fir Zone thick 02 layer. Both pits were classified as dys- This type occurs on moderate to steep,straight to trochreptS. concave, mid to lower slopes. Theslope ranged from 42% to 92% and averaged 62%. Theregolith According tO the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory well- was colluvium of metabasaltic orsedimentary ori- (Snyder ot al. 1969), these soils are shallow, drained, rapidly permeable colluvial soils rangingin gin. texture from loam to silt loam. Coarsefragments Two soil pits dug in this type show moderatesoil ranged from 20% to 50% near the surface to 35% to development. Textures ranged from sandy loam to 50% in the subsoils. clay loam. The 01 was very thin at 0.9 cm andthe (50.0 02 thick at 7 cm. The rooting depth was 76 cm,but The mean soil temperature was 10.0 deg C Silver Fir extended 7 cm into the 02. Coarse fragments aver- deg F), which is about average for the and the aged 62%, which is considerably higher than aver- Zone. The temperature regime is frigid age. The water holding capacity of thesoil is about moisture regime is udic.

Figure 67. Map of plot locations for the SilverFir/Alaska Huckleberry-OregOflgraPe Association.

169 Timber Productivity be present in older western hemlockon this type, especially in Environmental Zones 0-5. Timber productivity of this type is moderate(Site IV), although good timber productivity indicators are Insect problems may include silver firbeetle on lacking. Site index of old-growth Douglas-fir aver- windthrown, suppressed or diseased silver fir,west- aged 126 (base 100), and l30forwestern hemlock. ern blackheaded budworm on western hemlock The productivity potential using the empirical ap- and silver fir buds, hemlock looper onwestern hem- proach was 121 cu ft/ac/yr. The stockability of these lock and balsam woolly aphid on silver fir,especially sites is moderate. at lower elevations.

Management Considerations Comparison with Similar Types Management considerations for this type include Similar types include the dry SilverFir/Alaska ensuring rapid initial stocking and maintenance of Huckleberry/Twinf lower type, which occurson simi- soil nutrients and organic matter. Thistype occurs lar habitats. Also, the Western Hemlock/Alaska in upper slope areas at the lower elevational range Huckleberry-Oregongrape type occurs onwarmer for silver fir. Douglas-fir can be cultivatedon this and somewhat lower elevation sites. The Silver type but not with great success. Silver fir Fir! or western Alaska Huckleberry/Queen's Cuptype occurs on hemlock are the preferred species. Alaska huckle- moister sites and generally higher elevations.The berry can pose brush problems. Wildlife valuesare Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-Oregongrape relatively low. Associ- ation appears to be restricted to theOlympics and Cascades in Washington State. Itwas previously Root disease problems can includeannosus root recognized as the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry disease and Armillaria root disease on silver fir and habitat type Oregongrape phase in Mt. RainierNa- western hemlock. Armillaria may be damaging to tional Park (Franklin at al. 1988). Itmay be repre- young-growth Douglas-fir planted on this type,but sentedintheSilverFir/Alaska impact should be minimal after 30 Huckleberry! years. Laminated Bunchberry Dogwood Associationon the Gifford root rot may occur on silver fir and western hemlock. Pinchot National Forest (Brockway et al. 1983). Heart and butt rots may include red ring On rot on the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie and OlympicNational western hemlock, rusty red stringy rot on silver fir Forestsit was previously included in themore and western hemlock. Annosus root diseaseproba- broadly defined Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry bly is the most important heart and butt type rot of older (Henderson andPeter1981 a,b,c,d, 1 982a,b, stands on this type. Hemlock dwarf mistletoemay 1983a,b, 1984, 1985).

170 I / 4

( I

4 2

' "4

.4. (

' %' 8 ,.' .4' 4. ' 1.

Figure 68. Photo of the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-OregongrapeAssociation, Le Bar Pass, Hood Canal District.

171 SILVER FlR/ALASK HUCKLEBERRY/OXALIS Abies amabilis/Vaccin/um alaskaense/Oxa//sore gana ABAMNAAL/OXOR CFS2 17

The Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Oxalis Associa- Successional Relationships tion is a major type of moist sitesat low elevations, and moderately high timber productivity. It is com- Climax stages are dominated by mon in the wetter climatic areas of the Olympics, silver fir and western hemlock. Douglas-fir is rare, dating particularly on the Quinault and Soleduck from when Districts the climate was warmer and/or drier. (Figure 69). This type occurs along Silver fir ages toe-slopes, or in were up to 360 years, but in many areas of high precipitation, high humidity, cases were ap- or fog. parently among the oldest trees inthe stand. Soils are mostly deep and moderatelyfine textured, and derived from coliuvium,outwash or glacial till. Soils appear to be moderately high in organic Other Blota matter arid nitrogen. Only moderatesnowpacks accumulate in this type during the winter.The typical Wildlife observations were frequentfor elk on this area of this type has burned very seldomin the last type, with evidence of browseon red huckleberry, 500 years, and most old-growth ofthis type is very old. Some younger stands have Alaska huckleberry, salmonberryand swordfern. originated from Mountain beaver activity and browse windstorms or small fires. on saplings was observed. Douglas squirrelwas recorded.

Fioristic Composition Bird observations were limitedto two plots for this type where varied thrush, Swainson'sthrush, winter wren and red-shafted flicker were recorded. Dominant understory species (Table46) are Alaska huckleberry (VAAL) and oxalis (OXOR),which are usually present in all ages of stands,although they may be inconspicuous or absent inyoung stands or Table 46. Common plants inthe ABAMIVAAL/OXOR in densely stocked second growth.Alaska huckle- Association, based on stands >150years (n=29). berry and salmonberry (RUSP)often resprout rapidly after clearcut or fire, and swordfernis usually present in small amounts. Other speciesmay in- Abs. Rel. clude red huckleberry (VAPA) anddeerfern (BLSP). Common name Code Cover Cover Const Ranqe Five-leaved bramble (RUPE), falselily-of-the-valley (MADI2), and cutleaf goldthread (COLA) TREES may also western hemlock TSHE 72.3 72.3 100 18-99 occur. Early seral species can includesalmonberry, silver fir ABAM 46.5 46.5 100 18-88 cat's ear (HYRA), fireweed (EPAN) western redcedar and pearly ever- THPL 1.4 5.7 24 0-10 Douglas-fir lasting (ANMA). The tree layer isusually dominated PSME 0.1 1.0 6 0-1 by silver fir and western hemlock (Figure 70), al- GROUND VEGETATiON though Douglas-fir (mostly inplantations) or west- oxalis OXOR 25.7 25.7 100 1-90 ern redcedar may occur. Alaska huckleberry VAAL 23.0 23.0 100 2-75 deertern BLSP 2.7 2.7 100 1-7 Ground mosses are abundant three-leaved on this type, al- foamf lower TITR 1.8 2.3 79 0-10 though species diversityappears to be low on the false lily-of-the plots sampled. The common valley species are Rhytidi- MADI2 2.6 3.5 75 0-15 red huckleberry adeiphus loreus, Eurhynchiumore ganum and Hy!o- VAPA 6.1 8.5 72 0-50 salmonberry corn/urn splendons. Lobaria I/n/tamay occasionally RUSP 4.5 6.2 72 0-40 five-leaved bramble RUPE 4.6 6.7 68 0-80 occur on the base or boles of silver fir,or on rocks. swordfern POMU 1.8 2.6 68 0-6 The common epiphyte is Isothecium ladyfern stoloniferurn, AWl 1.1 17 65 0-10 rosy twisted-stalk which is often abundant. Lobariaoregana may oc- STRO 0.9 1.4 62 0-3 queen's cup cur, as well as Sphaerophorus globosus. CLUN 0.8 1.4 58 0-3

172 Environment and Soils According tO the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder et al. 1969), most of these are shallow, This type occurs on fiat to steep, straight to con- well-drained,rapidly permeable,coiluvialsoils. cave, lower tO upper slopes and toe-slopes.The There are also a number of deep glacial soils with slope varies from 0% to 95% and averages 38%. The compacted subsoits which may or may not be well regolith is usually colluvium derived from meta- drained. Textures vary from silty clay barns and basalt or sandstone, but may also be of alpine barns to clay barns and occasionally sandy barns. glacial origin. The coarse fragment fraction ranged from 5% to 50% near the surface to 20% to 85% in the subsoils. Two soil pits dug in this type show weak to moderate soil development. Texture varied from sandy loam to clay and coarse fragments averaged 24%, The mean soil temperature was 10.7 deg C (51.2 which is less than average. The 01 layer was very deg F) which is average for the Silver Fir Zone. The thin at 0.5 cm and there was no 02 layer even in the temperature regime isfrigid and the moisture oldest stand measured which was 130 years old. regime is udic.

The rooting depth was 40 cm which is less than One pit was analyzed for nutrients. It showed low higher than average. The water holding capacity is phosphorus, magnesium, zinc and manganese, average due to fine texture and low coarsefragments, but because of the shallow rooting depth, compared to other types. The pH was 5.4 which is less than average is available to the plants. about average for the Silver Fir Zone.

Figure 69. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/AlaskaHuckleberry/Oxalis Association.

173 Timber Productivity may be limiting growth or affecting tree development on these sites. We recommend that fertilizer Timber productivity of this type is moderately high applications on this type include calcium andphos- (Site II). This is due to the moistness of thesite, phorus. Wildlife values can be moderatelyhigh es- favorable soils, and relatively long growingseason. pecially for elk. Site index for western hemlock averaged 133 (base 100). The productivity potential using the site index- Root disease problems can include yield table approach averaged 170cu ft/ac/yr (Ta- annosus root disease on western hemlock and silver fir, Armillaria ble 47). The empirical yield estimate for this typeis root disease on suppressed or stressed trees of all 183 Cu ft/ac/yr. The stockability of these sitesis high. Western hemlock and silver firare the pre- species, and possibly laminated root roton western ferred species on much of this type. hemlock and silver fir. The most serious disease may be annosus root disease in thinned plantations and old-growth stands. Heart and buttrots may Management Considerations include red ring rot on western hemlock,rusty red stringy rot on silver fir and annosus root diseaseon Management considerations for this type include western hemlock and silverfir.Hemlock dwarf ensuring rapid initial stocking due to potential brush mistletoe is usually common in old-growth western problems. Accumulated soil organic matter and ni- hemlock stands. trogen should be preserved by reducing burning sites in this type. However, in some stands there Insect problems may include hemlock looperon may be excess litter and burning might be desirable western hemlock, western biackheaded budworm to reduce the amount of litter. Response to fertilizer on western hemlock and silver fir, balsam woolly in this type is still unknown. Many oxalis typesshow aphid on silver fir and silver fir beetleon windthrown, very low amounts of calcium and phosphorus. This diseased or stressed silver fir.

Table 47. Timber productivity values for theSilver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Oxalis Association.

SrrE SITE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI4 SDI5 TREES GBA6SIGBA7 EMAI 8

Western Hemlock (Barnes1) 10 10 133 17 205 627 250 Western Hemlock (Wiley2) 1 3 99 201 400 4 627 Silver Fir (Hoyer3) 5 20 136 40 135 442 12 672 267 183

Base age 100, Total age (Barnes 1962), Reconnaissance plots only,ages 2510 400 years. 2 Base age 50, Breast heightage (Wiley 1978a,b) ages 25 to 120 years. Base age 100. Breast height age (Hoyer and Herman, in press),ages 25 to 400 years. Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site indexcurve for the species (see Figure 189 P. 496). Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933) 6 Growth Basal Area (HaIl 1987) (seeTable 174 p. 494). 7 Index of potential volume growth incu ft/ac/yr. based on the equation SI*GBA*o.003 (Hall 1987). 8 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 2Oto300years old (see Figure 191 p. 498).

174 Comparison with Similar Types cluded with the Sliver Fir/Oxalis Association on the Quinault District (Henderson and Peter 1981b), and Similar types include Silver Fir/Aiaska Huckleberry! with the Sliver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry Association Foamfiower on wetter and higher elevation Sites, on the Soleduck District (Henderson and Peter and Sliver Fir/Devil's Ciub on much wetter sites but 1982a). It is closely related to the Silver Fir/Oxalis usually in drier environmental zones. The Silver Fin Alaska Huckleberry/Oxalis Association is not previ- Association on the Mt. Hood National Forest (Hem- ously recognized. In earlier classifications it was in- strom etal. 1982).

r! Zr

Figure 70. Photo of the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Oxalis Association,Salmon River, Quinault District.

175 SILVER FIR/ALASKA HUCKLEBERRY/QUEEN'SCUP Abies amabilis/Vaccjnjum a/askaense/C/in ton/aun/flora ABAM/VAAL/CLUN CFS2 18

The Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Queen's CupAs- dominated by both silver fir and western hemlock. sociation is an important type on the Forest. Itoc- An occasional old Douglas-fir can be found. These curs primarily on cool, moist sites, with moderate trees date to the end of the Medieval Optimum and timber productivity.Itis found mainly on Hood are presumed to be relicts of a warmer and drier Canal, Quinault and Soleduck Districts (Figure71), climate. Silver fir trees in stands of this association mostly on north or east aspects and at middle eleva- can be very old. Many trees were aged between 260 tions within the Silver Fir Zone. Soils tend tobe and 650 years. This indicates that at least most moderately deep and are derived from colluvium,or areas of this association have been silver fir climax glacial till mixed with colluvium. Snow accumulates through the Little Ice Age. to moderate depths (5-10 feet) and persists until May. Soils appear to be moderately high inorganic matter and nitrogen. The typical area of this type Other Blota has burned rarely in the last 1000 years. Deer, elk and mountain beaver sign were frequently recorded for this type. Browsed species include red Floristic ComposItIon huckleberry,Alaskahuckleberry,salmonberry, western hemlock, western redcedar and silver fir. The dominant understory species (Table 48) is Porcupine damage to Douglas-fir was recordedon Alaska huckleberry (VAAL), which is usuallypresent two plots. Douglas squirrel was also observed. in all ages of stands, although it may be inconspicuous or absent in densely stocked second growth. Birds frequently recorded were winterwren, western Other shrubs may include red huckleberry (VAPA) flycatcher,red-breastednuthatch andvaried and vine maple (ACCI). Queen's cup (CLUN), deer- thrush. Other birds include red-shafted flicker,gray fern (BLSP), bunchberry (COCA), five-leaved bram- jay, common raven, chestnut-backed chickadee, ble (RUPE) and rosy twisted-stalk (STRO)are usual- golden-crowned kinglet, Swainson's thrush, Ameri- ly present. Early seral species may include fireweed can robin, pine siskin, red-tailed hawk, olive-sided (EPAN), false lily-of-the-valley (MADI2), salmonberry flycatcher, Ste Iler's jay, brown creeper, band-tailed (RUSP), and deerfem (BLSP). The tree layer is dom- pigeon, rufous hummingbird and purple finch. inated by silver fir and western hemlock (Figure 72). Western redcedar, Douglas-fir, Pacific yewor moun- Table 48. Common plants in the ABAMNAALJCLUN tain hemlock may be present in old-growth stands Association, based on stands >150 years (n=31). in small amounts.

Ground moss cover may be moderate to abundant Abs. Ret. on this type. The common species include Rhytid- Common name Code Cover Cover Const Ranqe iopsis robusta, Plagiothecium undulatum, Hypnum circinale on rotting wood, Hylocomium splendens TREES and Dicranum sp. Data are limited for epiphytes, silver fir ABAM 56.8 56.8 100 10-99 however Platismatia glauca and Alectoria western hemlock TSHE 56.8 56.8 100 3-99 sarmen- western redcedar THPL 1.5 4.0 38 0-8 rosa appear to be common species, and Lobaria Douglas-fir PSME 1.7 9.0 19 0-25 oregana and Sphaerophorus globosus may also oc- mountain hemlock TSME 0.9 7.0 12 0-10 cur. Pacific yew TABR 0.7 7.0 9 0-12 Alaska yellowceclar CHNO 1.6 25.5 6 0-50

GROUND VEGETA11ON SuccessIonal RelatIonships Alaska huckleberry VAAL 39.7 41.0 96 0-95 queen's cup CLUN 3.4 3.9 87 0-20 The common Successional pathway is dominated deerfern BLSP 2.5 3,2 77 0-15 five-leaved bramble RUPE 2.4 3.3 74 0-10 by silver fir and western hemlock. Climaxstages are red huckleberry VAPA 4.7 6.6 70 0-50 rosy twisted-stalk STRO 0.5 1.0 51 0-1 176 bunchberry COCA 1.3 3.3 38 1-10 were classified as haplohumods, one as ahap- Environment and Soils lorthod and one as a dystrochrept.

This type occurs on flat to steep, straight to convex, Plots in this type occurred on soils which were de- mid- to upper slopes. The slope varied from 0% to scribed as shallow, well-drained and rapidly perme- 100% and averaged 55%. The regolith is most com- able colluvial soils or deep glacial soils according to monly colluvium derived from metabasalt or sedi- the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder et al. mentary rocks and less commonly alpine or conti- 1969). Textures varied from sandy barns to clay nental glacial deposits. barns. Coarse fragments ranged from .10% to 65% near the surface to 10% to 100% in thesubsoil. Four pits dug in this type showed moderate to The mean soil temperature was 10.8 deg C (51.4 strong soil development. Two of the four had albic deg F), which is about average for the Silver Fir horizons. Textures ranged from clay loam to silt Zone. The temperature regime is frigid and the loam. The 01 was about average in thickness at 2.9 moisture regime is udic. cm and the 02 a little thicker than average at6.5 cm. The rooting zone went to 51.5 cm as well as 6.5 cm One sample was analyzed for nutrients. It showed into the 02. Coarse fragments averaged 34%, which relatively high organic matter, total nitrogen and is average for the Silver Fir Zone. The water holding sodium, and relatively low boron and manganese capacity is higher than average for this zone due to compared to other types. The pH was 5.0, which is the finer texture and thicker 02 layer. Two of the pits near average for the Silver Fir Zone.

Figure 71. Map of plot locations for the SilverFir/Alaska Huckleberry/Queen's Cup Association.

177 animals and birds. Douglas-fir apparently Timber ProductivIty cannot be cultivated on this type. Silver fir or western hemlock are the preferred species. Salmonberry and/or Timber productivity of this type is moderate(Site Ill). Alaska huckleberry can pose brushproblems. Site index averaged 115 (base 100)for western hemlock and 111 for silver fir. The productivity po- Root disease problems can include tential using the site index-yield tableapproach was annosus root disease and Arm illaria root disease 104 cu ft/ac/yr for silver fir and 170cu ft/ac/yr for on silver fir and western hemlock (Table 49). The empirical yield val- western hemlock. Armillaria may be damagingto ue for this association was 121 cu ft/ac/yr. The young-growth Douglas-fir planted on thistype, but stockability of these sites is moderate. impact should be minimal after 30years. Laminated root rot may occur on silver fir and western hemlock. Heart and butt rots may include red ringrot on Management Considerations western hemlock, rusty red stringy roton silver fir and western hemlock. Annosus root diseaseis Management considerations for thistype include probably the most important heart and buttrot of ensuring regeneration and regulating stocking. older stands on this type. Hemlock dwarfmistletoe Maintenance of soil nutrients and organicmatter is may be present in older western hemlockon this important but less critical than othertypes. Re- type, especially in Environmental Zones 0-5. sponse to fertilizer in this type is still unknown. This type usually has high nitrogen and organicmatter in lrisecr problems may include silver fir beetleon the soil. It occurs on mid-slope positions andon windthrown, suppressed or diseased silver fir,west- cool northerly aspects where elkwinter range and ern blackheaded budworm on western hemlock riparian management are not important.There is and silver fir buds, hemlock looperon western hem- some use by deer, elk or bear, and the huckleber- lock and balsam woolly aphid on silver fir,especially ries and salmonberry provide browseand fruit for at lower elevations.

Table 49. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Queen's CupAssociation.

srr srr GRA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDQ( s.d. CMAI3 SDI4 TREES GBA5 SIGBA6 EMAI7

Western Hemlock (Barnes1) 3 3 115 31 170 364 126 Silver Fir (Hoyer2) 4 16 111 26 104 383 5 364 135 121

1 Base age 100, Totai age (Barnes 1962), Reconnaissance plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Breast height age (Hoyer and Herman, In press), ages 25 to 400years. 3 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site indexcurve for the species (see Figure 189 P. 496). Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933). 5 Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987)(sea Table 174 p. 494). 8 Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr. based on the equation SI0GBAO.003(Hall 1987). Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300 yeats old (see Figure191 p. 498).

178 Comparison with Similar Types Silver Fir-Western Hemlock community type is roughly comparable to our Silver Fir Series and Similar types include Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry, therefore is much broader in definition than our Sil- Associa- which occurs on somewhat cooler sites.The Silver ver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Queen's Cup Fir/Alaska HuckleberryOregoflgraPe typewhich tion. Their assertion that this type is limited in extent occurs on warmer and somewhatlower elevation in the Olympic Mountains, however, could not apply to either our Silver Fir Series or our Silver Fir/Alaska sites. The Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/FOamfIOWer both of type occurs on moister and moreproductive sites. Huckleberry/Queen's Cup Association, The Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Queen'SCup As- which are very common. In the Snoqualmie River sociation is not previously recognized. In previous drainage it was included with the Silver Fir-Western reports it was included in the morebroadly defined Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry type (del Moral et al. Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry type (Henderson and 1976). In Mt. Rainier National Park it appears to be Peter 1981a,b,c,d, 1982a,b, 1983a,b, 1984, 1985).it represented in the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberrry, is a common type found through much of the Five-leaved Bramble Phase, the Silver Fir/Alaska Olympics and Cascades of Washington. In Olympic Huckleberry and the Silver Fir/Fool's Huckleberry Pinchot National Park itis included within the Silver Fir- types (Franklin et al. 1988). On the Gifford Western Hemlock/Five-leaved Bramble and Silver National Forest it is included in the Silver Fir/Fool's Fir-Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry types Huckleberry and Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry (Smith and Henderson 1986). Floristically it is very types (Franklin 1966), and is similar to theSilver similar to what is called the Silver Fir-Western Hem- Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Bunchberry Dogwood As- lock type by Fonda and Bliss (1969). Although their sociation (Brockway et al. 1983).

& p V

Figure 72. Photo of the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Queen'sCup Association, Matheny Creek, Quinault District.

179 SILVER FIR/ALASKA HUCKLEBERRY/TWINFLOWER Abies amabiljs/Vaccjn,um alaskaense/Ijnnaeaborealis ABAM/VML/L1802 CFS2 19

The Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/TwinflowerAsso- Other Blota ciation is a minor type of moderateto low timber productivity. It is found at somewhat lowereleva- Wildlife observations indicateda low level of usage tions than other Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberrytypes, andInmesic environmental zones scattered by ungulates. Some elk browsing andscat were recorded. Other evidence of browsing throughout the Forest (Figure 73). Soilsare derived may have mostly from colluvium. The typicalarea of this type been from deer. Red huckleberry, Alaskahuckle- has burned rarely in the last 500years. berry and devil's club showed evidenceof browse. Most plots included records of burrows,which were either mountain beaver or snowshoehare. Hare Florlstic ComposItIon scat and Douglas-squirrel were each recordedon one plot. Dominant understory species (Table 50)are Alaska huckleberry (VAAL), red huckleberry(VAPA) and Birds frequently observed werechestnut-backed twinflower (LIBO2), which are usuallypresent in all chickadee, golden-crowned kinglet andrufous ages of stands, although they may be inconspicu- hummingbird. Other birds recordedwere western ous or absent in densely stocked second growth. flycatcher,gray jay,Steller's jay,red-breasted Alaska huckleberry and twinflower become estab- nuthatch, varied thrush, hermit thrush, lished quickly after clearcut song spar- or fire. Other species row, dark-eyed junco and pine siskin. may include vine maple (ACCI), five-leaved bramble (RUPE), queen's cup (CLUN), bunchberry(COCA), foamfiower (lilA, TIUN), vanillaleaf(ACTR) and swordfern (POMU). The tree layer may be dominat- Table 50. Common plants in theABAM/VAALJLIBO2 ed by western hemlock, silver fir, westernredcedar Association, based on stands >150years (n=1 1). and Douglas-fir or any combinationof these trees (Figure 74).

Abs. Rel. Ground mosses are very abundanton this type, Common nameCode CoverCover Const Ranqe ranging from 6% to 95% coverage, withan average of 50%. Common species includeRhytidiopsis ro- TREES busta, Eurhynchium oroganum, Dicranumsp., HyIo- western hemlock TSI-IE 43.1 43.1 100 16-84 silverfir corn/urn splendens, Peltigerasp., and Hypnum ABAM 41.9 41.9 100 14-84 circinale and Scapania bo/anderi western redcedar THPL 10.9 15.0 72 0-26 on rotting wood. Douglas-fir PSME Data are limited for epiphytes, but 14.2 22.3 63 0-30 Platismatia glau- Alaskayeflowcecjar CHNO 1.8 10.0 18 0-10 Pacific yew ca, Hypogymnia enteromorp/ia appear to becom- TABR 1.4 7.5 18 0-10 mon,alongwithAfectoriasarmentosaand Sphaerophorus globosus. GROUND VEGETATION Alaska huckleberry VAAL 17.5 17.5 100 1-30 twinflower LIBO2 16.9 16.9 100 2-45 queen's cup CLUN 3.0 3.3 90 0-15 SuccessIonal RelationshIps sworcifern POMU 1.5 1.6 90 0-3 red huckleberry VAPA 9.8 12.0 81 0-35 three-leaved Successional pathways are dominated by Douglas- foamfiower TITA 1.6 2.6 63 0-8 fir and western hemlock,or silver fir and western hemlock. Climax stages are dominatedby both silver fir and western hemlock.

180 soils Environment and Soils tory (Snyder et al. 1969). Textures of these varied from sandy loam to loam. Coarse fragments This type occurs on moderate to steep, mid-slopes range from 30% to 70% near the surface to 35% to and toe-slopes. The slope varied from 22% to 100% 85% in the subsoil. and averaged 54%. The regolith was usually colluvi- urn derived from metabasalt. The mean soil temperature was 11.3 deg C (52.3 deg F), which is warm for the Silver Fir Zone. The Our plots occurred on soils which are described as shallow, well-drained, rapidly permeable colluvial temperature regime isfrigid and the moisture soils according to the Olympic Soil Resource Inven- regime is udic.

Figure 73. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Twinflower Association.

181 Timber Productivity western hemlock and Douglas-fir. Alaska huckleberry can pose brush problems. Timber productivity of this type is moderateto low (Site Ill or IV). This is due to the site being relatively Root disease problems can includeannosus root Cool and dry, and to the relatively short growing disease and Armillaria root diseaseon silver fir and season. Site index of measured stands averaged western hemlock. Armillaria may be damagingto 143 (base 100) for Douglas-fir, 112 forwestern hem- young-growth Douglas-fir planted on this type, but lock and 115 for silver fir (Table 51). The productivity impact should be minimal after 30 years.Laminated potential using the site index-yield tableapproach root rot may occur on silver fir and western hemlock. was 142 cii ft/ac/yr for Douglas-fir, and averaged Heart and butt rots may include red ringrot on 141 cii ft/ac/yr for western hemlock and silver fir. western hemlock, rusty red stringy roton silver fir The stockability of these sites is moderate. and western hemlock. Annosusroot disease is probably the most important heart and buttrot of older stands on this type. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe Management ConsIderations may be present in older western hem'ock on this type, especially in Environmental Zones 0-5. Management considerations for thistype includes ensuring adequate stocking. Response to fertilizer Insect problems may include silver fir beetle in this type is still unknown. This type on occurs in windthrown, suppressed or diseased silver fir,west- areas along mid- and upper slope positions. ern blackheaded budworm on western hemlock Douglas-fir can be cultivated on this type, but with and silver fir buds, hemlock looperon western hem- only moderate success. Silver fir or western hemlock and balsam woolly aphid on silver fir,especially lock are the preferred species,or a mix of silver fir, at lower elevations.

Table 51. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry,TwinflowerAssociation.

SFrE sirE TREE SPECIES GM PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI1 SDI8 TREES GBA9SIGBA1° EMAI

Douglas-fir (McArdle') 2 5 143 32 147 115 2 356 129 Douglas-fir (McArdIe2) 3 3 116 29 142 Douglas-fir (Curtis3) 2 5 129 4 115 2 356 129 Western Hemlock (Barnes4) 3 3 112 22 164 200 67 Western Hemlock (Wiley5) 2 8 62 8 150 170 5 200 Silver Fir (Hoyer4) 3 7 115 7 109 136 3 380 125

I Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots Only,ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Reconnaissance plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 100, Breast heightage (Curtis et at. 1974), ages 25 to 400 years. Base age 100. Total age (Barnes 1962), Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. Base age 50, Breast height age (Wiley 1978a,b),ages 25 to 120 years. 6 Base age 100, Breast height age (Hoyer and Herman, in press),ages 25 to 400 years. 7 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site Indexcurve for the species (see Figure 189 p. 496). 8 Stand Density Index(Relnecke 1933). Growlh Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table174 p. 494). 10 Index of potential Volume growth in cu ftJac4ir, based on theequation SI*GBA*o.0o3 (Hall 1987).

182 Comparison with Similar Types Twinfiower Association is not previously recognized. In previous classifications by this project it Similar types include Western Hemlock/Alaska was included in the broadly defined SilverFir/Alaska Huckleberry-Oregongrape, which occurs on drier Huckleberry Association (Henderson and Peter and somewhat lower elevation sites. The Silver Fin 1981 a,c,d, 1982a, 1983). In Oregon it may be repre- Alaska Huckleberry/Queen's Cup type occurs on sentedintheSilverFir/AlaskaHuckleberry/ moister and more productive sites and usually with- Bunchberry Dogwood Association (Hemstrom etal. 0ut Douglas-fir. The Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry! 1982, Brockway etal. 1983, Dyrness ef al. 1976).

L .

Figure 74. Photo of the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Twint lowerAssociation, Elk Creek, Hood Canal District.

183 SILVER FIR/ALASKA HUCKLEBERRY-WHITERHODODENDRON Abies amabi/is/Vaccjnjum alaskaense-Rhododendrona/b/florum ABAMNAAL-RHAL CFS2 20

The Silver fir/White Rhododendron-AlaskaHuckle- Environment and Soils berry Association is a minor type of colddry sites, and low timber productivity. It is foundmostly in the mesic climatic areas of the Olympics (Environmen- This type occurs on moderate tosteep straight or concave, mid- to upper slopes. Slopes varied tal Zones 8 and 9), particularly on the HoodCanal from 44% to 100% and averaged 64%. District (Figure 75). Soils are mostly shallowand Bedrock is derived from colluvium. These sitesare often well metabasalt and regolith is colluvium. drained, but accumulate deep snowpacks.Most of this type has not burned in the last 500years. According to the Olympic Soil ResourceInventory (Snyder at al. 1969) the soils in this typetend to be well-drained, rapidly permeable gravellysoils with Florlstic Composition loam to sandy loam textures. Theyare shallow colluvial soils. Coarse fragmentsrange from 35% to 50% Dominant understory species (Table 52) are Alaska near the surface and 50% to 75% in the subsoil. huckleberry(VAAL) and whiterhododendron (RHAL), which are usually present in allages of stands. Other shrubs may include oval-leafhuckleberry (VAOV) and fool's huckleberry (MEFE). Five- Table 52. Common plants in theABAM/VAAL-RHAL leaved bramble (RUPE), queen's cup (CLUN),twin- Association, based on stands >150years (n=4). flower (LIBO2) and beargrass (XETE) oftenoccur. The tree layer is dominated by silver firand western hemlock, with minor amounts of Alaskayellowcedar Abs. Rel. and mountain hemlock. Stands in thistype may be Common nameCode Cover Cover Const Ranqe slow to regenerate. Most stands areover 500 years old. TREES

western hemlock TSHE 47.5 47,5 100 30-70 Ground moss coverage is moderate to highon this silverfir ABAM 43.7 43.7 100 10-80 type, with an average of 35%. We do not have Alaska yellowcedar CHNO 8.3 8.3 100 1-25 data mountain hemlock TSME on individual ground moss species, or epiphytic 2.8 3.7 75 0-5 mosses and lichens for this association. GROUND VEGETATION white rhododendron RHAL 18.2 18.2 100 8-30 Alaska huckleberry VAAL 14.5 14.5 100 8-25 Successional Relationships five-leaved bramble RUPE 6.5 6.5 100 2-15 queen's cup CLUN 2.0 2.0 100 1-4 sidebells pyrola PYSE 1.3 1.3 100 1-2 The common successional pathway isdominated oval-leaf by silver fir and western hemlock. Climax huckleberry VAOV 11.2 15.0 75 0-20 stages are fool's huckleberry dominated by both silver fir and western MEFE 3.5 4.7 75 0-10 hemlock. trailing bramble RULA 2.5 3.3 The areas where this association 75 0-5 occur appear to twinf lower LIBO2 2.0 2.7 75 0-5 be either too high or too cool for Douglas-fir. big huckleberry VAME 2.0 2.7 75 0-6 beargrass XETE 2.0 2.7 75 0-4 single-leaved foamf lower TIUN 1.3 1.7 75 0-2 Other Blota bunchberry COCA 0.8 1.0 75 0-1 evergreen violet VISE 0.8 1.0 75 0-1 Wildlife observations are limited to false hellebore VEVI 0.8 1.5 50 0-2 one plot, where vanillaleaf ACTR coyote scat and mountain beaver or snowshoe 0.5 1.0 50 0-1 hare ladyfern ATFI 0.5 1.0 50 0-1 burrows were observed. There areno bird observations for this type.

184 ling brush competition. This type occurs inhigh areas for the Silver Fir Zone, andin areas of heavy snow accumulation often along upperslopes and ridgetops. Douglas-fir cannot be easily cultivated on this type. Silver fir or western hemlock are the preferred species. White rhododendron and/or Alaska huckleberry can pose brush problems.

Root disease problems can include annosus root disease and Armillaria root disease on silver fir and western hemlock. Laminated root rot may occur on silver fir and western hemlock. Heart and butt rots may include red ring rot on westernhemlock, and rusty red stringy rot on silver fir and westernhemlock.

Insect problems may include silver firbeetle on windthrowfl, suppressed or diseased silver fir, western blackheaded budworm onwestern hemlock and silver fir buds, hemlock looper on western hem- Silver Fir! Figure 75. Map of plot locations for the lock and silver fir. Alaska Huckleberry-White Rhododen- dron Association. Comparison with Similar Types The mean soil temperature was 8.5 dog C(47.3 dog F) which Is cold for the Silver Fir Zone. The tern pera- SimilartypesincludetheSilverFir/Alaska ture regime is cryic or upper frigid andthe moisture Huckleberry/Queen'S Cup and the Silver Fir/Alaska regime is udic. Huckleberry Associations on warmer and lowerele- vation sites, and the Silver Fir/AlaskaHuckleberry! Beargrass type at tower elevations but on driersites. Timber Productivity The Mountain Hemlock/White Rhododendron-Big Huckleberry type occurs at higher elevations. The Timber productivity of this type is low (SiteV). This is due to the coldness of the site and relativelyshort Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-White Rhododendron growing season. Site index for onesampled plot Associationisnot previously reported for the was 85 (base 100) for western hemlockand 98 for Olympic Mountains. It is similar to the SilverFir! Douglas-fir. The productivity potential using the site White Rhododendron Association in Mt.Rainier Na- index-yield table approach was 64-83 cu ft/ac/yr. tional Park (Franklin at al. 1988) and on theGifford The stockability of these sites is moderate tolow. Pinchot National Forest (Brockway at al.1983). It is related to the Alaska Yeilowcedar/WhiteRhododen- dron type of Franklin (1966). It is also similar tothe Management Considerations Silver Fir/White Rhododendron/Queen's CupAsso- (Hemstrom Management considerations for this typeinclude ciation on the Willamette National Forest ensuring rapid suitable regeneration andcontrol- at al. 1982).

185 SILVER FIR/BEARGRASS Abies amabi!is/Xerophyllum tenax ABAM/XETE CFF3 11

The Silver Fir/Beargrass Association is an uncom- climax stand. Ages of silver fir in this typeare mostly mon type of topographically dry areas, cold soils at less than 160 years, even in older stands.This in di- middle to upper elevations, and low timberproduc- cates that much of this type was probably climax tivity. It is found mainly on the Hood Canal District western hemlock and western redcedar duringthe (Figure 76) on southwest aspects. Soilsare shallow, Little Ice Age (i.e. prior to 200 years ago). derived from very stony colluvium, andappear to be low in organic matter and nitrogen. Standsin this type have burned frequently in the past,which has Other Blota contributed partially to the low fertility of thesesites. Wildlife observations are limited to two plotsfor this type. Deer sign was frequent, with recent activityin Florlstic CompositIon early September. Browsed specieswere beargrass, vine maple, red huckleberry, swordfernand Ore- The dominant understory species (Table53) is gongrape. beargrass (XETE).Shrubs may includeOre- gongrape (BENE), red huckleberry (VAPA), salal Birds observed include red-breasted nuthatch,red- (GASH) and vine maple (ACCI). Herbsmay include tailed hawk, varied thrush, dark-eyed junco,pine vanillaleaf (ACTA) and little prince's pine (CHME). siskin, chestnut-backed chickadee, winterwren and The tree layer is usually dominated by Douglas-fir red-shafted flicker. and western hemlock with smalleramounts of silver fir (Figure 77). Old-growth stands in thistype are often about 300 years old, having originatedfrom a Table 53. Common plants in the ABAM/XETE fire about 320 years ago. Many stands beginwith a Association, based on stands >150years (n=5). moderate component of beargrass followingfire, which may impede restocking. Abs. Rel. Ground mosses are generalty sparseon this type. Common name Code CoverCover Const Ranqe Common species include Rhytidiopsis robusta,Di- TREES cranum sp.; Hypnum circinale and Scapania bolan- deiri may occur on rotting wood. Epiphytic western hemlock TSHE 68.0 68.0 100 45-90 lichens Douglas-fir are common, Alectoria sarmantosa, Platismatja PSME 36.0 36.0 100 15-70 SLIVer fir ABAM 12.6 12.6 100 7-30 glauca, Hypogymnia spp. and crustose speciesare most abundant. GROUND VEGETATION beargrass XETE 20.6 20.6 100 5-35 Oregongrape BENE 6.0 6.0 100 2-12 vine maple ACCI 4.4 4.4 100 1-10 swordfern Successional Relationships POMU 1.0 1.0 100 1-1 big huckleberry VAME 0.8 1.0 80 0-2 baldhip rose There are two probable successional pathways ROGY 0.8 1.0 80 0-1 for vanillaleaf ACTR 8.4 14.0 this type. One dominated by Douglas-fir, the other 60 0-35 Alaska huckleberry VAAL 1.2 2.0 60 0-2 by western hemlock. Later seral stagesare often salal GASH 0.8 1.3 60 0-2 little prince's pine dominated by both Douglas-fir andwestern hem- CHME 0.6 1.0 60 0-1 twinflower Ll902 lock; western hemlock and silver fir dominatethe 0.6 1.0 60 0-1 red huckleberry VAPA 0.6 1.0 60 0-1

186 Environment and $0118 of the driest types in the Silver Fir Zone. These pits were classified as dystrochrepts.

This type occurs on moderately steep, straight to According to the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory convex, mid- to upper slopes. Slopes ranged from (Snyder et al. 1969), these are shallow, well-drained, 35% to 67% and averaged 54%. It is found mostly on rapidly permeable, colluvial soils. They tend to be basaltic colluvium. gravelly loam and silt barns in areas of frequent rock outcrop. Coarse fragments range from 15% to 50% Two soil pits dug in this type show rather weak soil near the surface to 35% to 80% in the subsoils. development. Textures varied from sandy loam to extremely gravelly clay loam. The 01 averaged 2.3 Soil temperature averaged 9.9 deg C (49.8 deg F), which is cool for the Silver Fir Zone. The tempera- cm and the 02 averaged 4.7 cm which is thinner ture regime is frigid and the moisture regime is p rob- than average for other types. The rooting depth was ably xeric. to 49 cm (which is shallower than average forall types) but also extended up 4.8 cm into the 02. One plot was analyzed for nutrients. It showed very Coarse fragments averaged 66% which is much low phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magne- higher than average. Low water holding capacity slum compared to other other types and relatively due to the high coarse fragment fraction combined high sulfate and copper. The pH was 5.0 which is with a droughty topographic position make this one about average for the Silver Fir Zone.

Figure 76. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Beargrass Association.

187 Timber Productivity served. This type representsgrowing conditions and limitations which aresevere for the Silver Fir Timber productivity of this type islow (Site VI). This Zone. is due to the dryness ofthe site and cold soils. Site index of Douglas-fir averaged85 (base 100), while Root disease problemscan include all three major western hemlock was 64 and silver firwas 83. The diseases; laminated root roton Douglas-fir, Armillar- productivity potential using the siteindex-yield table ia root disease on Douglas-fir,silver fir, and western approach averaged 95 cu ft/ac/yr (Table54). The hemlock, and annosus rootdisease on western empirical yield estimate for thisassociation was 87 hemlock and silver fir. Arm illariamay pose the most Cu ft/ac/yr. The stockability of thesesites is low. serious threat to Douglas-firregeneration on this type. Laminated root rotmay be damaging to Douglas-fir and may moderately Management Considerations damage silver fir and western hemlockon this type. Heart and butt rots may include red ring rot damaging Management Considerations for thistype include Douglas-fir and western hemlock, browntrunk rot and brown ensuring rapid initial stocking andenhancement of soil nutrients, organic cubical butt rot may bepresent on old-growth matter, and preservation of Douglas-fir. the shallow unstable soil.Because of the ricigetop positions where this type usually occurs, there is an Insect problems may include increased susceptibility to balsam woolly aphid snow and wind damage on silver fir at lower elevations, which often limits thegrowth and survival western blackhead- of ed budworm on Douglas-fir,silver fir, and western Douglas-fir. Accumulation of soilorganic matter and hemlock, hemlock looperon western hemlock. Sil- nitrogen should be protected, andthe litter layer ver fir beetle may be onsuppressed or diseased should be kept intact to help keepthe shallow, un- silver stable soil in place. Advance fir and Douglas-fir beetleon diseased, regeneration of silver stressed, or windthrown Douglas-fir. fir and western hemlock, ifpresent, should be pre-

Table 54. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/BeargrassAssociation.

srr srr TREE SPECIES OBA PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI5 SDI6 TREES GBA7 SIGBA8EMAI

Douglas-fir (McArdlet) 4 17 85 20 65 687 17 399 104 87 Douglas-fir (Curtis2) 4 17 79 15 687 17 399 104 Western Hemlock (Wiley3) 2 4 64 26 155 728 6 860 Silver Fir (Hoyer4) 2 7 83 41 65 728 7 396 108 87

1 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Breast heightage (Cwtis at al. 1974), ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 50, Breast height age (Wiley 1978a,b), ages 25 to 120years. 4 Base age 100, Breast height age (Hoyer and Herman, in press), ages 25to 400 years, Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site index curve for the species (seeFigure 189 p. 496). B Stand Density Index (Reinecke1933). Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (See Table 174p. 494). 8 Index of potential volume growth in cult/ac/yr. based on theequation SlGBAO.003 (Hall 1987). Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure 191p. 498).

188 Comparison with Similar Types ciation is previously recognized on the White River District, Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest by SimUar types include Silver Fir/BigHuckleberry/ Henderson and Peter (1981 C). A similar type (Silver Beargrass which occurs on slightly moistersites at Fir/BeargraSS, Western Hemlock phase) is recog- higher elevations and on colder soils; and theSilver nized in Mt. Rainier National Park by Franklin et al. Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/BeargraSS type at lowerele- (1988) but their type is unlike ours in that it has vations with iess snow and warmer soil tempera- considerable big huckleberry. We would thus call it totheSilver Fin tures. Itisalsorelated Silver Fir/Big Huck$eberty/BeargraSS which is a Rhododendron type which occurs on similarsites but farther north along the eastern frontof the closely related type and is widely recognized (see Olympic Mountains. The Silver Fir/BeargraSSAsso- page 190).

Figure 77. Photo of the Silver Fir/BeargrassAssociation, Le Bar Pass, Hood Canal District.

189 SILVER FIR/BIG HUCKLEBERRY/BEARGRASS Abies amabi/is/Vaccinium membranaceum/Xerophyllum tenax ABAMNAMEIXETE CFS2 11 (OLY)

The Silver Fir/Big Huckleberry/Beargrass Associa- Successional Relationships tion is a minor type of warm dry sites at upper elevations, and low timber productivity. It occurs mainly in The common successional pathways are dominat- Environmental Zones 8 and 9, particularly on the ed by silver fir and western hemlock. Climax stages Hood Canal District (Figure 78), and on southern are dominated by silver fir and western hemlock. aspects and upper slopes. Soils are mostly shallow and derived from colluvium, and are often well drained. The typical area of this type has burned Other Blota once or twice in the last 500 years. Wildlife observations are limited to two plots for this type, where deer sign and Douglas squirrelwere FlorlsticComposItion observed. Bird observations were recordedon two plots and include gray jay, chestnut-backed chick- Dominant understory species (Table 55) are big adee, red-breasted nuthatch and golden-crowned huckleberry (VAME) and beargrass (XETE), which kinglet. are usually present in all ages of stands, although they may be inconspicuous or absent in densely stocked second growth. Beargrass and big huckleberry can resprout or become established quickly Table 55. Common plants in theABAMNAME/XETE after clearcut or fire. Other species may include Association, based on stands >150years (n2). Alaska huckleberry (VAAL), sidebells pyrola (PYSE), and trailing bramble(RULA). Thetree layer may be dominated by western hemlock, silver firor occa- Abs. ReI. sionally mountain hemlock (Figure 79). Stands in Common name Code Cover Cover Const Ranqe this type may be slow to regenerate. Mostareas of this type have not been cut over. Therefore, much of TREES silver fir the type is still in old-growth, and many standsare ABAM 50.0 50.0 100 20-80 over than 300 years old. western hemlock TSHE 42.5 42.5 100 35-50 GROUND VEGETATION Ground mosses are generally sparse on this type, beargrass XETE 20.5 20.5 100 1-40 although they may be abundant in some sites. Rhy- big huckleberry VAME 10.5 10.5 100 1-20 sidebells pyrola tidiopsis robusta is the most common and abundant PYSE 1.0 1.0 100 1-1 trailing bramble moss, Dicranum sp. and Rhytidiadeiphus loreus RULA 1.0 1.0 100 1-1 Alaska huckleberry VAAL 1.0 1.0 100 1-1 may also occur. Epiphytic lichens are generally conspicuous, particularly Alectoria sarmentosa, which is often abundant. Other species which may occur include Platismatia glauca, Hypogymnia enteromor- p/ia, Parmeliopsis hyperopta, and species ofcrus- tose lichens.

190 Environment and Soils this type the driest in the Silver Fir Zone. This pit was classified as a xerorthent.

This type occurs on moderate to very steep upper According to the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory slopes of various configurations. Slopes ranged (Snyder etal. 1969), these are shallow, well-drained, from 11% to 150% and averaged 63%. It is found rapidly permeable, colluvial soils in areas of fre- mostly on colluvium of metabasaltic or sandstone quent rock outcrops. They are gravelly and very origin. gravelly, sandy barns and barns. Coarse fragments range from 35% to 50% near the surface to 50% to One pit was dug which had a thin, sandy loam 75% in the subsoils. surface layer and gravelly, cobbly, stony sand sub- Soil temperatures averaged 10.5 deg C (50.9 deg F) surface layers. The 01 was 3.0 cm and the 02 was which is about average for the Silver Fir Zone. The 3.0 cm, which is thinner than average. The rooting temperature regime isfrigid and the moisture depth was 50 cm which is a little less then average regime is probably xeric. and roots also extended 3 cm into the 02. The coarse fragment fraction of 70% is much higher than One plot was analyzed for nutrients, It showed low average. Coarse texture and high coarse fragments zinc and calcium compared to other types. The pH made this a dry soil. Droughty soil conditions and a was 4.9 which is slightly more acid than average for dry topographic position combine to make soils in the Silver Fir Series.

Figure 78. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Big Huckleberry/BeargrassAssociation.

191 Timber Productivity tion in the Cascades on volcanic bedrock. This could be a management option to consider on this Timber productivity of this type is low (Site V). This Forest. Douglas-fir cannot be easily cultivated on is due to the dryness of the site, relatively short this type. Silver fir or western hemlock are the pre- growing season and cold soils. Site index of silver fir ferred species. Beargrass and/or big huckleberry averaged 83 (Table 56) and western hemlock was can pose brush problems. 73 (based on one tree). The productivity potential using the site index-yield table approach 63 Cu ft/ Root disease problems can include laminated root ac/yr for silver fir. The empirical yield estimate for rot on Douglas-fir,Armillariaroot disease on this association was 87 cu ft/ac/yr. The stockability Douglas-fir, silver fir and western hemlock, and an- of these sites is moderate to low. nosus root disease on western hemlock and silver fir. Armillaria may pose the most serious threat to Douglas-fir regeneration on this type. Laminated Management Considerations root rot may be damaging to silver fir and western hemlock on this type. Heart and butt rots may in- Management considerations for this type include clude red ring rot on western hemlock. soil maintenance and stability, and ensuring suitable regeneration. Maintenance of soil nutrients and Insect problems may include balsam Woolly aphid organic matter is more critical in this type than other on silver fir at lower elevations, western blackhead- Silver Fir types. Regeneration in this type is often ed budworm on Douglas-fir, silver fir, and western difficult. Saving advance regeneration by not broad- hemlock, hemlock looper on western hemlock. Sil- cast burning is often the preferred silvicultural treat- ver fir beetle may be on suppressed or diseased ment. Noble fir occurs commonly on this associa- silver fir.

Table 56. Timber productivity values for the SilverFir/Big Huckleberry/Beargrass Association.

SITE SITE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI2 SDI3 TREES GBA4 SIOBA5 EMAI8

Silver Fir (Hoyert) 2 8 83 15 83 517 8 308 75 87

1 Base age 100, Breast heightage (Hoyer and Herman, in press), ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site Index curve toi the species (see Figure 189p. 496). Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933).

Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table 174p. 494). Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr. basedon the equation SI*GBA*0.003 (Hall 1987). 8 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure191 p. 498).

192 Comparison with Similar Types Cascades of central Oregon northward to about Stevens Pass. It is recognized by Hemstrom etal. Similar types include the Silver Fir/BigHuckleberry (1982) on the Wiliamette and Mt. Hood National type which occurs on similar sites. TheSilver Fir! Forest and by Brockway etal. (1983) on theGifford Beargrass type occurs on warmer, drier andlower Pinchot National Forest Franklin (1966) described elevation sites. The Silver Fir/AlaskaHuckleberry! an Silver Fir-WesternHemlock/Big Huckleberry type Beargrass type occurs in moister areas atlower for his Mt. Rainier Province which is verysimilar to elevations. The Silver Fir/Big Huckleberry/ Beargrass Association is widely distributed fromthe our Silver Fir/BigHuckleberry/BeargraSS type.

DosewalliPs River Figure 79. Photo of the Silver Fir/BigHuckleberry/BeargraSs Association, ridge between and Tunnel Creek, Quilcene District.

193 SILVER FIR/DEPAUPERATE Abies amabilis/Depauperate ABAM/Dep. CFF9 11

The Silver Fir/Depauperate Association is a limited Ground moss cover may be sparse to abundanton type of special habitats, comprised of those stands this type, ranging from 3 to 99percent cover. The with a ground vegetation which is toosparse to key to any of the other recognized most common mosses are Rhytidiopsis robusta,Hy- types. A sparse !ocomium splendens and Eurhyrichium ground vegetation can be due to excessive ore ganum. shading Epiphytes may be conspicuous and abundant. from a dense overstory, a deep litter layer, or from Alectoria sarmentosa, Isothecium stoloniferum an unusual combination of site factors which istoo and Sphaerophorus globosus commonly limiting for most shrubs and herbs. In theformer two occur. The nitrogen-fixer Lobaria ore gana may be cases, with a more normal stand historyor different present. stand conditions, the type would be easilydeter- mined. In practice one has to eitherfind more sparsely stocked areas in the stand anddetermine Successional Relationships the type from those holes in thecanopy, or use local knowledge of the site factors topredict which Silver fir and western hemlock dominateboth seral combination of shrubs and herbs might havedevel- and climax stages. Western redcedar andDouglas- oped under more normal conditions. Insuch cases fir can sometimes occur. one should try to properly place the stand inthe classification without having used the key.In the latter case, where a sparse groundvegetation cover Other Blota is due to site (not stand) conditions, thestand truely belongs to the Depauperate type. The Silver Fir! The Only wildlife observation for thistype was wood- Depauperate Association in this latter sense is a pecker activity on a western hemlocksnag. type usually of dry micro-sites inmoderately dry areas, although this is quite variable. Most ofour plots in this type occurred on the SoleduckDistrict (Figure 80). It often occurs near thetops of ridges or Table 57.Common plants in theABAM/Depauperate along upper slopes. In thesecases there is ample Association, based on stands >150years (n = 14). light passing throught the treecanopy and there is a thin enough litter layer to not impede development of a ground vegetation. Abs. Rel. Common name Code Cover Cover Const Ranqe Florlstic CompositIon TREES western hemlock TSHE 63.9 63.9 100 15-95 Total ground cover is often only silver fir ABAM 61.0 61.0 100 15-99 2 or 3 percent. Douglas-fir Many different species can PSME 8.7 20.3 42 0-55 occur, but each one with western redcedar THPL 0.9 4.0 limited cover (Table 57). Alaska huckleberry 21 0-6 (VAAL) Pacific yew TABA 0.6 4.0 14 0-6 and red huckleberry (VAPA)were the most common shrubs, although Oregongrape (BENE)also oc- GROUND VEGETATION Alaska huckleberry VAAL cuffed. Herbs Included trill ium (TROV),sidebells py- 0.9 1.2 78 0-2 trillium TROV 0.7 1.0 71 0-1 rola (PYSE), woodnymph (PYUN), deerfem(BLSP), red huckleberry VAPA 0.7 three-leaved 1.3 57 0-2 foamf lower(TITR)and western woodnymph PYUN 0.6 1.0 57 0-1 coralroot (COME). The tree layer is dominated three-leaved by foamflower silver fir and western hemlock (Figure 81). TITR 0.6 1.0 57 0-1 Douglas- deerfern fir, western redcedar and Pacific BLSP 0.7 1.7 42 0-5 yew may also oc- Oregongrape BENE 0.3 1.3 cur. 21 0-2 sidebells pyrola PYSE 0.3 1.0 28 0-1 western corairoot COME 0.1 1.0 14 0-1

194 Environment and Soils well-drained, rapidly permeable1 colluvial soils or deep glacial soils that are well drained and perme- This type occurs on gentle to steep, generally able in the surface, but with compacted or otherwise straight slopes. it occurs on nearly any slope posi- restricted subsoils. Textures range from sandy loam tion except toe-slopes and bottoms, but favors mid- to clay loam. Coarse fragments range from 10% to to upper slopes. The slope ranged from 5 to 79% 70% near the surface to 10% to 100% in the sub- and averaged 57%. The regolith was most often soils. coHuvial sandstone or basalt, but occasionally may be alpine or continental glacial. The soil temperature averaged 8.5 deg C (47.3 deg F), which is one of the coldest soils in the Silver Fir The Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder etal. Zone. The temperature regime is upper frigid to 1969) describes these soils as generally shallow, cryic and the moisture regime is udic.

Figure 80. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Depauperate Association.

195 Timbey Productivity Root disease problems can includeall three major diseases: laminated root rot,on Douglas-fir, Armil- This type has a low productivitypotential (Site IV) lana root disease on Douglas-fir, silverfir and west- and usually is difficult toregenerate. It has a mode r- ern hemlock, and annosus root diseaseon western ate to low stockability and lowwildlife values. Site hemlock and silver fir. Laminatedroot rot may be damaging to Douglas-fir and index for Douglas-fir was 113and western hemlock may moderately damage silver fir and western hemlockon this type. was 143. The productivity potentialusing the site Heart and butt rots may includered ring rot on index-yield table approachwas 103 cu ft/ac/yr for western hemlock, brown trunk rot andbrown cubi- Douglas-fir and 224 cu ft/ac/yr forwestern hemlock cal butt rot may be presenton old-growth Douglas- (Table 58). fir.

Insect problems may include balsamwoolly aphid Management Considerations on silver fir, western blackheaded budwormon Douglas-fir, silver fir, and western hemlock,hemlock looper on western hemlock. Silver Management considerations for thistype are similar fir beetle may be to those for the Silver Fir/Alaska on suppressed or diseased silver fir and Douglas-fir Huckleberry- beetle on diseased,stressed,or windthrown Oregongrape Association. Douglas-fir.

Table 58. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/DepauperateAssociation.

SIrE sr TREE SPECIES GBA PLOTS TREES IND s.d. CMAI3 Sot TREES OBA SIGBA EMAI

Douglas-fir (McArdle1) 7 7 113 34 103 Western Hemlock (Barnes2) 3 3 143 17 224

1 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Reconnaissance plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (Barnes 1962), Reconnaissance plots only,ages 25 to 400 yeais. Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site index curve for the species (see Figure 189p. 496).

196 Comparison with Similar Types previously recognized in the Olympics by Hender son and Peter (1981 a,b, 1 982a, 1 983a) and in the Silver Fir/Depauperate is closely related to Silver Cascades by Henderson and Peter (1981c,d, Fir/Alaska Huckleberry, Silver Fir/Alaska Huckle- 1 982b, I 983b, 1984, 1985). It closely resembles the berry-Oregongrape,SilverFir/BigHuckleberry/ 1Dry Hemlock-Moss Ecosystem Association de- Beargrass, and Silver Fir/Beargrass Associations, scribed by Haeussler of al.(1982)for British which can all occur on similar sites. This type was Columbia.

Figure 81. Photo of the Silver Fir/Depauperate Association, Le Bar Pass, Hood Canal District.

197 SILVER FIR/DEVIL'S CLUB Abies amabilis/Oplopana,c horrjdum ABAM/OpHO CFS3 11 (OLY)

The Silver Fir/Devil's Club Associationis a minor Successional Relationships type of cool, wet sites, and moderatetimber productivity. It is found throughout much of the Forest (Fig- Climax stages are dominated by bothsilver fir and ure 82). Its apparently limited distribution inwetter western hemlock, with small amounts ofwestern areas of the Forest is thought to be relatedto elk redcedar or Alaska yelloweedar. browsing on devil's club. Its limiteddistribution in drier part of the Forest is dueto lack of suitable habitat. Soils are mostly shallow,moderately fine Other Biota textured, and derived from colluviumor alluvium. They are irrigated from an adjacentstream or Wildlife observations were onlyrecorded on one spring. Soils appear to be moderatelyhigh in organ- plot for this type. There were a numberof silver fir ic matter and nitrogen. The typicalarea of this type with bear damage. Devil's club hadevidence of has burned rarely in the last 1000years. browsing. Racoor, tracks were observed.The only record of birds was a sharp-shinned hawkseen above the plot. Floristic Composition

The dominant understory species (Table59) is devil's club (OPHO), which is usuallypresent in all ages Table 59. Common plants in the ABAM/OPHO of stands, although it may be inconspicuousor ab- Association, based on stands >150years (n= 15). sent in young stands. Saimonberry (RUSP)can become established quickly after clearcutor fire. Alaska huckleberry (VAAL) iscommon in some Abs. Rel. stands of this association. Common herbsinclude Common name Code Cover Cover Const Ranqe foamflower (TITR), swordfern (POMU), ladyfern(AT- Fl), deertern (BLSP) and oakfern (GYDA).The tree TREES silver fir layer is usually dominated by silver fir andwestern ABAM 46.7 46.7 100 8-90 western hemlock hemlock (Figure83),and occasionally ISHE 46.5 49.8 93 0-99 small western redcodar amounts of western redcedar, Alaska yellowcedar THPL 2.5 5.3 46 0-15 Douglas-fir PSME 2.8 10.5 26 0-30 or Douglas-fir. Stands in this type are sometimes Pacific yew TABR 0.3 1.7 20 0-2 understocked. Few areas of this type have beencut mountain hemlock TSME 0.5 4.0 13 0-7 over or burned. Those that have been cut over usu- GROUND VEGETATiON ally occur as small pockets in standswhich are devils club OPHO 11.7 11.7 100 2-75 mainly other types. Alaska huckleberry VAAL 18.1 20.9 86 0-75 three-leaved foamf lower Ground mosses may be sparse to abundant TITR 3.8 4.8 80 0-15 on this salmonberry RUSP 3.1 4.3 73 0-10 type, ranging from 5% to 80% cover. Nodata are ladyfern ATFI 1.8 2.5 73 0-8 available regarding species presence dee,-fern or abun- BLSP 2.1 3.2 66 0-5 swordfern dance, or species of epiphyticmosses and lichens. POMU 1.3 2.0 66 0-10 queens cup CLUN 1.1 1.7 66 0-3 red huckleberry VAPA 1.2 2.0 60 Q-5 vanillaleaf ACIR 0.9 1.4 60 0-3 five-leaved brambleRUPE 1.1 2.1 53 0-4 clasping-leaved twisted-stalk SIAM 0.6 1.1 53 0-2 trillium TROV 0.5 1.0 53 0-1

198 Environment and Soils moving water most or all of the year, According to the Olympic Soil Resource inventory (Snyder et al. This type occurs on gentle to steep concave or 1969), our plots from this type occur on many of straight mid- to lower slopes, benches and bottoms. their soil units. This may be misleading, however. There is a strong preference for concave microsites This community occupies seeps and other small and lower slopes. The slope ranged from 3% to 90% wet areas that would be difficult to map and are and averaged 49%. The regolith is generally cofluvi- therefore simply included in larger mapping units. urn of metabasaltic or sedimentary origin, although glacial and alluvial materials also occur, The mean summer soil temperature was 10 deg C No pits were dug in this type, although this type has (50 deg F), which is near average for the Silver Fir been observed to occur on a wide variety of soils. Zone. The temperature regime is frigid and the The predominant factor seems to be saturation with moisture regime is udic or aquic.

Figure 82. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Devil's Club Association.

199 Timber Productivity maintain soil and ground vegetation intact to protect stream channels. Timber productivity of this type is apparently moderate (Site ill). However, because of the great age and Root disease problems can include annosus root irregular stand structure the productivity potential of disease on western hemlock and silver fir, Armiflaria this type is relatively unknown. Based on a limited root disease on suppressed or stressed trees of all sample, the site index for Douglas-fir was 123, 121 species, and possibly laminated root rot on western for western hemlock, and 118 for silver fir. The corre- hemlock and silver fir. The most serious disease sponding yield table estimates of productivity are may be annosus root disease in thinned plantations 120, 172-182 and 114 cu ftlac/yr (Table 60). The and old-growth stands. Heart and butt rots may stockability of these sites is apparently low, due to include red ring rot on western hemlock, rusty red their riparian locations. This type represents more stringy rot and annosus root disease on western restrictive management opportunities than other hemlock and silver fir. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe may types in the same area. occur in old-growth western hemlock stands.

Insect problems may include hemlock looper on Management Considerations western hemlock, western blackheaded budworm on western hemlock and silver fir, balsam woolly The main management consideration for this type is aphid on silver fir and silverfir beetle on windthrown, riparian and wildlife management. It is important to diseased or stressed silver fir.

Table 60. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/Devil'sClub Association.

SITE SIFE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI5 SDI8 TREES GBA7 SIGBA8 EMAI

Douglas-fir (McArdIet) 2 2 123 18 120 Western Hemlock (Barnes2) 4 4 121 21 182 335 122 Western Hemlock Viley3) 1 2 79 172 393 2 335 Silver Fir (Hoyer4) 1 5 118 114 393 5 471 167

Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Reconnaissance plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100. Totalage (Barnes 1962), ReconnaIssance plots Only, ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 50, Breast heightage (Wiley 1978a,b), ages 25 to 120 years.

4 Base age 100, Breast heightage (Hoyer and Herman, in press), ages 2510 400 years.

Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site indexcurve for the species (see Figure 189 p. 496). 6 Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933).

Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table 174p. 494).

Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr based on the equation Sl*GBA*0.003(Hall 1987).

200 Comparison with Similar Types berryfDeerferfl type of del Moral etal. (1976) apparently includes plots which we call Silver Fir/Devil's Similar types includeSilver Fir/Skunkeabbage Club. It was recognized by Franklin et al. (1988) in which occurs in wet sites with deep organic soils, Mt. Rainier National Park and on the Gifford Pirichot and Western Hemlock/Devil's Club at lower eleva- National Forest by Franklin (1966) and Brockway et tions. The Silver Fir/Devil's Club Association is al. (1983). It was also recognized on the Willamette widely recognized in Washington and Oregon. It and Mt. Hood National Forest by Hemstrom et al. and was recognized in the Olympics by Henderson (1982). It is similar to the Alaska Yellowcedar/Devil's Peter (1982a, 1983a) and in the Cascades (1981d, Club type of Dyrness et al. (1976) in the H.J. An- 1982b, 1983b, 1984, 1985). itwas not recognized by Smith and Henderson (1986) or Fonda and Bliss drews Experimental Forest. In British Columbia, (1969). In the Snoqualmie River drainage the West- Haeussler at al. (1982) recognize an analogous ern Hemlock-Western Redcedar/AlaskaHuckle- type.

Figure 83. Photo of the Silver Fir/Devil's ClubAssociation, Matheny Ridge, Quinault District.

201 SILVER FIR/OXALIS Abies amabilis/Oxaf,s oregana ABAM/OXOR CFF1 Ii (OLY)

The Silver Fir/Oxalis Associationis a major type of be the most common and abundant moist sites at low elevations, and moss. Other moderately high species which may occur in smallamounts are Alec- timber productivity. It is common in the wetter cli- toria sarmentosa, Sphaerophorusg/obosus, Scapa- matic areas of the Olympics, on the Quinault and n/a bolanderi, and the nitrogen-fixerLobaria ore- Soleduck Districts (Figure 84). Soilsare mostly gana. deep and moist, and derived fromcolluvium, outwash or glacial till. They appearto be moderately high in organic matter and nitrogen,but low in calci- SuccessIonal RelatIonshIps um and phosphorus. Little snow accumulatesin this type compared to other Silver Fir types. Soiltemper- atures are colder than in the WesternHemlockj The successional pathway is usuallydominated by Oxalis type. This type has burnedvery seldom in the silver fir and western hemlock. Climaxstages are last 500 years, and most old-growthof this type is dominated by western hemlock andsilver fir with very old. Some younger stands haveoriginated some western redcedar. Douglas-fir occurs insome from windstorms or small fires. plantations less than 35 years old,but is virtually absenf from all ages of old-growth.Silver fir trees are often about as old as the Stand, indicatingthat Floristic ComposItIon existing Stands of this associationbegan with a component of silver fir. The dominant understory species(Table 61) is oxalis (OXOR), which is usuallypresent in all ages of stands, although it may be inconspicuous or absent Table 61. Common plants in the in young stands or in denselystocked second ABAM/OXOR Association, based on stands >150 growth. Other shrubs may include redhuckleberry years (n=19). (VAPA) and Alaska huckleberry (VAAL).Swordfern (POMU) deerfern (BLSP), falselily-of-the-valley Abs. (MADI2), and foamflower (TITR)may also occur. Rel. Common nameCodeCover Cover Const Ranqe Early seral species include fireweed(EPAN), pearly everlasting (ANMA), cats ear (HYRA),salmonberry TREES (RUSP) and oxalis (OXOR). The western hemlock tree layer is domi- TSHE 52.7 52.7 100 20-90 silver fir nated by silver fir and western hemlock(Figure 85), ABAM 51.1 51.1 100 14-99 Western redcedar western redcedar can occur in smallamounts. THPL 4.4 13.8 31 0-60 Stands in this type and related typescan become GROUND VEGETATiON overstocked following blowdown. When oxalis overstock- OXOR 42.6 42.6 100 1-90 red huckleberry ing occurs it is usually associatedwith a thick duff VAPA 2.1 2.5 84 0-20 deerfern layer and sparse ground vegetation. BLSP 1.9 2.3 84 0-9 swordfern POMU 2.1 2.7 78 0-5 Alaska huckleberry VAAL 1.8 2.3 78 0-4 Ground mosses are generally trillium sparse on this type, TROV 0.8 1.0 78 0-1 with total moss cover ranging from three-leaved 1% to 15%. The foamflower most common and abundant TITR 1.1 1.4 73 0-2 moss is Eurhynchium false lily-of-the ore ganum. Hylocomium spiendens, P/a valley giothec/um MADI2 3.2 4.7 68 0-25 ladyfern undulatum, Rhytidiade!phus loreus,Peltigera aph- ATA 0.6 1.2 52 0-2 thosa and Peltigara sp.may occasionally occur. There are limited data available forepiphytic mosses and lichens. Isothecium sto/on iferumappears to

202 Environment andSoils Other Biota to upper This type occurs onflat tO steep, lower frequently recordedfor configuration but mostoften straight. Wildlife observations were commonly slopes of any elk, bear and porcupineon this type. from 0% to 95%and averaged Alaska The slope varied colluvium from browsed species werered hucklebefly, 48%. The regolithis most commonly salmonberrY westernhemlock or can be alpine orconti- huckleberry and 5unkcabbage, metabaSait or sandstone, and western redcedar,elderberry, nental glacialdeposits. oval-leaf huckleberrywere also swordfern and fre- browsed. Bear andporcupine damage was in this typeshowed poor to moder- hemlock The five soil pits quently observed onDouglas-fir, western development. Texturevaried from sandy and evidence ate soil averaged 10.8%, and silver fir. Mountainbeaver activity coarse fragments recorded. Deer, loam to clay and The 01 salmonberry was which is considerablYless than average. of browse on also not- a little thin Douglas squirrel andsnowshoe hare were 1.0 cm and the 02 was layer was thin at probably re- ed. at 4.0 cm, althoughthese thicknesses young age of thestands sampled. thrush, pileated flect the relatively 88 cm. include varied Bedrock was onlyencountered in one pit at Bird observations red-breasted nuthatch, soils is well woodpecker, chickadee, capacity of these Swain- The water holding coarse f rag- winter wren, Steller'Sjay, western flycatcher, above average duelargely to the low woodpecker activity on awestern further enhancedin son's thrush, and ment fraction.Soil moisture is hemlock snag.

for the Silver Fir/OxaliSAssociation. Figure 84. Mapof plot location5 203 this type by the moist maritime climate, although Timber Productivity this is countered somewhat by the sometimes dry topographic position occupied by the association. Timber productivity of this type is high (Site Il). This Two of the pits were classified haplumbrepts, onea is due to the moistness of the site, favorable soils, haplorthod and two dystrochrepts. and relatively long growing season. Site index for Douglas-fir in measured stands averaged 157 (base According to the Olympic Soil Resource inventory 100), 139 for western hemlock and 150 for silver fir (Snyder etal. 1969), these soils are commonly shal- (Table 62). The productivity potential using the site low, well-drained, rapidly permeable, colluvial soils. index-yield table approach was 163,209 and 157cu Deep glacial soils with or without subsoilcom- ft/ac/yr. The empirical yield estimate whichwas paction, but commonly with moderate or slow based mostly on stands of western hemlockand subsoil permeability are also fairly common. Tex- silver fir was 183 Cu ft/ac/yr. The stockability of these tures range from silt barns and silty clay barns to sites is high. Productivity potential for western hem- clay barns and occasionally sandy barns. The lock and silver fir is higher than for Douglas-fir. West- coarse fragments range from 5% to 65% near the ern hemlock and silver fir are the preferred species surface to 20% to 85% in the subsoils. on much of this type.

The mean soil temperature was 11.7 deg C (53.1 deg F), which is warm for the Silver Fir Zone. The Management Considerations temperature regime isfrigid and the moisture regime is udic. Management considerations for this type include manipulation of species composition and regulation Nutrient analysis of four samples indicated low cal- of stocking. The available data indicate that high cium, phosphorus and potassium, and high nitro- stocking levels could be maintained especially in gen and boron. The pH was 4.6, which is low for the mixed stands of silver fir and western hemlock. Ac- series. cumulated soil organic matter and nitrogen should

Table 62. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/Oxalis Association.

SflE srr GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI7 SDI8 TREES GBA9 SIGBA1° EMAI1'

Douglas-fir (McArdte1) 4 14 157 33 163 373 183 Douglas-fir (Curtis2) 4 14 155 18 373

Douglas-fir (King3) 1 4 115 169 499

Western Hemlock (Barnes4) 12 12 139 33 216 441 184

Western Hemlock (Wiley5) 4 17 105 9 209 562 16 441 183

Silver Fir (Hoyer8) 6 16 150 11 157 434 13 565 261 183

I Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensiveplots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Breast height age (Curtis et al. 1974),ages 25 to 400 years. Base age 50, Breast height age (King 1966), ages 25 to 120 years. r Base age 100, Total age (Barnes 1962). Reconnaissanceplots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 5 Base age 50, Breast heightage (Wiley 1978a,b), ages 25 to 120 years. 8 Base age 100, Breast height age (Hoyer and Herman, inpress), ages 25 to 400 years. 7 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived fromthe site index curve for the species (see Figure 189 p. 496). 8 Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933). Growlh Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table 174 p. 494). 10 Index of potential volume growth incu It/ac/yr, based on the equation Sl*GBA*0.003 (Hall 1987). Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20to 300 years old (see Figure 191 p. 498).

204 be preserved by reducing burning sites in this type. usually common in old-growth western hemlock However, in some stands there may be excess titter stands. and burning might be desirable to reduce the Insect problems may include hemlock looper on amount of litter. Many oxalis types show very low western hemlock, western blackheaded budworm amounts of calcium and phosphorus. This may be on western hemlock and silver fir, balsam woolly limiting growth or affecting tree development on the- aphid on silver fir and silver fir beetle on windthrown, se sites. We recommend that any fertilizer applica- diseased or stressed silver fir. tions on this oxalis type include calcium and phos- phorous. Wildlife values can be moderately high, especially for elk winter range. ComparIson with SImIlar Types

Similar types include the Western Hemlock/Oxalis Root disease problems can include annosus root type at lower elevations, the Silver Fir/Swordfern- disease on western hemlock and silver fir, Armiliaria Oxalis and Silver Fir/Salal/Oxalis types in drier areas root disease on suppressed or stressed trees of all or on drier sites, The Silver Fir/Oxalis Association is species, and possibly laminated root rot on western recognized on the Mt. Hood National Forest in Ore- hemlock and silver fir. The most serious disease gon (Hemstrom et al. 1982), and in the western may be annosus root disease in thinned plantations Olympics (Henderson and Peter 1981a,b, 1982a), and old-growth stands. Heart and butt rots may where Smith and Henderson (1986) recognized an include red ring rot on western hemlock, rusty red SilverFir-WesternHemlock/Oxalistype,while stringy rot and annosus root disease on western Fonda and Bliss (1969) called it Silver Fir-Western hemlock and silver fir. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe is Hemlock/Oxalis.

I____,___, ..

7- :

Figure 85. Photo of the Silver Fir/Oxalis Association, Higley Peak, QuinaultDistrict.

205 SlLV 1R/HODODENDRON Abies amabilis/Rhododencjron macrophyllum ABAM/RHMA CFS6 11 (OLY)

The Silver Fir/Rhododendron Association isa type morpha, Parmeliopsis hyperopta, andcrustose of moderately dry areas (EnvironmentalZones lichens. Less frequent species include Bryoriaspp., 8-1 1), cold soils, and moderate to low timberpro- Sphaerophorus globosus and Hypogymnia ductivity. It is found in the rainshadowarea of the imshaugll. Forest (Figure 86). Soils are usually very stonycolluvium, till or outwash, and appear to be well drained. Stands in this type have burned frequentlyin the SuccessIonal RelatIonshIps past, which has contributed partially to the low fertility of these sites. Some stands of recent fireorigin Under the current climatic regime thereare two pos- have large amounts of residual woodymaterial. sible successional pathways for this type. Onedom- Much of the area whichisnow SilverFir! inated by silver fir and western hemlock,and the Rhododendron Association was probably Western other with Douglas-fir plus silver fir and/orwestern Hemlock/Rhododendron during the Little Ice Age hemlock. Silver fir, western hemlockand western (see pages 30, 32, and 55). redcedar will ultimately dominate the climaxstand. Although Douglas-fir is a significantcomponent of old-growth stands, it is not common insome young- Fiforlatic Compoltlon growthstands. Inold-growthstands where Douglas-fir dominates, silver fir treesare mostly less The dominant understory species (Table63)is than 150 years. This indicates that muchof the area rhododendron (RHMA). Few other shrubs or herbs where this association occurs was WesternHem- are found, of these the most common are red huck- lock Zone prior to about 150 yearsago. leberry (VAPA), Alaska huckleberry (VAAL), Ore- gongrape (BENE) and twinflower (LIBO2). Many stands begin with a moderate component ofrhodo- Table 63. Common plants in the ABAM/RHMA dendron, twinflower, fireweed (EPAN) andpearly Association, based on stands >150years (n=9). everlasting (ANMA) following fire, whichmay impede restocking. The tree layer is dominatedby silver fir and western hemlock, with smalleramounts Abs. Rel. of western redcedar and Douglas-fir (especiallyin Common name Code Cover Cover Const Ranqe older stands) (Figure 87). Old-growth stands inthis type are often about 300 years old, having originat- TREES western hemlock ed from fires about 280 and 320 yearsago. TSHE 69.4 69.4 100 40-90 silver fir ABAM 24.6 24.6 100 8-70 Douglas-fir PSME 17.3 17.3 100 1-35 Ground mosses are generally abundanton this western redcedar THPL 7.6 8.5 88 0-20 Pacific yew type, ranging from 4% to 75% cover, with anaver- TABR 1.0 3.0 33 0-4 age of 34%. The most common and abundant GROUND VEGETATION mosses are Hylocomium sp!endens, Rhytidiops/s rhododendron RHMA 43.8 43.8 100 3-95 robusta and Eurhynchium ore ganum. Othercorn- twinflower LIBO2 2.0 2.0 100 1-5 monly occurring species with lowercoverage are Oregongrape BENE 1.1 1.4 77 0-3 Alaska huckleberry VAAL Plagiothecium undulatum, Dicranum sp., and Hyp- 1.0 1.3 77 0-2 red huckleberry VAPA 0.8 1.4 55 0-2 num circinale and Scapania bolanderi on rotting prince's pine CHUM 0.6 1.0 55 0-1 western coralroot wood. Epiphytic lichens may be conspicuousand COME 0.6 1.0 55 0-1 evergreen violet abundant. The common species include Platisn7atia VISE 0.6 1.0 55 0-1 glauca, Alectoria sarmentosa, Hypogyrnnjaentero-

206 Other Blots from 7% to 90% and averaged 46%. Regolith is usually coliuvial of basaltic origin, but may also be Douglas squirrel were observed on all plots in this glacial. type. Deer sign was recorded, including browse on red huckleberry and Pacific yew. Recent mountain According to the Olympic Soil Resource inventory beaver activity was noted in early August. Chip- (Snyder etal. 1969), these are mostly shallow, well- munk were also recorded. drained colluvial soils with rapid permeability. The type also occurs on deep glacial soils with compact- Birds frequently observed were golden-crowned ed or cemented subsoil rendering them effectively kinglet,chesnut-backedchickadeeandred- shallow. These soils are also well-drained and breasted nuthatch. Other birds recorded include rapidly permeable in surface layers, but moderately gray jay, Steller's jay, olive-sided flycatcher, hermit slowly permeable in subsoils. Textures range from thrush, varied thrush, red-tailed hawk, blue grouse, silty clay loam to sandy loam. Coarse fragments band-tailed pigeon, red-shafted flicker, common range from 15% to 70% near the surface to 35% to raven and winter wren. 80% in the subsoil.

Environment and Soils The soil temperature averaged 10.3 deg C (50.5 deg F), which makes this type a little cool for the This type occurs on gentle to steep, straight lower Silver Fir Zone. The temperature regime is frigid and to upper slopes and benches. The slope ranged the moisture regime is udic.

Figure 86. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Rhododendron Association.

207 TimberProductivity gen should enhance the productivity of this type, however enhancing organic matter and soilstruc- Timber productivity of this type ismoderate to low ture should increase the effectiveness of nitrogen (Site IV). Site index of Douglas-firaveraged 128, fertilizer. Because of the exposed site conditions while western hemlock was 118and silver fir was and often densely stocked stand conditions, 107 (Table 64). The productivity this potential of this type offers low to moderate wildlife values inyoung type is difficult to assess because of the apparent and old-growth stands. Young-growthstands can change from Western Hemlock Zone (and therefore offer some browse for deer. Game trails andscat are Douglas-fir dominance) to Silver Fir Zone. Produc- uncommon in this type, indicating that it gets only tivity potential using the site index-yield table ap- irregular use. In contrast to most Silver Firassocia- proach was 122, 155 and 98 cu ft/ac/yr respectively. tions, Douglas-fir can grow here. Preferredspecies The site index curve of Curtis etal. (1974)for upper are Douglas-fir, western hemlock and/or silver fir. elevation Douglas-fir was also used, itgave a Site index of 113. The empirical yield estimate for this Root disease problems can include laminatedroot association was 109 cu ft/ac/yr. rot on Douglas-fir,Armillariaroot disease on Douglas-fir, silver fir and western hemlock,and annosus root disease on western hemlock and silver Management Considerations fir. Armillaria may pose the most serious threatto Douglas-fir regeneration on this type. Blackstain Management considerations for this type include root disease may occur in Douglas-fir plantations. ensuring rapid initial stocking (otherwise rhododen- Laminated root rot may be damagingto Douglas-fir dron brush competition is a problem), and enhance- and may moderately damage silver fir andwestern ment of soil nutrients and organic matter. Advanced hemlock on this type. Heart and buttrots may in- regeneration (if present), soil organic matter and clude red ring rot on Douglas-fir andwestern hem- nitrogen should be preserved. Fertilizing with nitro- lock, and brown trunk rot and brown cubicalbutt

Table 64. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/RhododendronAssociation.

SIrE SIFE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI8 S019 TREES G1° SIGBA1' EMAJ'2

Douglas-fir (McArdle1) 4 17 128 50 122 509 16 411 127 109 Douglas-fir (McArclle2) 4 4 115 10 Douglas-fir (Curtis3) 4 17 113 27 509 16 411 127 Douglas-fir (King4) 1 5 71 67 Western Hemlock (Barnes5) 2 2 118 16 176 480 170 Western Hemlock (Wiley6) 2 6 66 11 155 693 6 480 Silver Fir (Hoyer7) 3 11 107 19 98 513 8 361 109 109

IBase age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Intensive plots only, ages 2510 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Reconnaissance plotsonly, ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 100, Breast heightage (Curtis et al. 1974). ages 25 to 400 years. 4 Base age 50, Breast heightage (King 1966). ages 25 to 120 years. 5 Base age 100, Total age (Barnes 1962), Reconnaissance plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 6 Base age 50. Breast heightage (Wiley 1978ab), ages 2510 120 years. 7 Base age 100, Breast height age (l-loyer and Herman. in press),ages 25 to 400 years. 8 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site indexcurve for the species (see Figure 189 p. 496). Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933).

10 Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987)(see Table 174 p. 494). IIndex of potential volume growth in Cu ftJac/yr, based on the equation Sl*GBA*O.003 (Hall 1987). 12 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data fromstands 20 to 30 years old (see Figure 191 p. 498). 208 rot on old Douglas-firs. Red ring rot may reduce Comparison with Similar Types growth of Douglas-fir on this type. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe may occur occasionally. Similar types include Silver Fir/Rhododendron- Alaska Huckleberry Association which occurs on Insect problems may include balsam woolly aphid slightly moister sites. it is also related to the Western on silver fir, western btackheaded budworm on Hemlock/RhodOdendron-Salal and Western Douglas-fir, silver fir, and western hemlock, hemlock Hemlock/Rhododendron types which occur at low- looper on western hemlock. Silver fir beetle may be er elevations, mostly on the HoodCanal and on suppressed or diseased silver firand Douglas-fir Quilcene Districts. The Silver Fir/Rhododendron As- beetle on diseased,stressed,or windthrown sociation is not recognized elsewhere. It may occur How- Douglas-fir. as far south as the Mt. Hood National Forest. ever, the closest type in that area is SilverFir!. Rhododendron-OregOngrape (Hemstrometal. 1982). It was previously recognized by Henderson and Peter (1 983a), but as a much broader type than used here.

I S - -4-4.-. -- -w -

F -..- --.."-N tt -4 -

Figure 87. Photo of the Silver Fir/Rhododendron Association, Mt.Crag, Quilcene District.

209 SILVER FIR/RHODODENDRON.ALASKA HUCKLEBERRY Abies amabilis/Rhododendron macrophyllum-Vaccinium a!askaense ABAM/RHMA-VAAL CFS6 12

The Silver Fir/Rhododendron-Alaska Huckleberry cession, understory vegetation decreases in re- Association is a type of dry areas, infertile soils and sponse to low light levels. As old-growth develops moderate to low timber productivity. It is common in and tree mortality opens the canopy, ground vege- the rainshadow area of the Olympics, particularly on tation dominated by rhododendron and Alaska the Hood Canal and Quilcene Districts (Figure 88). huckleberry is reestablished. There are two recog- Soils are sometimes shallow, but not stony, and are nized successional pathways for this type. Seral derived mostly from colluvium. They appear to be stages are dominated by Douglas-fir and western particularly low in organic matter and nitrogen. hemlock, or by silver fir and western hemlock. West- Stands in this type have burned frequently in the ern hemlock and silver fir dominate the climax past, which has contributed partially to the low fertil- stand. Silver fir trees are mostly less than 160 years ity of these sites. in old-growth stands in this association, but some older trees do occur. This indicates that these areas were probably silver fir potential well into the Little Floristic CompositIon Ice Age, in contrast to the other rhododendron- dominated associations. Dominant understory species (Table 65) are rhododendron (RHMA) and Alaska huckleberry (VAAL), although in densely stocked stands these indicator Other Biota species may be inconspicuous or absent. Other shrubs may include Oregongrape (BENE) and red Wildlife observations include sign of deer, bear and huckleberry (VAPA). Twinflower (LIBO2) and five- mountain beaver, all of which had recent activity leaved bramble (RUPE) may also occur. The tree recorded in mid-June. Deer browse was observed on red layer is dominated by silver fir and western hemlock huckleberry and rhododendron; bear with smaller amounts of Douglas-fir and western browse was noted on silver fir and western redcedar. Douglas squirrel sign was common. redcedar (Figure 89). Frequent fires have occurred in this type over the last 500 years. Table 65. Common plants in the ABAM/RHMA-VML Ground mosses and lichens are common and often Association, based on stands >150 years (n=5). abundant, with total cryptogam cover averaging 32%, and ranging from 3% to 95% cover. Rhytidiop- sis robusta and Hylocomium splendens are the Abs. Rel. most common and abundant mosses. Other com- Common nameCode Cover Cover Const Ranqe mon species, but with low abundance include Di- TREES cranum sp., Eurhynchium oreganum, Cladonia spp., western hemlock TSHE 67.0 67.0 100 40-90 and Hypnum circinale and Scapania bolanderi on silver fir ABAM 33.0 33.0 100 5-50 rotting wood. Epiphytic lichens are present on this Douglas-fir PSME 22.2 22.2 100 1-35 western redcedar THPL 20.2 25.2 80 0-50 type, but generally are not abundant. The common- Pacific yew TABR 1.0 2.5 40 0-3 ly occurring species are Hypogymnia enteomor- pha, Alectoria sarmentosa, Parmeliopsis hyperopta, GROUND VEGETATION Usnea sp. and crustose lichens. rhododendron RHMA 25.6 25.6 100 8-65 Alaska huckleberry VAAL 18.0 18.0 100 10-25 red huckleberry VAPA 7.4 7.4 100 2-10 twinflower LIBO2 8.0 10.0 80 0-25 Successional RelatIonshIps Oregongrape BENE 2.6 3.3 80 0-5 five-leaved bramble RUPE 3.6 6.0 60 0-15 bunchberry COCA 1.8 3.0 60 0-7 Many stands begin with a moderate component of little prince's pine CHME 0,8 1.3 60 0-2 rhododendron and huckleberry following fire. As the queen's cup CLUN 0.8 1.3 60 0-2 canopy develops during the middle stages of suc- pink wintergreen PYAS 0.8 1.3 60 0-2 western corairoot COME 0.6 1.0 60 0-1 210 This type is dry, not because of the soil water hold- Birds frequently observed were golden-crowned ing capacity, which is above average, but because kinglet, dark-eyed jurico, varied thrush,hermit of its topographic position and climate. One pit was thrush and common crow. Other birds observed classified as haplorthod and one as dystrochrept. include Hammond's and olive-sided flycatcher, band-tailed pigeon, rufous hummingbird, gray jay, According to the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory. black-capped and chesnut-baCked chickadee, win- (Snyder et al. 1969), nearly all of these soils are ter wren, red-breasted nuthatch andwoodpeckers. shallow, well-drained, rapidly permeable, colluvial soils ranging from loam to sandy loam. Coarse f rag- ments ranged from 35% to 70% near the surface to Environment and Soils 35% to 85% in the subsoils. They often occurin areas of frequent rock outcrop. This type occurs on gentle to steep, straight, upper to lower slopes. Slopes ranged from 5% to 72%and The mean summer soil temperature was 9.3 deg C averaged 54%. The regolith was colluvium of (48.7 deg F), which makes this one of the cooler basaltic origin. soils in the Silver Fir Zone. The temperature regime is cool frigid and the moisture regime isprobably Two pits dug in this type show moderate soil development. Texture ranged from sand to sandyclay dry udic. loam. The 01 was 2.5 cm and the 02 was 5.0 cm, Two soil nutrient analyses showed higher than aver- which are both about average. The rooting depth and magne- was to 62.5 cm, which is almost average,but also age phosphorus, potassium, calcium and extended 5 cm into the 02. Coarse fragments aver- sium, and lower than average nitrogen, sulfate aged 28%, which is less than average. Fractured boron. The pH averaged 5.6 which is well above the basalt bedrock was encountered in one pit at 66cm. series average.

Figure 88. Map of plot locations for the SilverFir/Rhododendron-Alaska Huckleberry Association.

211 TImber Productivity fectiveness of nitrogen fertilizer.Silver fir, western hemlock and Douglas-firare preferred species. Timber productivity of thistype is moderate to low (Site IV). This is due to the dryness of the site and Root disease problems cold soils. Site index ofmeasured stands averaged can include all three major diseases; laminated root rot, 120 (base 100) for Douglas-fir,64 (base 50) for on Douglas-fir, Armil- lana root disease on Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and 96 (base 100)for silver fir. silver fir, and west- The productivity potential usingthe site index-yield ern hemlock, and annosus root diseaseon western table approach was 113Cu ft/ac/yr for Douglas-fir hemlock and silver fir. Armillariamay pose the most and an average of 117 forwestern hemlock and serious threat to Douglas-firregeneration on this silver fir (Table 66). The empiricalyield estimate for type. Laminated root rotmay be damaging to this association was 109Cu ft/ac/yr. The stockability Douglas-fir and may moderatelydamage silver fir of these sites is apparently lowbut the stocking in and western hemlock on thistype. Heart and butt wild stands tends to be high. rots may include red ring rotdamaging Douglas-fir and western hemlock, browntrunk rot and brown cubical butt rot may bepresent on old-growth Management ConsIderations Douglas-fir.

Management considerations forthis type include Insect problems may includebalsam woolly aphid regulation of stocking andenhancement of soil nu- on silver fir, western blackheaded trients and organic budworm on matter. Advance regeneration, Douglas-fir, silver fir andwestern hemlock, hemlock soil organic matter andnitrogen should be pre- looper on western hemlock. Silver served. Fertilizing with nitrogen fir beetle may be should enhance the on suppressed or diseased silver fir,and Douglas-fir productivity of. this type, howeverenhancing organ- beetle on diseased, ic matter and soil structure stressed,or windthrown should increase the ef- Douglas-fir.

Table 66. Timber productivity values for the SilverFir/Rhodocjendron..Alaska Huckleberry Association.

SITE srTE TREE SPECIES GBA PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI4 SDI5 TREES GBA6 SIGBA7 EMAI 8

Douglas-fir (McArdlet) 2 2 120 4 113 Western Hemlock (Wiley2) 3 6 64 5 153 489 5 394 109 Silver Fir (Hoyer2) 3 14 96 8 82 489 9 356 98 109

Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Reconnaissance plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 50, Breast height age (Wiley1978a,b), ages 25 to 120 years. 3Base age 100, Breast height age (Hoyer and Herman, In press), ages 25 to 400years. 4Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site index curve for thespecies (see Figure 189 P. 496). 5Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933).

6 Growth Basal Area (Hall1987) (see Table 174 p. 494). 7 Index of potential volume growth in Cu ft/ac/yr. based on the equationSI*GBA*O.003 (Hall 1987). 8 Estimated Mean AnnualIncrement derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure191 p. 498).

212 Comparison with Similar Types type is recognized on the Willamette National Forest in Oregon. It is discussed by Hemstrom etal. (1982) Similar types include the Silver Fir/Rhododendron as having greatest similarity to the Silver Fir/Alaska Associationondriersitesand the Western Huckleberry Associations. In the Olympics it is not Hemlock/Rhododendron and Western Hemlock! much like our Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry types. In Rhododendron/Swordfern Associations at lower el- contrast to the Silver Fir/Rhododendron-Alaska evations.TheSilverFir/Rhododendron-Alaska Huckleberry/Bunchberry type in Oregon, our Silver Huckleberry Association has a limited distribution in Fir/Rhododendron-Alaska Huckleberry type has lit- the Olympics. The closelyrelatedSilverFir! tie bunchberry and few of the herbs which appear Rhododendron-Alaska Huckleberry!BuflChberry to characterize this type there.

Figure 89. Photo of the Silver Fir/Rhododendron-Alaska Huckleberry Association, Bon JonPass, Quilcerie District.

213 SILVER FIR/SALAL Abies amabj/js/Gaulfherja shallot, ABAM/GASH CFS1 54 (CLV)

The Silver Fir/Salal Association is a variable type of the climax stand. Silver fir trees in mesic areas, moderate soil old-growth plots temperatures and mod- were younger than 215 years, even erate timber productivity. It is found though many throughout the stands approached 700years. It appears that areas Forest, often at the lower boundaryof the Silver Fir where this Associationoccurs may have been West- Zone on southerlyaspects (Figure 90). Soilsare shallow to deep, derived from ern Hemlock/Salal association priorto 220 years colluvium, and often ago (/.e. during the Little Ice Age). appear to be well drained. Stands in thistype have burned frequently in thepast, which has contributed partially to the low fertility of these sites. Silver fir Other Blota often occurs as individuals lessthan 200 years old, suggesting that the boundary of this type has shift- There are no wildlife or bird ed down in elevation since theend of the Little Ice observations recorded Age. for this type.

Florlstic ComposItion Table 67. Common plants in theABAM/GASH Association, based on stands The dominant understoryspecies (Table 67) is salal >150 years (n=8). (GASH). Other shrubsinclude red huckleberry (VAPA), Oregongrape (BENE)and Alaska huckleberry(VAAL).Herbs may include Abs. Rel. swordfern Common name Code Cover (POMU), prince's pine (CHUM)and twinflower Cover Const Rariqe (LIBO2). Many stands beginwith a moderate com- TREES ponent of fireweed (EPAN) andpearly everlasting western hemlock TSHE 46.9 46.9 100 10-86 (ANMA) following fire, whichmay impede restock- silver fir ABAM 30.7 30.7 100 10-70 ing. In some cases salal western redcedar can reestablish very quick- THPL 15.6 17.9 87 Douglas-fir 0-45 ly. The tree layer is dominatedby silver fir and west- PSME 14.4 23.0 62 0-40 Pacific yew TABR ern hemlock with smalleramounts of western 3.1 12.5 25 0-15 redcedar and Douglas-fir (Figure91). Old-growth GROUND VEGETATION stands in this type are often about salal 300 years old, GASH 46.9 46.9 100 15-90 red huckleberry having originated from firesabout 280 and 320 VAPA 9.1 9.1 100 1-40 Oregongrape years ago. BENE 4.8 5.4 87 0-15 Alaska huckleberry VAAL 2.1 2.8 75 0-5 swordfern POMU 1.3 2.0 62 0-3 There are limited data available prince's pine for cryptogams on CHUM 0.8 1.2 62 0-2 this type. From two sampleplots, ground mosses are sparse with an average of 8%cover, probably due to dense salalcover. There are no data available regarding speciespresence, or epiphytic mosses and lichens.

Successional Relatlonshlpe

There are two probablesuccessional pathways for this type, one dominated bysilver fir and western hemlock, the other includingDouglas-fir. Silver fir, western hemlock and westernredcedar dominate

214 larger group is collu- Environment and Soils two very different groups. The vial, shallow, well-drained soils that are rapidly per- generally meable in the surface layer. The smaller groupis This type occurs on gentle to steep, permeable straight slopes. It occurs on nearly any slopeposi- deep, moderately well-drained and tion except toe-slopes and bottoms, but favorsmid- glacial soils. Textures are sandy barns to barns. the slopes. The slope ranged from 10 to 90% and aver- Coarse fragments ranged from 5% to 65% near aged 55%. The regolithisusually colluvial of surface to 10% to 100% in the subsoils. basaltic origin, but is sometimes glacial orsedimen- The mean summer soil temperature was 11.9 degC tary colluvium. (53.4 deg F), which is one of the warmestsoils for is frigid According to the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory the Silver Fir Zone. The temperature regime udic. (Snyder et al. 1969), these soils will fall into oneof and the moisture regime is on the dry end of

Figure 90. Map of plot locations for the SilverFir/Salal Association.

215 Timber Productivity serious threat to Douglas-firregeneration on this type. Laminated root rot Timber productivity of this type may be damaging to appears to be mod- Douglas-fir and may moderately erate (Site lii). Site index of Douglas-fir damage silver fir was 137 and western hemlock on this (base 100) (based onone tree), while western hem- type. Heart and butt rots may include red ring rot damaging lock averaged 89. Therewere not enough plots in Douglas-fir this association to estimate and western hemlock, browntrunk rot and brown potential yield in terms cubical butt rot may be of cu ft/ac/yr. The stockability ofthese sites is mod- present on old-growth erate. Douglas-fir.

Insect problems may include balsamwoolly aphid Management Considerations on silver fir, western blackheadedbudworm on Douglas-fir, silver fir and westernhemlock, hemlock Management considerations forthis type include looper on western hemlock. Silverfir beetle may be ensuring rapid initial stocking andenhancement of on suppressed or diseased silver fir, andDouglas-fir soil nutrients and organic matterwhile controlling beetle on diseased,stressed,or windthrown brush competition. Accumulated soilorganic matter Douglas-fir. and nitrogen should be preserved,however salal competition can be severe and burningfor brush control may be needed. Because ofthe warm, ex- Comparison wIth Similar Types posed site Conditions where thistype occurs and the dense salal dominatedground vegetation, it of- Similar types include Silver fers low to moderate wildlife Fir/Salal/Deerfern which values in young and occurs on slightly wetter sites at lowerelevations, old-growth stands. Young-growth stands often offer and the Western Hemlock/Salal.oregongrapetype some browse for deer, particularly from red huckle- which occurs in drier areasand at lower elevations. berry. Game trails and scat are uncommon in this The Silver Fir/Salal Associationis widely recognized type, indicating that it gets only irregular use. in the Olympics and Cascadesof Washington. it is recognized on the Gifford Pinchot Root disease problems can include National Forest all three major (Brockway etal. 1983, Franklin1966), in Mt. Rainier diseases, laminated root rot on Douglas-fir,Armillar- National Park (Franklin etal. 1988), ia root disease on Douglas-fir, silver fir on the Mt. Baker- and western Snoqualmie National Forest(Henderson and Peter hemlock, and annosus root diseaseon western (1981c, 1982b) and in the hemlock and silver fir. Armillaria Olympics (Henderson may pose the most and Peter 1981a,b, 1982a).

216 Figure 91. Photo of the Silver Fir/Salal Association, Four Stream, Hood Canal District.

217 SILVER FIR/SALAL/DEERFERN Abies amabilis/Gau/therjashallon/Blechnum spicant ABAM/GASH/BLSP CFS1 55

The Silver Fir/Salal/Dee,fern Association is a com- Successional Relationships mon type of drier sites in wetareas, and moderate to good timber productivity.Itis common in the The major successionalpathway is dominated by wetter climatic areas of the Olympics,particularly on silver fir and western hemlock.Climax stages are the Quinault and SoleduckDistricts (Figure 92), and dominated by both silver firand western hemlock. at low elevations for the SilverFir Zone. Soils are mostly deep, derived fromcolluvium or glacial till. Soils appear to bemoderately high in organicmat- Other Rlot ter and nitrogen, but low incalcium and phosphorus. The typical area of this type has burned rarely, Wildlife observationsare limited to two plots for this if at all, in the last 1000years. type. Heavy mountain beaveractivity and browse on Alaska huckleberry were recordedon one plot. Elk sign and bear damageto silver fir were also Floristic Composition observed. There are no birdobservations for this type. Dominant understory species(Table 68) are salal (GASH), red huckleberry (VAPA)and Alaska huckleberry (VAAL), whichare usually present in allages Environment and Soils of stands, although theymay be inconspicuous or absent in densely stocked second growth. Salal, This type occurson gentle to steep, convexor salmonberry (RUSP) and Alaskahuckleberry may straight, lower slopes toridgetops. it shows little become established quicklyafter clearcut or fire. preference for landforms interms of macrotopogra.. Other shrubs may includeOregongrape (BENE). phy, but strongly prefersupper slopes, and to a False lily-of-the-valley (MADI2),deerfern (BLSP) and lesser degree, mid-slopesin terms of microtopogra.. swordfern (POMU) may alsooccur. The tree layer phy. it was never foundon a concave landform in may be dominated by silver firor western hemlock our sample. The slope variedfrom 3% to 80% and and western redcedarmay also occur (Figure 93). averaged 46%. The regolith isusually colluvium but Most areas of this type havenot been cut over. may also be alpine glacial.Bedrock is usually Therefore, much of the type isstill in old-growth, and metabasaft or sandstone. many stands are over 300years old. Table 68. Common plants Information on cryptogamsis limited for this in the ABAM/GASH/BLSP type. Association, based However from the threeplots sampled, ground on stands >150 years (n=15). moss cover was fairly abundant,averaging 42%, with a range from 10% to80%. The most common Abs. species was Rhytidiadelphus/oreus. Other species Rel. Common name Code Cover Cover Const Ranqe which were present butwith low coveragewere P/a giothecium undu/atum,Eurhynchium ore ganum, TREES and Hypnum circinale western hemlock TSHE on rotting wood. Dataare 60.0 59.0 100 15-99 silver fir ABAM limited for epiphytes toone plot where Hypnum 54.2 50.4 93 1-90 western redcedar THPL 5.8 circina/e and /sothecjumstolonjferum were the 9.6 53 1-20 dominant and conspicuousepiphytic mosses. GROUND VEGETA-rjON salal GASH 22.8 22.1 100 red huckleberry 1-65 VAPA 10.6 9.3 100 deerferr, 1-35 BLSP 4.2 3.7 100 Alaska huckleberry 1-15 VAAL 19.3 19.5 86 swordfern 2-65 POMU 0.9 1.4 66 false lily-of-the 1-3 valley MADI2 2.2 3.3 60 1-20 218 Two soil pits dug in this type show weak to moder- deep, often imperfectly drained glacial soils with ate soil development. Texture varied from sandy subsoil compaction. Textures are typically silt barns loam to clay and the coarse fragments averaged and silty clay barns or clay barns, or less commonly 11%, which is considerably lower than average. The sandy barns. The coarse fragment fraction ranges 01 layer was thin at 1.0 cm and the 02 about aver- from 15% to 65% near the surface, to 35% to 80% in age at 5.0 cm. The rooting depth was 54 cm, which the subsoil. is slightly less than average, but also extends up 5 cm into the 02. The water holding capacity of these The mean summer soil temperature was 11.1 deg C soils is much higher than average owing to the fine (51.9 deg F), which is warmer than average for the texture and low coarse fragment fraction. The moist Silver Fir Zone. The temperature regime is frigid and climate further enhances soil moisture, however, the typical topographic position of this type tends to the moisture regime is udic. keep the soil drier. The mean of two nutrient analyses indicate lower According to the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory phosphorus, calcium, and copper, and higher (Snyder etal. 1969), these soils are either shallow, boron and nitrogen than other types. The pH was welt-drained, rapidly permeable, colluvial soils or 4.8, which is fairly low for the Silver Fir Zone.

Figure 92. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Salal/Deerfern Association.

219 Timber Productivity may be annosus root disease in thinned plantations and old-growth stands. Heart and butt rots include Timber productivity of this type is apparently moder- red ring rot on western hemlock, rusty red stringyrot ate (Site Ill). Site index for western hemlock on one and annosus root disease on western hemlockand plot was 123 (base 100). Since most of the stands silver fir. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe is usuallycom- sampled were either too young or too old to reliably mon in old-growth hemlock stands. estimate either site Index or potential yield, these values are not yet available for this association. Insect problems may include silver fir beetleon windthrown, suppressed or diseased silver fir,western blackheaded budworm on western hemlock Management Considerations and silver fir buds, hemlock looperon western hemlock, and balsam woolly aphid on silver fir,especial- Management considerations for this type include ly at lower elevations. elk habitat, management of soil nutrients andorganic matter also appear to be very important.Re- sponse to fertilizer In this type is still unknown, but Comparison with Similar Types application of calcium and phosphorus is strongly indicated. This type occurs in areas where elk winter Similar types include the Silver Fir/Salal/OxalisAs- range is Important. Douglas-fir apparently does not sociation which occurs on moister micrositesand occur on this type. Silver fir or western hemlock are the Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry-Salal the preferred species. Salal and/or Alaska huckle- type which occurs on warmer sites at lower eleva- berry can pose brush problems. tions. The Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-Oregon- grape type occurs at higher elevations and in drier Root disease problems can include annosus root environmentalzones. The Silver Fir/Alaska disease on western hemlock and silver fir, Armillaria Huckleberry/Queen's Cup type occurs ontopo- root disease on suppressed or stressed trees of all graphically cooler and wetter sites andat higher species, and possibly laminated root rot on western elevations. This association is not recognizedin oth- hemlock and silver fir. The most serious disease er areas.

220 C

I, s: -::. ( ' p'4!' $ p C- I

..s i:', ''C'.-

C' :

C.'

Figure 93. Photo of the Silver Fir/Salal/Deerfern Association, Salmon River, Quinault District.

221 SILVER FIR/SALAL/OXALIS Abies amabilis/Gau/the,iashaion/Oxa/is ore gana ABAM/GASH/OXOR CFS1 56

The Silver Fir/Salal/OxalisAssociation is a major Successional Relationships type of moist sites at low elevations,and moderately high timber productivity. It iscommon in the wetter There are successional pathwaysdominated by sil- climatic areas of the Olympics,particularly on the ver fir and western hemlock, with thehemlock sere Quinault and Soleciuck Districts(Figure 94). Soils being more common. Climaxstages are dominated by both western hemlock are mostly deep and moderately finetextured, and and silver fir. Sampled stands of this type are not derived from colluviumor glacial till. They tend to be very old. In younger stands, a few planted Douglas-firs well drained and occur can persist, but on gentle lowland slopes, in there is some doubt whether areas of high precipitation, high humidity, they will be able to or fog. successfully compete with western hemlock Soils appear to be moderately and sil- high in organic mat- ver fir. There is no evidence thatDouglas-fir ever ter and nitrogen, but low in calciumand phospho- occurred naturally in this type inold-growth stands. rus. Little snow accumulates in thistype during the winter. The typical area of this typehas burned very seldom in the last 500years, and most old-growth Other Rlota of this type is very old. Someyounger stands have Wildlife observations for this originated from windstormsor small fires. type indicate heavy use by mountain beaver and elk.Red huckleberry, Alaska huckleberry, salmonberry Florlstic ComposItIon and western redcedar showed evidence of browseby mountain beaver and elk. Bear damagewas observed on sil- Dominant understory species(Table 69) are salal ver fir, and porcupine damagenoted on Douglas-fir. (GASH) and oxaf is (OXOR),which are usually Douglas squirrel were alsorecorded. Bird observations are limited to two plots present in all ages of stands. Oxalismay be rare in where dark-eyed junco and winter wren were young second growth and slalmay be inconspicu- recorded. ous or absent in densely stockedsecond growth. Oregongrape (BENE), red huckleberry(VAPA) and Alaska huckleberry (VAAL) are often present. Deer- Table 69. Common plants in theABAM/GASH/OXOR fern (BLSP), false lily-of-the-valley(MADI2), cutleaf Association, based on stands>150 years (n=7). goldthread (COLA) and swordfern(POMU) may also occur.Earlyseralspeciesincludesalal, Abs. salmonberry (RUSP), and trailingblackberry (RU- Rel. Common name Code CoverCover Const Ranqe UR). The tree layer may bedominated by silver fir, western hemlock or western redcedar(Figure 95). TREES hemlock TSHE 84.7 84.7 100 55-98 silver fir ABAM 22.1 22.1 100 10-43 Ground mosses often have western redcedar a moderate cover in this THPL 19.3 33.7 57 0-88 type, with an average of 26%. Mostlyyoung stands were sampled for cryptogams, where GROUND VEGETATION Eurhynchium oxaJs OXOIR 36.0 36.0 100 7-85 ore ganum and P/a giothecium undulatum salal were most GASH 19.4 19.4 100 red huckleberry 80 frequent. Other speciesmay include Hylocomium VAPA 12.3 12.3 100 2-30 deerfern BLSP 4.9 4.9 100 1-10 splendens, Rhytidiadeiphus loreusand Polytrichum. Oregorigrape BENE 10.0 11.7 85 0-25 Data for epiphytes were only Alaska huckleberry available for one plot, VAAL 6.6 7.7 85 0-20 swordfern where Isothecium stojoniferum POMU 4.6 5.3 85 0-8 was most abundant, cutleaf goldthread COLA 2.0 2.3 85 0-3 and the nitrogen-fixer Lobariaore gal-ia, Hypogymnia false lily-of-the. valley spp. and Platjsmatja sp. alsooccurred. MADI2 5.4 9.5 57 0-35 salmonberry RUSP 1.3 2.3 57 0-3 Environment and Soils According to the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder et al., 1969), these are usually shallow, well- This type occurs on fiat to steep, straight benches, drained, rapidly permeable colluvial soils. Where flats, and lower to upper slopes, but rarely in bot- this type occurs on deep glacial soils, the subsoils toms or on ridgetops. The slope varied from 9% to are generally compacted rendering them effectively 75% and averaged 44%. The regolith is usually col- shallow. Textures tend to be silt loam and clay loam. luvium derived from metabasalt, but may also be The coarse fragments range from 5% to 65% near glacial deposits. the surface, and 10% to 80% in the subsoils.

Three pits dug in this type show moderate soil de- The mean soil temperature was 13.4 deg C (56.1 velopment. Textures ranged from clay to more com- deg F), which is one of the warmest temperatures in monly sandy loam. The coarse fragment fraction the Silver Fir Zone. The temperature regime is lower averaged 41%, which is about average for the Silver frigid and the moisture regime is udic. Fir Zone. The 01 layer was thin at 1.3 cm and the 02 near average at 4.6 cm. This soil has a slightly below The mean of three nutrient analyses indicate rela- average water holding capacity, although the type tively low phosphorus and calcium, and high nitro- is restricted to fairly moist environmental zones. Two gen, organic matter and boron compared to other of the pits were classified as haplumbrepts and one types. The pH was 4.8, which is lower than average a haplorthod. for the series.

Figure 94. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Salal/Oxalis Association.

223 Timber Productivity desirable to reduce the amount of litter. Response to fertilizer in this type is still unknown.However this Timber productivity of this type is moderateto high type is often very low in calcium and phosphorus. (Site ill). This is due to the moistnessof the site and This may be limiting growth relatively or affecting tree devel- long growing season. Site indexfor opment on these sites. We recommend that Douglas-fir was 147, although this species any was rare fertilizer applications on this in this type. Site index forwestern hemlock aver- type include calcium and phosphorus. Wildlife valuescan be moderately aged 116 (base 100) and 149 for silverfir (Table 70). high, especially for elk. The productivity potential using thesite index-yield table approach averaged 172Cu ft/ac/yr. The empirical estimate of yield was 183cu ft/ac/yr. The stocka- Root disease problems can includeanriosus root bility of these sites is high. Productivitypotential for disease and Armillaria root diseaseon silver fir and western hemlock is higher than for Douglas-fir western hemlock. Armillaria may be damagingto (which does not do well) on thesesites. Western young-growth Douglas-fir planted on this type,but hemlock is probably the preferredspecies. impact should be minimal after 30years. Laminated root rot may occur on silver fir and westernhemlock. Heart and butt rots may includered ring rot on Management Considerations western hemlock, rusty red stringyrot on silver fir and western hemlock. Annosusroot disease is Management considerations for this typeinclude probably the most important heart andbutt rot of manipulation of species composition,regulation of older stands on this type. Hemlock dwarfmistletoe stocking and regulation of nutrientbalance. The is usually present on older western hemlockon this available data indicate that stocking levelscould be type, especially in Environmental Zones 0-5. maintained atfairly high levels to maximizeproduc- tion, especially in mixed stands of silverfir and west- Insect problems may include silverfir beetle on ern hemlock. Accumulated soil organic matter and windthrown, suppressed or diseasedsilver fir, west- nitrogen should be preserved by reducingburning ern blackheaded budworm on western hemlock sites in this type, and by maintaining a component and silver fir buds, hemlock looperon western hem- of alder in the ecosystem. However, in some stands lock, and balsam woolly aphidon silver fir, especial- there may be excess litter and burningmight be ly at lower elevations.

Table 70. Timber productivity valuesfor the Silver Fir/Salal/Oxalis Association.

srr SITE TREE SPECIES GBA PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. cMAI6 SDI7 TREES GBA8 SIGBA9EMAI1° Douglas-fir (McArcIle1) 2 4 147 50 149 250 183 Douglas-fir (Curtis2) 2 4 151 33 250 Western Hemlock (Barnes3) 6 6 116 17 172 411 143 Western Hemlock (Wiley4) 3 12 109 4 216 479 13 411 183 Silver Fir (Hoyer5) 4 10 149 29 154 539 10 577 261 183

1 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only,ages 2510 400 years. 2 Base age 100. Breast heightage (Curtis et at. 1974), ages 25 to 400 years. Base age 100, Total age (Barnes 1962), ReconnaIssance plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 4 Base age 50. Breast heightage (Wiley 1978a,b), ages 25 to 120 years. Base age 100, Breast height age (t-loyer and Herman,In press), ages 25 to 400 yeats. 6 Culmination of Mean AnnualIncrement derived from the site index curve for the species (see Figure 189P. 496). Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933). 8 Growth Basal Area (Hall1987) (see Table 174 p. 494). Index of potential volume growth in cu Iliac/yr basedon the equation SI*GBAiO.003 (Hall 1987). 10 Estimated Mean AnnualIncrement derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure 191p. 498). 224 Comparison with Similar Types Silver Fir/Salal/Oxalis Association is only recognized in the Olympic Mountains. In previous classifi- Similar types include Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry! cations (Henderson and Peter 1981 b, I 982a) it was Oxalis which occurs at higher elevations and West- included in the Silver Fir/Salal or Silver Fir/Oxalis ern Hemlock/Salal/Oxalis at lower elevations. The types.

L * t -*

- -1tç 55f - ., -.,. -" -.Sn.. j -S ': -' -- i4-..

'S a c Sc ., 1' \ ,C1u' - ---

Figure 95. Photo of the Silver Fir/Salal/Oxalis Association, SalmonRiver, Quinault District.

225 SILVER FIR/SKUNKCABBAGE A.bies amabilis/Lysjchjfum arriericanum ABAM/LYAM CFM1 11

The Silver Fir/Skunkcabbage Association is a minor stocked stand of silver fir, hemlockor redcedar. type of wet sites with organic soils, at low to middle Later, as the stand matures, openingsmay again be elevations, and moderate to low timberproductivity. colonized by red alder. Besides this red alderdomi- It is found sporadically in wetareas of the Forest. It nated sere, there are successional pathways domi- was only sampled on the Quinault District (Figure nated by silver fir or western hemlock, with the hem- 96). Soils are mostly deep withvery high organic lock sere being more common. Climaxstages are matter and are derived from alluviumor colluvium, dominated by silver fir, western hemlock andwest- or occur in filled-in ponds in areas of outwashor ern redcedar. glacial till. They are very wet from subirrigationand occur in flat areas, sometimes on river terracesor broad stream bottoms. Moderatedepths of snow Other Blota accumulate in this type during the winter. Thetypi- cal area of this type has burnedvery seldom in the Wildlife observations are limited to two plotsfor this last 1000 years, and most old-growthis very old. type. Elk use was common. Heavily browsed Some younger stands have originatedfrom wind- species were skunkcabbage and swordfern. Oval- storms or cutting. leaf huckleberry, salmonberry and beargrasswere also browsed. Bird observations for twoplots include varied thrush and browncreeper. Floristic Composition

Dominant understory species (Table 71)are skunk Table 71. Common plants in the ABAM/LYAM. Association, based on stands >150 cabbage (LYAM), Alaska huckleberry(VAAL) and years (n=2). salal (GASH) (mainly on logs). Othershrubs may include oval-leaf huckleberry (VAOV)and fool's huckleberry (MEFE). Common herbsmay include Abs. Rel. Common name Code Cover Cover Const Range five-leaved bramble (RUPE), cutleafgoldthread (COLA), deerfern (BLSP) and falselily-of-the-valley TREES (MAD 12). The tree layer may be dominated by silver western hemlock TSHE 51.0 51.0 100 50-52 fir, western hemlock, western redcedar,or any com- western redcedar THPL 48.5 48.5 100 40-57 silver fir bination of these trees (Figure 97). Standsin this ABAM 20.5 20.5 100 20-21 type are often understocked. red alder ALRU 11.5 11.5 100 3-20 GROUND VEGETATiON Ground mosses were only sampledon one plot in Alaska huckleberty VAAL 17.5 17.5 100 15-20 salal GASH a 400 year old stand. Moss cover was abundantat 14.5 14.5 100 4-25 skunkcabbage LYAM 10.5 10.5 100 6-15 60%. Rhytidiade/phus loreus was thedominant oval-leaf species, other common mosseswere Eurhynchium huckleberry VAOV 5.0 5.0 100 5-5 oreganum, Hylocomium splendens. No dataare fool's huckleberry MEFE 4.5 4.5 100 4-5 cutleaf goldthreacl available on epiphytic mosses andlichens. COLA 3.0 3.0 100 2-4 deerfern BLSP 2.5 2.5 100 2-3 false lily-of-the- valley MADI2 2.5 2.5 100 1-4 Successional RelatIonships five-leaved bramble RUPE 2.5 2.5 100 1-4 bunchberry COCA 1.5 1.5 100 1.2 rosy twisted-stalk STRO Red alder can dominate early 1.5 1.5 100 1-2 seral stages in this queen's cup CLUN 1.0 1.0 100 1-1 twinflower association, which is unusual for the SilverFir Zone. LIBO2 1.0 1.0 100 1-1 licorice fern It dies out by about 80 years, oftenleaving an under- POGL4 1.0 1.0 100 1-1 Oregon selaginefla SEOR 1.0 1.0 100 1-1 clasping-leaved twisted-stalk SIAM 1.0 1.0 100 1-1

226 Environment and Soils ing characteristic for this type is saturated soil. In most cases it appears that there is relatively little This type occurs on flat to gently sloped, concave to water movement associated with the wet soil and straight, lower slopes and bottoms. The two plots therefore the moisture regime is probably aquic. sampled had slopes of 3% and 10%. Regolith and bedrock probably vary considerably as the overrid- The temperature regime is probably frigid.

Figure 96. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/SkunkcabbageAssociation.

227 limber ProductIvIty and old-growth stands. Heart and buttrots may include red ring rot on western hemlock,rusty red Timber productivity of this type isunknown, but is stringy rot on silver fir and annosusroot disease on probably moderately low (Site V). Theproductivity western hemlock and silver fir. Hemlockdwarf potential for unmanaged stands isprobably less than 100 cu ft/ac/yr. The stockability mistletoe may be present in old-growthwestern of these sites hemlock stands. is low. Western hemlockor western redcedar are probably the preferred specieson this type. Insect problems may include hemlocklooper on western hemlock, western blackheaded budworm Management ConsIderatIons on western hemlock and silver fir, balsam woolly aphid on silver fir and silver fir beetleon windthrown, Management considerations for thistype include diseased or stressed silver fir. protection of fragile organic soils, wildlifehabitat, and manipulation of speciescomposition. Because of the wetness of these sites itmay not be possible ComparIson with SImilar Types to burn in this type. Response to fertilizerin this type is still unknown. Wildlife valuescan be moderately Similar types include Western Hemtock/ high, especially for elk winterrange. Skunkcabbage which occurs at lower elevations, and Silver Fir/Devil's Club whichoccurs on drier Root disease problems can include annosus root sites, generally in drier environmentalzones and on disease on western hemlock and silver fir, Armillaria siteswithlessorganicsoil.TheSilverFir! root disease on suppressed or stressed trees of all Skunkcabbage Association is not previouslyrecog- species, and possibly laminated root rot on western nized. It is known to occur in the Cascadesnorth of hemlock and silver fir. Themost serious disease Mt. Rainier, but itis not yet formally recognized may be annosus root disease in thinnedplantations there.

228 / /

- S

.'.'. ' : 1.-:''" - --

Figure 97. Photo of the Silver Fir/SkunkCabbage Association, Salmon River, Quinault District. The skunkcabbage in the foreground is heavily browsed by elk.

229 SILVER FIR/SWORDFERN Abies amabilis/Po/ystichum munitum ABAM/pOMU CFF6 11

The Silver Fir/Swordfern Association isa minor type SuccessIonal RelationshIps of moist sites and moderately high timberproductivity. It is found throughout the Forestbut mainly in the The common successional pathwayis dominated Humptulips and Wynoochee drainages(Figure 98). by silver fir and western hemlock. Climaxstages are Soils may be shallow to deepand moderately dominated by both silver fir andwestern hemlock. coarse textured. They are derived from colluviumor Douglas-fir was apparently acomponent of these glacial till and are often subirrigateci.A shallow stands sometime ago.In such stands where Douglas-fir is older than 300 snowpack accumulates in this type, but it meltsear- years, silver fir is mostly ly in the spring. The typicalarea of this type has younger than 200 years. This suggests that,at least for part of the area where this burned once or twice in the last 500years. type occurs, it was Western Hemlock Zone 200years ago (probably Western Hemlock/Swordfern..FoamflowerAssocia- tion). Florlstic ComposItIon

Dominant understory species (Table72) are sword- Other Blota fern (POMU), foamfiower (TITR)and deerfern (BLSP), which may be inconspicuousor absent in Elk and mountain beaver activitywere recorded for very young stands or densely stockedsecond this type. Red huckleberrywas heavily browsed, growth.Pearlyeverlasting(ANMA),fireweed other browse species include Alaskahuckleberry, (EPAN) and salmonberry (RUSP)tend to become saimonberry and vine maple. Douglassquirrel and established quickly after clearcutor fire. Shrubs shrew were also observed. may include red huckleberry (VAPA) andOre- gongrape (BENE); vine maple (ACCI) and Alaska Birds observed on this type includewoodpecker, huckleberry (VAAL) may occur in small chickadee, winter wren, golden-crownedkinglet, amounts. nighthawk, Vanillaleaf (ACTR) and queen's rufous hummingbird, varied thrush, cup (CLUN) may dark-eyed junco and mountain chickadee. also occur. The tree layermay be dominated by silver fir, western hemlock, western redcedar, or any Table 72. Common plants in theABAM/POMU combination of these trees (Figure 99).Douglas-fir Association, based on stands>150 years (n=8). occurs rarely, mostly in stands older than 300years.

Ground moss cover is generally abundanton this Abs. ReP. Common name type, ranging from 1% to 90% withan average cover Code Cover Cover Const Ranqe of 31%. The most common and abundant species TREES are Hylocomium splendens and Plagiothecjum un- western hemlock TSHE 62.1 62.1 100 12-95 dulatum. Data for epiphytic mosses silver fir and lichens are ABAM 36.7 36.7 100 14.60 western redcedar only availableforone 340 year oldstand. THPL 22.1 25.3 87 0-72 Douglas-fir PSME Sphaerophorus globosus and crustosespecies 10.5 16.8 62 0-30 Pacific yew TABR 1.4 3.7 37 were the most abundant lichens, otherepiphytes 0-6 presentincludeIsotheciumstolonhferum,the GROUND VEGETATION swordfern nitrogen-fixer Lobaria ore gana, Platismatja POMU 13.0 13.0 100 2-50 glauca, red huckleberry VAPA 3.0 3.0 100 1-7 Hypnum circinale, and species ofHypogymnja, Di- deerfern BLSP 4.0 4.6 87 0-10 cranum and Cladonja. three-leaved foamfiowor TITR 2.3 2.6 87 0-10 vanillaleaf ACTA 6.3 10.0 62 0-25 Oregongrape BENE 2.3 3.6 62 0.5 queens cup CLUN 1.3 2.0 62 0-3 rosy twisted-stalk STRO 0.9 1.4 62 0-2 evergreen violet 230 VISE 0.9 1.4 62 0-2 salal GASH 1.5 3.0 50 0-6 Alaska huckleberry VAAL 1.3 2.5 50 0-3 Environment and Soils ment fraction, but these sites are probably subirrigated. One pit was classified a haplorthod and the This type occurs on gentle to steep, straight to cOn- other a dystrochrept. cave, lower to upper slopes and toe-slopes. The slope varied from 11 % to 110% and averaged 59%. According to the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory The regolith is usually coiluvial material derived from (Snyder etal. 1969), these soils are usually shallow, metabasalt, but may also be of glacial origin. well-drained, rapidly permeable colluvial soils but may also be deep glacial soils with compacted or Two soil pits showed weak to moderate soil devlop- cemented subsoils rendering them effectively shal- ment. Textures ranged from sandy loam to clay low. Textures range from sandy loam to clay loam. loam and coarse fragments averaged 67%, which is well above average. The 01 layer was slightly thick- The coarse fragments range from 15% to 70% near er than average at 3.0 cm and the 02 also thicker the surface to 35% to 85% in the subsoils. than average at 7.0 cm. The rooting depth went to 75 cm, which is deeper than average and also ex- The mean soil temperature was 11.3 deg C (52.4 tended 7 cm into the 02. Bedrock was encountered deg F), which is warm for the Silver Fir Zone. The in the two pits at 54 cm and 96 cm, The water temperature regime is frigid and the moisture holding capacity is low due to the high coarse frag- regime is udic.

Figure 98. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Swordiern Association.

231 Timber ProductivIty ing levels could be maintained. Accumulationof soil organic matter and nitrogen should bepreserved Timber productivity of this type ismoderately high by reducing burning sites in this type. Response (Site ii). This is due to the moistness to of the site, fertilizer in this type is still unknown. favorable soils, and relatively long growingseason. Site index averaged 155 (base 100) for Douglas-fir, Root disease problems can include 145 for silver fir and 92 forwestern hemlock (base annosus root disease on western hemlock and silver fir, Armillaria 50) (Table 73). The productivity potentialusing the site index-yield table approachaveraged 170 Cu root disease on suppressed or stressed trees of all species, and possibly laminated root rot ft/ac/yr for western hemlock and silverfir. Theempir- on western ical yield estimate was 183cu ft/ac/yr. The stock abil- hemlock and silver fir. The most serious disease ity of these sites is high. This isone of the more may be annosus root disease in thinned plantations productive Silver Fir types. In many ways thistype and old-growth stands. Heart and buttrots may is more like Western Hemlock Zone typesthan the include red ring rot on western hemlock,rusty red Silver Fir Zone. stringy rot on silver fir and annosus rootdisease on western hemlock and silverfir.Hemlock dwarf mistletoe may be present in old-growthwestern Management ConsIderations hemlock stands.

Management considerations for this type include Insect problems may include hemlock looperon manipulation of species composition and regulation western hemlock, western blackheaded budworm of stocking. It is also important to maintainsoil nutri- on western hemlock and silver fir, balsam woolly ents and organic matter. The available data aphid on silver fir and silver fir beetleon windthrown, (GBA=550-660) indicate that relatively highstock- diseased or stressed silver fir.

Table 73. Timber productivity values for the SilverFir/Swordfern Association.

SITE SITE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI7 TREES GBA9 SIGBA1° EMAI11

Douglas-fir (McArdIe1) 2 10 155 1 164 508 183 Douglas-fir (McArdIe2) 2 2 176 57 Douglas-fir (Curtis3) 2 10 143 27 508

Douglas-fir (King4) 1 5 113 164 Western Hemlock Niley5) 3 11 92 4 189 417 9 550 183 Silver Fir (Hoyer6) 4 12 145 10 151 477 10 660 291 183

Base age 100. Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer1930), Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 100, Breast heightage (Curtis et at. 1974), ages 25 to 400 years. 4 Base age 50, Breast heightage (King 1966). ages 25 to 120 years. 5 Base age 50, Breast height age (Wiley1978a,b), ages 2510 120 years. 6 Base age 100, Breast height age (Hoyerand Herman, in press), ages 25 to 400 years. Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site indexcurve for the species (see Figure 189 p. 496). 8 Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933).

Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table 174p. 494), 10 Index of potential volume growth incu ft/ac/yr. based on the equation SI*GBA*O.003 (Hall 1987). ii Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from Stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure 191p. 498).

232 Comparison with Similar Types recognized only on the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie Na- tional Forest (Henderson and Peter 1984, 1985) and Similartypes include Silver Fir/Vanillaleaf- Olympic National Forest (Henderson and Peter Foamfiower on somewhat drier sites at higher eleva- 1981 b). It is closely related to the upper elevational tioris, and Western HemlockjSwordfern-Foamflower at lower elevatons and in drier environmental zones. examples of the widespread Western Hemlock! The Silver Fir/Swordfern Association is previously Swordfern types.

4 I

Figure 99. Photo of the Silver Fir/Swordiern Association, young-growth silver fir, Salmon Creek, Quilcene District.

233 SILVER FIR/SWORDFERN..OyLlS Abies amabilis/Po/ysfichummunitum-Oxa/is ore gana ABAM/POMU..OXOR CFF6 12

The Silver Fir/Swordfern..OxalisAssociation is a major type of moist sites Douglas-fir is rare in this typeeven in old stands. at low elevations, and moder- Silver fir trees are mostly less than ately high timber productivity. 220 years old, but It is common in the may be up to 290 years. wetter climatic areas of the Olympics,particularly on the Quinault District (Figure100). Soils tend to be moderately deep and moist. Theyare derived from Other Blots colluvium, outwash or glacial till, andoften occur along toe-slopes, and inareas of high precipitation, high humidity or fog. Little Wildlife observations for thistype show frequent use snow accumulates in this by deer and elk. Red huckleberry, type during the winter. The typical salmonberry, area of this type swordfern and Alaska huckleberry has burned very seldom in the were frequently last 500 years, and browsed; other browse most old-growth stands are very old. Some speciesinclude Ore- younger gongrape, western hemlock, devil's club, stands have originated fromwindstorms or small bracken fires. fern, woodrush and elderberry.Deer and mountain beaver had sign of recentactivity in late June. Por- cupine damage was observedon silver fir and Florlstic ComposItIon Douglas-fir. Douglas squirrel andchipmunk were also recorded.

Dominant understory species (Table74) are swordfern (POMU) and oxalis (OXOR). Bird observations were frequentfor varied thrush, Swordfern is usual- winter wren, red-breasted nuthatch ly present even in young stands.Shrubs may in. and western fly- dude red huckleberry (VAPA), catcher. A varied thrush nestwas observed in west- Alaska huckleberry ern hemlock. Other birds include (VAAL) and salmonberry (RUSP)in small amounts. American robin, solitary vireo, hairy Deerferri (BLSP) and foamflower(lilA) may also woodpecker, pileated occur. The tree layer is dominated by woodpecker, chestnut-backed andblack-capped silver fir and chickadee, red crossbili and Steller's western hemlock, with smallamounts of western jay. redcedar (Figure 101). Table 74.Common plantsin the ABAM/POMU..OXOR Association, based on stands Ground mosses are moderateto abundant on this >150 years (n:=24). type, with an average of 30%cover. The common species are Plagiothecjum undulatum,Hylocom/um splendens and Eurhynchium Abs. Rel. ore ganum. Other Common name Code Cover species which may occurare the ground lichen Cover Const Ranqe Peltigera, and Hypnum circinaleon rotting wood. TREES Data for epiphytic mosses and lichens western hemlock are limited to TSHE 74.7 74.7 100 42-99 silver fir one 280 yearold stand,where Isothecium ABAM 26.2 26.2 100 8-56 western redcedar stoloniferum was the most THPL 3,2 5.8 54 0-20 abundant epiphytic Douglas-fir PSME 1.0 8.0 moss. Other species present includecrustose 12 0-11 lichens, Sphaerophorus globosus,and the nitrogen- GROUND VEGETAflON fixer, Lobaria ore gana. oxalis OXOR 38.7 38.7 100 swordfern 2-95 POMU 18.2 18.2 100 2-75 three-leaved foamfiower lilA 1.3 1.3 95 SuccessIonal Re!aionshlps red huckleberry 0-3 VAPA 2.5 2.8 91 0-8 deerfern BLSP 2.0 2.2 91 0-6 Alaska huckleberry The common successional VAAL 2.7 3.8 70 0-15 pathway is dominated ladyfern by silver fir and western hemlock. ATFI 0.7 1.1 66 0-2 Clima)c stages are trillium TROv 0.6 1.0 58 0-1 dominated by western hemlock salmonberry and silverfir. RUSP 1.0 1.8 54 0-5 cutleafgoldthread COLA 0.6 1.1 54 0-2 evergreen violet VISE 0.6 1.3 50 0-3 234 small-flowered woodrush LUPA 0.5 1.0 50 0-1 Environment and Soils was classified as a haplumbrept and the other as a dystrochrept. This type occurs on moderate to steep, straight to concave, lower to upper slopes and benches. The According to the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder etal. 1969), these soils tend to be shallow, slope varied from 32% to 85% and averaged 54%. well-drained, rapidly permeable colluvial soils. Deep The regolith is usually coiluvium of metabasaltic or glacial soils with compacted subsoils (rendering sandstone origin, but may also be of alpine or conti- them effectively shallow) are also possible. Textures nental glacial origin. vary from sandy loam to silt loam. The coarse fragments range from 5% to 65% near the surface, and Two soil pits showed weak soil development. Tex- 10% to 85% in the subsoil. tures ranged from sandy loam to clay, and coarse fragments averaged 45%, which is more than aver- The mean summer soil temperature was 11.9 deg C age. The 01 layer was 2.5 cm, which is average, and (53.4 deg F), which is warm for the Silver Fir Zone. the 02 was 1.5 cm, which is much less than aver- The temperature regime is frigid and the moisture age. The rooting depth was 76.5 cm, which is a little regime is udic. deeper than average, but also went 1.5 cm up into the 02. This is one of the few types in which earth- One soil nutrient analysis indicated relatively low worms were found in a pit. The water holding capac- sulfate and copper, relatively high potassium, total ity of the soil is average indicating that the type is nitrogen, sodium, calcium and boron. The pH was moist due to climate more than soil. One of the pits 5.0, which is about average for the series.

Figure 100. Map of plot locations for the Silver Fir/Swordfern-Oxalis Association.

235 Timber Productivity amounts of calcium and phosphorus. Wildlife values can be moderately high, especially for elk winter Timber productivity of this type is moderately high range and deer. (Site II). This is due to the moistness of the site, favorable soils, and relatively long growing season. Root disease problems can include annosus root Site index for western hemlock averaged 129 (base disease on western hemlock and silver fir, Armillaria 100) and 154 for silver fir (Table 75). Douglas-fir site root disease on suppressed or Stressed trees of all index was 203 based on its occurrence on onlyone plot. The productivity potential using the site index- species, and possibly laminated root rot on western yield table approach averaged 176 cu ft/ac/yr for hemlock and silver fir. The most serious disease silver fir and western hemlock. The empirical yield may be annosus root disease in thinned plantations estimate was 183 Cu ft/ac/yr. The stockability of the- and old-growth stands. Heart and butt rotsmay se sites is moderate to high. include red ring rot on western hemlock, rusty red stringy rot and annosus root disease on western hemlock and silver fir. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe is Management ConsIderations usually present in old-growth western hemlock stands. Management considerations for this type include manipulation of species corn position and regulation Insect problems may include hemlock looper on of stocking. Preferred species are silver fir and west- western hemlock, western blackheaded budworm ern hemlock. In some stands there may be excess on western hemlock and silver fir, balsam woolly litter and burning might be desirable to reduce the aphid on silver fir and silver fir beetle on windthrown, amount of litter. Many oxalis types show very low diseased or stressed silver fir.

Table 75. Timber productivity values for the Silver Fir/Swordfern-Oxa;isAssociation.

SITE SITE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI5 SDI8 TREES GBA7 SIGBA6 EMAI

Douglas-fir (McArdle1) 1 5 203 211 336 183

Douglas-fir (Curtis2) 1 5 177 336

Western Hemlock (Barnes3) 12 12 129 23 195 148 Silver Fir (Hoyert) 4 13 154 42 157 4.41 11 383 180 183

I Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930),Intensive plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100. Breast heightage (Curtis el at. 1974), ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 100, Total age (Barnes 1962), Reconnaissance plotsonly, ages 25 to 400 years. Base age 100, Breast height age (Hoyer and l-Ierrnan, in press), ages 25 to 400 years.

Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site index curve for the species (see Figure 189p. 496). 6 Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933). Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table 174 p. 494). 8 Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr. basedon the equation SIGBA0.003 (Halt 1987). 9 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empiricallyfrom plot data from stands 2010 300 years old (see Figure 191 p. 498).

236 Comparison with Similar Types the Silver Fir/Oxalis type found on the Mt. Hood and Willamette National Forest (Hemstrom et al. 1982). Similar types include Western HemlocklSwordfern- It is similar to the Silver Fir-Western Hemlock/Oxalis Oxalis at tower elevations, Silver Fir/Oxalis in more type of Fonda and Bliss (1969) and is represented humid areas, and Silver Fir/Salal/Oxalis on poorer and drier sites. The Silver Fir/Swordfern-Oxalis As- within the Silver Fir-Western Hemlock/Oxalis type of sociation is not recognized elsewhere. It is similar to Smith and Henderson (1986).

Figure 101. Photo of the Silver Fir/Swordfern-Oxalis Association, young-growth stand, Matheny Creek, Quinault District.

237 SILVER FIRNANILLALEAF-FOAMFLOWER Abies amabilislAchlys triphy!Ia-Tiarella unifoliafa ABAM/ACTA-TIUN CFF2 11

The Silver Fir/Vanillaleaf-Foamflower Association is years old. Older examples of this type Include silver a minor type of moist sites and moderate timber fir trees up to 530 years old. productivity. It is found throughout much of the Olympics (Figure 102), mostly on cove-like microsites. Soils are derived from colluvium or glacial Other Blota till. They are often subirrigated, and oftenoccur on benches or in gentle draws. The typical area of this Bear damage to silver fir or western hemlockoc- type has burned once or twice in the last 700 years. curred on all three plots in this type where wildlife observations were recorded. Deer sign and Dou- glas squirrel were also observed. Floristic ComposItion Birds frequently observed were red-shafted flicker, The dominant understory species (Table 76) are chesnut-backed chickadee and golden-crowned vanillaleaf (ACTR), queen's cup (CLUN), foamflower kinglet. Other birds recorded include woodpeckers, (hUN and TIrA), twinflower (LIBO2), rosy twisted- common raven, red-breasted nuthatch and winter wren. stalk (STRO) and five-leaved bramble (RUPE), which are often absent in young stands, andmay be inconspicuous or absent in densely stockedsecond growth. Shrubs are usually very sparse. The Table 76. Common plants in the ABAM/ACTR-TIUN tree layer is usually dominated by silver fir and west- Association, based on stands >150years (n=7). ern hemlock; western redcedar and Doug!as-fir may also occur (Figure 103). Few areas of this type have been cut over. Most stands are greater than 500 Abs. Rel. years old. Common name CodeCover Cover Const Range

TREES Ground mosses are relatively sparse on this type, silver fir ABAM 47.6 47.6 100 30-70 with an average cover of 8%. The commonmosses western hemlock TSHE 39.6 39.6 100 25-60 Douglas-fir include Rhytidiopsis robusta, Dicranum sp., and PSME 12.7 17.8 71 0-40 western redcedar THPL 3.6 Hypnum circinale and Scapania bo/anderi on rotting 8.3 42 0-10 wood or lower tree boles. Occasionally, Rhytidiadel- GROUND VEGETATION phus triquestrus, Rhizomnium glabresens and vanillaleaf ACTR 12.3 12.3 100 2-30 Peltigera sp. may occur. The common epiphytic queen's cup CLUN 5.1 5.1 100 1-20 three-leaved lichens are Alectoria sarmentosa, Platismatia glau- foamf lower TITR 3.7 4.3 85 0-12 ca, Parmeliopsis hyperopta, crustose species and five-leaved bramble RUPE 3.7 5.2 71 0-15 Bryoria spp. rosy twisted-stalk STRO 2.7 3.8 71 0-8 swordfern POMU 1.0 1.4 71 0-2 evergreen violet VISE 1.0 1.4 71 0-2 trillium TROV 0.7 1.0 71 0-1 Successional Relationships red huckleberry VAPA 0.7 1.0 71 0-1 twinflower LIBO2 4.1 7.3 57 0-20 ladyfern ATFI 1.4 2.5 57 0-5 The common successional pathway is dominated devil's club OPHO 1.0 1.8 57 0-3 by silver fir and western hemlock. Climax stagesare dominated by both silver fir and western hemlock, with small amounts of western redcedar. Thereare limited old-growth examples of this association,and some stands contain Douglas-fir more than 300

238 Environment and Soils may also be deep, glacial soils with compacted or cemented subsoils rendering them effectively shal- This type occurs on flat to steep, concave or low. The textures vary from silt barns to sandy straight, lower to upper slopes and benches. The barns. The coarse fragments range from 15% to slope ranges from 0% to 78% and averages 45%. 70% near the surface and 35% to 80% in the sub- The regolith is usually basaltic coiluvium, but may soils. also be continental glacial in origin. The mean soil temperature was 10.2 deg 0 (50.3 According to the Olympic Soil Resource inventory deg F) which is slightly cooler than average for the (Snyder et 81. 1969) these soils are usually shallow, Silver Fir Zone. The temperature regime is frigid and well-drained, rapidly permeable colluvial soils, but the moisture regime is udic.

Figure 102. Map of plot locations for the Silver FirNanillaleaf -Foamf lower Association.

239 Timber Productivity ation of silver fir and western hemlock should be preserved by reducing burning sites in this type. Timber productivity is moderate (Site IV). This isdue Response to fertilizer in this type is still unknown. to the moistness of the site and favorable soils. Site Western hemlock and silver fir are the preferred index (base 100) averaged 113 for Douglas-fir, 103 species Wildlife values are moderate for silver fir and 63 (base 50) for westernhemlock (Table 79). The productivity potential using the site Root disease problems can include index-yield table approach averaged 122Cu ft/ac/yr annosus root disease on western hemlock and silver fir, Armillaria for western hemlock and silver fir. Douglas-firoc- curs sporadically in old-growth stands and exhibits root disease on suppressed or stressed trees of all a high site index. However, as on most Silver Fir species, and possibly laminated root rot on western Zone types, Douglas-fir is not doing well inyoung- hemlock and silver fir. The most serious disease growth stands. Productivity potential forwestern may be annosus root disease in thinned plantations hemlock and silver fir is probably higher thanfor and old-growth stands. Heart and butt rotsmay Douglas-fir. Stockability appears to be moderately include red ring rot on western hemlock, rusty red high. stringy rot and annosus root diseaseon western hemlock and silver fir. Hemlock dwarf mistletoemay be present in old-growth western hemlock stands. Management Considerations Insect problems may include hemlock looperon Management considerations for this type include western hemlock, western blackheaded budworm manipulation of species composition and ensuring on western hemlock and silver fir, balsam woolly rapid initial stocking. It is also importantto maintain aphid on silver fir and silver fir beetle on windthrown, soil nutrients and organic matter. Advanceregener- diseased or stressed silver fir.

Table 77. Timber productivity values for the SilverFir/Vanillaleaf-Foamfiower Association.

SIrE SrrE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI7 SDI8 TREES GBA9SIGBA'° EMAI Douglas-fir (McArdle') 1 4 113 107 734 3 708 240 Douglas-fir (McArdle2) 3 3 118 5 Douglas-fir (Curtis3) 1 4 126 734 3 708 240 Douglas-fir (King4) 1 4 84 98 Western Hemlock Viley5) 2 7 63 8 152 714 9 364 Silver Fir (Hoyer6) 2 9 103 6 92 714

Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Intensive plotsonly, ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdleand Meyer 1930), Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 100, Breast heightage (Curtis et al. 1974). ages 2510 400 years. 4 Base age 50. Breast heightage (KIng 1966), ages 25 to 120 years. Base age 50. Breast height age (Wiley 1978a.b), ages 25 to120 years. 6 Base age 100, Breast heightage (I-foyer and Herman. in press), ages 25 to 400 years. Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site indexcurve for the species (see Figure 189 p. 496). 8 Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933).

Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table 174p. 494). ' Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr. basedon the equation SI*GBA*0.003 (Hall 1987).

240 Comparison with Similar Types the herb-rich Silver FirNanillaleaf-FOamf lower Asso- ciation from the Olympics. In Mt. Rainier National Similar types include Silver Fir/Swordfern in wetter Park (Franklin etal. 1988) the Silver Fir/F oamf lower environmental zones or at lower elevations. The Sil- type is also similar but contains a larger shrub com- ver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Queen'SCup type oc- ponent than ours. It appears to have some similari- curs on somewhat drier and lessproductive sites. ties to the Douglas-fir-Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry-TWinfloWer type of del Moral at al. The Silver FirNanillaleaf.FoamflOWer Associationis similar to types recognized throughout muchof (1976) in the Snoqualmie River drainage. In the Cas- Washington and Oregon as Silver FirIVaniilaleaf or cades it was referred to as Silver Fir/Rosy Twisted- SilverFir/RosyTwisted-Stalk.TheSilverFir! stalk (Henderson and Peter 1981c) and Silver Foamflower Association is recognized as far south Fir/Foamf lower(Henderson and Peter1 982b, as the H.J. Andrews ExperimentalForest (Dyrness 1984). In the Olympics we also recognized the Silver etal. 1976). It was also recognized on the Willamette Fir/RosyTwisted-stalk(Henderson andPeter and Mt. Hood National Forest (Hemstrom et al. 1981 a) and Silver Fir/Foamflower (Henderson and 1982). The Silver FirfVanillaleaf-Queefl'S Cup Asso- Peter 1 982a, 1 983a). In Olympic National Park it is ciation is recognized on the Gifford PinchotNational represented by the Silver Fir-Alaska Yellowcedar/ Forest by Brockway et al. (1983), while Franklin Foamflower Association (Smith and Henderson (1966) for the same area recognized Silver Fin 1986).Itis not formally recognized inBritish Foamfiower, Silver Fir/Rosy Twisted-stalk and Silver Columbia but is similar in some respects to the Sil- FirNanillaleaf. These types have more of a shrub ver Fir/Rhytidiopsis robusta Association of Haeus- component and are apparently less productive than sler at al. (1982).

s'..,

.. '...

,-,'--

Figure 103. Photo of the Silver FirNanillaleaf-FOamfIOWerAssociation, Four Stream, Hood Canal District.

241 SITKA SPRUCE SERIES

243 SITKA SPRUCE SERIES Picea sitchensis PISI

The Sitka Spruce Series (Zone) covers about Organic layers do not tend to be very thick (2-7 cm) 18,000 acres (3%) of the Olympic National Forest in this series which is probably a reflection of favor- (Figure 104). It occurs in lowland areas in the wetter able conditions for decomposition. parts of the Forest, up to about 600 feet elevation. Only inceptisols and entisols were sampled, but it is At higher elevations or out of the summer fog belt it probable that spodosols are also present. is replaced by the Silver Fir Zone or Western Hem- lock Zone. The Sitka Spruce Zone includes some of The dominant tree species are Sitka spruce, west- the most productive lands on the Forest due to the ern hemlock and western redcedar, Douglas-fir is warm, moist soils and low atmospheric drought uncommon. Western hemlock, western redcedar where it occurs. and Sitka spruce dominate the climax stage of succession. Red alder is a major early seral species in The climate of the Sitka Spruce Zone is character- the wetter parts of the Sitka Spruce Zone as it is in ized as wet maritime. Winter and summer tempera- the Western Hemlock Zone. tures are moderate. Average January temperature is about 4 deg C (40 deg F), which is very close to Root disease problems can include annosus root the winter soil temperature at 8 inches (20 cm). disease in western hemlock, and Armillaria root dis- Summer temperature averages about 16 deg C (60 ease in stressed western hemlock and Sitka spruce. Annosus root disease represents the most serious deg F) which is close to mid-summer soil tempera- potential threat to western hemlock productivity on ture readings at 8 inches (20 cm). Precipitation aver- this type, especially after 120 years of age or in ages about 150 inches annually. In addition, fog repeatedly thinned stands (see discussion of anno- and clouds can contribute a significant amount of sus root disease p. 68). Armillaria root disease can tmprecipitationin the form of tree drip during the be a problem to Douglas-fir in plantations, but by summer. Snow accumulations are low. Winds are age 30 impacts should be minimal. Heart and butt significant. rots of concern are annosus root disease and red ring rot in western hemlock. Hemlock dwarf mistle- Soils are typically warm and moist with a well devel- toe is common in old-growth western hemlock. oped 0 horizon. They may sometimes be cool but not dry. The texture may vary from fine to coarse The most damaging insect is the spruce weevil with many coarse fragments. They occupy primarily which attacks terminal leaders of Sitka spruce in gentle valley bottoms, lower slopes and toe-slopes plantations. Hemlock looper may be present in on the west and southwest sides of the Olympic western hemlock, western blackheaded budworm Mountains. The most common regolith is deep may be present on western hemlock and Sitka alpine and continental glacial drift and alluvium. On spruce growing tips. toe-slopes and lower slopes deep colluvium is com- Potential yield for the Sitka Spruce Series was esti- mon. mated using three methods. The first method was the site index curve and yield table method. For The soil moisture regime is nearly always udic which Sitka spruce we used the site index curve of Hegyi indicates the rooting zone is usually moist through- etal. (1979) and the yield table of Meyer (1937). For out the summer. A few types may be aquic (saturat- Western hemlock and Douglas-fir we used the same ed for extended periods). The Sitka Spruce Zone curves as for the Western Hemlock Series. The sec- straddles the soil temperature regime boundary be- ond method used an empirical volume curve which tween mesic (average annual temperature higher was generated from the plot data. The third method than 8 deg C) and frigid (average annual tempera- used the 5l-GBA method of Hall (1983, 1987). The ture less than 8 C, but with a greater than 5 deg C empirical curve was for stands as they existed on summer-winter fluctuation). the Forest and is therefore not species specific.

245 Therefore the empirical mean annual increment One plant association is recognized in theSitka uEMAIU is the same for Douglas-fir, western hemlock Spruce Series on the Olympic National Forest.It is or Sitka spruce. The yield table estimate for stands described by 63 Reconnaissance and Intensive of Douglas-fir is less than the empirical yield esti- plots taken from 1979 to 1985. Environmentalval- mate (Table 81), while the yield table estimates for ues and relative species coverages for this associa- western hemlock and Sitka spruce are greater. The tion are summarized in Tables 78 and 79(p. 247). yield estimates using Hall's Sl-GBA were close to the There are a few plots which do not fit theSitka empirical and yield table values for western hem- Spruce/Swordfern-Oxalis Association description lock, but were much greater for Douglas-fir and and may properly belong to one ormore additional Sitka spruce. The four most reliable estimates for Sitka Spruce Associations. Thesemay be recog- theSitka Spruce/Swordfern-OxalisAssociation nized at a later date. Of these, the most likelyto be range from 189 to 244 cubic feet per acre per year. identified would be a devil's club dominatedtype.

Figure 104. Map of the Sitka Spruce Zone on the Olympic Peninsula. The mappedarea depicts a mosaic of both Western Hemlock and Sitka SpruceZones.

246 Table 78. Environmental values for Sitka Spruce! Table 79. Mean relative cover values' and Swordfern-Oxalis Association. Slope, elevation constancy2 of trees, shrubs and herbs for the and topographic moisture are mean values for the Spruce/Swordfern-OXaliS Association. Cover sample. values based on stands 150 years and older.

ECOCLASS Code CSF1 11 CSFI 11 ECOCLASS Code1 Numberof plOts 26

Number of plots2 63 TREES 6 (7) Aspect Flat S-NE ABAM Silver fir ACMA Bigleaf maple 19 (7) Red alder 26 (15) Slope (%) 8 ALRU PISI Sitka spruce 29(100) Douglas-fir 4(11) 645 PSME Elevation (ft.) RHPU Cascara 2 (50) THPL Western redcedar 4 (30) Environmental Zone3 2-6 (0-8) TSHE Western hemlock 61(100)

Topographic Moisture4 5.7 SHRUBS AND HERBS 18 (46) Soil Moisture Regime5 udic ACCI Vine maple ARCA6 Dwarf mistletoe 2 (19) Ladyfern 2 (80) 12.8 (28) ATFI Soil Temperature (deg C)6 BLSP Deerfem 4 (96) CADE Dewey's sedge 2(11) Soil Temperature Regime7 frigid, mesic CIAL Enchanter's nightshade 5 (38) CHGL Western golden-carpet 2 (7) Queens cup 10 (3) I SeeTable 161 p. 443 CLUN COLA Cutleaf goldthread 1 (3) 2 Number of plots includes all successional stages sampled. DIHO Hooker's fairybell 1(7) DRAU2 Woodfern 2 (46) See Figure 24 p. 40, and discussion p. 38. GASH Salal 2 (46) See discussion p. 84, Table 146 p. 417. GATR Fragrant bedslraw 2 (42) QYDA Oakfem 1(15) See discussion p. 44. 4 (11) HYFE Pacific waterleaf 6 Summer soil temperature at 20 cm for mature and old-growth stands; LICO3 Heartleaf twayblade 2 (7) LUPA Small-flowered woodrush 1 (57) only June. July and August measurements included; LYAM Skunkcabbage 3 (3) values in ()are sample size for the mean. See discussion p. 83. MADI2 False lily-of-the-valley 4 (38) Fools huckleberry 3 (42) 7 See discussion p. 44-45. MEFE MOSI Candyf lower 2 (26) OPHO Devil's club 3 (11) OSCH Sweet cicely 1 (11) OXOR Oxalis 45(100) POGL4 Ucorice fern 1(19) POMU Swordf em 18(1 00) PYSE Sidebells pyrola 1 (7) PYUN Woodnymph 1(15) AIBR Stink currant 2 (7) 10 (53) RUPE Five-leaved bramble RUSP Salmonberry 15 (96) RUUR Trailing blackberry 2(11) SARA Redelderberrtf 3(11) SEOR Oregon selaginella 7 (19) SM$T Star-flowered solomon's seal 1 (7) STME2 Mexican betony 1 (23) TITR Three-leaved foamflower 8 (88) TOME Piggyback. Youth-on-age 5 (30) TACA Big trisetum 2 (15) TACE Nodding trisetum 1 (11) TROV Trillium 1 (23) VML Alaska huckleberry 10 (76) vAov Oval-leaf huckleberry 9 (15) VAPA Red huckleberry 4 (80) VIOL Pioneer violet 1(15) VISE Evergreen violet 2 (7)

1 Mean relative cover are values where zeroes are not InclUded is the calculation of the mean. See Table 168 p. 464 for mea, absolute cover Values.

2 Constancy Is the percentage of plots for that association where the species occurred.

247 SITKA SPRUCE/SWORDFERN-OXALIS Picea sitchensis/Polystichurn munitum-Oxa/is ore gana PISI/POMU-OXOR CSF1 11

The Sitka Spruce/Swordfern-Oxalis Association is a Lobaria oregana was also observed. Epiphytic type of moist sites at low elevations and high timber lichens are uncommon. productivity. it is common in the wetter climatic areas of the Olympics, particularly on the Soleduck and Quinault Districts (Figure 105), in Environmen- Successional Relationships tal Zones 0-6. Soils are mostly deep, moist and highly weathered. They are derived from colluvium, Red aider often dominates or codominates early outwash or glacial till and occur along toe-slopes, or seral stages in this association. It dies out by about in areas of high precipitation, high humidityor fog. 80 years, often ieaving an understocked stand of Soils appear to be low in calcium and phosphorus. spruce and hemiock. Red alder may reappear in Little snow falls in this type during the winter. The some older stands which have been partially typical area of this type has burned very seldom in opened up by windthrow. Besides this aider domi- the last 500 years. nated sere, there are early successional stages dominated by Sitka spruce and western hemlock, and some young plantations which are dominated Floristic Composition by Douglas-fir. However, Douglas-fir may not compete well here as it appears to die out of the system Dominant understory species (Table 80) are oxalis by about 50 years. This trend may reflect its inability (OXOR) and swordfern (POMU). Vine maple (ACCI) to compete with hemlock and spruce on these wet and salmonberry (RUSP) often resprout rapidly after sites or it may be related to the planting history, clearcut or fire, and swordfern is usually present since few Douglas-fir had been planted on this type even in young stands. Other shrubs may include prior to 1950.Itis clear that Douglas-fir is not Alaska huckleberry (VAAL), red huckleberry (VAPA) present in any significant amounts in natural stands and fool's huckleberry (MEFE). Deerfern (BLSP), Table 80. Common plants in the PIS1/POMU-OXOR foamfiower(TITR),ladyfern(ATFI),five-leaved Association, based on stands >150 bramble (RUPE) may also occur. The tree layer is years (n=26). usually dominated by western hemlock and Sitka spruce (Figure 106). Red alder, bigleaf maple, west- Abs. ern redcedar, or cascara may also occur. Douglas- Rel. Common name Code Cover Cover Const Ranqe fir is rare. TREES Ground mosses are an important component of this estern hemlock TSHE 60.5 60.5 100 15-99 association in both young and old-growth stands, Sitka spruce PISI 28.5 28.5 100 5-60 cascara ranging from 3% to 95% cover with the average of RHPU 0.9 1.8 50 0-3 western redcedar THPL 1.2 3.8 30 0-9 48%. Ground mosses which are most common and red alder ALRU 4.0 26.2 15 0-60 abundant are Eur/7ynchium ore ganum, Hylocomium bigleaf maple ACMA 1.5 19.0 7 0-30 silver fir ABAM sp/endens and Rhytidiadelphusloreus.Other 0.5 6.0 7 0-7 species which may occur include Leucolepismen- GROUND VEGETATiON ziesii, P/a giomnium insigne, Eurhynchium prae- oxalis OXOR 44.8 4.8 10( 15-70 Ion gum, Rhizomnium glabrescens, and occasional- swordfern POMU 18.3 18.3 100 3-40 ly Peltigera and Sphagnum species. salrnonberry RUSP 14.5 15.1 96 075 deerfern BLSP 4.1 4.2 96 0-30 three-leaved Data for epiphytic mosses and lichens are limited to foamflower TITR 7.2 8.1 88 0-30 one old-growth stand and two young-growth red huckleberry VAPA 3.2 4.0 80 0-15 ladyfern stands. Isothecium stolonhferum was the common ATFI 1.6 2.0 80 0-6 Alaska huckleberry VAAL 7.5 9.8 76 0-30 epiphytic moss in these three stands, butwas par- small-flowered ticularly abundant in the Old-growth stand, where woodrush LUPA 0.7 1.2 57 0-3 five-leaved bramble RUPE 5.6 10.4 53 0-40 vine maple ACCI 8.1 17.6 47 0-40 248 woodfern DRAU2 0.7 1.5 46 0-3 salal GASH 1.0 2.2 46 0-8 hemlock and western redcedar was observed. Bear damage to Douglas-fir was noted and scat was found on several plots. Douglas squirrel and red- legged frog were also recorded.

Winter wren was the most common bird recorded on this type. Other birds recorded include Swain- son's thrush, American robin, western flycatcher, grayjay,common crow,chickadee,golden- crowned kinglet and red-tailed hawk.

Environment and Soils

This type is found most often on glacial drift on flat to gentle slopes in valley bottoms, lower slopes and toe-slopes. It is found less commonly on a variety of other slope positions, regoliths and inclinations (up to 75%). It was never found on ridgetops and only rarely on mid- to upper slopes. Soil is fine textured. Soil structure was uniformly fine, weak subangular Figure 105. Map of plot locations for the Sitka blocky. One pit had a clay layer on top of a fragipan Spruce/Swordfern-OxaliS Association. which restricts drainage considerably. Coarse fragments averaged 47%, but varied from 21-73%. This effectively reduces the water holding capacity, but in this association. We believe that the moist (i.e. because of high precipitation, and in at least one drought-free) conditions and low calcium and phos- instance a restrictive layer, excess water is more phorus in soils of this association are major factors likely than drought. The rooting depth averaged 68 in limiting natural Douglas-fir to a few specific kinds cm. It was restricted by the fragipan in one pit and of microsites in this type. Climax stages are dominated by western hemlock and Sitka spruce, with at least partially restricted by a clay lens in the other. Both areas showed relatively recent disturbance--a very little western redcedar. The absence of western redcedar in young as well as old stands in this clearcut and burn 51 years ago in one case, and association may be due to selective browsing by elk deposition of sand and gravel by a flood in the or may be related to the low calcium andphospho- other. Even so, 6 cm of 0 layer had accumulated of rus in the soil, Vine maple, swordfern and oxalis are which 3.5 cm was 02. Although the plots fail on a often conspicuous by the time of crown closure variety of Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder (about 15 years). Oxalis continues to increase into etal. 1969) soil types, most are on deep glacial drift, old-growth stages. Vine maple, swordfern and till or glacio-fluvial deposits. In most cases the sub- salmonberry become relatively stable in their abun- soils are weakly to moderately compacted causing dance by about 100 years. them to be slowly permeable and the entire soil to be imperfectly drained. Surface layers are generally thin to thick gravelly silt barns. Some occur on deep Other Blota alluvial deposits with imperfect drainage due to a high water table. The summer soil temperature aver- Elk use was frequent and extensive on this type. aged 12.8 dog C (55 dog F). This type is partly in the Recent activity was recorded in early summer. The mesic and frigid temperature regime. The moisture commonly browsed species were salmonberry, regime is in the wet end of udic. A nutrient analysis swordfern, red huckleberry, Alaska huckleberry and of one pit showed one of the highest sulfate levels Columbia brome. Other browsed species were el- and among the lowest phosphorus, potassium, cal- derberry, cats-ear, bracken fern, fool's huckleberry cium, zinc, copper and manganese levels on the and vine maple. Mountain beaver activity and evi- Forest. The pH was 5.2 which is about average for dence of their browse on red huckleberry, western the Forest.

249 Timber Prodctivlty the amount of litter and to control brush competition. This type usually has low amounts of calcium Timber productivity is high (Site II). This is due to the and phosphorus. Wildlife values can be high, espe- moistness of the site, favorable soils, and relatively cially for elk winter range. The abundance of elkon long growing season. Site index for Douglas-firav- this type is significant in several ways. First, this type eraged 178 (base 100), Sitka spruce averaged 168, represents some of the best elk habitat on the For- and western hemlock averaged 151 (Table 81). The est. Second, elk browsing apparently affects both productivity potential using the site index-yield table the tree and ground vegetation composition. West- approach was 244 cu ft/ac/yr for Sitka spruce, 227 ern redcedar is a favored browse species and may for western hemlock, and 189 for Douglas-fir. Empir- be reduced to minor occurrence because of the elk. ical yield curves generated for this type from intensive plot data gave a yield of 198 cu ft/ac/yr for Other species, especially the shrubs, devil's club stands which are predominantly western hemlock (OPHO), salmonberry, Alaska huckleberry and red and spruce. Site index (base 50) for red alderwas huckleberry are important browse species for elk. 87 with a yield of 96 cu ft/ac/yr. Empirical curves for All of these species would probably be muchmore red alder on this type gave a yield of 131cu ft/ac/yr. abundant in this association if elk were excluded.

Root disease problems can include annosus root Management ConsIderations disease in western hemlock and Armillaria root disease in stressed western hemlock and Sitka spruce. Management considerations include controlling Annosus root disease represents the most serious brush competition and regulation of stocking. En- potential threat to western hemlock productivity on suring prompt regeneration and full stocking is Criti- this type, especially after 120 years of age or in cal on this high site. Competition from salmonberry multiply thinned stands (see discussion of annosus or red alder can be significant. In some stands there root disease p. 68). Armillaria root disease can be a may be excess litter (from repeated windthrow problem to Douglas-fir in plantations, but by age 30 episodes) and burning may be desirable to reduce impacts should be minimal. Heart and butt rots of

Table 81. Timber productivity values for the SitkaSpruce/Swordfern-Oxalis Association.

SflE SIrE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI8 SDI9 TREES GBA1° SIGBA1' EMAI12 Douglas-fir (McArdIe1) 4 14 178 14 189 445 5 1553 898 198 Douglas-fir (McArdIe2) 2 2 175 35

Douglas-fir (King3) 3 11 127 3 195 Western Hemlock (Barnes4) 8 8 151 48 240 536 243 Western Hemlock (Wiley5) 5 21 116 3 227 415 14 536 198 Sitka Spruce (Meyer6) 8 25 168 43 244 412 16 2040 1035 198 Red Alder (Worthington7) 4 15 87 9 96 319 5 140 131

I Base age 100, Totalage (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100. Totalage (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. Base age 50. Breast height age (King 1966), ages 2510 120years. Base age 100, Total age (Barnes 1962). Reconnaissance plotsOnly, ages 25 to 400 years. 5 Base age 50, Breast heightage (Wiley 1978a.b). ages 25 to 120 years. 8 Base age 100, Totalage (Meyer 1937). 7 Base age 50, Totalage (Worthington et al. 1962). 8 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site index curve for the species (see Figure 189p. 496). 9 Stand Density Index(Reinecke 1933). Growth Basal Area (I-tall 1987) (see Table 174 p. 494). I1 Index of potenbal volumegrowth in cu ft/ac/yr. based on the equation SI*GBA*o.003 (Hall 1987). 12 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300years old (see Figure 190 p. 497). 250 concern are annosus root disease and red ring rot Spruce/Oxalis from the western Olympics (Hender- in western hemlock. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe is son and Peter 1981 b, I 982a) and from the Siuslaw common in old-growth western hemlock. National Forest (Hemstrom and Logan 1986). This association also includes what was called Sitka The most damaging insect problem is the spruce Spruce/Oxalis-Alaska Huckleberry (Henderson and weevil which attacks terminal leaders of Sitka Peter 1981 b), and Sitka Spruce/Fool's Huckleberry- spruce in plantations. Hemlock looper may be Red Huckleberry on the Siuslaw National Forest present in western hemlock, western blackheaded (Hemstrom and Logan 1986). Smith and Henderson budworm may be present on western hemlock and (1986) recognized the Sitka Spruce-Bigleaf Maple! Sitka spruce growing tips. Oxalis and Western Hemlock-Sitka Spruce/Alaska Huckleberry/Oxalis Associations which are similar, and the Sitka Spruce-Western Hemlock/Swordfern Comparison with SImIlar Types Association which is essentially the same as our Sitka Spruce/Swordfern-Oxalis Association. Several Similar types include other wet swordfern and oxalis other Sitka Spruce Associations may be represent- types. The Western Hemlock/$wordfern-Oxalis and ed on the Olympic National Forest. One in particular Western Hemlock/Swordfern-Foamf lower types oc- is Sitka Spruce/Devil's Club. Because elk selectively cur in drier environmental zones. It is also closely browse key indicator species such as Alaska huck- related to the Western Hemlock/Oxalis types which leberry and devil's club, these 'types' were not read- occur on slightly cooler and drier sites, but still in the ily distinguishable and were therefore aggregated wetter environmental zones. The Sitka Spruce! into the Sitka Spruce/Swordfern-Oxalis Association Swordfern-Oxalis Association is recognized as Sitka as described above.

,.P,m.'- -r

) -

Figure 106. Photo of the Sitka Spruce/Swordfern-Oxalis Association, Quinault Research Natural Area, Quinault District.

251 SUBALPINE FIR SERIES

253 SUBALPINE FIR SERIES Abies lasiocarpa ABLA2

The Subalpine Fir Series (Zone) covers about diseases. The impact and abundance of these dis- 16,000 acres (2%) of the Olympic National Forest. It eases is unknown. Fir broom rust(Me!ampsorella occurs at upper elevations in the drier environmen- ca,yophyllacearum)commonly causes witches tal zones, primarily on the Quilcene District (Figure brooming on subalpine fir. Potential insect prob- 107). It is most common in Environmental Zones 11 lems on subalpine fir may be caused by balsam and 12 in the upper Dungeness River drainage. At woolly aphid and western blackheaded budworm. lower elevations it is replaced by the Douglas-fir or Western Hemlock Zones. At higher elevations it Potential yield for associations in the Subalpine Fir gives way to subalpine meadows and krummholz. It Series was estimated using three methods. The first represent a remnant of a type of vegetation which method is the site index-yield table approach. Un- was very common in the area during theHypsither- fortunately there is only a yield table for Douglas-fir mal Period 4000-10,000 years ago, and earlier (see for this area. In this case the site index curves of Climatic History p. 32, Paleobotanical History p. 54). McArdle and Meyer (1930), King (1966) and Curtis The dominant tree species are subalpine fir and et al. (1974) were used. Also, the yield tables of lodgepole pine. McArdle and Meyer (1930) and the DFSIM model (Curtis et al. 1981) were used. The second method The climate of the Subalpine Fir Zone approaches used an empirical volume curve which was generat- a continental climate. Summer temperatures are ed from the plot data. The third method was the warm, winter temperatures are cold.Winter soil tem- Sl-GBA method of Hall (1983, 1987). Site index was peratures are cold, as snow packs are light, usually also calculated for lodgepole pine and subalpine fir accumulating to less than six feet. Summer drought using the curves of Hegyi etal. (1979). is common. Four Plant Associations are recognized in the Sub- Soils are typically cool and dry with a thin 0 horizon. alpine Fir Series. They are described by 34 Recon- The texture is usually coarse with many coarse frag- naissance and Intensive plots. The most common of ments. Topographically these soils occur on steep these isSubalpineFiriWhiteRhododendron upper slope and ridgetop positions at highereleva- (ABLA2/RHAL), which occurs on northerly aspects; tions on the northeastern side of the Olympic Moun- Subalpine Fir/Common Juniper (ABL.A2/JUCO4). tains. They occupy mostly shallow, rocky colluvium Subalpine Fir/Subalpine Lupine (ABLA2/LULA) and and alpine till. Subalpine Fir/Big Huckleberry (ABLA2NAME) are associations of warmer, southerly aspects. In addi- The soil moisture regime is xeric which means there tion, two other associations may occur. These are is a pronounced summer drought. The soil tempera- Subalpine Fir/Sitka Valerian (ABLA2/VASI) and Sub- ture regime is frigid which indicates the average alpine Fir/Pachistima (ABLA2/PAMY). Two plots annual soil temperature is less than 8 deg C and the have been taken which could be assigned to the summer-winter fluctuation is greater than 5 deg C. ABL.A2IVAS! type. They occur in the Mt. Townsend It is likely that the soil temperature fluctuates quite area, on high northerly aspects. One plot nearGoat widely in this zone. Stands located on south-facing slopes frequently have sparse canopies allowing Lake is best described as ABLA2/PAMY. It repre- the soil temperature to be quite high in the summer. sented a dry, near-timberline situation. The thin 0 layer probably reflects a frequent fire return period and low productivity. Environmental values and relative species coverages for these four associations aresummarized in Root diseases can include Armillaria root disease Tables 82 and 83 (pp. 258-259). These associations and annosuS root disease, as subalpinefir is mod- are presented in alphabetical order by common erately susceptible to both of these (Table 13 p. 66). name on pages 260-275. They can beidentified Lodgepole pine is thought to be moderately sus- using the following key. (See page 88 for explana- ceptible to Armillaria, annosus, and blackstain root tion of how to use this abbreviated key). 255 Key to the Plant Associations of the SubalpineFir Series

White Rhododendron >10% ABLA2JRHAL p. 272 Big Huckleberry >5% ABLA2NAME p. 260 Subalpine Lupine >3% ABLA2ILULA p. 268 Common Juniper >3% ABLA2/JUCO4 p. 264

256 Figure 107. Map of the Subalpine Fir Zone on the Olympic Peninsula.

257 Table 82. Environmental values for associations in the Subalpine Fir Series. Slope, elevation and topographic moisture are mean values for the sample.

ASSOCIATiONS

ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES ABLfi2IVAME ABLA2JJUCO4 ABLA2/LULA ABLAZ'RHAL

ECOCLASS Code1 CES3 21 (OL') CES6 21 CEF3 21 CES2 12 (OL

Numberof plots2 6 5 8 15

Aspect E.S S-W SEW NW-NE

Slope (%) 59 42 50 5.4

Elevation (ft.) 4853 5304 5187 5136

Environmental Zone3 8-12 11(9,10) 11-12 10-12

Topographic Moisture4 4.2 3.2 3.6 3.9

Soil Moisture Regime5 xerlc xerlc xeric udic

Soil Temperature (deg C)6 13.0 (3) 15.1 (3) 12.0 (3) 10.0 (7)

Soil Temperature Regime7 frigid frigid frigid frigid

Lichen line (ft.) 4.5 4.0 4.5

1 See Table 161P. 443 2 Number of plots includes all successional stages sampled. See Figure 24 p. 40, and discussion p. 38. 4 See discussionp. 84, Table 146 p. 417. See discussion p. 44. 6 Summer soil temperature at 20cm for mature and old growth stands; only June, July and August measurements included; values in ()are sample size for the mean. See discussionp. 83. See discussion p. 44.45

258 Table 83. Mean relative cover1 values and constancy2 of trees, shrubs and herbs for associations in the Subalpinefir Series. Cover values based on plots 80 years andolder.

ASSOCIATiONS

ABLA2/ ABLA2/ ABLA2/ JUCO4 LOLA RHAL

EGOCLASSC0dO CES82I CEF321 CES2I2(OLY) Numberof plots 3 8 10

TREES

ABAM Silver fIr 5 (33) 48(100) ABLA2 Subalpine fir 19(100) 22(100) CHNO Alaska yeilowcedw 5(12) 15(20) Whitebeik pine 6 (12) PIAL 30(60) PICO Lodgepole pine 63 (66) 42 (75) PIMO Western white pIne 4(12) 1(10) PSME Douglas-fIr 40 (33) 20(50) 31 (40) B (20) TOFIE Western hemlock 1 (33) 3(25) 13(20) TSME Mountain hemlock

SHRUBS AND HERBS

ACMI Yaxrow 1(100) 1(25) 1(30) ACTR Vanillaleaf 1 (25) 4(30) ANLY2 Lyali's anemone 1(66) 1(37) 1(20) ANPJS Raceme pussytoes 2 (33) 1(25) 1(30) ARGO Heartiest arnica 1(33) 5(62) 4(30) ARLA Mountain arnica 1(37) 7)40) ARMA3 Bgleaf sandwoct 1 (33) I (37) Klnnlklnnlck 3 (33) 13 (37) ARLJV 1(20) BENE Oregongrape 1(25) CARO Ross sedge I (33) I (25) 1(10) CARO3 Bluebell 1 (33) 1 (25) CASC2 Scouter's harebell 1(33) 1(37) 1(10) CHUM Prince'S pine 1(33) 4(37) CLUN Queen's cup 1(12) 2(20) 1(30) COCA Bunchberry FEID Idaho fescue 1(33) Western fescue 3(25) 1(40) FEOC 1(10) FAVI Broadpelai strawbeny 1(33) 1 (12) GAOV Slender wlrrtergreen 1 (12) 2)20) HEOC Western sweetvetch 2 (33) 1(12) 1)20) HELA Cow-parsnip 3 (12) 1(20) 1(40) I-HAL White hawkweed 1(66) 1(62) JUCO4 Common jurrlper 12(100) 6 (50) 1(10) LANE Nutlail's peavine 20 (12) L1902 Twir,flower 8 (25) 6(30) 2(30) LOC1 Orenge honeysuckle LOMA2 Martindaia'a lomatium 1(100) 1(62) 1)30) 1)30) LOUT2 Utah honeysuckle 1 (33) I (31) LULA Subalpine lupine 15(100) 2(60) LUPE Pertzldgefoot 2 (30) 1(20) NONE Woodland beardtorrgue 1 (33) 1 (25) OSCH Sweet cicely 3 (25) 1)80) PAMY Pachistima 2 (68) 1(87) PERA Leafy lousewort 1 (33) 2 (25) 1(30) PEPR Small-flowered penstemon 1 (66) 1 (31) 3(30) Pi-IEM Red heather 1(10) P1101 Spreading phlox 2(100) 1(37) 1(20) POPU Showy polemorrium 10(12) 1(30) PYAS Pink pyrola 1(70) PYSE Sldebells pyrola 1(100) 1 (62) PI-IAL White rhododendron 1(33) 1 (12) 42)100) RI'IMA Rhododendron 5(20) 1(10) ROGY Baidhip rose 2 (37) RULA Trailing bramble 1 (33) 6(80) RIJPE Five-leaved bramble 6(20) SEFL2 FlaIl's groundsel 2 (66) 1 (25) 2 (20) 1(20) SELU2 Black-tipped bulterweed 1(33) 1 (12) 1(10) SIPA Parry's sllene 1 (37) SO6l Mountain-ash 1)30) 2 (20) SYMO Creeping snowberry 1(66) 1(37) ThFE2 Fendlers meadowrue 13 (25) 1(20) 9(70) VAME Big huckleberry 1 (25) 1(70) VASI Sitice yalerlan I (33) 1 (50) VEIl False hellebore 1(40) 2)30) V1OR Round-leaved vIolet 1 (33) 2 (20) ViSE Evergreen violet 1 (12) 13(30) XETE Beargrass

1 Mean relative cover are values where zeroes are not included In the calculation of the mean, See Table 169 p. 465 for mean absolute cover values.

2 Constancy Is the percentage of plots for that association where the species occurred.

259 SUBALPINE FIR/BIG HUCKLEBERRY Abies lasiocarpa/Vaccinjummembranaceum ABLA2/VAME CES3 21 (OLY)

The Subalpine Fir/Big HuckleberryAssociation is a Other Hiota minor type in certain areason the Forest. It occurs mainly on cool, dry sites, with low timber productiv- Wildlife observations are limited ity. ft is found primarily on Quilcene for this type, and and Hood Canal include deer sign with heavy browse Districts (Figure 108). Soils on big huckle- are mostly shallow and berry, and black bear damage derived from colluvium. Theyare often well drained. to subalpine fir. The typical area of this type has Golden-crowned kinglets wererecorded on one burned once or plot. twice in the last 300 years.

Floristic Composition Table 84. Common plants in theABLA2/VAME Association, based on stands >49years (n=6).* The dominant understory species(Table 84) is big huckleberry (VAME), which is usuallypresent in all ages of stands, although it may be inconspicuous Abs. Rel. or absent in densely stocked secondgrowth. Big Common name Code Cover Cover Const Ranqe huckleberry becomes establishedquickly after clearcut or fire. Other shrubsmay include pachis- TREES tima (PAMY), serviceberry (AMAL) subalpine fir ABLA2 21.5 21.5 100 4-50 and white rhodo- Douglas-fir PSME dendron (RHAL). Beargrass (XETE), 14.8 22.2 66 0-65 subalpine western hemlock TSHE 2.0 3.0 66 0-8 lupine (LULA) and phlox (PHDI)may also occur. The lodgepole pine PICO 4.5 13.5 33 0-20 tree layer is dominated by subalpine fir,lodgepole Alaska yellowcedar CHNO 0.7 2.0 33 0-3 pine or Douglas-fir (Figure 109). GROUND VEGETATION big huckleberty VAME 32.2 Data for mosses and lichens 32.2 100 3-80 are limited to one pachistima PAMY 7.7 7.7 100 1-25 young-growth plot. Ground mossesare sparse and subalpine lupine LULA 6.5 6.5 100 1-20 yarrow include Hypnum subimponens, Dicranumsp. and ACMI 1.5 2.3 66 0-5 pearly everlasting ANMA 1.5 2.3 66 0-5 Cladonia. Epiphytic lichensare sparse in these white hawkweecj HIAL 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 plots as well, Bryoria sp. tigerlily was the only species LICO4 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 recorded. beargrass XETE 22.0 44.0 50 0-70 fireweed EPAN 5.3 10.7 50 0-30 woodland beardtongue NONE 2.0 4.0 50 0-10 Successional Relationships spreading phlox PHDI 1.3 2.7 50 0-4 serviceberry AMAL 1.2 2.3 50 0-3 All sampled plots in this type white rhododendron RHAL 1.2 2.3 50 0-4 were less than 120 common juniper years old, which reflects its high susceptibility JUCO4 0.8 1.7 50 0-2 to Columbia brome BRVU 0.7 1.3 50 0-2 burning. The common successionalpathways are Scoulers harebell CASC2 0.7 1.3 50 0-2 dominated by subalpine fir and/orDouglas-fir, while spreading stonecrop SEDI 0.7 1.3 50 0-2 lodgepole pine may also occur in limited situations. *Stand ages range from 49 to 105years. Climax stages are presumably dominatedby subalpine fir. There are insufficient datato generalize about successional trends in theground vegetation for this type, because of the limitedage range sampled.

260 Environment and Soils This type is found on steep, mid- to upper slopes on colluvial metabasalt and sandstone soils. Generally This association occurs mainly on southeastern as- these soils are shallow, coarse-textured and rocky, pects between 4300 and 5700 feet elevation. It was with a high permeability and low water holding Ca- sampled from Mt. Townsend and Mt. Jupiter south pacity. The 0 layer is thin reflecting the frequency of to the vicinity of Mt. Cruiser and Mt. Stone. Over this range it occurred in Environmental Zones 8to 12 fire. All plots occurred in areas of extensive rock (Table 82). Topographic moisture averaged 4.2 outcrops with thin loam and gravelly loam inclusions which is dry for the Forest as a whole, but relatively (Snyder etal. 1969). The mean August soil tempera- moist for the Subalpine Fir Zone. Climate is general- ture was 13.0 deg C (55.4 deg F). The soil tempera- ly dry with annual precipitation ranging from below ture regime is frigid. The soil moisture regime is 50 inches to over 100 inches. Plot data are insufficient to estimate winter snow depth. probably xeric.

Figure 108. Map of plot locations for the Subalpine Fir/BigHuckleberry Association.

261 Timber Productivity Subalpine fir and Douglas-fir are the preferred speciesiftimber management objectives are Timber productivity of this type is low (Site V). This sought. However, this type represents harsh site is due to the dryness of the site, cold soils,and conditions and low growth potential. Big huckleber- relatively short growing season. Site index ofmea- ry can pose brush problems. sured stands averaged 84 (base 100) for Douglas-fir and 81 for subalpine fir. The productivitypotential Root diseases on this series can include laminated using the site index-yield table approachwas 63 cu ft/ac/yr for Douglas-fir and 60 cu ft/ac/yr for sub- root rot, Armillaria root disease and annosus root alpine fir (Table 85). The empirical yield estimate for disease because subalpine fir is moderatelysus- this type was 51 cu ft/ac/yr. The stockability of these ceptible to all these (Table 13p. 66). Lodgepole sites is moderate. pine is moderately susceptible to Armillaria,annosus, and black stain root diseases. The impact and abundance of these diseases on this type isun- Management Considerations known. Fir broom rust (Melampsorella caryophy!- Iacearum) commonly causes witches broomingon Management considerations for this type include subalpine fir on this type. consideration of many non-timber values. Mainte- nance of soil nutrients and organic matter is critical Insect problems can include balsam woolly aphid on this type. Response to fertilizer in this type is and western blackheaded budworm on subalpine unknown. Deer and bear use this type insummer. fir.

Table 85. Timber productivity values for theSubalpine Fir/Big Huckleberry Association.

SIrE SIrE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI6 so17 TREES GBA8 SIGBA° EMAI1°

Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 1 5 84 63 371 5 432 109 51 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 2 2 75 4 Douglas-fir (Curtis 3) 1 5 iii 371 5 432 109 Douglas-fir (King 4) 1 5 65 56 Subalpine Fir (Hegyl 5) 1 3 81 60 371 3 346 84

1 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plotsonly, ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400years. Base age 100, Breast height age (Curtis et at. 1974), ages 25to 400 years. 4 Base age 50, Breast heightage (King 1966), ages 2510 120 years. 5 Base age 100, Totalage (Hegyl et at. 1979). 8 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site Index curve for the species(see Figure 189 p. 496). Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933). 8 Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table174 p. 494). 9 index of potential volumegrowth in cu ft/ac/yr, based on the equation SIGBA*O.003 (Hall 1987). tO Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300years old (see Figure 192 p. 499).

262 and Peter Comparison with Similar Types recognized in the Olympics (Henderson 1983a, Smith and Henderson 1986). It isrelated to Similar types include SubalpineFir/White Rhodo- the Subalpine FirNaccinium type on theOkanogan dendron which occurs on cooler andmoister sites, National Forest (Williams and Lillybridge1983). It type which and the Subalpine Fir/Subalpine Lupine may occur in the rainshadowof Mt. Rainier, but is occurs on drier and less productivesites, The Sub- alpine Fir/Big Huckleberry Associationis previously not formally recognized there.

Summit, Quilcene District. Figure 109. Photo of the SubalpineFir/Big Huckleberry Association, Little River

263 SUBALPINE FIR/COMMON JUNIPER Abies lasiocarpa/Juniperus communis ABLA2/JUCQ4 CES6 21

The Subalpine Fir/Common Juniper Associationis are more common in younger stands. Vegetation an uncommon type of high elevations in areas of cover decreases with age of the stand. Oldersuc- low precipitation (Environmental Zones 10,11, 12) cessional stages tend to be somewhatsparse. (Figure 110) and dry topographic positions (Table Ground species which tend to characterizethese 82). Soils are cold in winter, warm insummer and later successional stages include phlox (PHDI), timber productivity is low. It is found mainlyon the sidebeils pyrola (PYSE) and Martindale's lomatium Quilcene and Soleduck Districtson ridgetops and (LOMA2). southwest aspects. Soils are shallow, derived from very stony colluvium, and appear to be low in organic matter and nitrogen. Stands in this type have Other Biota burned frequently in the past. Wildlife observations are limited for thistype. Chip- munk, Douglas squirrel, hare and mountaingoat Floristic Composition were recorded. Idaho fescue, creeping snowberry and white rhododendron had evidence ofbrowse. The dominant understory species (Table 86) iscom- Bird observations are limited to one plot andinclude mon juniper (JUCO4). Other shrubs may include red-breasted nuthatch and chestnut-backedchick- pachistima(PAMY) and creepingsnowberry adee. (SYMO). Herbs may includespreading phlox (PHDI), yarrow (ACMI), anemone (ANLY2),Martin- dale's lomatium (LOMA2) and sidebelis pyrola (PY- Table 86. Common plants in the ABLA2/JUCO4 SE). The tree layer is dominated by lodgepole pine, Association, based on stands >80years (n=3). subalpinefirand/or Douglas-fir(Figure111). Old-growth stands in this type are rare. Abs. Rel. Observations for mosses and lichens are limitedto Common name CodeCoverCover Const Ranqe one plot for this type. Ground mosses are sparse, but epiphytic lichens are abundant. Btyoria andHy- TREES pogymnia spp. are the most common; Cetraria subalpine fir ABLA2 18.7 18.7 100 1-35 sp., lodgepole pine PICO Platismatia glauca and Alectoria sarmentosa 41.7 62.5 66 0-65 may Douglas-fir PSME 13.3 40.0 33 0-40 also occur. silver fir ABAM 1.7 5.0 33 0-5 western hemlock TSHE 0.3 1,0 33 0-1 GROUND VEGETA110N Successional Relationships common juniper JUCO4 11.7 11.7 100 5-15 spreading phlox PHDI 1.7 1.7 100 1-2 There are three possible successional pathways for Martindale's lomatium LOMA2 1.0 1.0 100 this type. Major early successional stagesmay be 1-1 sidebells pyrola PYSE 1.0 1.0 100 1-1 dominated by Douglas-fir, subalpine fir, or lodge- yarrow ACMI 1.0 1.0 100 1-1 pole pine. Later seral stages are often dominated by pachistima PAMY 1.3 2.0 66 0-3 both Douglas-fir and subalpine fir. The composition Flett's groundsel SEFL2 1.0 1.5 66 0-2 Lyalls anemone of the climax stand is unknown, but believed ANLY2 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 to be white hawkweed HIAL 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 a mixture of Douglas-fir and subalpine fir. There are small-flowered no clear successional trends in the ground vegeta- penstemon PEPR 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 creeping snowberry SYMO tion layers. Common juniper (JUCO4) iscommon in 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 all successional stages sampled. However, subalpine lupine (LULA), Idaho fescue (FEID), Ross sedge (CARO), and mountain death camas (ZIEL)

264 This type is found on moderately steep, upper Environment and Soils slopes and ridgetops in colluvial metabasaltand sandstone soils. Generally these soils are veryshal- This association occurs mainly on southernand low, coarse-textured and rocky, with a high perme- western aspects between 4200 and5900 feet eleva- ability and very low water holding capacity.All of our thin loam tion. It is most common in the Mt.Townsend area in plots occur in areas of rock outcrops with al. 1969). Environmental Zones 10 and 11. Topographicmois- and gravelly loam inclusions (Snyder et reflecting value this low The 0 layer tends to be thin, probably ture averaged a dry 3.2 (Table 82). A both low productivity and frequency offire. The survive. is on the verge of being too dry for trees to summer soil temperature was warmestfor the Se- The climate is dry and somewhatcontinental with ries with a July-August mean of 15.1 degC (59.2 annual precipitation less than 50 inches.Winter deg F). Winter soil temperatures arerelatively cold snow depth (lichen line) averagedabout 4 feet. The because of a low snowpack. Frozensoils and frost snowpack melts off early in this type, even forthe heaving probably occur. The soil temperature xeric. Subalpine Fir Zone. regime is frigid and the moisture regime is

Figure 110. Map of plot locations forthe Subalpine Fir/Common Juniper Association. 265 Timber Productivity type usually occurs, there is an increasedsuscepti- bility to snow and wind damage whichoften limits Timber productivity is low (Site VII). This is related to the growth and survival of Douglas-fir.This type the dryness of the site and coldSoils. Site index of cannot be easily regenerated by usingadvance re- subalpine fir averaged 28 and lodgepolepine aver- generation. It occurs on sites which aged 31 (base 100) (Table 87). The are too exposed productivity to use sheiterwood successfully. Thistype repre- potential using the site index-yield tableapproach sents harsh growing conditions. was 7 Cu ft/ac/yr for subalpine fir and 5cu ft/ac/yr for lodgepole pine. Values this lowrepresent extreme Root diseases can include laminated extrapolations of these yield tables and root rot, Armil- are esti- lana root disease and annosusroot disease be- mates only. The stockability of thesesites is low. cause subalpine fir is moderately susceptibleto all The empirical yield estimate for thistype showed a of these (Table l3p. 66). Lodgepole growth potential of 13 cu ft/ac/yr. pine is moderately susceptible to Armillaria,annosus, and black stain root diseases. The impact andabundance of these diseases on this type is unknown. Management ConsideratIons Fir broom rust (Melampsorella calyophyllacearum)commonly causes witches brooming on subalpine firon this Management considerationsare primarily related to type. its very low productivity and longregeneration period. Any treatments in this type shouldbe especially Insect problems can include balsam sensitive to preservation of the shallow woolly aphid unstable and western bIackheaded budwormon subalpine soil. Because of the ridgetop positionswhere this fir.

Table 87. Timber productivity values for the Subalpine Fir/Common JuniperAssociation.

SITE SITE TREE SPECIES GBA PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI2 SDI3 TREES GBA4SIGBA5 EMAI6 Lodgepole Pine (Hegyi I) 2 10 31 10 7 453 10 177 17 13 Subalpine Fir (Hegyi 1) 1 2 28 5 471 2 167 14 13 1 Base age 100. Totalage (Hegyi et at. 1979). 2 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site indexcurve for the species (see Figure 189 p. 496). 3 Stand Density Index (Reinecke1933). 4 Growth Basal Area (Hall1987) (see Table 174 p. 494). Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr. basedon the equation SI*GBA*0.003 (Halt 1987). 8 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands20 to 300 years old (see Figure 192 p. 499).

266 lower elevations with less snow and warmer soil Comparison with Similar Types temperatures. The Subalpine Fir/Common Juniper Similar typesinclude SubalpineFir/Subalpine Association is previously described only from the Lupine which occurs on slightly moister sitesand on colder soils, and the Douglas-fir/KinflikinfliCk typeat Olympics (Henderson and Peter 1983a).

-.,

Quilcene District. Figure 111. Photo of the SubalpineFir/Common Juniper Association, near Tyler Peak,

267 SUBALPINE FIR/SUBALPINE LUPINE Abies lasiocarpa/Lupinus iatifo/ius ABLA2/LULA CEF3 21

The Subalpine Fir/Subalpine LupineAssociation is Successional Relationships an uncommon type of high elevations inareas of low precipitation (Environmental Zones11 and 12, There are two probable successional Figure 112). Soils are cold in winter pathways for and warm in this type. One dominated by subalpinefir, the other summer; timber productivity is low. This type occurs by fodgepofe pine, although Douglas-fircan some- mainly on the Quilcene Districton southwest as- times be a significant component. Laterseral stages pects. Soils are shallow and derived fromvery stony are presumed to be dominated by colluvium. Stands in this type have subalpine fir. burned fre- There are no clear successionaltrends in the quently in the past, which has contributedpartially ground vegetation layers. Subalpine to the apparently low fertility of these lupine is a sites. dominant species in seralas well as old-growth stands. Floristic Composition Other Blota The dominant understory species(Table 88) are subalpine lupine (LULA), heartleafarnica (ARCO) Deer sign are frequentlyencountered in this type; and common juniper (JUCO4).Pachistima (PAMY) porcupine damage is occasionallyobserved on may also occur. Herbs are sparse butmay include lodgepole pine. Snowshoe hare andDouglas squir- Martindale's lomatiurn(LOMA2),Sitka valerian rel may also occur. Birds frequentlyobserved were (VASI) and sidebells pyrola (PYSE).The tree layer is gray jays and chestnut-backed chickadees. dominated by subalpine fir and lodgepolepine (Fig- ure 113). Douglas-fir may sometimesoccur. Many stands begin with a moderatecomponent of lupine following fire, which may impederestocking. Table 88. Common plants in theABLA2/LULA Association, based on stands >80years (n=8). Data on mosses and lichensare limited to three plots for this type. Ground cryptogamsare sparse. The common ground lichens include Peltigeraspp., Abs. Rel. Peltigera aphthosa and C/adoniaspp.; the common Common name Code CoverCover Const Ranqe ground mosses are Dicranumspp. and Rhytidiadel- phus triquetrus. Epiphytic lichensare moderate in TREES abundance. Biyoria spp. are the mostcommon and Subalpine fir ABLA2 22.1 22.1 100 4-60 lodgepole pine PICO abundant; Hypogymnia enteromorpha, H. 31.4 41.8 75 0-65 Douglas-fir PSME 9.8 19.5 50 0-45 imshaugii, Platisma(ja glauca and Alectoriasarmen- western hemlock tosa also occur. TSHE 0.8 3.0 25 0-5 GROUND VEGETA11ON subalpine lupine LULA 14.9 14.9 100 2-30 pachistima PAMY 0.9 1.0 87 0-1 heartleaf arnica ARCO 3.1 5.0 62 0-20 Martindale's lomatium LOMA2 0.8 1.2 62 0-2 sidobells pyrola PYSE 0.8 1.2 62 0-2 white hawkweed HIAL 0.6 1.0 62 0-1 common juniper JUCO4 2.9 5.8 50 0-15 Sitka valerian VASI 0.5 1.0 50 0-1

268 and Environment and Soils This type is found mostly on steep upper slopes ridgetops, on colluvial metabasalt andsandstone This association occurs mainly on southwesternas- soils. Generally the soils are shallow, coarse- elevation. It is textured and very rocky, with a high permeability pects between 4800 and 5900 feet thin most common in the upper DungenesSand Mt. and low water holding capacity. These soils are gravelly and very gravelly loam inclusions in areas Townsend area in Environmental Zones 11and 12. Topographic moisture averaged a dry 3.6(Table of extensive bedrock outcrop(Snyder et al. 1969). continental The 0 layer is thin, reflecting the fire frequency.The 82). The climate is dry and somewhat deg C with annual precipitation less than 50 inches.Winter mean soil temperature for August was 12.0 (53.6 deg F), which falls in the mid-range for the snow depth (lichen line)averaged about 4 feet. The snowpack melts off early in this type relative to com- Subalpine Fir Zone. The soil temperature regime is parable elevations elsewhere on the Forest. frigid and the soil moisture regime is xeric.

Figure 112. Map of plot locations forthe Subalpine Fir/Subalpine Lupine Association. 269 TimberProductivity where this type usually occurs, there isan increased susceptibility to snow and wind damage which often Timber productivity is low (Site Vi). This is due to the limits the growth and survival of Douglas-fir.Natural dryness of the site and extreme soil conditions.Site regeneration rates are very slow. Natural stands index of Douglas-fir averaged 50 (base 100),while appear to have taken 50-150 years to regenerate lodgepole pine averaged 49 and subalpine fir aver- following wildfire. This type representsvery harsh aged 42 (Table 89). The productivity potentialusing growing conditions. the site index-yield table approachwas 21 Cu ft/ ac/yr for Douglas-fir and 21 Cu ft/ac/yr for lodgepole Root diseases can include laminatedroot rot, Armil- pine. The stockability of these sites is low. An empiri- lana root disease and annosus root disease,be- cal estimate of yield for this type isnot available. cause subalpine fir is moderately susceptible to all of these (Table 13 p. 66). Lodgepoie pine ismoderately susceptible to Armillania, annosus, andblack Management Considerations stain root diseases. The impact and abundanceof these diseases on this type is unknown. Firbroom Management considerations are primarily relatedto rust (Melampsorel/a caryophyllacearum) commonly its low productivity and long regenerationperiod, If causes witches brooming on subalpine fir. treatments are to be done in this type at all, particular attention should be given to maintaining soil nu- Insect problems can include balsam woollyaphid trients and organic matter, and preserving the shal- and western blackheaded budwormon subalpine low, unstable soil. Because of the ridgetoppositions fir.

Table 89. Timber productivity values for the Subalpine Fir/Subalpine LupineAssociation.

SITE SITE GM TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI5 SDI6 TREES GBA7SIGBA8 EMAI

Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 2 4 50 15 21 366 4 187 30 Douglas-fir (Curtis 2) 2 4 56 24 366 4 187 30 Douglas-fir (King 3) 2 4 38 12 28 Lodgepole Pine (Hegyi 4) 3 14 49 13 21 400 14 155 24 Subalpine Fir (Hegyi 4) 1 2 42 13 321 2 133 17

Base age 100, Totat age (McArdle and Meyer 1930),Intensive plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100 Breast heightage (Curtis et al. 1974), ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 50, Breast heightage (King 1966), ages 25 to 120 years. ' Base age 100, Total age (1-legyl et at. 1979). 5 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site indexcurve for the species (see Figure 189 p. 496). 8 Stand Density Index (Reinecke1933). ' Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (seeTable 174 p. 494). 8 Index of potential volume growth in Cu ft/ac/yr. based on the equation SI*GBA*0.003(Hall 1987).

270 Comparison with Similar Types em Hemlock/BeargraSS type in wetter precipitation areas. It is also related to the Western Hemlock/ Similar types include Subalpine Fir/CommonJu- Rhododendron/BeargraSS type which occurs on niper which occurs on slightly drier sites athigher similar sites but at much lower elevations. The Sub- elevations and on warmer or more exposed soils; alpine Fir/Subalpine Lupine Association is recog- the Subalpine Fir/White Rhododendron type on nized only in the Olympic Mountains (Henderson moister and more northerly aspects; and the West- and Peter 1983a, Smith and Henderson 1986).

5- ' 'S.

-'S S

'S ,5 ' '-".

SSSS5._ S -.5 ,S___S,; -, -' .SS.SSS :'

SS'.'S.S. 1":5:5i :L::;' '- ,)-.S_q.- -, ___S,' Ls S tie!.

Figure 113. Photo of the Subalpine Fir/SubalpineLupine Association, Mt. Townsend Trail, Quilcene District.

271 SUBALPINE FIR/WHITE RHODODENDRON Ables laslocarpa/Rhododendron albiflorum ABLA2/RHAL CES2 12 (OLY)

The Subalpine Fir/White Rhododendron Associa- Successional Relationships tion is a minor type on the Forest, although itis locally common. It occurs primarily on cold, dry Most stands sampled were under 120years old sites, with low timber productivity, mainly on the which reflects a high fire frequency. Thecommon Quilcene District (Figure 114). Soilsare mostly shal- successional pathways are dominated by subalpine low or stony, and derived from colluvium. Theyare fir, lodgepole pine or occsionaUy by Douglas-fir. often well-drained. The typical area of this type has The climax stage is presumably dominatedby sub- burned at least twice in the last 300 years. alpine fir. Ground vegetation trendsare not clear. White rhododendron dominates all stagessampled. Early successional stages often contain subalpine Florlstic Composition lupine, trailing bramble, pachlstima, beardtongue (NONE), partridgefoot (LUPE) andyarrow (ACMI). The dominant uriderstoty species (Table 90)are white rhododendron (RHAL) and big huckleberry (VAME), which are usually present in allages of Other Blota stands, although they may be inconspicuousor absent in densely stocked second growth. Big huckle- Deer and snowshoe hare signs are frequentlyob- berry can become established quickly after clearcut served on this type, with recent activity of deer or fire.Other shrubs may include pachistima noted in early August. Big huckleberry is themost com- (PAMY) and mountain-ash (SOSI). Dwarfbramble monly browsed species; trailing snowberry (SYMO) (RULA), Sitka valerian (VASI), sidebelis pyrola(PY- and beargrass (XETE) may also be browsed when SE), subalpine lupine (LLJLA) and arnica (ARLAand they are present. Black bear, Douglas squirrel, ARCO) may also occur. The tree layer is mar- usually mot and mountain goat may also occur. Birdscom- dominated by subalpine fir, lodgepole pine, and/or monly encountered were golden-crowned kinglet, Douglas-fir (Figure 115). Alaska yellowcedar or red-breastednuthatch andchestnut-backed mountain hemlock can sometimes occur. When chickadee. Rufous hummingbirdsmay also be stands in this type are understocked,a thick under- seen. story may develop.

Ground mosses can be sparse or rather abundant Table 90. Common plants in the ABLA2JRHAL in this type. Rhytidiopsis robusta frequentlyoccurs Association, based on stands >80years (n=10). and is the most common groundmoss. Peltigera spp. occurred on 70% of the sampled plots but had low coverage, Dicranum sp. may alsooccur. Epi- Abs. Rel. phytic lichens are abundant, the common species Common name Code CoverCover Const ane Include Hypogymnia spp.,Bryoria spp.,A/actor/a sarmentosa, Plastlmatia glauca, P. herrel and Ce- TREES ((aria Sp. eubalpine fir ABLA2 47.9 47,9 100 1-70 lodgepoie pine P1CC 18.1 30.2 60 0-85 Douglas-fir PSME 12.3 30.7 40 0-65 Alaska yeliowoedar CHNO 3.0 15.0 20 0-20 mountain hemlock TSME 2.5 12.5 20 0-20 weetern hemlock TSHE 1.6 8.0 20 0-15

GROUND VEGETATION white rhododendron RHAL 41.5 41.5 100 15-80 dwarf bramble RULA 4.8 6.0 80 0-35 pachietima PAMY 1.0 1.3 80 0-2 big huckleberry VAME 6.6 9.4 70 0-30 sidebeils pyrola PYSE 0.9 1.3 70 0-2 Sitkavalerian VAS1 0.9 1.3 70 0-3 subalpine lupine LULA 0.9 1.5 60 0-2 272 Environment and Soil. This type is found mostly on steep, mid. to upper slope, coliuvisi metabault and sandstone soils. Generally these aollø tend to be shallow, coarse This association occurs mostly on northwest and textured and very rocky. As ouch they probably eastern aspects between 4400 and 5800 feeteiova. have a hIgh permoabiilty and iow water holding ca. tion, It Is most common in the Mt. Townsend and pacity. All piota occurred in thin gravelly loam (Sny. upper Dungoness area in EnvironmentalZones der etal. 1039). The 0 layer tends to be thin which is probably a reflection of the high frequency of fire. 10.12. Topographic moisture averaged 3.9. The cii This 10 the coidest type In the Subalpine Fir Series mate Is dry and somewhat continental, with annual and among the coolest types overaJl. The August precipitation less than 50 inches. Winter snow soil temperature averaged 10.0 deg C (80.0 dog F). depth (lichen line) Is about 4 feet, The snowpack We believe this soil falls Into the cooler end of the meita off eariy allowing the soii to begin warming frigid soil temperature regime. The soil moisture before comparable sites in the Sliver Fir Zone. regime is probably udlo or drier.

Figure 114. Map of piot locations for the SubalpineFirtWhite Rhododendron Association.

273 Timber Productivity problems after timber harvest or wildfire. Fires have been common in this type and will probablyoccur Timber productivity is low (Site VI). This isdue to again in the near future. This can pose cold soils and a relatively short growing some water- season. Site shed and recreation problems since all Subalpine index of measured stands averaged 55 (base 100) Fir types are slow to regenerate. for Douglas-fir and 57 for subalpine fir(Table 91). The productivity potential using the siteindex-yield table approach was 28 Cu ft/ac/yr for Douglas-fir Root diseases can include laminatedroot rot, Armil- and 30 cu ft/ac/yr for subalpine fir. The empirical lana root disease and annosus root diseasebe- yield estimate for this associationwas 51 cu ft/ac/yr. cause subalpine fir is moderately susceptible to all The stockability of these sites is moderate. these (Table 13 p. 66). Lodgepole pine ismoderately susceptible to Armillaria, annosus, and black stain root diseases. The impact and abundanceof Management Considerations these diseases on this type is unknown. Fir broom rust (Melampsorel/a caryophyllacearum) commonly Management Considerations are mainly forre- causes witches brooming on subalpine fir. source values other than timber. Maintenance of soil nutrients and organic matter is importanton this insect problems can include balsam woollyaphid type. Deer and bear use this type insummer. Big and western blackheaded budwormon subalpine huckleberry or white rhododendroncan pose brush fir.

Table 91. Timber productivity values for the Subalpine Firiwhite RhododendronAssociation.

SIrE SIrE GBA TREE SPECIES PlOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI8 SDI7 TREES GBA8 SIGBM EMAI1° Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 3 5 55 20 28 389 5 310 55 51 Douglas.fir (McArdle 2) 3 3 82 28 Douglas-fir (Curtis 3) 3 5 68 21 389 5 310 55 Douglas-fir (King 4) 3 5 43 15 35 Lodgepole Pine (Hegyi 5) 4 15 40 9 12 410 15 151 18 51 Subalpine Fir (Hegyi 5) 6 29 57 18 30 457 29 194 35 51 1 Base age 100. Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only, ages 25 to 400years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), ReconnaIssance plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. Base age 100, Breast height age (Curtis et 81. 1974).ages 25 to 400 years. Base age 50. Breast height age (KIng 1966).ages 25 to 120 years. Base age 100. Total age (Hegyi et at. 1979). Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site index curve for the species (see Figure 189p. 496). Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933). 8 Growth Basal Area (Hall1987) (see Table 174 p. 494). Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr. basedon the equation Sl*GBA*0.003 (Hall 1987). 10 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20to 300 years old (see Figure 192 p. 499).

274 Comparison with Similar Types previously recognized in the Olympics (Henderson and Peter 1983a, Smith and Henderson 1986), on Similar types in the Olympics include the Mountain the White River District of the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie HemiockjWhiteRhododendron-BigHuckleberry National Forest (Henderson and Peter 1981c), and type which occurs on cooler sites with more snow- fall1 and the Subalpine Fir/Big Huckleberry type on on the Okanogan National Forest (Williams and drier and less productive sites. This association is Lillybridge 1983).

4 '4- 4

4 4

I t ,

- ,c_ r 1

_fr '

Figure 115. Photo of the Subalpine Fir/White Rhododendron Association, young-growth, Little River Summit, Quilcene District.

275 WESTERN HEMLOCK SERIES

277 WESTERN HEMLOCK SERIES Tsuga he(erophylla TSHE

The Western Hemlock Series (Zone) covers about may be high in phosphorus, sulphur, calcium and 388,000 acres (60%) of the Olympic National Forest magnesium compared to the other zones. The aver- (Figure 116). It occupies the lowland areas around age pH (5.3) is higher than any other zone except the Forest, up to about 1000 feet elevation in the for the Douglas-fir Zone. Textures of these soils are wetter environmental zones (Matheny Creek area), fine to coarse but most commonly have many and up to about 4000 feet elevation in the drier coarse fragments. Topographically they occur on a enviromental zones (Dungeness River area). At wide range of slope positions spanning low to mid- higher elevations itis replaced by the Silver Fir elevations across the Olympic Peninsula. They oc- Zone, except in Environmental Zones 10, 11 and 12 cupy nearly all types of regolith and bedrock, and (Quilcene District), where it is replaced by the Sub- the entire range of slopes from flat to very steep and alpine Fir Zone. On drier microsites at lower eleva- slope positions from bottoms to ridgetops. tions it is replaced by the Douglas-fir Zone (mostly Hood Canal and Quilcene Districts), on moister and The soil moisture regime may be udic, which means foggier sites along the western side of the Forest, it that the rooting zone is usually moist throughout the is replaced by the Sitka Spruce Zone. The Western summer, or it may be xeric (with a prominent sum- Hemlock Zone includes some of the most produc- mer drought), or aquic (saturated for extended peri- tive lands on the Forest. It also includes some low ods). The soil temperature regime is frigid which site lands on shallow soils or on steep well-drained indicates the rooting zone is cool (average annual slopes. The productivity within this zone varies temperature less than 8 deg C, with a greater than greatly, but mostly as a function of water and nutri- 5 deg C summer-winter fluctuation) or mesic (the ent availability. average annual temperature is higher than 8 deg C). The climate of the Western Hemlock Zone is characterized as warm temperate to maritime. Winter and The organic layer can be mull, duff mull or mor. Duff summer temperatures are moderate. Average Jan- mulls occur slightly more often than the other two uary temperature is about 7 deg C (38 deg F) for which have nearly the same frequency. The 02 hori- Western Hemlock Zone weather stations around the zon averaged 3.6 cm in stands under 300 years and Forest, which is very close to the winter soil temper- 13 cm in stands over 300 years, but the thickness in ature at 8 inches (20 cm). Summer temperature any one stand is quite variable. Causes of variation averages about 17 deg C (62 deg F) which is close are climate, topographic configuration and stand to mid-summer soil temperature readings at 8 inch- history. Stands originating following windthrow may es (20 cm) in open sites. Soil temperatures at 8 inch inherit the previous 0 layer and the windthrown depth under a forest canopy average about 5-10 trees. Stands originating from fire may or may not deg F lower than those in open sunny locations. inherit a previous 0 layer depending on the intensity Precipitation varies from over 150 inches annually in of the fire and may inherit fire killed trees as well. The the wetter areas of the Forest (Quinault District) to fire frequency is greater in the Western Hemlock about 30 inches in the rainshadow area (Dun- Zone than in the Silver Fir Zone and the fires tend to geness River drainage, Quilcene District). In addi- be hotter. In general the thickest 02 horizons occur tion, fog and clouds can contribute a significant in the wetter environmental zones where the soils amount of 'precipitation' in the form of tree drip are more moist and the stands are older. While during the summer. Snow accumulations are low. some of the thickest 02 horizons occur in the West- Winds are significant, especially on the southern ern Hemlock Zone, they tend to be less decom- and western part of the Forest. posed and less dense than those in the Silver Fir or Mountain Hemlock Zones. 0 layers in hardwood Soils are typically warm and moist with a fairly well stands in the Western Hemlock Zone are mulls. In developed 0 horizon. There are, however, some dry these stands there is a thin to moderate 01 horizon sites and some cool sites. The A horizon is often and little if any 02. This probably reflects the ease relatively low in organic matter and nitrogen, but of decomposition of most hardwood litter.

279 Inceptisols comprised over half the soils sampled in problem in second-growth. In general the disease this series while over a quarter were spodosols. The has limited impacts in stands until an approximate remainder were mostly entisols and a few were his- age of 120 years. tosols. The spodosols are generally weakly developed and the inceptisols may show signs of becom- Heart and butt rots of importance are annosus root ing spodosols especially in the wetter disease and red ring rot on western hemlock, red environmental zones. ring rot, brown cubical butt rot and brown trunkrot on Douglas-fir. These heart and butt rots are usually The dominant tree species are Douglas-fir and not a problem until trees are 120 years or older. western hemlock. Douglas-fir, a long-lived seral However, any wounding caused by thinning will in- species, is common except in the wettest environ- crease damage from these decays. Annosus root mental zones. Western hemlock and western red- disease will be an important decay of western hem- cedar dominate the climax stage of succession. In lock in old-growth stands and on intensivelyman- the wetter areas of the Forest, western hemlock is aged second-growth of wetter types. Red ring rot is the most competitive tree species in young stands, importantin western hemlock and Douglas-fir where it establishes readily after a clearcut or burn. throughout the series. It was most commonly ob- Red alder is a major early seral species In the wetter served on the drier types, such as Western plant associations in the Western Hemlock Series. It Hemlock/Rhododendron, Western Hemlock/ is short-lived and is usually succeeded by western Rhododendron-Salal, Western Hem lock/Salal- hemlock or western redcedar. Bigleaf maple, black Oceanspray and Western Hemlock/S alal- cottonwood, grand fir, lodgepole pine and western Oregongrape. Brown cubical butt rot is especially white pine may also occur. common in old-growth stands of Douglas-fir on a varietyof types, such as Western Hemlock! Root diseases of concern in this zone are laminated Swordfern-Foamflower,WesternHemlock/Salal/ root rot, Armillaria root disease, and annosus root Swordlern, Western Hemlock/Salal-oregongrape disease. Black stain root disease may be present in and especially Western Hemlock/Rhododen- dron- Douglas-fir plantations. Laminated root rot Is most Salal. important on the types where older Douglas-firwas or is growing and disease centers are already Hemlock dwarf mistletoe causes witches brooms, present. When these sites are cut and replanted, deforms stems, and may cause bole cankerson mortality in the new Douglas-fir stand can becon- western hemlock. This parasitic plant is most com- siderable. The types where Douglas-fir is a major mon on the wetter types, such as Western Hemlock! successional species should be where the disease AlaskaHuckleberry-Oxalis,WesternHemlock! is most problematic, especially Western HemlockJ Swordfern-Oxaljs and Western Hemlock/Oxalis. Salal and Western Hemlock/Salal-Oregongrape. Armillaria root disease is present throughout the Potential insect problems may include western zone. In the drier types, such as Western Hemlock/ blackheaded budworm on Douglas-fir and western Salal,Western Hemlock! Rhododendron-Salal, hemlock growing tips, hemlock looper on western Western Hemlock/Salal-oregongrape and Western hemlock foliage, and Douglas-fir beetle on stressed, Hemlock/Beargrass, Armillaria may be a problem in windthrown or diseased Douglas-fir. Flare-ups of Douglas-fir plantations beyond 30 years. In the Douglas-fir beetle may occur in healthy trees adja- mesic and wetter types, such as Western Hemlock! cent to abundant windthrow, fire-killed, or root dis- Swordfern-Foamflower, Western Hemlock/Oxalis eased Douglas-fir. and Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry, impacts should be minimal after 30 years. Annosus root dis- Potential yield for associations in the Western Hem- ease is a root, butt and stem decay of Western hemlock Series can be estimated several ways. These lock throughout this zone. It is common inold- yield values are supported by considerable mensu- growth and is present In residual root systems left rational research over the years, and should be from logging. In addition, it readily colonizes thin- more reliable than estimates for other series. Esti- ning stumps. In stands managed for western hem- mates of yields for different associations were made lock, such as Western Hemlock/Swordfern-Oxalis using McArdle and Meyer's (1930) site index curve and Western Hemlock/Oxalis, which are thewetter and yield tables for Douglas-fir, King's (1966) site types of this series, annosus root disease may bea index curve, and the DFSIM yield model for 280 Douglas-fir (Curtis at a! 1981). For western hem- associations where western hemlock is a significant lock, we used Barnes (1962) site index curve and component (i.e. the moist to wet types). yield table (Reconnaissance plots only) and Wiley's Empirical yields for Douglas-fir were not significantly (1 978a,b) site index curve and yield table. These different from site index-yield table values. There did yield estimates are given in the timber productivity appear to be a trend however, with the empirical tables for each association. When available, addi- values averaging 6.4 percent lower than the yield tional estimates of potential yield were made using table values. The differences are even less than 6,4 Sl-GBA method a modification of Hall's (1983, 1987) percent on lower sites, but are significantly lower on and an empirical method which generated a the highest sites where the difference was 11.2 per- volume-age curve from plot data. When the various cent. methods were compared, it was found that western hemlock yields were greater than Douglas-fir for the Twenty-six Plant Associations are recognized in the same type and that yields based onMcArdle and Western Hemlock Series on the Olympic National Meyer's (1930) site index and yield table were not Forest. They are described by 772 Reconnaissance significantly different from the empirical yields from and Intensive plots taken from 1979 to 1985. Envi- plot data or from yields estimated from King's (1966) ronmental values and relative species coverages for site index curves and DFSIM model (Curtis et al. these 26 associations are summarized in Tables 92 1981). and 93 (pp. 284-289). These associations are presented in alphabetical order by common name on Yields for western hemlock were 42 percent greater pages 290-393, and can be identified by using the than for Douglas-fir when averaged by type. Howev- following key. (See page 88 for explanation of how er, the yield was only 25 percent greaterfor those to use this abbreviated key).

281 Key to Plant Associations of the Western Hemlock Series

Skunkcabbage >5% TSHE/LYAM p. 378

Devil's Club TS H E/O P HO p. 314

Rhododendron 0% Beargrass >5% TSHEIRHMA/XETE p.334 Swordfern >5% TSHE/RHMA/POMU p.346 Salal >10% TSHE/RHMA-GASH p.342 Oregongrape >5% TSHE/RHMA-BENE p.338 Oregongrape <5% TSHE/RHMA p.330

Oxalis 0% Swordfern >10% TSHE/POMU-OXOR p.386 Alaska Huckleberry .1 0% TSHENAALJOXOR p.298 Salal TSHE/GASH/OXOR p.370 Salal 5% TSHE/OXOR p.326

Alaska Huckleberry 10% Beargrass >5% TSHENAAL/XETE p. 294 Salal >5% TSHENAAL-GASH p. 302 Salal 1% TSH ENAAL p. 290 Swordfern >10% Salal >5% TSHE/GASH/POMU p. 374 Oregongrape TSHE/BENE/POMU p. 322 Oxalis >5% TSHE/POMU-OXOR p. 386 Foamfiower, Fragrant Bedstraw usually present TSHE/POMU-TITR p. 382 Salal >10% Rhododendron >5% TSHE/RHMA-GASH p. 342 Oxalis TSHE/GASH/OXOR p. 370 Evergreen Huckleberry >4% TSHE/GASH-VAOV2 p. 358 Oceanspray >2% TSHE/GASH-HODI p. 362 Beargrass2% TSHE/GASH/XETE p. 354 Swordfern TSHE/GASH/POMU p. 374 Oregongrape 2%, Red Huckleberry and/or Vine Maple present TSHE/GASH-BENE p. 366 Not as above TSHE/GASH p. 350

Vanillaleaf and Star-flowered Solomon's Seal >5% and Oregongrape often present TSHE/ACTR p. 390

Oregongrape Swordfern >4% TSHE/BENE/POMU p. 322 Swordfern I4% TSHE/BENE p. 318 Beargrass TSHE/XETE p. 306

Ground Cover 110% (except Vine Maple) TSHE/Dep. p. 310

282 Figure 116. Map of the Western Hemlock Zone on the Olympic Peninsula.

283 Table 92. Environmental values for associations in the Western HemlockSeries. Slope, elevation and topographic moisture are mean valuesfor the sample.

ASSOCIATIONS

TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHEJ TSHE/ ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES TSHEJ TSHE/ TSHEJ VAAL vAALIxE-rE VAAL/OXOR VAAL-GASH XETE Dep. OPHO

ECOCLASS Code1 CHS6 21 CHS6 22 CHS6 23 (OLV) CHS6 24 (OL' CHF5 11 (OLV) CHF9 11 CHS5 12 (OL) Number of plots2 28 3 20 34 5 35 13 Aspect FLAT, ALL E-SW FLAT, W-N FLAT. SE SE-SW ALL FLAT, SE-W Slope(%) 20 48 25 23 81 40 21 Elevation (ft.) 1273 2940 892 1047 3030 1739 1526 Environmental Zone3 7.8 (1-9) 8.9 0-7 2,4,7 (0-9) 8 4-10 (2-12) 7-9 (4.11) Topographic Moisture4 5.2 3.0 5.4 4.9 3.2 4.9 6.9 Soil Moisture Regime5 udic udic udic udic xeric aquic? Soil Temperature (deg C)6 10_i (5) 12.5 (7) 12.4 (9) 10.2(2) 11.4 (22) 11.9 (9) Soil Temperature Regime7 frigid- frigid frigid frigid frigid mesic frigid frigid

ASSOCIATIONS

TSHE/ TSHE/ ENVIRONMENI-AL VALUES TSHEJ TSHEJ TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHE/ 8ENE BENE/POMU OXOR RHMA RHMNXETE RHMA-BENE RHMA-GASH

ECOCLASS Code1 CHSI 38 (OL'y) CHSI 39 (OL'') CHFI 12 (OLV) CHS3 31 (OL\') CHS3 32 (OLY) CHS333 (OLV) CHS3 34 (OLY) Numberofplots2 15 37 44 29 6 8 70 Aspect S. ALL ALL FLAT, E-W W, ALL SE-S NW, NE SEW Slope(%) 76 42 21 47 61 54 48 Elevation (ft) 2424 1296 925 3261 3237 2915 2456 Environmental Zone3 8 (4-12) 8-10 (3-11) 3,4 (1-7) 9,10 (8-12) 9 (10) 10-12(9) 9-11(8) Topographic Moisture4 4.1 5.5 5.4 4.3 4.0 4.1 4.5 Soil Moisture Regime5 udic udic udic xenc xeric xeric xeric Soil Temperature (deg C)6 10.4(7) 11.2 (11) 13.2 (12) 9.5(19) 9.3(3) 11.9(6) 10.5 (44) Soil Temperature Regime7 frigid frigid frigid frigid frigid frigid frigid

I See Table 161p. 443 2 Number of plots Includesall successional stages sampled. 3 See Figure 24p. 40, and discussion p. 38. "See discussion p. 84, Table 146p. 417. See discussion p. 44. 6 Summer Soil temperatureat 20 cm for mature and old-growth stands; only June, July and August measurements included; values in () are sample size for themean. See discussion p. 83, 7 See discussionp. 44-45.

284 elevation Table 92 (cont.). Environmental values for associationsin the Western Hemlock Series. Slope, and topographic moisture are mean values for thesample.

ASSOCIATIONS

TSHEJ TSHE/ TSHEJ TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHEJ GASI4-VAOV2 GASH-HODI GASH-BENE ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES FtHMNPOMU GASH GASH/XETE

CHSI 33 CHS1 34 CHS1 35 ECOCLASS Code1 CHS3 35 (OLY) CHS1 31 (OLY) CHSI 32

4 19 53 Numberof plots2 10 50 31 SE-W. N SE-SW Aspect S-SW, N-NE S. ALL SE-W, ALL E-SE

52 36 Slope(%) 51 38 50 17 209 2288 1396 Elevation (ft.) 1959 1562 1892 10.12 (8.9) 8 (4.12) Environmental Zone3 9,10 8 (1-Il) 8 (3-9) 10

4.3 4.6 Topographic Moisture4 5.0 4.5 4.2 5.8 xeric udic Soil Moisture Regime5 udic udic xerlc

11.9 (8) 12.2 (15) Soil Temperature (deg C)6 10.6 (6) 12.5 (25) 13.4 (3) rnesic frigid mesic Soil Temperature Regime7 frigid frigid frigid

ASSOCIATiONS

TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHEJ TSHEI TSHE/ POMU-Tif H POMU-OXOR ACTA ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES GASH/OXOR GASH/POMU LYAM

CHFI 31 (OLY) CHF2 II (OL'Y) ECOCLASS Code1 CHS1 38 CHSI 37 CHM1 11 (OLY) CHFI 32

58 13 Number of plots2 11 99 3 74

ALL ALL E-S Aspect NW.SE SE-S. ALL FLAT 38 38 47 Slope(%) 43 44 6 930 2812 Elevation (ft) 1055 1221 1540 1152 2-5 (07) 712 Environmental Zone3 3-5 (1.7) 8-10 (0-7) 2,7,9 7-10 (1-6)

5.7 5.2 Topographic Moisture4 4.6 5.4 8.0 5.8 udic udic Soil Moisture Regime5 udic udic aquic udic 11.5(36) 12.2 (15) 11.6 (8) Soil Temperature (deg C)6 14.3 (4) 12.3 (35) mesic frigid frigid Soil Temperature Regime7 frigid mesic frigid

See Table 161 p. 443 2 Number of plots includes all successional stages sampled. 3 See Figure 24 p. 40, and discussion p. 38. See discussion p. 84, Table 146 p. 417. See discussion p. 44. 6 Summer soil temperature at 20 cm for mature and old-growth stands: only June, ,July and August measurementsincluded: values in () are sample size for the mean. See discussion p.83. See discussion p. 44-45. 285 Table 93. Mean relative cover1 values and constancy2 of trees, shrubs and herbs forassociations in the Western Hemlock Series. Cover valuesbased on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIA11ONS

TSHE/ TSHEJ TSHEI TSI-IE/ TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHEI VS8.AL VAALIXErE VAAIJOXOR VAAL-GASH XEE Dep. OPHO ECOCI.Ass Code 0-18821 CHS8 22 Number of plots CI-1S6 23 (OLY) CHS6 24 (OLt) CHF5 11(01?) CHF9 II CHS5 12 (01?) 17 3 15 21 3 12 4 TREES

ABAM Silver fIr 5 (70) 3(100) ABGR 6 (46) 4(42) 1(25) 3 (41) Grar)d fir 1(5) 2 (25) ABLA2 Subalpine fir 30 (8) ACMA Bigleaf maple AURU Red alder 1(16) 3 (50) MIME Madrone 10 (4) 28(18) 2 (50) CHNO Alaska yellowcedar 10 (5) CONU Pacific dogwood PICO Lodgepole ploe I (25) PIMO Western white ptne P181 Sltkaspruce 1(5) 1(13) 1(9) POTF Black cottonwood 1 (8) PSME Douglas-fIr 30(52) 29(100) 12 (20) PYFU Western crabapple 27 (57) 55 (1 00) 32(91) 60(75) RHPU Cascara 15 (4) 2(17) 1(20) 2(23) TABR Pacific yew 2 (5) Tl-IPL 5(19) 5(25) Western redcedar 11(35) 7(100) 7(33) 2(25) TSHE Western hemlock 22(57) 8(41) 15(75) 79(100) 63(100) 88(100) TSME MountaIn hemlock 70(100) 49(100) 73(100) 38(100) 2 (33) SHRUBS and HERBS

ACCI Vine maple 14 (47) 55(33) 6(26) ACGL Douglas maple 14(61) 17 (66) 3 (25) 28(75) ACTR 3 (33) Vanillaleaf 3 (41) 1(66) ARCA8 2(13) 1(23) 2(100) 1(25) 3(100) C)warf mIstletoe 4(17) 8(33) 4 (6) ARUV Kinnlkinnick 2(19) ATFI Ladyfem 1 (41) BENE 1(46) 1(14) Ocegongrape 4 (29) 4(100) 4(100) BLSP Deerfern 5(42) 12(100) 2(58) 1(50) 4 (70) I (33) 5(100) CASC2 Scouler' harebell 7(86) 2(16) 3 (50) CI-IME Uttiaprince'apine 1(17) 1(33) 1(68) 1(14) 1(100) CHUM PrInce's pIne I (11) I (66) 1(33) CIAL Enchanter's nIghtshade 2(19) 1(33) 1(8) CLUN 1 (6) 20(25) Queens cup 2(70) 1 (66) 1(40) COCA Bunchberry 1(23) 2(16) 2 (50) 2 (35) 1(66) 5 (33) 5(38) COCO2 Hazelnut 1 (8) 3 (25) COLA Cutleaf gotdthread I(8) 3(35) 1(46) 2(14) DRAU2 Woodfern 1 (41) 1(60) ERMO Avalanche lily 1(14) 1 (25) 1(75) FEOC Western fescue GASH S&aI 2(64) 3(66) 2(86) GATR 30(100) 3(100) 1(33) 2(75) Fragrant bedstraw 1(13) 6006 2 (75) Rattlesnake-plantaIn 1 (33) 1(13) GYDR Oakfem 1(33) 1(33) 2 (5) 1(28) 1(4) HIAL WhIte hawkweed 1 (5) 3(75) HODI Oceanspray I(4) 1(33) 1)8) 1(50) U802 Twlnflower 14 (41) 6(20) LYAM Skunkcabbage 5(47) 1(25) 2(50) 1 (5) 1(14) MADI2 False lIly-of-the-valley 2(23) MEFE 2(66) 2(19) 1(8) 15(25) Fool's hucklebeny 2 (52) 4 (68) 3(73) NONE Woodland beardtongue 2(71) I OPHO Devil's club (4) 1(8) (5) 1 (8) 1(19) OXOR Oxalls 2 (5) 11(1 00) PAM? 24(100) 1(14) Pachlstima 1 (33) 1 (4) 1(33) POMU Swordtern 3(76) 4(93) PTAQ Bracken fern 2(81) 1(33) 2(75) 24(100) 1(11) 3(14) PYSE Sldebells pyrola 1(17) 1(18) 2(25) 1(33) 1(9) 1(88) RHMA Rhododendron 2(11) 1(33) 1(16) ROGY Baldhlp rose 1 (8) i(5) 1(33) 1(14) RULA Tralllflgbrarnble 1(11) 1(68) 2 (8) 1(66) I(9) RUPE FIve-leaved bramble 4 (47) 2(68) RUSP 4(38) 1(25) Salmonber,y 4 (52) 4(93) RUUR 6(38) 1(8) 3(50) Trailing blackberry 1 (41) 1(20) SMST 1(38) 1(33) 1(75) Star-flowered solomon's seal 2(23) 1(20) STRO Rosy twisted-stalk 1(23) 1(33) 1(8) 5(75) i (41) 1 (33) 1(20) SYAL Common snowbersy 1(4) 2(50) SYMO CreepIng snowber,y 1 (8) TITR Three-leaved foan,llower 3 (84) 1 (8) 2(73) 2(38) I(8) TIUN SIngle-leaved foamfiower 1 (5) 5(100) TRLA2 Starflower 1(8) 4(50) 1 (5) 1 (33) I(8) TROV Trillium 1(14) 1(33) 1(33) 1(75) 1(35) 1(33) 1(53) VAAL Alaska hucldeberry 1(28) 1(33) 1(25) 1(75) 22(100) 32(100) 30(100) VAME 24(100) 1)66) 1(33) Big hucklebeny 1 (5) 1(33) 4(25) VAOV 1(33) Oval-leaf hucklebeny 7 (11) 1 (33) 4(33) VAOV2 Evergreen huckleberry 4(33) 1(8) 1(50) VAPA Red hucklebeny 13 (94) 12(66) 4 (93) 10(100) 1(100) 1(50) VISE Evergreen violet 2(17) 1(33) 3(100) XETE Beargrass 1(20) 1(19) 1(100) 1)33) 1(25) 1 (5) 7(100) 5 (23) 33(100) I(8) Mean relative cover are values where zeroes are not Included In the calculation of the mean. See Table 170 p. 467 for mean absolute cover values. Is the percentage of plots for that association where the speciesoccurred, 286 Table 93. (cont.) Mean relative cover values' and constancy2of trees, shrubs and herbs for associations in the Western Hemlock Series. Cover valuesbased on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIATiONS

TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHEJ TSI-IE/ TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHEJ RHMA-BENE RHMA-GASH BENE BENE/POMU OXOR RHMA RHMNXETE

CHS3 32 (CLV) Cl-ISO 33 (CLV) CHS3 34 (CLV) CHS1 38 (CLV) CH$1 39 (CLV) Cl-WI 12 (CLV) CHS3 31 (CLV) ECOCLASS Code 13 5 5 34 Numberolptots 3 9 6

TREES 5(12) 4(48) 2 (60) 4(40) 2(29) ABAM Silver fIr 4 (66) 1(8) 1(11) 1(7) ASI3R Grand fir 4(20) 2 (2) ABLA2 Subalpine fir 1(33) ACMA Bigiaat maple 13(22) 5(37) 1(8) ALJL) Red alder 2(22) ARMS Madrone 9(15) 25 (2) CHNO Alaska yeflcwcedar 5(33) CCNU Pacific dogwood 1(11) Pico Lodgepole pine 2(40) 1(20) 3(5) PIMO Western white pine PISI Sitka spruce 8(12) Black cottonwood POTE 39(100) 38(100) 38(100) 47(1 00) PSME Douglas-fir 77(100) 29(100) 23(75) PYFU Western crabapple Cascara 2(12) RHPU 16 (23) 3 (20) 5(40) 4(44) TABA Pacific yew 10(33) 1(22) 14 (78) 19(80) 13(60) 21(91) Western redcedar 30(33) 14(55) (((2) THPL 71(100) 63(100) 88 (1 00) 49(94) TSHE Western hemlock 33(100) 82(100) 92(100) TSME Mountain hemlock

SHRUBS and HERBS 2(15) 2 (20) 35(20) 10(35) ACCI 'dine maple 43(66) 20(86) 13(37) 2 (5) ACGL Douglas maple 1(11) 10(12) 1 (38) 1(60) ACTP Vanlilalee? 1(33) 5(77) 1(5) 4(25) ARCA8 Dwajl mistletoe 1(20) 1 (8) ARUV Klnnikinnick 1(50) ATFI 1-adyfern 5(97) 2(25) 2 (84) 4(100) 13(1 00) BENE Oregongrape 11)100) 17(100) 1(20) BLSP Deertern 1(11) 3(62) 1(15) 1 (5) CAS2 Scouler's harebell 1(20) 1(28) Little prince's pine 1(66) 1(22) 1(38) CHME 1(46) 1(60) 2(100) 1(76) CHUM Pnnce'a pine 1(66) 1(11) I(2) Enchanter's nightshade 3(11) CIAL 1(30) 1(40) 1(5) CLUN Queen's cup 1(33) 1(22) 1(25) 1 (23) ((20) 2(40) 4(11) COCA Bunchberry 1(11) 3(12) COC2 f-Ie2eirlut cOLA Cutteal goldtliread 2 (50) DRAU2 Woodfern 1(11) 1(12) EFIMO Avalanche lily 1(7) 2 (8) Western fescue 1(33) FECC I (30) 26(100) 2 (60) 45 (1 00) GASH Saial 2(33) 3(68) 1(75) Fragrant bedstraw 1(33) 2 (44) 1(12) 1(1) GATR 1(15) 1(20) 1(32) 600B Rattlesnake-plantain 1(66) 1(33) Caktern 1(11) 1(37) GYOR 1(15) 1(20) 1(28) HIAL White hawlcweed 1(33) 9(11) Oceanapray 1(33) I-IODI 1(84) 1(60) 3(100) 5(82) UBO2 Twinflower 6 (33) 2 (55) 11(25) Skunkcabbage LYAM 3(50) MADI2 False lily-of-the-valley 1(20) 1 (5) 2(37) 2(7) 1(20) MEFE Fool'a huckleberry 1 (8) NONE Woodland beardtongue 1(33) 1(23) OPHO Devil's club 1(12) 30(100) OXOR 1(20) 1(23) Pachistima 2 (33) 1 ((5) PAMY 1(61) 2(60) 1(52) POMU Swordfem 2(68) 25(100) 3(75) FTAQ Bracken fern 1(11) 7 (37) I (69) 1(60) 1(40) I(8) PYSE Sldebells pyrola 1(66) 28(100) 39(1 00) 2(68) 49(100) 45(100) RI-IMA Rhododendron 1(20) 1(60) 2(29) Seidhlp rose '.33) 1(22) 1(1) ROGY 1(20) 1 (2) RULA Trailing bramble 1(33) 1(30) RUPE Five-leaved bramble 1(11) 4(31) 1(7) RUSp Selmonberry 7 (75) 1(23) 1(44) 10(12) 1(1) 1(20) 1(20) POUR Trailing blackberry 1 (2) 1(12) 2(7) SMST Star-flowered solomon's seal 1 (2) Rosy twisted-stalk 1(7) STRO 1 SYAL Common snowbeny 1(11) 1(12) 1(15) ((40) ((8) SYMO Creeping snowberry 2 (68) I(8) 2 (87) 1(30) TR Three-leaved foanrf lower 1(33) 1 hUN Single-leaved foamfiower 1(15) 1(38) 1(32) TRLA2 Starfiower 5(33) 1(44) 1(12) 1(38) 1(66) 1(62) 1(38) IRCV Trillium 2 (20) 2 (23) VML Alaska huckleberry 5(11) 4(75) 2(15) 4(40) ((15) 1(40) 1(20) VAME Big huckleberry 1(33) 2 (8) VAOV Oval-lea? huckleberry 2(33) 1(12) VAOV2 Evergreen huckleberry 4(100) 2 (80) 4(73) Red huckleberry 2 (68) 4(66) 2(100) 1(53) VAPA 1(40) 1(60) 1(32) Evergreen vIolet 1(33) 1(50) 1(38) ViSE 2(15) 9(100) 1(20) 4(29) XE Beargrass 2(33)

1 Mean relative cover are values where zeroes are not Included In the calculation of the mean. See Table 170 p. 487 for mean absolutecover values. 2Constancy is the percentage of plots for that association where the species occurred. 287 Table 93. (cont.) Mean relative cover valuesl and constancy2 of trees, shrubs and herbs forassociations in the Western Hemlock Series. Covervalues based on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIA11ONS

TSHEJ TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHEJ TSHE/ RI-IMNPOMU GASH GASH/XETEGASH-VAOV2 GASH-H ODI GASH-BENE ECOCL4o9 Code CHS3 35(0(Y) CHSI 31 (0L CHSI 32 CHSI 33 CHS1 34 CHSI 35 Numberof plots 3 12 21 4 5 18 TREES

ADAM Sliver fir 2(66) 4(16) ABGR Grand fir 4 (28) 2(12) 1 (4) ABLA2 Subalpine fir 1(25) 15(40) I(5) ACMA Bigleaf maple ALPU Red alder 6(50) ARME Madrone 1(25) 1 (8) CHNO Alaska yellowceda, 13(50) CONU Pacific dogwood 4 (23) pica Lodgepole pine PIMO Western wlite pine 2 (4) pisi Sltka spruce 1(20) 5 (6) p01712 Black cottonwood PSME Douglas-fir 40(100) 32 (83) 39(100) 70(100) 60(100) PYFU Western Crabapple 2 (8) 54(93) RHPU Cascara 2 (9) TABR Pacific yew 2 (33) 4 (47) 20(20) THPL Western redcedar 33(100) 23(66) 4(25) TSHE 12(57) 30(100) 10 (60) 7(68) Western hemlock 53(100) 53(100) 54(100) TSME Mountain hemlock 15(100) 24(100) 46(100) SHRUBS and HERBS ACCI Vine maple 1(33) 4 (33) 20 (95) AcGL Douglas maple 20 (25) 2 (20) 8(75) ACTR Verrllialeaf 2(20) 2 (5) 1(33) 1(33) 1 (57) 1(25) 2(80) AIICA6 Dwarf mistletoe 1(33) 3(62) ATFI Ladyfem 3 (6) BENE 1 Oregongrape 11(100) 2 (66) (6) BLSP 6(100) 3(100) 14(100) 10(100) Deerfern 7 (25) CASC2 Scouler's harebell 1 (9) 3(18) 1(33) 1 (8) CHME 1(60) Little princes pine 1(66) 1(25) 1 (57) CHUM Prince's pine 1(37) 1(33) 1(25) 2 (66) CIAL Enchanter's nightshade 1(100) 1(43) CLUN Queen's cup 1 (4) 2(33) 1 (8) cocA Bunchberry 1(40) 2(25) 1(33) 1(16) 4 (14) 1(20) C0c02 Hazelnut 2 (8) 4(12) coi& Cutleaf goldthread 2(16) ORAU2 Woodfern 2 (9) 3 (6) ERMO Avalanche lily FEOC Western fescue 1(4) 1 (8) GASH Salal 1(20) 1(6) 55(66) 64(100) SI (I 00) GATR Fragrant bedstraw 68(l00) 62(100) 63(100) 1(25) GOOD Rattlesnake-plantain 1(33) 1 (6) l(25) 1 (33) 1(25) 1(60) GYDR Oakfem 4(33) 1(58) HIAL White hawkweed 2(20) 1 (6) 1 (8) HODI Oceanspray 1(4) 1(40) 1(43) 2(1 00) 3(100) U802 Twinflower 3(66) 3(50) 2 (80) 3(50) 2(100) (YAM Skunkcabbage 4 (8) 17(88) MADI2 False lily-of-the-valley 1 (8) MEFE Fool's huckleberry 1 (8) 1(33) 2(41) 1(33) NONE Woodland beardtongue 2 (6) OPHO Devil's club OXOR Osalis I(6) PAMY Pachistima POMU Swordfern 1 (4) 1(60) 9(100) 2(33) 2 (66) PTAQ Bracken fern 4(100) 2 (60) 1(62) 5(16) 1(14) 1(50) PYSE Sidebells pyrola 1(33) 2(20) 1(25) 1(14) 1(20) RI-IMA Rhododendron 25(100) 2 (8) I(6) 1 (9) 4(l00) 2 (6) ROGY Baidhip rose 2 (8) 1(23) 1(25) 3(100) 1(37) RULA Trailing bramble 1(33) RUPE Five-leaved bramble 1(33) 1 (8) RUSP Salmonberry 10 (8) 1 (6) RUUR Trailing blackberry 2 (6) 1 (8) 1 (9) 1(75) SMST Star-flowered solomon's seal 1(33) 1(40) 1(56) I(4) 1(37) STRO Rosy twisted-stalk 1(33) SYAL Common snowberry SYMO Creeping snowberry 1)25) 1(80) TITR Three-leaved foamfiower 2(33) hUN Single-leaved foamfiower 1(33) 1(25) TRLA2 Starffower 1(25) 1(33) 1(25) 1(60) TROV Trillium 1(33) 1(37) 1(25) 1(23) 1(20) 1(62) VML Alaska huckleberry 1(66) 3(58) VAME Big huckleberry 3 (38) 3(37) 1 (4) VAOV Oval-leaf huckleberry 1(33) 1(20) 1 (6) 2(25) 1 (4) VAOV2 Evergreen huckleberry 6 (5) 9(100) VAPA Red huckleberry 4(100) 5(100) 4 (95) 4 (75) 2(60) 1I(100) VISE Evergreen violet 1(66) 1(16) XETE Beargrass 1(33) 2 (20) 3 (37) 1(25) 12(100) 2(12) Mean relative cover are values where zeroes are not included in the Calculation of the mean. See Table 170 p. 467 for mean absolutecover values. 2 Constancy Is the percentage of plots forthat association where the species occurred. Stand ages for the TSHEJGASH/VAOV2 Association ranged between55 and 98 yearn. 288 values and constancy2 of trees,shrubs and herbs for associations in Table 93. (cont.) Mean relative cover1 and older. the Western Hemlock Series. Covervalues based on plots 150 years

ASSOCIATIONS

TSHE/ TSHEI TSHEJ TSHE/ TSHEJ TSHEJ POMU-TffR POMU-OXOR ACTh GASH/OXOR GASH/POMU LYAM

Ct-IF1 31 (OL'fl CHF2I1 (OLV) CHO1 37 CHMI 11 (OLY) CNFI32 Cl-tSl 36 17 25 10 ECOCLASSC0de 34 1 Number of plots 4 TREES 4)35) 6(32) 1(50) 4(50) 1(14) 4 ABAM Silver fir 2 (11) 1 (2) ABOF1 Grand fir ABLA2 Subalpine fir 19 (17) 4 (4) 8 (26) 3 (4) ACMA Bigleaf maple 4 (5) AUIU Red alder 25 (25) ARME Madrone Alaska yellowcedar CHNO 4(29) 1(11) CONU Pacific dogwood Lodgepole pine P1(X) 2 (5) PIMO Western whIte pine 2 (44) P151 SlUrs spruce Black cottonwood 29 (24) 48(100) POTR2 44 (94) 44(88) PSME Douglas-fIr Western crabapple 7(24) PYFU 2(11) 2(11) RHPU Caacala 1(11) 2 (1) 1(20) 4(44) 14(52) 18 (60) TABR Pacific yew 21 22(10) Western redcedar 9 (50) 17 (67) 81(100) 54(100) ThPL 48(100) 45 53(100) TOME Western hemlock 90(100) TOME Mountain hemlock SHRUBS and HERBS 9 (40) 25 (40) 27 (85) 5 18 (52) ACCI Vine maple 3 (50) ACGL Douglas maple 2 (32) 15(100) 2 (76) 5(76) ACTR Vanillaleaf 4(11) 1 (4) ARCA6 Dwarf mistletoe 3(25) 5(47) 1(60) 1(20) 2 (17) 1 ATFI Ladyfern 1(25) 2(58) 2(16) 9(70) Oregor'grape 11(50) 13 (88) 6 (92) 1(30) BENE 3 (32) 4(10) BLSP Oeerfern 2(100) 1(10) Scoulen's harebell 1(60) CASC2 1(35) 1(17) CHME Uttle prince's pine 1(11) 2 (80) Princee pine 2 (32) 2 (12) 1 (20) CHUM I(5) 2 (5) CI.AL Enchanter's nightshade 2(29) 1(12) 2(60) 1 (5) dUN Queen's cup 2 (5) 1(12) 3(60) Bunclrberry 1(11) COCA 1(11) I(5) COCO2 Hazelnut I 1 (20) 1 (2) (5) COLA Culleaf goldthred 2 (25) 1(17) 1(32) 1(10) 1 (2) DRAU2 Woodfem ERMO Avalanche lily 1 (2) 2 (30) FEOC Western fescue 2 (70) 2(72) 45(100) 1 1(10) GASH Salal 18(1 00) 2 (78) 2(32) 1 (28) 1(40) OATh Fragrant bedsttaw 1(35) 1 (4) 0008 Rattlesnake-Plantain 1 (4.4) 7(11) 2)32) Oakfern 7 (2) 1(20) GYDIR 1(14) 1(11) MIAI, White hawleed Oceansp(ay 1 (5) 10 (4) 5(70) HOOl 5 (67) 11(47) UBO2 Twiriflower 15 SkunKcabbage 1(36) 1)10) (YAM 1 2 (Il) MADI2 False lily-of-the-valley 2 (50) 3 (56) 1 (30) 2 (11) 1 3 (II) MEFE Foote huckleberry 2 (50) I(5) 1(10) Woodland beardtongue 1 (2) 1(24) 1(20) NONE 2 (8) 2(29) OPHO Devil's club 36(100) Oxeiis 18(100) 1 (10) OXOR (5) 1 25(1 00) 2 (90) PAMY Pachlstima 1 30(1 00) Swordfem 4)100) 19(100) POMU 3 (11) 2 (5) PTAQ Bracken fern 1 1(50) Sidebells pyrola 3(40) PYSE 5 (5) 3 (II) RI-IMA Rhododendron 1 (60) 1 (50) 1(5) ROGY Baidhip roes 1 (5) 1 (7) RULA Trailing Uranible 4 (II) 4 (36) 1)20) 1(2) I RUPE Five-leaved bremble 7 (72) 3 (14) 45 2 (29) RUSP Salmoeberry 4(50) 4(47) 1(40) 1(20) 1(58) AUUR Trailing blackberry 1(35) 1(12) 12 (60) 1 (5) SMST Star-flowered solomon's seal 1 (Il) 2 (4) 3 (30) 1 (2) STRO Rosy twisted-stalIn SYAL Common snowberry 1(10) 1 (5) SYMO Creeping snowberry 7 (88) 2 (88) 4 (70) 1(25) 5 (38) 3 1(30) TIT1R Three-leaved foamflower 2(17) Single-leaVed foasntlower 1 (2) I (24) 1 (30) T1UN 2 (47) 1 (64) ThLA2 Stanitower 1(76) 1(64) 1(60) TrillIum 1)100) 1(58) 8(84) 2(50) TROV 3 (38) 10 3(35) VAS& Alaska huckleberry 3(100) 1 (40) Big huckleberry 2 (7) 1 (20) VANE 2 (5) I(5) VAOV Oval-leSI huckleberry 3(90) VAOV2 Evergreen huckleberry I 3(94) 5(98) Red huckleberry 7(100) 10 (91) 1(32) 1(100) VAPA 2(47) 1(41) ViSE Evergreen violet 2(25) 6 (30) 1 (5) XETE Beargrass

not Included rI the calculation of the mean. See Table 170 p.46 tar mean absolute cover values. Mean relative cover are values where zeroes are 2Cotancy Is the percentage of plots for that asacltlOflwhere the species occurred. 289 WESTERN HEMLOCAS HUCKLEBERRY Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccjnjum alaskaonse TSHENAAL CHS6 21

The Western Hemlock/AlaskaHuckleberry Associa- about 80 years. This can leave tion is an important type in an understocked certain areas on the standof hemlock and redcedar, Forest. It occurs mainlyon warm, moist sites, with with some Douglas-fir, if it was present in early moderately high timber productivity.It stages. Besides is found the red alder dominated mainly on Hood Canal and SoleduckDistricts, and sere, there are Succession- in the Humptulips drainage ofthe Quinault District al pathways dominated by Douglas-firand western (Figure 117), especially in riverbottoms. Soils are hemlock. Climax stagesare dominated by both mostly deep, and derived from colluvium,glacial till western redcedar and western hemlock. or glacial-fluvial deposits. They are oftensubirrigat- ed. The typical area of thistype has burned rarely in the last 500 years. Other B iota

Florlstic Composition Frequent elk sign was observedon this type, including scat,trail and browse, withrecent activity The dominant understory species(Table 94) are recorded in early summer. Browsespecies were Alaska huckleberry and red huckleberry(VAPA), Alaska huckleberry, red huckleberry,salmonberry, which are usually present in allages of stands, al- fool's huckleberry and deerfern.A red-legged frog though they 'may be inconspicuousor absent in was also observed, densely stocked second growth. Alaskahuckleber- ry and salmonberry (RUSP) become established Bird observations for thistype are limited to one quickly after clearcut or fire. Othershrubs may in- plot, where Swainson's thrush, clude fool's huckleberry (MEFE), American robin, salal (GASH) and Stelier's jay, winter wren and pileated vine maple (ACCI). Queen's woodpecker cup (CLUN), foamf low- were recorded. er (TITR) and deerfem (BLSP) may alsooccur. The tree layer may be dominated by Douglas-fir,western hemlock, western redcedar,or any combination of Table 94. Common plants inthe TSHENAAL these trees (Figure 118). As thisassociation is tran- Association, based on stands >150years (n=17). sitional to the Silver Fir Zone,silver fir may occur in small amounts in some stands.When stands in this type are understocked, a thick understorymay develop. Abs. Rel. Common name Code Cover Cover Const Ranqe Ground mosses are abundanton this type, averag- TREES ing 56% cover. The most western hemlock common species are Hylo- TSHE 79.4 79.4 100 35-99 silver fir corn/urn splendens and Eurhynchium ABAM 3.5 4.9 70 0-9 ore ganum. Douglas-fir PSME 15.9 30.1 52 0-60 Other species which occasionallyoccur include western redcedar THPL 3.9 11.0 35 0-40 Plagiothecium undulatum, Leucolepis cascara menziesii RHPU 0.3 1.7 17 0-2 and Rhytidiadeiphus lore us. Dataare limited for epiphytic lichens and mosses. Species GROUND VEGETATION recorded on Alaska huckleberry two plots include lsothecium s(oloniferum VAAL 22.3 22.3 100 3-60 and Lo- red huckleberry VAPA 12.6 13.4 94 0-45 baria ore gana. swordfern POMU 2.2 2.9 76 0-7 deerfern BLSP 2.9 4.2 70 0-10 queen's cup CLUN 1.6 2.3 70 0-10 Successional RelationshIps three-leaved foamflower TITR 1.8 2.8 64 0-10 salal GASH 1.4 2.2 64 0-4 Red alder sometimes dominatesor codominates salmonberry RUSP 1.9 3.7 52 0-15 fool's huckleberry early seral stages in this association,It dies out by MEFE 0.9 1.7 52 0-3

290 44.3 cm. The 01 Environment and Soils the below average rooting depth of was a little thinner than averageat 1.7 cm and the This association occurs on flat to steep,straight or 02 was about average at 5.3 cm. The 02 was occu- dys- concave slope configurations onlower slopes, toe- pied by a root mass. Two hapborthods and one slopes and benches. The slope variedfrom 0% to trochrept were identified. included sedi- 75%, but averaged 20%. Bedrock (Snyder et al. mentary types but was almost alwaysmetabasalt, The Olympic Soil Resource Inventory 1969) indicates that soils in this type fall into two Regolith was split about equally betweencolluvium categories. One group consists of deep glacialsedi- and glacial sediments with somealluvium as well. It cool sites such as ments with compacted subsoils andrapid surface appears that this type occupies soils are frost pockets, areas of cold air drainageand north and low subsurface permeability. These probably rendered effectively shallow bysubsoil slopes in otherwise warm areas. compaction. They tend to have silt loam to clayloam of shallow collu- Three soil pits showed weak to moderatesoil devel- textures. The other group consists opment. Textures were gravellysandy clay barns vial soils that are well drained and rapidly perme- high, able. They have textures ranging from clayboams to and barns. The coarse fragment fraction was 15% to consisting mostly of gravel but includingcobbles sandy barns. Coarse fragments range from the subsoil. and stones as well, Coarse fragmentsaveraged 65% near the surface and 25% to 85% in and the 52%. The high coarse fragment fraction deg C sandy texture combine to make apotentially Summer soil temperatures averaged 10.1 coolest associa- drouthy soil. However, this is compensatedin part (50.2 deg F) making this one of the compaction tions in the Western Hemlock Zone. Temperature by the moist topographic position. Soil frigid. The was noted in the lower horizonsin two pits and regime is borderline between mesic and throughout the profile in one. This is the reasonfor moisture regime is udic.

Figure 117. Map of plot locations forthe Western Hemlock/Alaska HuckleberryAssociation.

291 Timber Productivity brush problems. Douglas-fir and/orwestern hemlock are the preferred species. Timber productivity of this type is moderatelyhigh (Site II). This is due to the moistnessof the site, Root disease problems may include laminatedroot favorable soils, and relatively long growingseason. rot on Douglas-fir,Armillaria root disease on Site index of measured stands averaged169 (base Douglas-fir and western hemlock, andannosus root 100) and 121 (base 50). The productivitypotential disease on western hemlock. Whenpresent lami- for Douglas-fir using the site index-yieldtable ap- nated root rotis the most serious disease of proach was 179 Cu ft/ac/yr and 214Cu ft/ac/yr for Douglas-fir on this type. Armillaria rootdisease can western hemlock (Table 95). The empirical yieldes- be a major problem on Douglas-firplantations up to timate was 164 Cu ft/ac/yr. The stockabilityof these about 30 years, when impact should lessen.Heart sites is moderate. and butt rots of concern are brown cubicalbutt rot, red ring rot and brown trunk roton Douglas-fir, especially old-growth. Annosus root diseasecan dam- Management Considerations age western hemlock after 120 years ofage, and red ring rot and rusty red stringy rotmay be present on western hemlock also. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe Management considerations include elk habitat,riparian zone and manipulation of species may be present, especially in Environmental Zones composi- 0-5, on older western hemlock. tion. Response to fertilizer in thistype is still unknown. This type occurs in low areas and along Insect problems may include hemlock major stream bottoms where elk winter looper on range and western hemlock, western blackheaded budworm riparian management are important. Red alder can on western hemlock and Douglas-fir, and Douglas- be cultivated on this type but it is not common. fir beetle on diseased, windthrown,or stressed Salmonberry and/or Alaska huckleberrycan pose Douglas-fir.

Table 95. Timber productivity values for the Western Hemlock/Alaska HuckleberryAssociation.

SITE SITE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI6 SDI7 TREES GBA° SIGBA9 EMAI1°

Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 2 4 169 6 179 507 2 485 251 164 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 5 5 130 15 128 Douglas-fir (King 3) 2 4 121 2 183 Western Hemlock (Barnes 4) 2 2 140 34 218 389 163 Western Hemlock (Wiley 5) 3 13 108 5 214 431 9 389 1 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only, ages 25to 400 years. 2 Base age 100. Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Reconnaissance plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. Base age 50, Breast height age (KIng 1966).ages 25 to 120 years. 4 Base age 100, Total age (Barnes 1962), Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400years. Base age 50, Breast height age (Wiley 1978a,b), ages 25to 120 years. Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site index curve for the species (see Figure 189p. 496). 7 Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933).

8 Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table174 P. 494). 9 Index of potential volume growth incu ft/ac/yr. based on the equation Sl*GBA*0.003 (Hall 1987). 10 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300years old (see Figure 190 p. 497).

292 Snoqualmie National Forest (Henderson andPeter Comparison with Similar Types 1981a,b,C,d, 1982a,b, 1983a,b, 1984, 1985).In and A'aska British Columbia it is recognized as theHemlock- Similar types include the Swordfern (Haeus- Hemlock/Alaska Vaccinium-MOSS Ecosystem Association Huckleberry types. The Western Western Huckleberry-Salal type occurs on warmerand sler et al. 1982). A similar association, the Huckleberry/Bunchberry Dog- somewhat lower elevationsites. The Western Hemlock/Alaska Hemlock/Swordferfl-FOamflOWer type occurs On wood, is recognized on the Gifford PinchotNational The Western Forest (Topik etal. 1986), Mt. Hood NationalForest moister and more productive sites. For- Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry Association is recog- (Halverson etal. 1986) and Willamette National nized throughout the Olympic andMt. Baker- est (Hemstrom etal. 1987).

Hood Canal District. Figure 118. Photo of the WesternHemlock/Alaska Huckleberry Association, Elk Creek,

293 WESTERN HEMLOCK ALASK4 HUCKLEBERRY/BEARGRASS Tsuga heterophy//a/Vaccjnjumalaskaense/Xerophyllum tenax TSHENAALJXETE CHS6 22

The Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/ Successional RelatIonshIps Beargrass Association isa minor type of warm dry sites, and moderately low timber productivity. itoc- The common successionalpathway is dominated curs in a limited area on the Hood Canal District by Douglas-fir and westernhemlock. Climax stages (Figure 119), where itoccurs primarily along the are dominated by both westernredcedar and western hemlock. upper slopes just below the SilverFir Zone. Soils are mostly shallow and derived fromcolluvium, and are often well drained. Much of this type has burned Other Blota once or twice in the last 500years. No observations for wildlifeor birds are recorded for this type. Florlstic ComposItion

Dominant understory species (Table96) are Alaska Table 96. Common huckleberry and beargrass, plants in the TSHENAALJ150 years (n=3). present in all ages of stands, althoughthey may be inconspicuous absent in denselystocked second growth. Beargrass, Alaskahuckleberry and vine Abs. Rel. maple (ACCI) can resproutor become established Common name Code CoverCover Const RanQe quickly after clearcut or fire. Other shrubs may in- TREES cludeOregongrape (BENE),red huckleberry western hemlock TSHE (VAPA), 62.7 62.7 100 35-83 fool'shuckleberry(MEFE) and salal Douglas-fir PSME 29.0 29.0 100 7-65 western redcedar THPL (GASH). Herbs include vanillaleaf(ACTR), prince's 6.7 6.7 100 4-10 silver fir ABAM pine (CHUM, CHME),queen's cup (CLUN) and 3.0 3.0 100 2-4 bunchberry (COCA). The tree layermay be domi- GROUND VEGETATION nated by Douglas-fir, Alaska huckleberry VAAL western hemlock, western 31.7 31.7 100 15-45 beargrass XETE redcedar, or any combination 7.3 7.3 100 3-15 of these trees (Figure Oregongrape BENE 3.7 3.7 100 2-5 120). Stands in this type red huckleberry VAPA may be slow to regenerate. 7.7 11.5 66 0-15 fool's huckleberry MEFE Most areas of this type havenot been cut over. 2.3 3.5 66 0-6 salal GASH 2.0 3.0 66 0-3 vanillaleaf ACTR 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 little prince's pine CHME Cryptogam information is limitedto one old-growth 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 prince's pine CHUM plot, where 40% ground 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 moss cover was recorded. queen's cup CLUN 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 There are no data available bunchberry COCA regarding species pres- 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 pinesap HYMO ence, or epiphytic mosses and lichens. 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 trailing bramble RULA 0.7 1.0 66 0-1

294 EnvIronment and SoIls units was only 1 to 3 feet deep. They are well drained and rapidly permeable. Textures are loam, This type occurs on moderately steep, convex or silt loam and sandy loam. Coarse fragments range straight, upper slopes and ridgetops. The slope on from 15% to 50% near the surface and 35% to 75% sampled areas varied from 45% to 50% and aver- in the subsoils. aged 46%. Two plots occurred on metabasaltand colluvium. one on shale. All three occurred on No soil temperature data were taken for this type, but elevation and environmental zone data indicat- All three old-growth p'ots in this type occurred on shallow colluvial units according to theSoil Re- ed a frigid soil temperature regime. The moisture source Inventory (Snyder etal. 1969).Soil on these regime is probably xeric.

Figure 119. Map of plot locations for the WesternHemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/BeargraSS Association.

295 Timber ProductIvity ferred species. Beargrass and/or Alaska huckleberry can pose brush problems. Timber productivity of this type is moderately low (Site IV or V). This is due to the dryness of the site, Root disease problems may include laminated root well-drained soils, and relatively short growing sea- rot on Douglas-fir,Armillaria root disease on son. Site index of measured stands (Reconnais- Douglas-fir and western hemlock and annosus root sance plots only) averaged 94 (base 100). The disease on western hemlock. When present, lami- productivity potential using the site index-yield table nated root rotis the most serious disease of approach was 76 cu ft/ac/yr (Table 97). The stocka- Douglas-fir on this type. Armillaria root diseasecan bility of these sites is moderate to low. be a major problem on Douglas-fir plantations up to about 30 years, when impact should lessen. Heart and butt rots of concern are brown cubical butt rot, Management Considerations red ring rot and brown trunk rot on Douglas-fir, especially old-growth. Annosus root disease can Management considerations include soil mainte- heavily damage western hemlock after 120 years of nance and stability, and ensuring suitable regener- age, and red ring rot may be present on western ation. Maintenance of soil nutrients and organic hemlock also. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe may be matter is more critical in this type than other West- present on older western hemlock. ern Hemlock Zone types. Response to fertilizer is unknown. This type occurs in high areas for the insect problems may include hemlock looperon Western Hemlock Zone, and along upper slopes western hemlock, western blackheaded budworm and ridgetops. Red alder cannot be easily cultivated on western hemlock and Douglas-fir, and Douglas- on this type, so it is probably not a management fir beetle on diseased, windthrown, or stressed option. Douglas-fir or western hemlock are the pre- Douglas-fir.

Table 97. Timber productivity values for the Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/BeargrassAssociation.

SITE SITE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI2 SDI TREES GBA SIGBA EMAI3

Douglas.fir (McArdle 1) 2 2 94 23 76 69

Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to400 yea,s. 2 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived fromthe site index curve for the species (see Figure 189 P. 496). Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300years old (see Figure 190 p. 497).

296 Comparison with Similar Types higher elevations with more snow. The Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry-Salal type occurs on Similar types include the Alaska Huckleberry types. topographically wetter sites and at lower elevations. The Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry type oc- The Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry! curs on warmer and lower elevation sites. TheSilver Beargrass Association is not previously recognized Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/BeargrasS type occurs at and may be limited to the Olympic Mountains.

Figure 120. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/BeargraSSAssociation, Four Stream, Hood Canal District.

297 WESTERN HEMLOCK/ALASKA HUCKLEBERRY/OXALIS Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium alaskaense/Oxalisore gana TSHENAAL/OXOR CHS6 23 (OLY)

The Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/Oxalis SuccessIonal RelatIonshIps Association is a type of moist sites at low elevations and moderately high timber productivity. It is found There are successional pathways dominated by mostly in the wetter climatic areas of the Olympics, Douglas-fir, red alder and western hemlock, with the particularly on the Quinault District (Figure 121). hemlock sere being most common. Climax stages Soils are mostly deep, moderately fine textured, and are dominated by western hemlock, or by both derived from colluvium, outwash or glacial till. They western redcedar and western hemlock. are often subirrigated and occur along toe-slopes, or in areas of high precipitation, high humidity or fog. Little snow accumulates in this type during the Other Blota winter. The typical area of this type has burned very seldom in the last 500 years, and most old-growth Elk sign was frequently observed on this type, in- of this type is very old. Some younger stands have cluding scat, trails and browse. Moderate browsing originated from windstorms or small fires. was noted on redhuckleberry; other browse species were Alaska huckleberry, salmonberry, swordfern, fool's huckleberry and vine maple. Floristic Composition Bird observations were recorded for winterwren, Dominant understory species (Table 98) are Alaska varied thrush, Swainson's thrush, pine siskin, redhuckleberry and oxalis, which are usually present in tailed hawk, Steller's jay and woodpecker. all ages of stands, although they may be inconspicuous or absent in densely stocked second growth. Alaska huckleberry and salmonberry (RUSP) often Table 98. Common plants in the TSHENAALJOXOR resprout rapidly after clearcut or fire, and swordfern Association, based on stands >150 years (n= 15). and deerfern are usually present in small amounts. Other shrubs may includefool'shuckleberry (MEFE) and red huckleberry (VAPA). False lily-of- Abs. Rel. Common name Code Cover Cover Const Ranqe the-valley (MADI2) and foamflower (TITR) may also occur. The tree layer may be dominated by red TREES alder, Douglas-fir, western hemlock, western red- western hemlock TSHE 88.0 88.0 100 40-99 cedar, or any combination of these trees, although silver fir ABAM 2.7 5.9 46 0-9 Douglas-fir is not common (Figure 122). western redcedar THPL 2.4 7.2 33 0-20 Douglas-fir PSME 2.3 11.7 20 0-15 cascara Ground mosses are abundant on this type, ranging RHPU 0.3 1.3 20 0-2 Sitka spruce PISI 0.1 1.0 13 0-1 from 2 to 95% cover, with an average cover of 53%. The most common species are Hylocomium splen- GROUND VEGETATION dens and Eurhynchium oreganum. Other species Alaska huckleberry V&AL 29.8 29.8 100 2-65 which may occur include Plagiothecium undulatum oxalis OXOR 24.1 24.1 100 1-65 deerfern BLSP 5.0 5.0 100 1-15 and Rhytidiadeiphus loreus. Data on epiphytic red huckleberry VAPA 4.0 4.3 93 0-15 mosses and lichens are limited to one plot, where swordfern POMU 3.6 3.9 93 0-8 Isothecium sto/onjferum was recorded. salmonberry RUSP 3.4 3.6 93 0-20 salal GASH 1.4 1.6 86 0-3 fools huckleberry MEFE 2.3 3.2 73 0-15 three-leaved foamfiower TITR 1.1 1.5 73 0-3 false lily-of-the- valley MADI2 1.5 2.2 66 0-8 five-leaved bramble RUPE 1.1 1.7 66 0-3 woodfern DRAU2 0.6 1.0 60 0-1 trillium TROV 0.5 1.0 53 0-1 298 Environment and SoUs holding capacity of the mineral soil is about average but is above average if the 0 layer is included. The- This type occurs on flat to steep, but usually gentle, se two soils were classified as a haplorthod and a straight to concave slopes. It usually occurs on low- dystrochrept. er slopes, toe-slopes and benches.Bedrock is usually metabasalt, regolith can be colluvium or glacial According to the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory till. Slopes ranged from 1% to 80% and averaged (Snyder etal. 1969), most soils are well drained with 25%. rapid surface permeability and moderate to slow subsurface permeability. Textures vary from silty Two soil pits were dug, one showed poor soil devel- clay loams to sandy barns. Coarse fragments range opment, the other showed a well-developed profile. from 5% to 65% near the surface and 15% to 85% in A definite albic horizon was present in one old- the subsoil. There is a strong tendency for subsoil growth stand. Texture varied from gravelly sandy compaction in these glacial and deep colluvial soils. clay to cobbly silt loam. Coarse fragments averaged 55% which is considerably higher than average. The 01 averaged 1 cm and the 02 was 12.9 cm. This is The summer soil temperature averaged 12.5 deg C thin for an 01 and very thick for an 02. The rooting (54.5 deg F) which is warm for the Western Hemlock depth averaged 55 cm which is not quite average Zone. The temperature regime is at the warm end of but roots also occupied the entire 02 horizon. Water frigid. The moisture regime is udic.

Figure 121. Map of plot locations for the Western HemIoJskaHuckleberry/OxaliS Association.

299 Tlmbo' Producthrlty urn and phosphorus. Wildlife values can be moderately high, especially for elk winterrange. Douglas- Timber productivity of this type ismoderately high fir is uncommon on this type. Western hemlock (Site II). This is due to the moistness and of the site, western redcedar are the preferred species. favorable soils and relatively long growingseason. Site index for Douglas-fir on one plotwas 173 (base 100). Site index for western hemlock Root disease problems can includeannosus root was 135, and disease in western hemlock older than 127 for silverfir (Table 99). The productivitypotential 120 years, and Armillaria root disease in suppressed for western hemlock using the site index-yieldtable understory trees. Armillaria may also be important in approach was 206 cu ft/ac/yr. The stockabilityof young- these sites is high. growth western hemlock and Douglas-fir plantations, but by age 30 impacts should bemini- mal. Annosus root disease appearsto represent the Management ConsideratIons most serious potential problem on thistype to thinned western hemlock, reducing standentries Management considerations include manipulation will help limit the spread of this disease (seediscus- of species corn position and maintenanceof nutrient sion on annosus root disease,p. 68). Heart and butt balance. Accumulated soil organic matterand nitro- rots of concern are red ring rot, rusty red stringyrot gen could be preserved by reducing burning sites and annosus root disease in olderwestern hem- in this type and by maintaining acomponent of red lock. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe can be abundantin alder in the ecosystem. However, insome stands old-growth stands of this type. there may be excess litter and burningmight be desirable to reduce the amount of litter. Manyoxalis Potential insect pests which mayoccur on this type types show very low amounts of calcium andphos- include the hemlock looper whichmay be present phorus. This may be limiting growth or affectingtree on western hemlock, and the western blackheaded development on these sites. We recommend that budworm which can occur on buds ofwestern hem- any fertilizer applications on this type include calci- lock or Douglas-fir.

Table 99. Timber productivity values for the Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/OxalisAssociation.

SITE S1E GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI4 SOt5 TREES GBA SIGBA EMAI6

Western Hemlock (Barnes I) 8 8 135 36 209 189 Western HemlockViley 2) 2 5 99 20 201 348 Silver Fir (Hoyer 3) 2 2 122 14 120 335

1 Base age 100, Total age (Barnes 1962), Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400years. 2 Base age 50, Breast heightage (Wiley 1978a,b), ages 25 to 120 years. Base age 100, Breast height age (Hoyer and Herman, in press),ages 25 to 400 years. Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site index curve for the species (see Figure 1a9p. 496). Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933). 6 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300years old (see Figure 190 p. 497).

300 Comparison with Similar Types elevations, but stillin the wetter environmental zones. The Western Hemlock/AlaskaHuckleberry/ Similar types include other Alaska Huckleberry and Oxalis Association is not previously recognized in Oxalis types.TheWesternHemlock/Alaska Oregon or Washington. On the Olympic National Huckieberry-Salal type occurs on drier sites. The Forest it was included in the Western Hemlock! Western Hemlock/Swordferfl-OXaliS type occurs on Oxalis type (Henderson and Peter 1981 b) or the similar sites in slightly drier areas. It is also closely Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry type (Hen- related to the Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/OxaliS and Silver Fir/Oxalis types which occur at higher derson and Peter 1982a).

ty--_9 Tzp

Ip 1

p. f -,jn , /'1' '? t I :-'r

.,,_. * - - -, a

p.,

p.- / AI

Figure 122. Photo of the Western Hemlock/AlaskaHuckleberry/Oxalis Association, lower Wynoochee Valley, Hood Canal District.

301 WESTERN HEMLOCKJALASKA HUCKLEBERRY-SALAL Tsuga heterophyl!afVaccjnium alaskaense-Gau/(herjashallon TSHE/VAAL-GASH CHS6 24 (OLY)

The Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry-Safal As- and redcedar, with some Douglas-fir,ifit was sociation is a major type of warm, moist sites and present in early stages. Besides the red alder domi- moderately high timber productivity.Itoccurs nated sere, there are successional pathways domi- mostly in the wetter climatic areas of the Olympics, nated by Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Climax particularly on the Quinault and Soleduck Districts stages are dominated by both western redcedar (Figure 123). Soils are mostly deep, andderived and western hemlock. from colluvium, glacial tillor glacial-fluvial deposits. Soils appear to be moderately high in organicmatter and nitrogen. The typical area of thistype has Other Blota burned rarely in the last 500 years. Frequent elk and mountain beaver activitywere observed on this type, with recent activity recorded in Florlstic ComposItIon early summer. Evidence of browsingwas observed on red huckleberry, Alaska huckleberry, vine maple Dominant understory species (Table 100) are and swordfern. Mountain beaverappear to prefer Alaska huckleberry, red huckleberry (VAPA)and Alaska huckleberry as a browse species. Other salal, which are usually present in all ages of stands, wildlife observations include deer, mole, bearscat although they may be inconspicuousor absent in and Douglas squirrel. densely stocked second growth. Salal, Alaskahuck- leberry, salmonberry (RUSP) and red huckleberry Bird observations include Steller's jay, rufoushum- become established quickly after clearcutor fire. mingbird, red-shafted flicker, western flycatcher, Other shrubs may include vine maple (ACCI), Ore- chestnut-backed chickadee, winter wren, American gongrape (BENE) and fool's huckleberry (MEFE). robin, pine siskin, red crossbill, brown Swordfern creeper, (POMU), deerfern (BLSP) and golden-crowned kinglet, varied thrush, olive-sided occasionally twinflower (LIBO2) may occur. Thetree flycatcher and common raven. layer may be dominated by red alder, Douglas-fir, western hemlock, western redcedar, or any combination of these trees (Figure 124). Table 1 00.Common plants in theTSHENAAL-GASH Association, based on stands >150years (n=21). Ground mosses are abundant on this type, with cover values ranging from 2% to 95%, and averaging 63%. The most common speciesare Hylocomi- Abs. Rel. urn splendens and Eurhynchium oreganum. Other Common name Code CoverCover Const Ranqe species which may occur include Rhytidiadoiphus TREES loreus, Sphagnum sp. and P/a giotheciumundula- western hemlock turn. Information on epiphytic mosses and lichens is TSHE 70.0 70.0 100 30-99 Douglas-fir PSME 15.3 limited; Isothecium stoloniferum 26.8 57 0-68 was often abun- western redcedar THPL 12.6 22.0 57 0-45 dant, the nitrogen-fixer Lobaria ore gana occurred silver fir ABAM 1.7 3.9 42 0-7 occasionally. Other epiphytes may include Di- cascara RHPU 0.5 2.2 23 0-3 Pacific yew cranum and C!adonia spp. on lower tree boles. TABR 0.9 4.8 19 0-11 Sitka spruce PISI 0.1 1.0 9 0-1

GROUND VEGETA11ON SuccessIonal RelatIonshIps salal GASH 30.0 30.0 100 4-99 Alaska huckleberry VAAL 24.0 24.0 100 2-55 red huckleberry Red alder sometimes dominates early seral VAPA 9.7 9.7 100 1-30 stages fool's huckleberry MEFE 1.3 1.9 71 0-10 in this association. It dies out by about80 years, deerfern BLSP 4.5 6.8 66 0-20 leaving an understocked stand of westernhemlock vine maple ACCI 8.8 14.2 61 0-55 swordfern POMU 1.4 2.2 61 0-15

302 This resulted in a rela- Environment and Soils coarse fragment component. tively high water holding capacity. This type occurs on flat to steep, straight or convex soils as slopes mainly on lower slopes andbottoms. In Our plots occurred on colluvial or glacial terms of microtopography however,it rarely occurs described by the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory in a low spot. The slope ranged from 0% to85% and (Snyder et 8!. 1969). All of the glacialand some of averaged 23%. Bedrock is either metabasalt orsedi- the colluvial soils show subsoil compactionbut no mentary rocks. Regolith is eitherglacial or colluvial. cementation. Half of the colluvial soils are shallow. Between compaction and shallow bedrockalmost Two very different soil pits weredescribed in this all of these soils may be renderedeffectively shal- type. One was a medihemiSt with awater table at 23 low. Since the type generally occursin high precipi- cm, and the other was awell-drained haplumbrept. tation areas, the result of this wouldbe to retard Both were in high rainfall areas of theQuinault Dis- drainage and perch the water table.Nevertheless, trict. Horizonation was clear in themedihemist, but most of these soils wereconsidered well drained poor due to windthrowmixing in the haplumbrept. with rapid surface permeability andgenerally mod- indication of an al- The haplumbrept showed some erate or slow subsoil permeability.Soil texture var- by bichorizon which had beendestroyed ied from sandy loam to clay loam. Coarsefragments rooting depth windthrow. This soil was deep and the ranged from 5% to 65% near the surfaceand 15% occupied the 02 which was 80 cm. The roots also to 85% in the subsoil. was 6 cm thick (aboutaverage). The medihemist soil there were very was gleyed below 23 cm. in this The summer soil temperature for the typeaveraged few roots in the mineral soil. Almost allof the roots 12.4 deg C (54.3 deg F) which is warmfor the West- were in the 02 which was 17 cmthick. Compared to ern Hemlock Zone. This typeis borderline between other soils this is a very thick 0 layer.The mineral mesic and frigid temperature regimes.The moisture soil in the medihemist was clay andloam to very sandy loam in the haplumbrept.Both had a low regime is udic, or in rare cases, aquic.

Association. Figure 123. Map of plot locationsfor the Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry-Salal 303 Nutrient analysis from one pit showed high potassi- riparian management are important. um, total nitrogen, organic matter, sulfate, Red alder can boron, be cultivated on this type, or itmay be a manage- zinc, copper, manganese and sodium Compared to ment problem if Douglas-fir or westernhemlock are other types. The pH was 4.7 whichis low compared the preferred species. Salmonberryand/or Alaska to Other types. This one samplecame from a collu- huckleberry can pose brush problems. vial soil derived from basalt bedrock. Root disease problems may includelaminated root rot on Douglas-fir, Timber Productivity Armillariaroot disease on Douglas-fir and western hemlock, andannosus root disease on western hemlock. Whenpresent, lami- Timber productivity of this type ismoderately high nated root rot (Site is the most serious diseaseof Ill). Site index of Douglas-firaveraged 153 Douglas-fir. Armillaria root disease (base 100), and 117 for can be a major western hemlock (Table problem on Douglas-fir plantationsup to about 30 101). The productivity potential forDouglas-fir using years, when impact should lessen. Heartand butt the site index-yield table approachand unmanaged rots of concern are brown cubical buttrot, red ring stands was 158 Cu ft/ac/yr, and forwestern hemlock rot and brown trunk rot on Douglas-fir, was 205 cu ft/ac/yr. The empirical yield especially estimate old-growth. Annosus root diseasecan heavily dam- was 164 cu ft/ac/yr. The stockability of thesesites is age western hemlock after 120 moderate. years of age, and red ring rot may be presenton western hemlock also. Hemlock dwarf mistletoemay be present, especially in Environmental Zones 0-5,on older west- Management Considerations ern hemlock.

Management considerations include elk habitat, ri- Insect problems may includehemlock looper on parian zone and manipulation ofspecies Composi- western hemlock, western blackheadedbudworm tion. Response to fertilizer in thistype is still un- on western hemlock and Douglas-fir, andDouglas- known. This type occurs in lowareas and along fir beetle on diseased, windthrown,or stressed major stream bottoms where elk winterrange and Douglas-fir.

Table 101. Timber productivity values for the Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry-SalalAssociation.

S1E SIrE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI6 SDI7 TREES GBA8 SIGBA9EMAI'°

Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 3 10 153 35 158 263 4 243 112 164 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 6 6 135 24 144 Western Hemlock (Barnes 3) 5 5 117 17 174 548 192 Western Hemlock (Wiley 4) 3 11 102 9 205 419 12 548 Silver Fir (Hoyer 5) 1 3 184 195 484 3 329 182

Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930),Intensive plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Reconnaissance plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 100, Total age (Barnes 1962), Reconnaissance plots Only, ages 25 to 400years. Base age 50, Breast height age CNiley 1978a,b),ages 25 to 120 years. 5 Base age 100, Breast height age (Hoyer and Herman, in press), ages 2510400years. 6 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site indexcurve for the species (see Figure 189 p. 496). Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933). 8 Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987)(see Table 174 p. 494). 9 Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr. based on the equation Sl*GBAO.003(Hall 1987). 10 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands2Oto 300 years old (see Figure 190 p. 497).

304 Comparison with Similar Types recognized on the Gifford Pinchot National Forest (Topik et al. 1986) and Mt. HoodNational Forest Similar types include the Swordferfland Alaska (Halverson etal. 1986). It is essentially the same as Huckleberry types. The WesternHemlock/Alaska the Western Hemlock/AlaskaHuckleberry Associa- Huckleberry type occurs on colder andsomewhat tion, Salal phase as used bySmith and Henderson higher elevationsites. The Western Hemlock/ (1966). in earlier work on the OlympicNational For- Swordferri-FoamflOWer type occurs on moisterand it was included with the WesternHemlock! more productive sites. TheWestern Hemlock! est Alaska Huckleberry-Salal Association ispreviously Alaska Huckleberry Association.

4i41

' 4 #II' - :, P1

; "S-

West Fork Figure 124. Photo of the WesternHemlock/Alaska Huckleberry-Salal Association, Humptulips River, Quinauft District.

305 WESTERN HEMLOCKISEARGRASS Tsuga heterophyl/a/xerophy/Iumtenax TSHE/XETE CHF5 11 (OLY)

The Western Hemlock/Beargrass Association is an Successional Relationships uncommon type of topographically dryareas, cold soils and low timber productivity.It is found in the There are two probable Prospect Ridge and Big Creekareas on the Hood successional pathways for Canal District (Figure 125).Soils are shallow, de- this type. One dominated byDouglas-fir, the other rived from very stonycolluvium, and appear to be by western hemlock. Laterseral stages are often low in organic matter andnitrogen. Stands in this dominated by both Douglas-fir andwestern hem- type have burned frequentlyin the past, which has lock, and presumablywestern hemlock and western contributed partially to the low fertilityof these sites. redcedar dominate the climaxstand.

Floristic Composition Other Blota

The dominant understoryspecies (Table 102) is beargrass. Shrubs may include Wildlife observations are limitedto one plot for this Oregongrape type, where deer and snowshoe (BENE), red huckleberry (VAPA), hare were record- salal (GASH) and ed. Bird observations from occasionally vine maple (ACCI). one plot noted golden- Herbs may include crowned kinglet and hermit thrush. vanillaleaf (ACTR), little prince'spine (CHME) and evergreen violet (VISE). The tree layeris dominated by Douglas-fir andwestern hemlock with smaller Table 102. Common amounts of western redcedar (Figure plants in the TSHE/XETE 126). Old- Association, based on stands>150 years (n=3). growth stands in this typeare all about 300 years old, having originated froma fire about 320 years ago. Many stands begin with a moderate compo- Abs. nent of beargrass following fire, Rel. which may impede Common name Code Cover restocking. Cover Const Ranqe TREES Ground mosses and lichens Douglas-fir are relatively sparse in PSME 55.0 55.0 100 western hemlock 45-75 this type, averaging only10% cover. Data are limited TSHE 49.0 49.0 100 40-60 for species presence andabundance, but species which may occur include GROUND VEGETATION Eurhynchium oreganum, beargrass XETE 33.3 33.3 100 20-55 Rhytidiopsfs robusta, Dicrariumsp., P/a giothecium Oregongrape BENE 12.0 12.0 100 undu/atum and Cladonia salal 3-30 spp. Epiphytes were only GASH 2.7 2.7 100 vanjilaleaf 2-4 recorded on one plot, wherethey were sparse in ACTR 1.7 1.7 100 1-3 red huckleberry abundance. Lichens VAPA 1.3 1.3 100 present included Hypogymnja evergreen violet 1-2 VISE 1.3 1.3 100 enteromorpha, Platismatja glaucaand crustose little prince's 1-2 species on tree bark, with pine a small amount of Alecto- CHME 1.0 1.0 100 na sarmentosa. vine maple 1-1 ACCI 11.3 17.0 66 0-25 pinesap HYMO 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 sidebolls pyrola PYSE 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 baldhip rose ROGY 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 Alaska huckleberry VAAL 0.7 1.0 66 0-1

306 Environment and Soils Our plots occurred on soil units described by the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder et al. This type occurs on steep, straight, mid- to upper 1969) as gravelly barns, gravelly silt barns and slopes. Slopes ranged from 66% to 120% and aver- gravelly sandy barns. Although no bedrock was aged 81%. All examples have thus far occurred on encountered in the pit, Snyder etal. (1969) indicates gravelly metabasaltic coiluvium. that bedrock is usually 3 feet deep and rock outcrops are common. Soils are well drained andhigh- One soil pit was described for this type and classi ly permeable, and coarse fragments range from fied as a xerorthent. The course fragments fraction 15% to 50% near the surface and 35% to 75% in the of the soil was 63% and consisted mostly ofgravel. subsoils (Snyder et al. 1969). Soil textures were loamy sand and sandy loam.0 layers are thin in this type. The 01 measured 1 cm The mean summer soil temperature is 10.2 degC and the 02 measured 2 cm. Horizons and structure (50.3 deg F) which is cool for the Western Hemlock were very weakly expressed. Rootingdepth was Zone. The elevation and environmental zone data deep (105 cm) and roots also occupied the 02lay- indicate that this association is in the frigid tempera- xeric. er. The high coarse fragment fraction, coarsetex- ture regime. The moisture regime is probably ture, steep slope and shallowness combine tomake this soil one of the drouthiest in the Western Hem- Nutrient analysis from one pit indicated low calcium, lock Zone. The depth of the rooting zone probably magnesium and nitrogen, but high organic matter reflects the need to maintain a large root volume as (Table 153 p.434). The pH was 5.1 which is about deep as possible to survive drouth. average for the series.

Figure 125. Map of plot locations for theWestern Hemlock/Beargrass Association.

307 Timber Productivity structure Should increase the effectivenessof nitrogen fertilizer. Soil water limitationshould be ad- Timber productivity of this typeis low (Site V). This dressed by regulating stocking is due to the dryness of the site and maintaining and poor soils. Site suitably low number of trees index for Douglas-fir averaged78 (base 100) for per acre. This type both Intensive and Reconnaissance represents harsh growing conditions forthe West- plots, and 51 ern Hemlock Zone. (base 50). The productivitypotential using the site index-yield table approach 55cu ft/ac/yr (Table Root disease problems 103). The empirical yield estimatewas 69 Cu ft/ac/yr. can include Armillaria root The stockability of these sites isapparently low. disease and laminated root rot inDouglas-fir, and annosus root disease in western hemlock.Armillaria root disease centers that developon these sites Management Considerations may continue to be a problem inplantations past 30 to 40 years. Laminated root rot andArmillaria root Management considerations includeensuring rapid disease appear to represent themost serious prob- initial stocking, enhancementof soil nutrients, main- lems on this type. Heart and buttrots such as red taining organic matter andpreservation of the ring rot, brown cubical butt rotand brown trunk rot stony, unstable soil. Because of theridgetop posi- are important in Douglas-fir. Red ringrot and rusty tions where this type usuallyoccurs, there is an red stringy rot can also beexpected on western increased susceptibility tosnow and wind damage. hemlock. Soil nitrogen should bepreserved in this type, and the litter layer should be kept intact to help keep the Insect problems can includeDouglas-fir beetle in shallow, unstable soil in place. Fertilizingwith nitro- windthrown, stressedor diseasedDouglas-fir. gen should enhance the productivity of thistype, Western blackheaded budworm however maintaining the organic may be present on matter and soil buds of Douglas-fir andwestern hemlock.

Table 103. Timber productivity values for the Western Hemlock/BeargrassAssociation.

SITE SFTE TREE SPECIES GBA PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. cMAI5 SDI6 TREES GBA7 SIGBA8EMAI9 Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 1 3 67 41 520 3 205 41 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 69 4 4 86 26 68 Douglas-fir (King 3) 1 3 51 46 Western Hemlock (Wiley 4) 1 3 48 135 520 3 252 1 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Reconnaissanceplots only, ages 25 to 400 ye&rs. Base age 50, Breast height age (King 1966),ages 25 to 120 years. ' Base age 50, Breast heightage (Wiley 1978a,b) ages 25 to 120 years. Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site index curve for the species (see Figure189 p. 496) 6 Sd Density Index (Reinecke1933). ' Growth Basal Ares (Hall1987) (see Table 174 p. 494). 8 Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr. based on the equationSI*GBA*0.003 (Hall 1987). Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20to 300 years old (see Figure 190 p. 497).

308 Comparison with Similar Types tions with more snow and colder soil temperatures. It isalsorelatedtothe Western Hemlock! Similar types include WesternHemlock/Alaska RhododefldrOn/BeargraSS type which occurs on Huckieberry/BeargraSS which occurs onslightly similar sites but farther north along the easternfront and on colder moister sites at higher elevations of the Olympic Mountains. The WesternHemlock! which occurs soils, Western Hemlock/OregOngraPe Beargrass Association is not recognizedelsewhere on slightly moister sites withdeeper soils and Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/BeargraSS athigher eleva- and may be limited to the Olympic Mountains.

. ,'

P.) ,t f9_ .

y '.._j ._) l - _,, - - t, 4; - -, - . : : ' p. -

b. r IL_)Lt4

District. Figure 126. Photo of the WesternHemlock/Beargrass Association, Big Creek, Hood Canal

309 WESTERN HEMLOCK/DEPAUPERATE Tsuga heterophylla/Depauperate TSHE/Dep. CHF9 11

The Western Hemlock/Depauperate Association is old-growth plot. Cover of groundmosses varied a rare and somewhat artificial type. It is easily con- from sparse (1%) to moderate (35%),with an aver- fused with depauperate standconditions which age cover of 12%. The most common and may occur in many other associations. A abundant sparse species were Hylocomiurn splendensand Eu- ground vegetation can be due to 1) excessive shad- rhynchium ore ganum. Other speciespresent including from a dense overstory, 2) a deep litter layer, or ed Plagiothecium undulatum, Eurhynchiumprae- 3) an unusual combination of site factorswhich are Ion gum, RhytidiadeiphusIoreus,and Hypnum too limiting for most shrubs and herbs. Only the last circinale on rotting wood. Data forepiphytic lichens of these three conditions represents this type. For and mosses are limited to threeplots where the other stands which represent either ofthe first two epiphytes were sparse. Species included cases, one should either return to the association Sphaerophorus globosus, Platismatjaglauca, Hyp- key and use relative cover instead of absolute cov- ogymnia onteromorpha and Isotheciumstolonifer- er, or determine what the absolute covers might be urn. Lobaria oregana occurred on theold-growth given more normal stand conditions.Alternatively, plot. one can either find a more sparsely stockedover- story in the stand and determine thetype from those 'holes' in the canopy, or use local knowledgeof the Successional RelatIonships site factors to predict whichcombination of shrubs and herbs might have developedunder more nor- Douglas-fir and western hemlockdominate seral mal conditions. Only in the thirdcase, where the stages; western redcedar andwestern hemlock depauperate condition is due to sitefactors does dominate the climax stage. the stand truety belong to the Depauperatetype. The Tshe/Depauperate Associationin this latter sense is a type usually of dry micrositesin moder- Table 104. Common plants inthe TSHE/Depauperate ately dry areas throughout the Forest(Figure 127). Association, based on stands >150years (n=12). It often occurs near the tops ofridges or along upper slopes. In these cases there is amplelight passing through the tree canopyand there is athin Abs. Rel. enough litter layer to not impededevelopment of a Common name Code CoverCover Const Ranqe ground vegetation (Table 104). TREES western hemlock TSHE 72.8 72.8 100 1-99 Douglas-fir Florlstic Composftlon PSME 28.8 31.5 91 0-70 western redcedar THPL 3.2 7.6 41 0-20 silver fir ABAM 1.3 3.0 41 0-8 Pacific yew Western hemlock and Douglas-firdominate the tree TABA 1.2 4.7 25 0-10 red alder layer, with minor amounts ofwestern redcedar, sil- ALRU 4.7 28.0 16 0-55 bigleaf maple ACMA 0.2 1.0 16 ver fir or Pacific yew. Understory shrubs andherbs 0-1 are sparse (Figure 128). The mostcommon species GROUND VEGETATiON encountered swordfern wereswordfern (POMU), Ore- POMU 1.2 1.6 75 0-4 Oregongrape gongrape (BENE) and red huckleberry (VAPA). BENE 1.2 2.0 58 0-4 red huckleberry VAPA 0.6 1.2 50 0-2 Salal (GASH), trailing blackberry (RUUR),starflower salal GASH 0.3 1.0 33 0-1 (TRLA2), Alaska huckleberry (VAAL) trailing blackberry and evergreen RUUR 0.3 1.0 33 0-1 violet (VISE) may sometimes starf lower Occur (Table 104). TRLA2 0.3 1.0 33 0-1 Alaska huckleberry VAAL 0.3 1.0 33 0-1 evergreen violet VISE 0.3 Ground mosses were sampledmostly on young 1.0 33 0-i stands from 30 to 60 years, withdata from one

310 Other Biota Environment and Soils

Wildlife observations for this type include deer and This type occurred on a variety of soils. It was found elk sign, with browse noted on Alaska huckleberry, on slopes from 1-82% (mean=40%), on colllNium red huckleberry and fireweed. Bear and porcupine derived from metabasait and sedimentary rocks, damage was observed on Douglas-fir. One plot had and on a variety of glacial deposits. Our plots oc- evidence of heavy browse which killed western curred on about ha of the Olympic Soil Resource hemlock and western redcedar seedlings and Inventory (Snyder et al. 1969) soil types and over saplings. This was thought to be from mountain their full range. It occurs on shallow or deep, glacial beaver or snowshoe hare. Signs of Douglas squirrel or coiluvial, fine or coarse, rocky or rock free, and and showshoe hare were also recorded. well-drained or sometimes not well-drained soils. One soil pit was analyzed for nutrients. It was very Common birds included Steiler's jay, chestnut- low in phosphorus, but apparently not limiting in any backed chickadee, American robin and dark-eyed other nutrient. junco. Other birds recorded were red-breasted sapsucker,brown creeper,winter wren,golden- The average summer soil temperature was 11.4 deg crowned kiriglet, ruby-crowned kinglet, Swainson's C (52.5 deg F), which is about average for the West- thrush,red-breastednuthatch, common raven, ern Hemlock Zone. The temperature regime is western flycatcher, northern harrier, band-tailed pi- mostly frigid. The soil moisture regime is udic or geon and woodpecker activity on snags. xeric.

Figure 127. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemiock/Depauperate Association.

311 Timber Productivity Root disease problems may include laminated root rot on Douglas-fir,Armillariaroot disease on This type has a moderate productivity potential (Site Douglas-fir and western hemlock and annosus root Ill) (Table 105). Site index for Douglas-fir on Inten- disease on western hemlock. When present, laminated root rot sive plots was 153, but on Reconnaissance plots is the most serious disease of Douglas-fir on this type. Armillaria root disease can was 128. Western hemlock site index was 107. The be a major problem on Douglas-fir plantations up to yield potential based on site index-yield table ap- about 30 years, when impact should lessen. Heart proach was 122-159 cu ft/ac/yr for Douglas-fir and and butt rots of concern are brown cubical butt rot, 214 cu ft/ac/yr for western hemlock. red ring rot and brown trunk rot on Douglas-fir, especially old-growth. Annosus root disease can heavily damage western hemlock after 120 years of Management Considerations age, and red ring rot may be present on western hemlock also. This type often has a moderate stockability and low Insect problems may include hemlock looper on wildlife values, due to the sparse understory. How- western hemlock, western blackheaded budworm ever, brush competition is not a problem. Since dif- on western hemlock and Douglas-fir, and Douglas- ferent site factors can combine to give depauperate fir beetle on diseased, windthrown, or stressed conditions, it is difficult to generalize about this type. Douglas-fir.

Table 105. Timber productivity values for the Western Hemlock/DepauperateAssociation.

SIFE SIFE GM TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI° SDI7 TREES GM8 SIGBA9 EMAI1°

Douglas.fir (McArdle I) 8 32 153 21 159 438 14 295 133 122 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 18 18 128 44 122

Douglas-fir (King ) 7 27 111 16 160 Western Hemlock (Barnes 4) 4 4 83 45 Western Hemlock (Wiley 5) 9 36 107 14 214 445 20 422

I Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Intensiveplots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930),ReconnaIssance plots Only, ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 50, Breast height age (King 1966).ages 25 to 120 years. Base age 100. Total age (Barnes 1962), Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400years. Base age 50, Breast height age (Wiley 1978a,b), ages 25 to 120 years. 6 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the siteindex curve for the species (see Figure 189 p. 496). 7 Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933). 8 Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table 174p. 494). 9 Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr. basedon the equation SI*GBA*0.003 (Hall 1987). 10 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically fromplot data from stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure 190 p. 497).

312 Comparison with Similar Types associations. it was recognized by Henderson and Peter on the Olympic and Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie Western Hemiock/Depauperate is closely related to National Forests (1981 a,b,c,d,1 982ab, 1 983a,b Western Hemlock/Rhododendron-Salal, Western Hemiock/Oregongrape and Silver Fir/Depauperate 1984, 1985), but is not recognized elsewhere.

Figure 128. Photo of the Western Hemiock/Depauperate Association, Le Bar Pass, Hood Canal District.

313 WESTERN HEMLOCK/DEVIL'S CLUB Tsuga heferophylla/Oplopanax horridum TSHE/OPHO CHS5 12 (OLY)

The Western Hemlock/Devil's Club Association isa amounts. Climax stages are dominated by both minor type of warm wet sites, and moderate timber western redcedar and western hemlock. productivity. It is found mainly in the drier climatic areas of the Olympics, but also throughout much of the Forest (Figure 129). Soils are mostly shallow, Other Blota moderately fine textured and derived from colluvium or alluvium. They are irrigated from an adjacent Wildlife observations are limited for this type. Moun- stream or spring. Soils appear to be moderately tain beaver activity and winter wren were observed. Browsing was evident on Alaska huckleberry, red high in organic matter and nitrogen. The typical huckleberry, oval-leaf huckleberry, fool's huckleber- area of this type has burned seldom in the last 500 ry and Hooker fairybell. years.

Florlstic CompositIon Table 106. Common plants in the TSHE/OPHO Association, based on stands >150 years (n=4). The dominant understory species (Table 106) are devil's club, swordfern (POMU) and vine maple (AC- Cl), which are usually present in all ages of stands, Abs. Rel. although they may be inconspicuous or absent in Common name Code CoverCover Const Ranqe densely stocked second growth. Salmonberry TREES (RUSP) or vine maple often become established western hemlock TSHE 37.5 37.5 100 20-55 quickly after clearcut or fire. Common understory Douglas-fir PSME 45.0 60.0 75 0-75 species include foamflower (TITR), ladyfern (ATFI), western redcedar THPL 11.5 15.3 75 0-26 red huckleberry (VAPA), vanillaleaf (ACTR) and star- bigleaf maple ACMA 15 3.0 50 0-4 red alder ALRU 0.8 1.5 50 0-2 flowered solomon's seal (SMST). The tree layer may be dominated by red alder, Douglas-fir, western GROUND VEGETATION hemlock, western redcedar, or any combination of swordfern POMU 24.2 24.2 100 2-55 devil's club OPHO 10,7 10.7 100 6-25 these trees (Figure 130). Stands in this typeare three-leaved sometimes understocked. Few areas of this type foamf lower TITR 5.0 5.0 100 1-15 have been cut over or burned. Those that are cut ladyfern ATFI 3.5 35 100 1-7 over occur as small pockets in stands which are red huckleberry VAPA 3.0 3.0 100 1.6 vanillaloaf ACTIR 2.8 2.8 100 1-5 mainly other types. vine maple ACCI 21.2 28.3 75 0-60 star-f lowered There are no data for cryptogams on this type. solomon's seal SMST 4.0 53 75 0-10 oakfern GYDR 2.0 2.7 75 0-5 fragrant becistraw GATR 1.8 2.3 75 0-5 salal GASH 1.5 2.0 75 0-4 SuccessIonal RelatIonshIps trailing blackberry RUUR 1.0 1.3 75 0-2 woodfern DRAU2 0.8 1.0 75 0-1 starflower TRLA2 0.8 1.0 75 0-1 Early successional stages are usually dominated by trillium TROV 0.8 1.0 75 0-1 Douglas-fir, red alder and/or western hemlock. Western redcedar also may occur, but in smaller

314 Environment and Soils Our plots occurred on glacial or colluvial soils that tend to be either shallow or compacted in the sub- This type occurs on flat to moderately steep, con- soil, as described by the Olympic Soil Resource cave and straight, lower slopes,toe-slopes, bot- Inventory (Snyder et al. 1969). Our observations toms and benches. The slope ranged from 2% to show these soils are saturated most of the year inall 67% and averaged 21%. Bedrock varied but was but the most extreme droughts. These sites are usually metabasalt. Regolith was usually colluvial, generally seepage areas with water moving through but may be glacial. On'y one pit was described in and not stagnating in the soil. Coarse fragments this type. The texture was loam to clay loam and range from 5% to 70% near the surface and 5%to coarse fragments were negligible.Structure was 100% in the subsoil. weak but horizonation was moderately well developed. The 01 was 2 cm and the 02 was 2 cm. The The mean summer soil temperature was 11.9 deg C 02 was less than average even though this was a (53.4 deg F) which is about average for the Western young old-growth stand. Rooting depth was30 cm Hemlock Zone. This type is probably borderline be- which is about half of average but also occupied the tween mesic and frigid temperature regimes.The 02. The water holding capacity was about average. moisture regime is udic. Other observations where pits were not dug ndi- cate highly diverse soil characteristics.Texture, The results of one nutrient analysis showed that coarse fragment content, and 0 layerthickness are levels of potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, especially variable. This soil was classified a hap- zinc and copper may be a little low compared to lorthod, but lnceptisols are probably very common other types. The pH was 5.1 which is a slightly below also. average for the series.

Figure 129. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Devil'sClub Association.

315 Timber Productivity known. Douglas-fir, western hemlock and/orwestern redcedar are preferred species. This type repre- Timber productivity of this type is moderateto high sents more restrictive management (Site II). Douglas-fir site index from opportunities Reconnaissance than othei' Western Hemlock Zone plots averaged 151 (base 100), buttwo Intensive types. plots averaged 188 (Table 107). Theoverall mean Root disease problems can include for these values is 172. The stockabilityof these annosus root sites is low due to their streamsidelocations. disease in western hemlock older than 120years, Growth of measured standsappears to be less than and Armillaria root disease in suppressed understo- yield table projections due to stocking.However, ry trees. Armillaria may also be important inyoung- because of the sample size, the potentialyield of growth Douglas-fir plantations, but byage 30 this type is not well known. impacts should be minimal. Annosusroot disease appears to represent the most serious potential problem on this type to thinned western hemlock, Management Considerations reducing stand entries will help limit the spreadof this disease (see discussion on annosusroot dis- The main management consideration forthis type is ease, p. 68). Heart and butt rots of concern are red riparian management. it is importantto maintain soil ring rot and annosus root disease in olderwestern and ground vegetation intact to protect stream hemlock. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe mayoccur in old- channels. Response to fertilizer in thistype is tin- growth stands of this type.

Table 107. Timber productivity values for the Western Hemlock/Devil's ClubAssociation.

SITE SIFE TREE SPECIES GBA PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI3 SDI4 TREES GBA5 SIGBA6 EMAI

Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 2 8 188 198 556 4 1044 586 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 6 6 151 28 146

I Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), ReconnaIssance plots only,ages 25 to 400 yeats. 3 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site Indexcurve for the species (see Figure 189 P. 496). 4 Stand Density Index (Reinecke1933). 5 Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987)(see Table 174 p. 494). 6 Index of potential volume growth In cu ft/ac/yr. based on the equation Sl*GBA*0.0o3(Hall 1987).

316 Comparison with Similar Types est (Henderson and Peter 1981 d, 1 982b, 1 983b, 1984, 1985). In British Columbia it was recognized Similar types include Western Hemlock! as the Devil's Club-Ladyfern-Oakferfl Association by Skunkcabbage which occurs in wet sites with deep Haeussler etal. (1982). In Mt. Rainier National Park organic soils, and Western Hemlock/Swordfern- it was described by Franklin et al. (1988). On the Foamf lower which occurs on somewhat drier sites Gifford Pinchot National Forest it was recognized as with higher productivity. The Western Hemlock! the Western Hemlock/Devil's Club/Swordfern type Alaska Huckleberry type occurs in somewhat drier (Topik et al. 1986), while on the Mt. Hood National drained. The Western areasthatarebetter Forest it was recognized as the Western Hemlock! Hemlock/Devil's Club Association is widely distribut- Devil's Club/Oxalis and Western Hemlock/Devil's ed in Washington, Oregon and British Columbia It was described in the Olympics (Henderson and Pe- Club/Star-flowered Solomon's Seal types (Halver- ter 1981a, 1982a, 1983, Smith and Henderson son et al. 1986). On the Siuslaw National Forest it 1986), and the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National For- was recognized by Hemstrom and Logan (1986).

/ I a '- -. ;__.

L-

-A"-----

Figure 130. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Devil's Club Association, young-growth redalder stand, Eagle Creek, Hood Canal District.

317 WESTERN HEMLOCK/OREGONGRApE Tsuga Fieterophylla/Berberis nervosa TSHE/BENE CHS1 38 (OLY)

The Western Hemlock/OregongrapeAssociation is common species were Hypogymnia enteromorpha, a type that occurs mostly on topographicallydry Platismatia glauca and Alectoriasarmentosa. areas with cold soils and moderate timber productivity.It is found mainly on the Hood Canal and Quilcene Districts (Figure 131). Soilstend to be SuccessIonal RelationshIps shallow, well drained and derived fromvery stony colluvium. Stands in this type have burnedfre- There are two probable successionalpathways for quently in the past, which has contributedpartially this type. One dominated by Douglas-fir, theother to the low fertility of these sites. by western hemlock, although the latter is lesscom- mon. Later seral stages are often dominatedby both Douglas-fir and western hemlock, andpresum- Forlst.lc Compoltlon ably western hemlock and western redcedardominate the climax stand. The dominant understory species (Table 108) are Other Rlot Oregongrape and vine maple (ACCI). Othershrubs may include red huckleberry (VAPA), rhododen- Wildlife observations for this type dron (RHMA) and creeping snowberry are limited to one (SYMO). plot where deer sign was recorded and trails Herbs are sparse but were may include swordfern common. Bird observations on one plot include red- (POMU), sidebells pyrola (PYSE), rattlesnakeplan- breastednuthatch,winter wren and golden- tain (GOOB), little prince'spine (CHME)and prince's crowned kinglet. pine (CHUM). The tree layer is dominatedby Douglas-fir and western hemlock withsmaller amounts of western redcedar or silver fir (Figure Table 108. Common plants in theTSHE/BENE 132). Old-growth stands in this type are all about Association, based on stands >150years (n=3). 300 years old, having originated fromfires about 287 or 320 years ago. Many stands beginwith a moderate component of fireweed (EPAN)and Abs. Rel. pearly everlasting (ANMA) following fire, whichmay Common name CodeCoverCover Const Range impede restocking. TREES Douglas-fir PSME 76.7 Ground mosses varied from sparseto abundant on 76.7 100 70-85 western hemlock TSHE 33.3 33.3 100 20-55 this type, with cover values ranging from5% to 85% silver fir ABAM 2.3 3.5 66 0-5 on three plots sampled where standsages were over 80 years. The plot where moss cover GROUND VEGETAflON was 85% Oregongrape BENE 17.0 17.0 1-35 had understory cover of only 20%. Generally, vine maple moss ACCI 28.3 42.5 0-65 cover is moderate on this type. Thecommon rhododendron RHMA 1.3 2.0 0-2 swordfern species include Hylocomium splendensand Eu- POMU 1.0 1.5 0-2 creeping snowberry SYMO 1.0 1.5 0-2 rhynchium ore ganum and occasionally Rhytidiadel- red huckleberry VAPA 1.0 1.5 0-2 phus triquetrus. Epiphytic lichens are notabundant. little prince's pine CHME 0.7 1.0 0-1 prince's pine CHUM On two plots where epiphyteswere recorded, the 0.7 1.0 0-1 rattlesnake Plantain GOOB 0.7 1.0 0-1 sidebells pyrola PYSE 0.7 1.0 0-1

318 Our plots occurred on soil typesdescribed by the EnvIronment and Soils Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyderet al. 1969) as well-drained, colluvialsoils which fre- rock outcrop. This typeisusually found on steep(69%), quently occur in areas of extensive gravelly or very metabasaltic colluvium on mid- to upperslopes. It Surface and subsoils tend to be thin, gravelly barns (Snyder et al. 1969). The0 layer may occasionally be found onglacial soils or seth- tends tO be thin which probablyreflects a fairly high lower slopes mentary colluvium, from ridgetops to rate of decomposition. The mean summersoil tem- but never on toes or bottoms.On'y one plot oc- perature was 10.4 deg C (50.7 degF) which is cool curred on a slope less than 60%, whereit was transi- for the Western Hemlock Zone.The temperature tional with the WesternHemlockfOregOngrape/ regime is probably modal frigidand the moisture regime probably udic to xeric. Swordfern Association.

Figure 131. Map of plot locations forthe Western Hemlock/OregongraPe Association. 319 Timber Productivity bility of the soil may precludecommercial thinning on this type. Because of the Timber productivity of this warm exposed site type is moderate (Site IV). Conditions where this type Site index of measuredstands averaged 102 (base occurs and the sparse ground vegetation,itoffers low wildlife values. 100) (Reconnaissance andIntensive plots com- Game trails are bined). The productivity common in this type however,as it potential using the site is easy to travel through. index-yield table approachaveraged 99 cu ft/ac/yr This type represents moderately harsh growingConditions. (Table 109). The empiricalyield estimate for this type is 122 cu ft/ac/yr. The stockability of these sites Root disease problems is moderate to low. may include laminated root rot on Douglas-fir, Armillariarootdisease on Douglas-fir and western hemlockand annosus root disease on western hemlock. Management Considerations When present, laminated root rot is themost serious disease of Douglas-fir on this type.Armillaria root disease can Management Considerations includeensuring rapid be a major problem initial stocking and on Douglas-fir plantationsup to enhancement of soil nutrients, about 30 years, when impact organic matter andpreservation of the unstable soil. Should lessen. Heart and butt rots ofconcern are brown cubical butt Because of the upper slopepositions where this rot, red ring rot and browntrunk rot on Douglas-fir, type often occurs, there isan increased susceptibil- es- ity to Snow and wind pecially old-growth. Annosusroot disease can damage. Accumulated soil heavily damage western organic matter and nitrogenshould be preserved hemlock after 120years of by not burning sites in age, and red ring rot may bepresent on western this type if fuel loadings hemlock also. permit, and the litter layershould be kept intact to help keep the shallow,unstable soil in place. Fertiliz- ing with nitrogen should Insect problems may includehemlock looper on enhance the productivity of western hemlock, western this type, howeverenhancing organic matter and blackheaded budworm soil structure should increase on western hemlock and Douglas-fir,and Douglas- the effectiveness of fir beetle on diseased, nitrogen fertilizer. The steepness windthrown, or stressed of slope and insta- Douglas-fir.

Table 109. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/oregongrape Association.

SITE SITE TREE SPECIES GBA PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI4 SDI5 TREES GBA6 SIGBA7EMAI8 Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 2 ii 95 29 81 564 11 322 99 122 Douglas-fir (McArdIe2) 9 9 110 15 99 Douglas-fir (King 3) 1 5 56 53

Base age 100. Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only, ages 25 to 400yeats. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Reconnaissanceplots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 50, Breast heightage (King 1966), ages 25 to 120 years. Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site index curve for the species(see Figure 189 p. 496). 5 Stand Density Index (Reinecke1933). 6 Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987)(see Table 174 p. 494). 7 Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr, based on the equationSI*GBA*O.003 (Hall 1987). 8 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data fromStands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure 190 p. 497).

320 Comparison with Similar Types em Hemlock/OregOngrape Association is widely recognized in Washington and Oregon. It is de- Similar types include Western Hemlock/Salal- scribed as far south as the Willamette National For- Oregongrape which occurs on slightly moister sites est (Hemstrom etal. 1987) and as far north inWash- at lower elevations and on warmer soils, Western ington astheMt. Baker Districtonthe Hemlock/Beargrass which occurs on slightly drier Mt.Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest (Henderson andshallowersoils, andSilverFir/Alaska and Peter 1985). It was previously recognized in the Huckleberry-OregongraPe at higher elevations with Olympics (Henderson and Peter 1981a, 1982a, more snow and colder soil temperatures.It is also 1983a). it is similar to the Western Hemlock/Vine related to the Western Hemlock/Rhododendron- Maple-Oregongrape and Western Hemlock/Red Oregongrape type which occurs at higher eleva- Huckleberry-OregOngraPe types of Smith and Hen- tions and mostly on the Quilcerie District. The West- derson (1986).

Figure 132. Photo of the Western Hemlock/OregongrapeAssociation, Le Bar Creek, Hood Canal District.

321 WESTERN IIEMLOCKJOREGONGRAPE/SWORDFERN Tsuga heterophy/la/Berberisnervosa/Polystichum munitum TSHE/BENE/pOMU CHS1 39 (OLY)

The Western Hemlock/Oregongrape/swordfernAs- Successional RelatIonshIps sociation is a major type of moderately moistsites at low elevations and moderately high timberproduc- Red alder often dominates or codominates tivity. it is common in the drier climatic early areas of the seral stages in this type. It diesout by about 80 Olympics, particularly on the Hood CanalDistrict years, often leaving an understocked stand of hem- (Figure 133). Soils are mostly deep andare derived lock and redcedar, with some Douglas-fir,if it was from coiluvium or glacial till. Theyare often subirri- present in early stages. Besides this red alderdomi- gated and occur along toe-slopes. Soilsappear to nated sere, there are successional pathwaysdomi- be moderately high in organic matter,calcium and nated by Douglas-fir and western hemlock.Climax nitrogen. Little snow accumulates in this typeduring stages are dominated by both westernredcedar the winter. The typical area of this typehas burned and western hemlock. once or twice in the last 500 years, although most old-growth of this type has now beencut over. Most old-growth that remains is either about280 or 450 Other Blota years old.

Wildlife and bird observations for thistype are limited to one plot where browsing Floristic Composition was noted on Ore- gongrape, red huckleberry and Alaska huckleberry, and woodpecker activity on a Douglas-firsnag was Dominant understory species (Table 110)are recorded. swordfern and Oregongrape, whichare usually present in all ages of stands, although theymay be inconspicuous or absent in densely stockedsec- Tablel 1 0.Common plants in theTSHE/BENE/pOMU ond growth. Vine maple (ACCI) oftenresprouts Association, based on stands >150years (n=9). rapidly after clearcut or fire, but swordfern andOre- gongrape are usually present even in young stands. Other shrubs may include salal (GASH)(in small Abs. Rel. amounts), vine maple (ACCI) and red huckleberry Common name Code CoverCover Const Ranqe (VAPA). Vanillaleaf (ACTR), twinflower(LIBO2) and TREES trillium (TROV) may also occur. Early seralspecies western hemlock include trailing blackberry (RUUR), fireweed TSHE 62.4 62.4 100 1-99 (EPAN) Douglas-fir and pearly everlasting (AN MA). The tree PSME 29.2 29.2 100 1-75 layer may western redcedar THPL be dominated by red alder, Douglas-fir, 8.0 14.4 55 0-40 western bigleaf maple ACMA 2.9 13.0 22 0-25 hemlock, western redcedar or anycombination of red alder ALRU 0.4 2.0 22 0-3 Pacific yew these trees (Figure 134). Stands inthis type are TABR 0.2 1.0 22 0-1 Pacific dogwood CONU 0.1 1.0 22 0-1 often understocked. When this happensa thick un- grand fir ABGR derstory can develop. 0.1 1.0 11 0-1 GROUND VEGETATION Data for ground mosses are limited forthis type. swordfern POMU 25.2 25.2 100 5-60 Moss cover is abundant for our sampling Oregongrape BENE 16.9 16.9 100 5-35 of stands vine maple ACCI between 50 and 270 years old. Hylocomium 13.3 20.0 66 0-45 splen- vaniflaleaf ACTA 3.7 4.7 77 0-20 dens and Eurhynchium ore ganumare the most red huckleberry VAPA 2.8 4.2 66 0-10 common species. There are no data available for salal GASH 2.0 3.0 66 0-5 trillium epiphytic mosses and lichens. TROV 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 twinflower LIBO2 1,3 2.4 55 0-5

322 Environment and Soils Units where subsoil compaction or strong cementation is indicated. Most of the colluvial soils arerela- sandy This type can occur on flat to steep,usually straight, tively shallow. Textures are clay barns to and bot- barns. The coarse fragments range from 5% to70% mid- to lower slopes, toe-slopes, benches in the subsofls, toms. The slope on sampled areasranged from 0% near the surface and 5% to 100% to 80% with a mean of 42%.Bedrock varies but is indi- usually metabasalt. Regolith may be eithercolluvi- Nutrient analyses for samples from five plots cate moderate to high levels of themacronutrients urn or alpine glacial drift. with especially high calcium. The pH was 5.6 which No soil pits were dug on this type. Ourplots occur is high for the Forest. Resource Inventory on a diversity of Olympic Soil C (Snyder etal. 1969) soil units of whichcolluvial soils The mean summer soil temperature was 11.2 deg are more common than glacialsoils. About half the (52.2 deg F) which is about average for the Western Hemlock Zone. The soil temperature regime is prob- plots are well drained. All have rapid surfaceperme- but prob- ability but about two-thirds have moderate toslow ably borderline between mesic and frigid, subsoil permeability. About half the plots occur on ably more often frigid. The moisture regimeis udic.

Figure 133. Map of plot locations for the WesternHembock/Oregongrape/SWOrdferfl Association.

323 Timber Productivity sponse to fertilizer in this type isunknown. Wildlife values can be moderately high,especially for elk Timber productivity of this typeis moderately high winter range. Douglas-fir, western (Site II or Ill). This is due to the hemlock and/or moistness of the site, red aider can all be Cultivatedon this type. favorable soils and relatively longgrowing season. Site index of Douglas-fir for stands with Intensive Root disease problems may include plots averaged 165 (base 100) laminated root and 152 for Recon- rot on Douglas-fir,Armillaria naissance plots (Table 111). The root disease on productivity poten- Douglas-fir and western hemlock, tial using the site index-yield and annosus root table approach was disease on western hemlock. When 174 cu ft/ac/yr. The stockability present, lami- of these sites is nated root rotis the most serious disease high, but the stocking in wildstands can sometimes of Douglas-fir on this type. Armillariaroot disease can be relatively low. The empiricalyield estimate was be a major problem on Douglas-firplantations up to 142 Cuff/ac/yr. This valuemay be low due to under- about 30 years, when impact shouldlessen. Heart Stocking of some stands. Productivitypotential for and butt rots of concern are browncubical butt rot, western hemlock is 200 cu ft/ac/yr andfor red alder red ring rot and brown trunk is 112 Cu ft/ac/yr. Douglas-fir rot on Douglas-fir, es- is probably the pre- pecially old-growth. Annosus ferred species for this type. root disease can heavily damage western hemlockafter 120 years of age, and red ring rot may be presenton western hemlock also. Hemlock dwarfmistletoe may be Management ConsIderations present on older western hemlock.

Management Considerations forthis type include Insect problems may include manipulation of species composition hemlock looper on and regulation western hemlock, western blackheaded of stocking. It is also important budworm to maintain soil nutri- on western hemlock and Douglas-fir, ents and organic matter. Brush and Douglas- competition from fir beetle on diseased, windthrown, red aider and vine maple or stressed can be a problem. Re- Douglas-fir.

Table 111. Timber productivityvalues for the Western Hemlock/oregongrape/swor Association.

S1E sirE TREE SPECIES GBA PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI8 Sot7 TREES GBA8 SIGBA9EMAI1° Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 7 34 165 18 174 373 31 454 229 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 142 23 23 152 27 160 Douglas-fir (King ) 7 34 122 13 184 Western Hemlock (Wiley 4) 1 2 99 200 409 2 414 Red Alder (Worthington 5) 2 6 97 8 112 292 6 159 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Intensive plots only, ages 25 to 400years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Reconnaissance plotsonly, ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 50, Breast heightage (KIng 1966), ages 25 to 120 years. 4 Base age 50, Breast heightage (Wiley 1978a,b), ages 25 to 120 years. Base age 50, Total age (Worthington et at.1962). 6 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site Indexcurve for the species (see Figure 189 p. 496). Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933).

8 Growth Basal Area (Hall1987) (see Table 174 p. 494). 9 Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr based on the equationSIGBAO.003 (Hall 1q87). 10 Estimated Mean AnnualIncrement derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure192 p. 499).

324 Comparison with Similar Types previousty recognized on the Gifford Pinchot Na- tional Forest (Topik etal. 1986) and on the Mt. Hood Similar types include other Swordfern types.The National Forest (Haiverson etal. 1986). It is a wide- Western Hemtock/SaIai/SwOrdferfl type occurs on spread type however, and is represented in the warmer and somewhat drier sites.The Western Western Hemlock/Swordferfl Association asde- Hemiock/Swordferfl-FOamflOWer type occurs on fined by Hemstrom et al. (1987), Dyrness et al. Western moister and more productive sites. The (1976), Smith and Henderson (1986) and Hender- Hernlock/Salal-OregOflgrape type occurs on drier son and Peter (1981a,b,C,d,1982a,b, 1983a,b, and warmer sites of lower productivity. TheWestern Hemlock/OregongraPe/SWOrdferfl Associationis 1984, 1985).

Figure 134. Photo of the Western HemiockloregongraPe/SWOrctferflAssociation, young-growth Douglas-fir stand, Gold Creek, Quilcene District.

325 WESTERN HEWILOCK/OXALIS Tsuga heterophylla/Oxa/jsoregana TSHE/OxoR CHF1 12 (OLY)

The Western Hemlock/Oxalis Association is a major SuccessIonaleIatlonshlps type of moist sites at low elevations andmoderately high timber productivity. It iscommon in the wetter Red alder often dominates climatic areas of the Olympics, or codominates early particularly on the seral stages in this association. Quinault and Soleduck Districts (Figure Besides this alder 135). Soils dominated sere, there isa successional pathway are mostly deep, moist, and derived fromcolluvium, dominated by western hemlock. Old-growthand cli- outwash or glacial till. They appearto be moderately max stages are dominated by westernhemlock. high in organic matter and nitrogen,but low in calcium and phosphorus. Little snow accumulatesin this type during the winter. The typicalarea of this type Other flota has burned very seldom in the last500 years, and most old-growth of this type isvery old. Some Frequent browse sign (presumablyby elk) was ob- younger stands have originated from windstormsor small fires. served on salmonberry, swordfern,Alaska huckleberry, oval-leaf huckleberry andred huckleberry. Mountain beaver activity and Floristic CompositIon evidence of their browse on western hemlockwas observed. Other animal signs include Douglassquirrel and snow- The dominant understory species(Table 112) is ox- shoe hare. alis, which is usually present in allages of stands, although it is rare in very young stands and may be Bird observations are limited inconspicuous or absent in densely to one plot for this stocked sec- type, and include band-tailed pigeon, ond growth. Swordfern (POMU) is chickadee usually present and winter wren. although in very small amounts. Shrubsmay include Alaska huckleberry (VAAL)and red huckleberry (VAPA). Deerfern (BLSP),foamflower (TITR), Table 112. Common plants and false lily-of-the-valley (MADI2)may also occur. in the TSHE/OXOR The tree layer may be dominatedby red alder, Association, based on stands >150years (n=8). Douglas-fir, western hemlock,or any combination of these trees (Figure 136). AlthoughDouglas-fir is not Abs. common, it can occur in some situations.When ReI. Common name Code Cover Cover Const Ranqe understocking occurs, a thick understory(particularly of salmon berry) can develop. When overstock- TREES ing occurs it is usually associated with a thick duff western hemlock TSHE 92.1 92.1 100 60-99 layer and sparse groundvegetation. Douglas-fir PSME 16.9 22.5 75 0-60 red alder ALRU 2.0 5.3 37 0-6 Ground mosses can be moderateto fairly abundant in this type, even in young stands. GROUND VEGETATION The common oxalis species are Eurhynchium OXOR 29.7 29.7 100 5.75 oreganum and Hylocomi- red huckleberry VAPA 2.1 2.1 100 1-5 urn splendens, less abundant are Rhytidiadeiphus three-leaved Ioreus and P/a giotheciurn undu/atum. foamfiower Data are limit- TITR 1.6 1.9 87 0-5 salmonberry ed for epiphytic mosses and lichens, RUSP 5.0 6.7 75 0-20 but Isothecjum Alaska huckleberry stoloniferurn and Alectorja VAAL 3.0 4.0 75 0-8 sarmenfosa are com- swordfern POMU 2.3 3.0 75 0-8 mon. salal GASH 0.8 1.0 75 0-1 deerferri BLSP 1.6 2.6 62 trillium 0-8 TIROV 0.6 1.0 62 false lily-of-the- 0-1 valley MADI2 1.3 2.5 50 0-5 cutleaf goldth read COLA 0.8 1.5 50 0-2 evergreen violet VISE 0.6 1.3 50 0-2 ladyfern ATFI 0.5 1.0 50 0-1 326 Environment and Soils The Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Synder etal. 1969) describes the glacial soils in this type as This type occurs on flat to moderate, generally deep, gravelly and very gravelly silty clay barns to straight slopes in various topographic positions, but sandy barns with varying degrees of subsoil com- more often on mid- to lower slopes, benches and paction. Surface permeability is rapid in the surface bottoms. Slopes ranged from 0% to 64% and aver- and moderate in subsoils. These soils tend to be aged 21%. Bedrock is usually metabasalt but can moderately well drained. Subsurface compaction be sedimentary. The regolith can be glacial or collu- tends to make soils effectively shallow, The colluvial vial. soils of this type tend to be shallow, well drained and highly permeable. They have loam to silt loam tex- The soil profile was moderately well developed in tures. Coarse fragments range from 5% to 65% near two pits. Textures varied from clay to silty clay loam the surface and 10% to 100% in the subsoils. with coarse fragments averaging 13%. This may indicate a preference of the type for fine-textured, The mean summer soil temperature for this type rock-free soils. The 01 layer averaged 1 cm and the was 13.2 deg C (55.8 deg F), which is warm for the 02 was 3.9 cm. These values are below average, Western Hemlock Zone. The temperature regime for but represent early successional stages. The root- this type is at the warm end of frigid. The moisture ing depth was 61.5 cm which is about average, but regime is udic. roots also occupied the 02. These soils have higher than average water holding capacities due to their Two nutrient analyses for soils in this type showed fine texture and low coarse fragment fraction . One low calcium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc and man- of the pits was classified as a haplumbrept and the ganese compared to other types. Total nitrogen and other a haplorthod. This is one of the few types in sodium were high. The pH was 5.05 which is about which earthworms were observed. average for the series.

Figure 135. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Oxalis Association.

327 Timber Productivity especially for elk winter range. Western hemlock is the preferred timber species. Douglas-fir can grow Timber productivity of this type is moderately high here, but is often affected by poor form, and in (Site II). This is due to the moistness of the site, young stands is favored by bear. favorable soils and relatively long growing season. Site index for Douglas-fir in measured stands aver- Root disease problems can include annosus root aged 172 (base 100) and 109 (base 50). The disease in western hemlock older than 120 years, productivity potential using the site index-yield table and Armillaria root disease in suppressed understo- approach was 181 cu ft/ac/yr for Douglas-fir and ry trees. Armillaria may also be important in young- 207 Cu ft/ac/yr for western hemlock (Table 113). The growth Douglas-fir plantations,but by age 30 stockability of these sites is high (GBA=793 for impacts should be minimal. Annosus root disease western hemlock). The empirical yield for this asso- appears to represent the most serious potential ciation was 183 Cu ft/ac/yr. problem to pre-commercially thinned western hemlock on this type. Reducing stand entries will help limit the spread of this disease (see discussion on Management Considerations annosus root disease, p. 68). Heart and butt rots of concern are red ring rot, rusty red stringy rot and Management considerations include manipulation annosus root disease in older western hemlock. of species composition and regulation of stocking. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe is usually present in old- Brush competition from salmonberry or red aider growth stands of this type. can be a problem. Many oxalis types show very low amounts of calcium and phosphorus. This may be Potential insect pests which may occur on this type limiting growth or affecting tree development on the- include the hemlock looper which may be present se sites. We recommend that any fertilizer applica- on western hemlock, and the western blackheaded tions on this oxalis type include calcium and phos- budworm which occur on buds of western hemlock phorous. Wildlife values can be moderately high, or Douglas-fir.

Table 113. Timber productivity values for the Western Hemlock/OxalisAssociation.

sirE srm ca TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI7 SDI8 TREES GBA9 SIGBA1° EMAI11

Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 3 12 172 16 181 338 183 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 11 11 164 24 161 Douglas-fir (King 3) 2 7 109 2 154 Western Hemlock (Barnes 4) 12 12 147 27 232 793 350 183 Western Hemlock (Wiley 5) 1 5 104 207 440 4 793

Red Alder (Worthington 6) 1 5 85 92 339

Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100. Total age (McArdle and Meyer1930), Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. Base age 50, Breast height age (KIng 1966), ages 2510 120 years. Base age 100, Total age (Barnes 1962). ReconnaIssance plots Only, ages 25to 400 years. 5 Base age 50. Breast height age CvViley 1978a.b),ages 25 to 120 years. 8 Base age 50, Total age (Worthington et al. 1962).

' Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived fromthe site index curve for the species (see Figure 189 p. 496). 8 Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933).

Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table 174p. 494), 10 Index of potential volume growth flcu ft/ac/yr. based on the equation SI*GBA*0.003 (Hall 1987). ii Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empiricallyfrom plot data from stands 20 to 300 years old (see FIgure 190 p. 497).

328 Comparison with Similar Types occurs on similar sites in slightly drier areas. The Western Hemlock/Oxalis Association occurs in the Simdar types include other Oxalis types. The West- western Olympics (Henderson and Peter 1981a,b, ernHemiock/Swordfern-Oxalis and Western 1982a), in the Oregon Cascades (Hemstrom et al. Hemlock/Salal/Oxalis types occur on drier sites. 1987) and in the Coast Range of Oregon (Hem- The Western Hemlock/Swordfern-FoamflOWer type strom and Logan 1986).

N -- I

-s a

------,---, ..

Figure 136. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Oxalis Association, young-growth western hemlock stand, West Fork Humptulips River, Quinault District.

329 WESTERN HEMLOCK/RHODODENDRON Tsuga heterophylla/Rhododendron macrophyllum TSHE/RHMA CHS3 31 (OLY)

The Western Hemlock/Rhododendron Association bolanderi on rotting wood. Epiphytic lichens can be is a type of dry areas, infertile soils and low timber abundant in some stands, particularly Alectoria sar- productivity. It is common in the rainshadow area of mentosa. Other common lichens that may occur are the Olympics, particularly on the Quilcene District crustosespecies,Hypogymniaenteromorpha, (Figure 137). Soils are mostly shallow, or stony col- Parmeliopsis hyperopta and Bryoria spp. luvium, or derived from very stony glacial till and outwash, and appear to be particu'arly low in organic matter and nitrogen. Stands in this type have Successional Relationships burned frequently in the past, which has contributed partially to the low fertility of these sites. There is only one recognized successional pathway for this type. Seral stages are dominated by both Douglas-fir and western hemlock, and presumably Florlstic Composition western hemlock and western redcedar dominate the climax stand. The dominant understory species (Table 114) is rhododendron, although in densely stocked stands this indicator species may be inconspicuous or ab- Other Biota sent. Oregongrape (BENE), twinflower (L1802), sidebelis pyrola (PYSE), swordfern (POMU), red Wildlife observations were recorded for deer, snow- huckleberry (VAPA) and prince's pine (CHUM) may shoe hare, elk and Douglas squirrel. Red huckleber- also occur in small amounts. The tree layer is domi- ry showed evidence of browsing. nated by Douglas-fir and western hemlock with smaller amounts of western redcedar (Figure 138). Birdobservations were recorded forgolden- Silver fir and Pacific yew can also occur. Stands in crowned kinglet, chickadee, common raven, gray this type are often densely to very densely stocked. jay and dark-eyed junco. This may make it difficult to accurately identify the type as the ground vegetation species will be Table 114. Common plants in the TSHE/RHMA sparse due to lack of light. Frequent fires have oc- Association, based on stands >150 years (n= 13). curred in this type over the last 300 years. Many stands begin with a moderate component of rhododendron following tire. As the canopy develops dur- Abs. Rel. ing the middle stages of succession, understory Common name Code CoverCover Const Ranqe vegetation decreases in response to lack of light. As old-growth develops and tree mortality opens the TREES canopy, ground vegetation dominated by rhodo- western hemlock TSHE 70.8 70.8 100 35-99 dendron is reestablished. Douglas-fir PSME 38.5 38.5 100 10-80 western redcedar THPL 11.0 14.3 76 0-45 silver fir ABAM 1.8 4.0 46 0-7 Ground mosses are sparse to abundant on this Pacific yew TABA 3.6 15.7 23 0-25 type, with cover values ranging from 1 to 99%, and Alaska yellowcedar CHNO 1.3 8.5 15 0-15 averaging 28%. The common and abundant GROUND VEGETAflON species were Hylocomium splendens, Rhytidiopsis rhododendron RHMA 48.5 48.5 100 2-95 robusta and Eurhynchium ore ganum. Other species Oregongrape BENE 1.5 1.8 84 0-5 which can occur in less abundance are Dicranum twjnflowor LIBO2 1.1 1.3 84 0-1 sp., Peltigera sp., C!adonia spp., and Scapania sidebells pyrola PYSE 0.7 1.0 69 0-1 swordfern POMU 0.8 1.3 61 0-3 red huckleberry VAPA 0.5 1.0 53 0-1

330 al. Environment and Soils Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder et 1969). These soils are generally well-drainedand drainage and This type occurs on flat to steep, straightto convex very permeable although moderate slopes, mainly on mid- to upperslopes and slow permeability of subsoils are indicated for some ridgetops. Slopes ranged from 0% to 78%and aver- of the glacial soils. Many deep glacial soils are ren- sub- aged 47%. Bedrock is usually metabasaltand the dered effectively shallow by compaction in the few plots soil. The colluvial soils are all shallow (3 ft to4 ft). regolith is usually colluvium, although a and occurred on glacial deposits. These soil units are mostly gravelly loam gravelly sandy loam. The coarse fragmentfraction surface and 5% to One soil pit dug in this type occurred incontinental ranges from 5% to 65% near the glacial regolith. It had a loamy texture, andweak to 100% in the subsoil. moderate, subangular blocky structure.There were deg C only 3% coarse fragments. The C horizon washigh- The mean summer soil temperature was 9.5 of the ly compacted which probably prevents root pene- (49.1 deg F), which makes this types one has tration beyond 50 cm. The rooting depth wasonly coldest in the Western Hemlock Zone, This type and a xeric moisture 37 cm. Mottles were observed in and abovethe C a frigid temperature regime horizon. The 01 was 2 cm and the 02 was3 cm region. occupied by which is relatively thin. The 02 was that very fine roots. This soil has a near averagewater Nutrient analyses from four samples indicate in total holding capacity. It was classified as afragiochrept. this type is highest in phosphorus and 'owest nitrogen of all the types tested, whilesulfate and diversity of organic matter are relatively low. The pHaveraged Our plots occurred on soil units with a for the bedrock andregolithbutwere most often 5.5 which is slightly higher than average metabasalt and colluvium as described bythe series.

Figure 137. Map of plot locations for the WesternHemlock/Rhododendron Association.

331 Timber Productivity hancing organic matter and soil structure should increase the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizer. Soil Timber productivity of this type is low (Site V). This water limitation should be addressed by regulating is due to the dryness of the site and poor soils. Site stocking and maintaining suitably low number of index of measured stands averaged 91 (base 100) trees per acre. and 74 (base 50). The productivity potential using the site index-yield table approach and unmanaged Root disease problems can include Armillaria root stands was 74 cu ft/ac/yr for Douglas-fir (Table 115). disease and laminated root rot in Douglas-fir, and The stockability of these sites is low but the stocking possibly annosus root disease in western hemlock. in wild stands is sometimes very high. The empirical Armillaria root disease centers that develop on the- yield estimate for this association was 69 cu ft/ac/yr. Some existing stands are growing at less than half se sites may continue to be a problem in plantations the expected rate for this type. This is probably due past 30 to 40 years. Laminated root rot and Armillar- to overstocking which is common in the Rhododen- ia root disease appear to represent the most serious dron types, or to root or stem diseases, such as problems on this type. Black stain root disease may armillaria root disease, which is fairly common in occur in plantations of Douglas-fir. Heart and butt these dry types. rots such as red ring rot, brown cubical butt rot and brown trunkrotareparticularlyimportantin Douglas-fir on these sites. Red ring rot can also be Management ConsideratIons expected on western hemlock. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe may occur in older western hemlock. Management considerations include regulation of stocking and enhancement of soil nutrients and or- Insect problems can include Douglas-fir beetle in ganic matter. The available data indicate that stock- windthrown, stressed or diseasedDouglas-fir. ing levels are often too high. Soil organic matter and Western blackheaded budworm may be present on nitrogen should be preserved by reducing burning buds of Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Carpen- on sites in this type. Fertilizing with nitrogen should ter ants often live in butts of Douglas-fir decayed by enhance the productivity of this type, however en- brown cubical butt rot.

Table 115. Timber productivity values for theWestern Hemlock/Rhododendron Association.

SrrE srrE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI° SDI7 TREES GBA8 SIGBA° EMAI1°

Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 7 33 91 20 74 610 24 315 94 69 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 16 16 91 23 74 Douglas-fir (King 3) 4 18 74 16 80 Western Hemlock (Barnes 4) 2 2 82 19 384 94 Western Hemlock (Wiley ) 2 6 63 26 153 741 6 384

I Base age 100. Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer1930), Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 50. Breast heightage (King 1966), ages 25 to 120 years. 4 Base age 100. Total age (Barnes 1962),Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 5 Base age 50, Breast heightage fNiley 1978a.b), ages 25 to 120 years. 6 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived fromthe site index curve for the species (see Figure 189 P. 496). 7 Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933). 8 Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table174 p. 494). Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr. basedon the equation SI*GBA*0.003 (HaIl 1987). 10 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empiricallyfrom plot data trom stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure 190 p. 497).

332 Comparison with Similar Types isverysimilartotheWesternHemlock! Rhododendron-Salal type. The Western Hemlock! Similar types include other Rhododendron types, Rhododendron Association was previously recog- especially Western Hemlock/RhododendrOfl-Salal nized in the Olympics (Henderson and Peter 1 983a, at lower elevations, and the Western Hemlockl Smith and Henderson 1986). However, as it is used Rhododendron-Oregongrape type. In many ways it here it is more narrowly defined than before.

1"; I

. Iitk.:1

Figure 138. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Rhododendron Association UpperTunnel Creek, Quilcene District. WESTERN HEMLOCKJFtHODODENDRON/BEARGRASS Tsuga heterophy/fa/Rhododendronmacrophyl!um/Xerophy//um tenax TSHE/RHMAjXETE CHS3 32 (OLY)

The Western Hemlock/Rhododendron/Beargrass Successional RelatIonshIps Association is a type of dry areas, infertile soilsand low timber productivity. it has a limited distribution There is only one recognized successional pathway on the Hood Canal and Quilcene Districts (Figure for this type. Seral stages are dominated by both 139).It occurs on moderate to steep slopeson Douglas-fir and western hemlock, and presumably southerly aspects. Soils are mostly shallowor stony colluvium, and appear to be low in nitrogen. Stands western hemlock and western redcedar dominate the climax stand. in this type have burned frequently in thepast, which has contributed partially to the low fertility of these sites. Other Blota

Floristic Composition Wildlife observations are limited to one plot for this type. Deer sign included trails, scat and browse on Dominant understory species (Table 116)are red huckleberry. Birds observed were winterwren rhododendron (RHMA), salal (GASH) and bear- and woodpecker activity on western redcedar. grass (XETE), although in densely stocked stands these indicator species may be inconspicuousor absent. Other shrubs may include Oregongrape (BENE) and red huckleberry (VAPA). Herbsmay Table 1 16.Common plants in the TSHE/RHMAIXETE include twinf lower (LIBO2), prince's pine (CHUM)or Association, based on stands >150 years (n=5). sidebells pyrola (PYSE). The tree layer is dominated by Douglas-fir and western hemlock with smaller amounts of western redcedar (Figure 140). Stands Abs. Rel. in this type may be densely stocked, but this isnot Common nameCode CoverCover Const Ranqe as common as on the closely related Western Hemlock/RhodociendronSalal type. Frequent fires TREES have occurred in this type over the last 300years. western hemlock TSHE 63.0 63.0 100 40-75 Many stands begin with a moderatecomponent of Douglas-fir PSME 38.0 38.0 100 10-90 western redcedar rhododendron and beargrass following fire. As the THPL 15.0 18.7 80 0-30 silver fir ABAM 1.2 2.0 60 0-3 canopy develops during the middle stages of suc- western white pine PIMO 0.8 2.0 40 0-3 cession, understory vegetation decreases inresponse to lack of light. As old-growth develops and GROUND VEGETA11ON tree mortality opens the canopy, ground vegetation rhododendron RHMA 44.6 44.6 100 8-95 salal GASH 25.6 25.6 100 1-95 dominated by rhododendron and beargrassis beargrass XETE 8.6 reestablished. 8.6 100 5-15 red huckleberry VAPA 4.4 4.4 100 1-12 Oregongrape BENE 4.0 4.0 100 1-10 Ground mosses are sparse in this type. Our limited twinflower LIBO2 0.8 1.3 60 0-2 prince's pine CHUM 0.6 1.0 60 data for this association show an averagemoss 0-1 tiger lily LICO4 0.6 1.0 60 0-1 cover of 5%. The common cryptogams include Rhy- sidebells pyrola PYSE 0.6 1.0 60 0-1 tidiopsis robusta, Cladonia spp., Rhacomjtriumsp., Dicranum sp., Hypnum circinale on down logsand lower boles, and the nitrogen-fixing lichen Peltigera aphthosa. Epiphytes are sparse; lichens whichmay occur include Platismatia glauca, Bryoria sp. and Usnea sp. and barns. The coarse fragmentfraction ranges Environment and Soils from moderate to high.

This type occurs on moderate to steep,straight or The mean summer soil temperature was9.3 deg C convex, mid- to upper slopes.The slope varied from (48.7 deg F) which is one of the coldestsoils in the regime is 38% to 80% and averaged 61%. Theregolith con- Western Hemlock Zone. The temperature frigid and the moisture regime isxeric. sists of colluvium derived frommetabasalt or sedimentary rocks. Although no soil pits were dug in this type, onesoil sample was analyzed for nutrients. Itshowed high Our plots occurred on soil unitsdescribed by the organic matter, phosphorus, sulfate, zinc,manga- Olympic Soil Resource Inventory(Snyder et al. nese, and low sodium andnitrogen relative to the is about average 1969) as shallow, well-drained, rapidlypermeable, other types. The pH was 5.1 which colluvial soils. Textures are sandy barns,silt loam for the Forest.

Figure 139. Map of plot locations forthe Westernembock/RhododendrOfl/BeargraSS Association.

335 Timber Productivity regulating stocking and maintainingsuitably low number of trees per acre. Timber productivity of this type islow (Site 'I). This is due to the dryness of the site and poor soils. Site Root disease problems index of measured stands averaged75 for Doug las- can include Armillarja root disease arid laminated root rot in fir (Table 117). The productivitypotential using the Douglas-fir, and possibly annosus root disease in site index-yield table approachwas 51 Cu ft/ac/yr. western hemlock. The stockability of these sitesis low but the stocking Armillaria root disease centers thatdevelop on the- in wild stands can bevery high. The empirical yield se sites may continue to be a problem inplantations estimate is 69 Cu ft/ac/yr. Manyexisting stands past 30 to 40 years. Laminatedroot rot and Armiliar- which are overstocked are growingat a rate of only ia root disease appear torepresent the most serious 36 cu ft/ac/yr. problems on this type. Black stainroot disease may occur in plantations of Douglas-fir. Heartand butt rots such as red ring rot, brown cubicalbutt rot and Management Considerations brown trunkrotareparticularlyimportantin Douglas-fir on these sites. Red ringrot can also be Management considerations includeregulation of expected on western hemlock. stocking and enhancement ofsoil nutrients and organic matter. Soil organic matter and nitrogen Insect problems can includeDouglas-fir beetle in should be preserved.Fertilizingwith nitrogen windthrown,stressed or diseasedDouglas-fir. should enhance the productivityof this type, howev- Western blackheaded budworm er enhancing organic matter and may be present on soil structure buds of Douglas-fir andwestern hemlock. Carpen- should increase the effectiveness of nitrogen fertiliz- ter ants often live in butts of Douglas-fir er. Soil water limitation should be decayed by addressed by brown cubical butt rot.

Table 117. Timber productivityvalues for the Western HemlocklRtlociodendron/Beargrass Association.

sirE sr TREE SPECIES GBA PLOTS TREES INDOC s.d. CMAI3 SDI4 TREES GBA5 SIGBA6 EMAI7 Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 2 5 75 9 51 388 5 228 52 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 69 4 4 81 20 60 I Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Totalage (McArdle and Meyer 1930). ReconnaIssance plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site Index curve for the species(see Figure 189 p. 496). 4 Stand Density Index(Reinecke 1933). Growth Basal Area (Hail 1987) (see Table174 p. 494). Index of potential volume growth In Cu ltjac/yr, based on the equation SI*GBA*0.®J(Hall 1987). ' Estimated MeanAnnual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300years old (see Figure 190 p. 497).

336 ciation occurs in the Olympics whereit was original- Comparison with Similar Types lyincludedinthebroadlydefined Western Hemlock/Rhododendron Association (Henderson Western Hemlock! Similar types inc'ude Western Hemlock! Western Hemlock/ and Peter 1983a). Also the Rhododendron-S atal, Rhododendrofl!Kiflflikiflflick type of Smith and Hen- AhododendronOregOngrape, WesternHemlock! this type. In Oregon Beargrass which occurs in slightlywetter areas to derson (1986) is comparable to it is recognized on the Mt. HoodNational Forest the south, and WesternHemlock/Rhododendron (Halverson et al. 1986) and on the WillametteNa- which occurs in slightly drier areas to thenorth. The tional Forest (Hemstrom et al.1987). Western mIo0k/RhododefldrOn/BeargrasS Asso-

Creek, Figure 140. Photo of the WesternHernlock/RhodOdefldrOfl/Beargrass Association, Washington Hood Canal District. 337 WESTERN HEMLOCKJRHODODENDROOREGONGRAPE Tsuga heterophylIa/Rhododendron macrophyllum..Berbeyjs nervosa TSHE/RHMA-BENE CHS3 33 (OLY)

TheWestern Hemlock/Rhociodendron..oregon. Cladonia spp. Epiphytes grape Association is a type of dryareas, infertile were moderate in abun- soils and low timber dance on one sample plot,where the common productivity. It is common in the species included crustose rainshadow area of the Olympics, lichens, Bryoi-/a sp., Hyp- particularly on the ogymnia enteromorpha and Hood Canal and QuilceneDistricts (Figure 141). Alectoria sarmentosa. Soils are mostly shallow,or stony colluvium, or derived from very stony glacial till and outwash, and Successional RelatIonships appear to be low in organicmatter and nitrogen. Stands in this type haveburned frequently in the past, which has contributed partially There is only one recognizedSuccessional pathway to the low fertil- for this type. Seral ity of these sites. stages are dominated byboth Douglas-fir and western hemlock,and presumably western hemlock andwestern redcedar dominate Floristic Composition the climax stand.

Domin ant understory species (Table 118)are Other Blota rhododendron and Oregongrape,althoughin densely stocked stands these indicator species Wildlife observations may be inconspicuous or absent.Other shrubs may are limited to two plots for this include red huckleberry type, where sign of deer,snowshoe hare and Dou- (VAPA), salal (GASH),oc- glas squirrel were casionally vine maple (ACCI)and baidhip rose recorded. (ROGY). Twinflower (LIBO2), prince's pine (CHUM) Birds observed and swordfern (POMU) were golden-crowned kingletand may also Occur. The tree gray jay. layer is dominated byDouglas-fir and western hemlock with smaller amountsof western redcedar (Fig- ure 142). Stands in thistype are often densely to very densely stocked. Thismay make it difficult to Tablel 1 8.Common plantsin the TSHE/RHMA..BENE accurately identify the typeas the ground vegeta- Association, based on stands>150 years (n=5). tion species will besparse due to lack of light. Fires have Occurred frequently inthis type over the last 300 years. Many stands beginwith a moderate com- Abs. Rel. Common name ponent of rhododendron followingfire. As the cano- Code CoverCover Const Ranqe py develops during the middle stages of succes- TREES sion, understory vegetationdecreases in response western hemlock TSHE to lack of light. Asold-growth develops and 68.0 68.0 100 20-90 tree Douglas-fir PSME mortality opens thecanopy, ground vegetation 37.8 37.8 100 4-70 western redcedar THPL 7.6 13.0 dominated by rhododendron silverfir 60 0-15 and Oregongrape is ABAM 1.4 3.5 40 reestablished. Pacific yew 0-5 TABR 2.0 5.0 40 0-7 Data for cryptogams GROUND VEGETATION are limited to one old-growth rhododendron RHMA 26.4 26.4 100 and one young-growth plot. Oregongrape 2-60 There was quite a dif- BENE 12.6 12.6 100 5-25 ference between these twinf lower LIBO2 two plots, and neitherone 3.2 3.2 100 1-10 prince's pine CHUM 2.4 may be typical. Cover of groundmosses varied from 2.4 100 1-8 red huckleberry VAPA 2% on the young-growth plot 1.4 1.8 80 0-3 to 80% on the old- salal GASH 1.4 2.3 60 0-4 growth plot, where Hylocomjum Swordfern POMU sp/encjens was the 1.4 2.3 60 0-3 dominant species. Species baldhip rose ROGY which were present in 0.8 1.3 60 0-2 vanillaleaf ACTR 0.6 the young stand includedDicranum sp., Rhyticijop- 1.0 60 0-1 evergreen violet VISE 0.6 sis robusta, Scapania bolanderion down logs, and 1.0 60 0-1 338 Environment and Soils able soils. Subsoil compaction may sometimes render these soils effectively shallow. Texturestend to This type occurs on gentle to steep, straight,lower be sandy barns, but may be silt barnsand clay to upper slopes and benches. Theslopes varied barns as well. The coarse fragment fraction ranges from 13% to 86% and averaged 54%.The regolith from 5% to 70% near the surface and 5% to80% in consistsmostly ofcolluviumderivedfrom the subsoils, metabasalt, but may also include alpineglacio- fluvial deposits. The mean summer soil temperature was11.9 deg C (53.4 deg F) which is about average forthe Western Our plots occurred on soil unitsdescribed by the Hemlock Zone. The temperature regime is frigidand Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyderet a(. the moisture regime is probably xeric. 1969), as shallow, well-drained andrapidly perme-

Figure 141. Map of plot locations forthe Western HemlockJRhodOdefldrOfl-OregOflgrapeAssociation.

339 Timber Productivity ganic matter. Soil organicmatter and nitrogen should be preserved. Timber productivity of this Fertilizing with nitrogen type is moderately low should enhance the productivity (Site IV). This is due to thedryness of the site and of this type, however enhancing organic matter and poor soils. Site index for Douglas-firin measured soil structure should increase the effectiveness stands averaged 108 (base 100)and 80 (base 50). of nitrogen fertiliz- The productivity potentialusing the site index-yield er. Soil water limitation should beaddressed by table approach was 99cu ft/ac/yr for Douglas-fir regulating stocking and maintainingsuitably low (Table 119). The stockability ofthese sites is low but number of trees per acre. the stocking in wild standsis sometimes very high. The empirical yield estimatewas 69 Cu ft/ac/yr. Root disease problemscan include Armillaria root Some overstocked standsare growing at less than disease and laminatedroot rot in Douglas-fir, and half the expected rate for thistype. This is probably possibly annosus root diseasein western hemlock. due to overstocking which iscommon to the Rhodo- Armillaria root diseasecenters that develop on the- dendron types, or to rootor stem diseases such as se sites may continue to bea problem in plantations armillaria root disease, which isfairly common in past 30 to 40 years. Laminated these dry types. root rot and Armillar- Ia root disease appearto represent the most serious problems on this type. Blackstain root disease may occur in plantations of Douglas-fir. Management Considerations Heart and butt rots such as red ring rot, browncubical butt rot and brown trunk rot areparticularlyimportantin Management considerations includeregulation of Douglas-fir on these sites. Red stocking and enhancement of ring rot can also be soil nutrients and or- expected on western hemlock.

Table 119. Timberproductivity values for the Western Hemlock/Rhododendron..oregongrapeAssociation.

SITE SITE TREE SPECIES GBA PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI5 SDI6 TREES GBA7 SIGBA8 Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) EMAI9 2 10 108 33 546 5 152 39 69 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 6 6 102 10 86 Douglas-fir (King 3) 2 10 80 23 89 Western Hemlock (Wiley 4) 1 4 94 193 659

l Base age 100, Totalage (McArdle and Meyer 1930) Intensive plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Totalage (McArdle and Meyer 1930), ReconnajssRj,ce plots only, ages 25 to 400years. Base age 50, Breast height age (King 1966), ages 25 to 120years. 4 Base age 50, Breast height age (Wiley 1978a,b),ages 25 to 120 years. 5 Culmination of MeanAnnual Increment derived from the site index curve for the species (seeFigure 189 P. 496). 6 Stand DensityIndex (Reinecke 1933).

Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (seeTable 174 p. 494). Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr based on the equationSIGBA'0.003 (Hall 1987) 9 Estimated MeanAnnual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20to 300 years old (see Figure 190 p. 497).

340 Hemlock! Insect problems can include Douglas-firbeetle in at lower elevations, and the Western windthrown, stressedor diseasedDouglas-fir. Rhododendrontype.The WesternHemlock! Western blackheaded budworm may bepresent on hododendron-OregOflgrape Association occurs in buds of Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Carpen- the eastern Olympics and northernCascades of ter ants often live in butts of Douglas-firdecayed by Oregon. It was included in the Western Hemlock! brown cubical butt rot. Rhododendron typeof Henderson and Peter (1983a), and Smith and Henderson (1986). In Ore- Comparison with Similar Types gon it is recognized on the Mt. HoodNational Forest (Halverson etal. 1986) and Willamette NationalFor- Similar types include other Rhododendron types, 1976). especially Western Hemlock/RhododendrOn-Salal est (Hemstrom etal. 1987, Dyrness etal.

Figure 142. Photo of the Western HernlOCk/RhOdOdefldrOfl-OregOflgrapeAssociation, DungefleSs River, Quilcene District.

341 WESTERN HEMLOCKJRHODODENDH0NAL Tsuga heterophy//a/Rhododendronmacrophyllum-Gaultheria shaion TSHE/RHMA.GASH CHS3 34 (OLY)

The Western HemlockjRhodocJendronalaI Asso- Epiphytic 'ichens are conspicuous and oftenabun- ciation is a type of dry areas, infertilesoils and low dant. The common species include Alectoriasar- timber productivity. It is common in therainshadow mentosa, Hypogymnia enteromorpha, area of the Olympics, particularly on the Quilcene Hypogymnia spp., Bryoria spp., Platismatia glauca andcrustose District (Figure 143). Soilsare mostly shallow, or species. stony cofluvium, or derived from verystony glacial till and outwash, and appear to be lowin organic matter and nitrogen. Stands in thistype have Successional RelationshIps burned frequently in the past, which hascontributed partially to the low fertility of these sites. There is only one recognized successionalpathway for this type. Seral stages are dominatedby both Douglas-fir and western hemlock, Floristic Composition and presumably western hemlock and western redcedardominate the climax stand. Dominant understory species (Table 120)are rhododendron and salal,althoughindensely stocked stands these indicator speciesmay be in- Other BlotH conspicuous or absent. Other shrubsmay include Oregongrape (BENE), red huckleberry(VAPA) and Deer sign were frequently observedon this type, occasionally vine maple (ACCI). Twinflower(LIBO2) including trails, scat and browse, withsigns of re- and prince's pine (CHUM) may alsooccur. The tree cent activity recorded in August. Heavybrowsing layer is dominated by Douglas-fir andwestern hem- was noted on red huckleberry and Pacificyew. lock with smaller amounts of western redcedar(Fig- ure 144). Stands in this type are often denselyto very densely stocked. This may make it difficultto Tablel2o.Common plants in the TSHE/RHMA-GASH accurately identify the type as the groundvegeta- Association, based on stands >150 tion species will be sparse due to lackof light. Fires years (n=34). have burned frequently in this typeover the last 300 years. Many stands begin with a moderatecompo- Abs. nent of rhododendron following fire. As thecanopy Rel. Common name Code CoverCover Const Ranqe develops during the middle stages ofsuccession, understory vegetation decreases inresponse to TREES lack of light. As old-growth develops and tree mor- Douglas-fir PSME tality opens the canopy, ground 46.5 46.5 100 10-85 vegetation domi- western hemlock TSHE 45.7 48.5 94 0-90 nated by rhododendron and salal isreestablished. western redcedar THPL 18.8 20.6 91 0-65 Pacific yew TABA 1.9 4.3 44 0-15 silver fir ABAM 0.5 1.8 29 0-4 Ground mosses vary fromsparse to abundant. Data grand fir ABGR 0.1 1.0 8 0-1 from our sampled stands show red alder mosses generally ALRU 0.1 1.0 B 0-1 increasing in abundance with standage. The cover western white pine PIMO 0.2 3.0 5 0-5 values of ground mosses ranged from 1%to 95%, GROUND VEGETATION with an average of 41% cover. Themost common rhododendron RHMA 39.3 39.3 100 1-99 and abundant species are Hylocomiumsplendens salal GASH 44.6 and Eurhynchium 44.6 100 1-99 ore ganum. Other common Oregongrape BENE 4.4 4.5 97 0-35 twinflower species which are less abundant include LIBO2 4.0 4.9 82 0-35 Dicranum prince's pine sp., Rhytidiopsis rnbusta, and occasionally CHUM 1.1 1.4 76 0-5 Peltigera red huckleberry VAPA spp., Peltigera aphthosa (in younger 3.3 4.4 73 0-25 stands) and swordfern POMU 0.6 1.2 52 Homalothecium megaptilum. 0-3

342 Salal, western redcedar, beargrass, oceanspray, always metabasalt but regoUth varied from colluvial red-flowering currant, douglas-fir, western hemlock, to alpine and continental glacial drift. Colluvial soils mock orange, fireweed and bitter cherry were also were the most common. browsed. Other mammal signs observed were Dou- glas squirrel, mountain beaver, chipmunk, shrew In three soil pits the soil texture varied from clay to and snowshoe hare. loamy sand for individual horizons and the coarse fragment fraction averaged only 12%. Soils also var- Golden-crowned kinglets and woodpecker activity ied from compacted to loose and friable. Soil hori- on snags were frequently observed on this type. zons and structure were weakly to moderately well Other birds recorded were chestnut-backed chick- developed. Rooting depth was about average at adee, red-breasted nuthatch, dark-eyed junco, her- 64.3 cm and roots were also abundant in the 02 mit thrush, gray jay, red-shafted flicker,rufous layer. The 0 layer is about average with the 01 hummingbird and band-tailed pigeon. averaging 4.8 cm and 3.0 cm for the 02. Thus the Environment and Soils 02 is thinner than average and the 01 a little thicker than average. Although they are variable, these This type occurs on gentle to steep, straight to con- soils tend to be about average in water holding vex slopes in a variety of slope positions, although capacity which reflects the low coarse fragment mid-slopes are most common. Slopes ranged from fraction. They also tend to be deep. The pits were 4% to 85%, averaging 48%. Bedrock was almost classified as haplorthod, xerochrept and xerorthent.

Figure 143. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Rhododendron-Salal Association. Our plots occurred on a diversity of soil units as was 70 Cu ft/ac/yr (Table 121). The stockability of described by the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory these sites is low but the stocking in wild stands (Snyder et al. 1969). These soils are characterized tends to be very high. The empirical yield estimate as generally well drained, rapidly permeable and for this association was 69 cu ft/ac/yr. Growth of deep, although there are a number of units that are some measured stands fell well below these esti- quite different. The coarse fragments range from 5% mates. There is a marked variation in productivity to 70% near the surface and 5% to 100% in the potential within this type relative to environmental subsoils. zone. Zones 10 and 11 have a lower productivity potential and a greater problem with overstocking The mean summer soil temperature was 10.5 deg C (and potential height growth suppression), com- (50.7 deg F), which is cool for the Western Hemlock pared to the wetter zones 8 and 9. Zone. The temperature regime is frigid and the moisture regime is xeric to sometimes udic.

Nutrient analyses from eight samples indicate that Management Considerations these soils tend to be high in potassium and calcium, and low in total nitrogen compared to other Management considerations include regulation of types. The pH was 5.6 which is above average for stocking and enhancement of soil nutrients and or- the series. ganic matter. Stands in this type show a high tendency toward overstocking. Soil organic matter and nitrogen should be preserved. Fertilizing with nitro- Timber Productivity gen should enhance the productivity of this type, however enhancing organic matter and soil struc- Timber productivity of this type is low (Site V). This ture should increase the effectiveness of nitrogen is due to the dryness of the site and poor soils. Site fertilizer. Soil water limitations should be addressed index for Douglas-fir in neasured stands averaged by regulating stocking and maintaining relatively 88 (base 100) and 60 (base 50). The producthiity low number of trees per acre. W.1dhe values are potential using the site index-yield table approach important on this type, particularly for deer.

Table 121. Timber productivity values for the Western Hemlock/Rhododendron-Salal Association.

SITE SITE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI5 5D16 TREES GBA7 SIGBA8EMAI9

Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 19 88 88 26 70 478 82 257 71 69 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 39 39 88 20 70

Douglas-fir (King 3) 12 56 60 21 62 Western Hemlock (Wiley 4) 7 17 50 9 137 543 17 250

I Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only,ages 2510 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Reconnaissanceplots only, ages 2510 400 years. Base age 50, Breast height age (King 1966). ages 2510 120 years. Base age 50, Breast height age (Wiley 1978a,b), ages 25 to 120 years.

Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site index curve for the species (see Figure 189p. 496). 6 Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933).

7 Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table 174p. 494). 8 Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr. basedon the equation Sl*GBA*0.003 (Hall 1987). 9 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plotdata from stands 2010 300 years old (see Figure 190 p. 497). Root disease problems can include Armillaria root ter ants often live in butts of Douglas-fir decayed by disease and laminated root rot in Douglas-fir, and brown cubical butt rot. possibly annosus root disease in western hemlock. Armillaria root disease centers that develop on the- ComparIson wIth SImilar Types se sites may continue to be a problem in plantations past 30 to 40 years. Laminated root rot and Armillar- Similar types include Western Hemlock! ia root disease appear to represent the most serious Rhododendron-Oregongrape, Western Hemlock! problems on this type. Black stain root disease may Rhododendron/BeargraSS, dry Salal types such as occur in plantations of Douglas-fir. Heart andbutt Western Hemlock/Salal-Oceanspray and Western rots such as red ring rot, brown cubical butt rot and Hemlock/SalaVBeargrasS, and the Western Hemlock/Salal-Oregongrape type. The Western brown trunkrotareparticularlyimportantin Hemlock/RhododendrOn-Salal Association occurs Douglas-fir on these sites. Red ring rot can also be in the eastern Olympics and northern Cascades of expected on western hemlock. Hemlock dwarf Oregon. It was included in the more broadly defined mistletoe may occur in western hemlock. Western Hemlock/Rhododendron type by Hender- son and Peter (1 983a). It was recognized in Olympic Insect problems can include Douglas-fir beetle in National Park (Smith and Henderson 1986). In Ore- windthrown,stressed ordiseasedDouglas-fir. gon it is recognized on the Mt. Hood National Forest Western black headed budworm may be present on (Halverson etal. 1986) and Willamette National For- buds of Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Carpen- est (Hemstrom et al. 1987, Dyrness et al. 1976).

Figure 144. Photo of the Western Hemlock/RhododendrOn-Salal Association, DungenessRiver, Quilcene District.

345 WESTERN HEMLOCK1HODODENDRON/SWORDFERN Tsuga heterophylia/Rhociodendron macrophyllum/Polystichum munitum TSHE/RHMNPOMU CHS3 35 (OLY)

The Western Hemtock/Rhododendron/Swordfern Successional Helatlonships Association is a minor type of warm, moist microsites and moderate timber productivity. It occurs Early successional stages are dominated by in the drier climatic areas of the Olympics, particu- Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Climax stages are larly on the Quilcene and Hood Canal Districts (Fig- dominated by both western redcedar and western ure 145). Soils are mostly deep and moderately fine hemlock. textured, and derived from colluvium or glacial till. They are often subirrigated. The typical area of this type has burned once or twice in the last 300 years. Other Blots

Wildlife observations are limited for this type. Red Floristle Composition huckleberry and Alaska huckleberry were browsed. Western redcedar showed evidence of browsing by Dominant understory species (Table 122) are bear and porcupine. Douglas squirrel was heard. rhododendron, swordfem, Oregongrape (BENE) Bird observations include varied thrush, ruffed and salal (GASH), which are usually present in all grouse, red-shafted flicker,gray jay,chestnut- ages of stands, although they may be inconspicu- backed chickadee, golden-crowned kinglet, winter ous or absent in densely stocked second growth. wren, and woodpecker activity on a Douglas-fir Rhododendron often becomes established quickly snag. after clearcut or fire. Other species may include red huckleberry (VAPA), twinflower (LIBO2) and Alaska huckleberry (VAAL) in small amounts. The tree layer may be dominated by Douglas-fir, western hemlock, Tablel22.Common plants in theTSHEJRHMNPOMU western redcedar, or any combination of these trees Association, based on stands >150 years (n=3). (Figure 146). Stands in this type are sometimes overstocked. Most areas of this type have been cut over or burned. Therefore, little old-growth remains Abs. Rel. Common nameCode Cover Cover Const Ranqe and most stands are less than 80 years old. TREES Cryptogam data are limited to one old-growth and western hemlock TSHE 53.3 53.3 100 30-90 one young-growth stand. Ground moss cover aver- Douglas-fir PSME 40.0 40.0 100 35-45 aged 38%. Eurhynchium ore ganum was the domi- western redcedar THPL 33.3 33.3 100 15-45 nant species in the young-growth stand. The domi- silver fir ABAM 1.3 2.0 66 0-3 nantspeciesintheold-growth stand was GROUND VEGETA11ON Rhytidiopsis robusta; other common species in- rhododendron RHMA 24.7 24.7 100 9-50 clude Hylocomium splendens, Dicranum sp., Hyp- Oregongrape BENE 11.0 11.0 100 3-25 num circinale and Scapania bolanderi on down sworcifern POMU 8.7 8.7 100 8-10 wood or lower boles, Pie giothecium undulatum and red huckleberry VAPA 4.0 4.0 100 2-8 salal GASH 36.7 55.0 66 0-90 Rhytidiadelphus lore us. Data on epiphytes were on- twinflower LIBO2 1.7 2.5 66 0-4 ly recorded for the old-growth stand where Alectoria little prince's pine CHME 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 sarmentosa and Platismatia glauca were dominant, Alaska huckleberry VAAL 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 but not very abundant. Other species present were evergreen violet VISE 0.7 1.0 66 0-1 Hypogymnia enteromorpha, H. physodes, Sphaerophorus globosus and Platismatia herrei.

346 Environment and Soils are well drained and rapidly permeable. The coarse fragment fraction ranged from 25% to 65% near the This type occurs on moderate to steep, straight surface and 10% to 100% in the subsoils. No soil slopes, mainly on mid- to lower slope positions. pits were dug in this type. Slopes ranged from 19% to 77% and averaged 51%. The bedrock is usually metabasalt and the regolith The mean summer soil temperature was 10.1 deg C is usually colluvium, although glacial deposits may (50.2 deg F), which is cool for the Western Hemlock be encountered. Zone. The temperature regime is probably frigid and the moisture regime xeric to udic. Our plots occurred on soil units described by the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder et al. One soH sample was analyzed for nutrients, which 1969) as generally shallow coHuvium, but occasion- showed high sulfate and manganese compared to ally deep glacial sediments with compacted or ce- other types, but other nutrient levels were about mented subsoils. The coiluvial soils tend to be average. The pH was 5.5 which is slightly above shallow gravelly barns to very gravelly barns which average for the series.

Figure 145. Map of plot locations for the Western Hembock/Rhododendron/Swordfern Association.

347 Timber Productivity cause it is more productive and does not usually develop overstocked stand conditions.

Timber productivity of this type is moderate (Site IV). Root disease problems can include Armillaria root This is the most productive of the Rhododendron disease and laminated root rot in Douglas-fir, and dominated types, and occurs on favorable soils, possibly annosus root disease in western hemlock. usually on toe-slopes. Site index for Douglas-fir av- Armillaria root disease centers that develop on the- eraged 119 (base 100) and 86 (base 50). The pro- se sites may continue to be a problem in plantations ductivity potential using the site index-yield table past 30 to 40 years. Laminated root rot and Arm illar- approach was 115 cu ft/ac/yr (Table 123). There ia root disease appear to represent the most serious was no empirical yield estimate for this type. The problems on this type. Black stain root disease may stockability of these sites is moderate. occur in plantations of Douglas-fir. Heart and butt rots such as red ring rot, brown cubical butt rot and brown trunkrotareparticularlyimportantin Management Considerations Douglas-fir on these sites. Red ring rot can also be expected on western hemlock. The main management consideration is regulation of stocking. It is also important to maintain soil nutri- Insect problems can include Douglas-fir beetle in ents and organic matter. Soil organic matter and windthrown, stressedor diseasedDouglas-fir. nitrogen in the ecosystem should be preserved. Re- Western blackheaded budworm may be present on sponse to fertilizer in this type is still unknown. There buds of Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Carpen- is a wider range of management options for this ter ants often live in butts of Douglas-fir decayed by association than for other rhododendron types, be- brown cubical butt rot.

Table 123. Timber productivity values for the Western Hemlock/Rhododendron/Swordfern Association.

&FE SIrE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI5 SDI6 TREES GBA7 SIGBA8 EMAI

Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 3 14 119 24 115 363 13 286 110 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 5 5 118 13 110

Douglas-fir (King 3) 2 10 86 24 101

Western Hemlock (Wiley 4) 1 3 66 155 124 3 91

I Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plotsonly, ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Reconnaissance plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 50, Breast height age (KIng 1966). ages 25 to 120years. ' Base age 50. Breast height age (Wiley 1978ab),ages 25 to 120 years. 5 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site indexcu,ve for the species (see Figure 189 P. 496). Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933).

' Growth Basal Area (Halt 1987) (see Table 174p. 494). 8 Index of potential volume growth incu ft/ac/yr. based on the equation Sl*GBA*C.003 (Hall 1987).

348 Comparison with Similar Types occur in somewhat wetter areas. The Western Hemlock/RhododendrOn/SWOrdferfl Association is Similar types include other Rhododendron types previously recognized on the Suislaw National For- and dry Swordfern types. Western Hemlock! est in Oregon (Hemstrom and Logan 1986). it was and Western Hemlock! Rhododendron-Salal previously includedinthe Western Hemlock! Rhododendron-OregOflgraPe occur on drier sites. Rhododendron Association in the Olympics (Hen- The WesternHemiock/Oregongrape/SWOrdferfl and the Western Hemlock/Salal/SWOrdfern types derson and Peter 1 983a).

,* .3

-4 ,

4'. 1

Figure 146. Photo of the Western HemloCk/RhododefldrOfl/SWOrdferflAssociation, Jefferson Creek, Hood Canal District.

349 WESTERN HEMLOCKJSALAL Tsuga heterophyl!a/Gaultherja shal/on TSHE/GASH CHS1 31 (OLY)

The Western Hemlock/Salal Associationis a com- Other Blota mon type of moderately dry areas, warm soils and moderate to low timber productivity. Itis found Deer sign was frequently recorded throughout the Forest (Figure 147), andis some- on this type, with recent activity noted in early and late what variable in environment and productivitypo- summer. Red tential. Soils are shallow to deep, derived fromvery huckleberry and vine maple were themost com- stony colluvium, till or outwash, and oftenappear to monly browsed species. Other browse speciesin- be well drained. Stands in thistype have burned clude swordfern, salal, fool's huckleberry, Douglas- frequently in the past, which has contributedpartial- fir, beargrass, Oregongrape, baldhiprose, ly to the low fertility of these sites. mountain-ash and redstem ceanothus. Douglas squirrel, elk and mountain beaver signwere also frequently observed. Recent activity of elk Floristic ComposItIon and bear was noted in early summer. Snowshoe hare and tree frog were recorded. The dominant understory species (Table124) is salal. Few other shrubs or herbsare found, of these the most common are red huckleberry(VAPA), Birds frequently recorded were Wilson'swarbler, Alaska huckleberry (VAAL), Oregongrape(BENE) dark-eyed junco, Swainson's thrush andrufous and twinflower (LIBO2). Vine maple (ACCI)may be hummingbird.Otherbirdsincludedchestnut- common and abundant in young stands. Thetree backed chickadee, golden-crowned king let,pileat- layer is dominated by Douglas-fir andwestern hem- ed woodpecker, northern harrier, westernflycatch- lock with smaller amounts of western redcedar(Fig- er,Steller's jay,red-breasted nuthatch, brown ure 148). creeper, varied thrush, hermit thrush, rufous-sided towhee, black-throated gray and Townsend'swar- Cryptogam data for this type are mainlyfor young- blers, western tanager and woodpeckeractivity. growth stands between 45 and 60years. Ground mosses are moderate to abundant, ranging from 5% to 80% cover and averaging 38%. The dominant Table 124. Common plants in the TSHE/GASH mossisEurhynchium ore ganum, Hylocomium Association, based on stands >150years (n=12). splendens is generally codominant but lessabun- dant. Other common species include P/agiothecium undulatumandDicranumspp.Rhizomnium Abs. Rel. g/abrescens may occur on down wood.Epiphytes Common name Code CoverCover Const Ranqe are sparse to moderate in abundance. Thecommon TREES lichens include crustose species, Hypogymniaen- western hemlock teromorpha, H. inactiva, H. imshaugii, H.physodes, TSHE 53.4 53.4 100 10-99 and the liverworts Frul/ania and Pore//a. Douglas-fir PSME 26.2 31.5 83 0-70 western redcedar THPL 15.3 23.0 66 0-35 Pacific yew TABR 0.7 2.0 33 0-3 silver fir ABAM 0.7 4.0 16 0-6 Successional Relationships GROUND VEGETATiON There are two probable successional salal GASH 6.4.2 64.2 100 1-99 pathways for red huckleberry VAPA 4.7 4.7 100 1-15 this type. One dominated by Douglas-fir, theother Oregongrape BENE 1.1 1.6 66 0-3 by western hemlock, although the latteris much Alaska huckleberry vAAL 1.9 3.3 58 0-5 less common. Later seral stages twinflower LIBO2 1.3 2.7 50 0-10 are often dominat- fool's huckleberry ed by both Douglas-fir and western hemlock; MEFE 0.9 2.2 41 0-4 west- swordfern POMIJ 0.5 1.5 33 0-3 ern hemlock and western redcedar dominatethe vine maple ACCI 1.3 4.0 33 0-7 climax stand. vanillaleaf ACTR 0.4 1.3 33 0-2 deerfern BLSP 1.8 7.0 25 0-15 bracken fern 350 PTAQ 0.8 2.2 16 0-4 About two-thirds of our plots occurred on soil units Environment and Soils described by the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder et a!, 1969) as glacial regolith and about This type can occur on flat to steep, generally one-third occurred on colluvium. Most of these soil straight, upper slopes to valley bottoms and ter- units are moderately to well drained with rapidly races, but rarely in wet bottom situations.The slope permeable surface horizons and moderately to varied from 0% to 100% and averaged 38%. slowly permeable subsois. Coarse fragments range Bedrock is sedimentary or metabasalt. The regolIth from 5% to 65% near the surface and 5% to 100%in is coliuvial or glacial. the subsoil.

The mean summer soil temperature was 12.5 deg C Two soil pits in this type show weak to moderatesoil (54.5 deg F) which is warm for the Western Hemlock development. Both had duripans at 60 to 70 cm Zone. The temperature regime is probably mesic effectively rendering these soils shallow. The texture and the moisture regime is probably xeric. varied from gravelly silt loam to gravelly sandy loam and the coarse fragment fraction averaged43% Two soil samples were analyzed for nutrients, which which is above average. The 01 was 1.5 cm andthe showed very low magnesium, low nitrogen and or- 02 was 8.5 cm which is thicker than average.The ganic matter but high sulfate and manganese com- rooting depth to the duripan was about 70 cm. The pared to other types. The sodium content was lower root mass also occupied the 02. Theseprofiles are than any other associaton tested. The pH was5.3 both classified as durochrepts. which is average for the series.

Figure 147. Map of plot locations for the WesternHemlock/Salal Association.

351 Timber Productivity atthough elk sign was also observed. Someyoung- growth standsoffer good browsefordeer, Timber productivity of this type is moderate (Site IV). especially from red huckleberry. Site index of Douglas-fir averaged 113 (base 100) and 83 (base 50). The productivity potential using Root disease problems can include Armillariaroot the site index-yield table approach was 106cu ft/ disease and laminated root rot in Douglas-fir, and ac/yr (Table 125). The empirical yield estimatewas possibly annosus root disease in western hemlock. 122 cu ft/ac/yr. The stockability of these sites is Armillaria root disease centers that developon the- moderate. se sites may continue to be a problem in plantations past 30 to 40 years. Laminated root rot and Armillar- Ia root disease appear to represent the most serious Management Considerations problems on this type. Black stain root diseasemay occur in plantations of Douglas-fir. Heart and butt Management considerations include ensuring rapid rots such as red ring rot, brown cubical butt rot and initial stocking and enhancement of soil nutrients brown trunkrotareparticularly importantin and organic matter. Accumulated soil organicmat- Douglas-fir on these sites. Red ring rot can also be ter and nitrogen should be preserved by not burn- expected on western hemlock. Hemlock dwarf ing sites in this type if fuel loadings and risk from mistletoe may occur in older western hemlock. adjacent stands permit; however salal competition can be severe and burning for brush control may be Insect problems can include Douglas-fir beetlein needed. Fertilizing with nitrogen should enhance windthrown, stressedor diseased Douglas-fir. the productivity of this type, however enhancing Western blackheaded budworm may bepresent on organic matter and soil structure should increase buds of Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Carpen- the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizer. This type of- ter ants often live in butts of Douglas-fir decayed by fers moderate wildlife values, particularty for deer, brown cubical butt rot.

Table 125. Timber productivity values forthe Western Hemlock/Salal Association.

srr srr GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI6 SDI TREES GBA8 SIGBA9 EMAI1°

Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 15 80 113 20 106 348 71 182 60 122 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 17 17 115 29 102 Douglas-fir (King 3) 14 79 83 13 97 Western Hemlock (Barnes 4) 2 2 113 16 166 312 106 Western Hemlock Niley 6 ) 20 84 22 180 426 10 312

Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930).Intensive plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Reconnaissance plots only,ages 25 to 400 yea,s. Base age 50, Breast height age (KIng 1966),ages 25 to 120 years. 4 Base age 100, Total age (Barnes 1962). Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to400 years. Base age 50, Breast height age (Wiley 1978a,b),ages 25 to 120 years. 8 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site Index curve for the species (see Figure189 p. 496). Stand Density Index (Reinecice 1933).

8 Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987)(see Table 174 p. 494). Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr basedon the equation Sl*GBA*o.003 (Hall 1987). Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure 190p. 497).

352 Comparison with Similar Types Districts. The Western Hemlock/Salal Association is widely recognized however it is used in a more Similar typesinclude Western Hemlock/Salal- limited sense here. As a type, it is recognized in Oregong rape which occurs on slightlymoister sites, virtually all classifications from the central Oregon and the Western Hemlock/Salal/BeargraSStype, Cascades toBritishColumbia. Our Western shallower or which occurs on slightly drier and Hernlock/Salal-OregOflgrape and Western Hem- is also related to the Western coarser soils.it lock/Salal-OceaflSPraY types were previouslyin- Hemlock/RhOdOdendrOfl'SaIaI type which occurs in drier areas, mostly on the Hood Canaland Quilcene cluded in this type (Henderson and Peter 1983a).

Figure 148. Photo of the WesternHemiock/Salal Association, young-growth stand of Douglas-fire Big Creek, Hood Canal District.

353 WESTERN HEMLOCKJSALAL/BEARGRASS Tsuga heterophylla/GauI(herjashallon/Xerophyllum tena.x TSHE/GASH/XETE CHS1 32

The Western Hemlocklsalal/aeargrassAssociation Successional Relationships is a minor type of warm dry sitesand low timber productivity. it occurs in Environmental Zones 8and The common successional pathway is 9 on the Hood Canal District (Figure149), where it dominated occurs primarily along upper slopes at lower eleva- by Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Climaxstages tions or on low flats. Soils are mostlyshallow and are dominated by both western redcedar andwest- derived from colluvium, or theymay be deep but ern hemlock. very coarse and well drained. Typical soilsappear to be low in nitrogen and potassium. Muchof this type has burned several times in the last500 years. Other Blots A wet phase of this type occurson very wet soils in the Matheny Block of the Quinault District. Deer sign was frequently observedon this type, with signs of recent activity recorded inlate July and Floristic Composition early September. The most commonlybrowsed species was red huckleberry; vine maple, bracken- Dominant understory species (Table 126)are salal, fern and swordfern were also browsed.Other beargrass, vine maple (ACCI) and Oregongrape wildlife observations were recorded for elk,moun- (BENE), which are usually present inall ages of tain beaver and Douglas squirrel. stands, although they may be inconspicuousor absent in densely stocked second growth. Beargrass, salal, vine maple and bracken fern (PTAQ)can resprout or become established quickly after clearcut Table 1 26.Common plants in theTSHE/GASH/xErE or fire. Other shrubs may include red huckleberry Association, based on stands >150years (n=23). (VAPA). Prince's pine (CHUM), twinflower(LIBQ2) and swordfern (POMU) often occur. Thewet phase is characterized by false lily-of-the-valley(MADI2), Abs. Rel. deerfern (BLSP) and skunkcabbage (LYAM).The Common name Code CoverCover Const Ranqe tree layer may be dominated by Douglas-fir,western hemlock, western redcedar, or any TREES combination of western hemlock TSHE 53.1 53.1 100 9.99 these trees (Figure 150). Standsmay be slow to Douglas-fir PSME 36.0 39.4 91 0-80 regenerate. Most areas of this type have been western redcedar cut THPL 9.0 14.7 60 0-55 over. Pacific yew TABR 1.9 4.4 43 0-9 silver fir ABAM 1.0 4.0 26 0-10 Pacific dogwood CONU 0.8 3.6 21 0-6 Ground mosses in old-growth standsare moderate cascara RHPU 0.3 2.7 13 0-5 to abundant, with cover values ranging from lodgepole pine 5% to PICO 1.0 11.5 8 0-15 western white pine 85% and averaging 48%. Eurhynchiumore ganum is PIMO 0.3 3.5 8 0-5 the most common species. Other species include GROUND VEGETATION R/iytidiopsis robusta, Hylocomium splendens,P!eu- salal GASH 50.0 50.0 100 4-95 rozjum sc/ire ben, Homalot/iecjum megaptilum, beargrass R/iy- XETE 15.3 15.3 100 2-80 tidiadeiphus loreus, Dicranum Orogongrape sp., and Hypnum BENE 5.6 6.1 91 0-25 red huckleberry circinale and Scapania bolanderion down wood VAPA 3.9 4.3 91 0-25 vine maple and lower boles. Epiphytic lichens ACCI 17.0 19.6 86 0.55 are sparse to twinflower LIBO2 1.7 2.1 78 0-8 moderate in abundance. The common swordfern species in- POMU 1.2 1.9 60 0-5 clude Hypogymnia enteromorpha, prince's pine Alectonia sarmen- CHUM 1.0 1.6 60 0-6 vanillaleaf tosa and Platismatia glauca. ACTR 0.7 1.3 52 0-3 little prince's pine CHME 0.5 1.0 52 0-1

354 Birds frequently observed were chestnut-backed the mountain slope the soils were shallow. The soil chickadee, common raven and golden-crowned on the glacial terrace was renderedeffectively shal- kinglet. Other birds recorded include red-tailed low by a duripan at 67 cm. Coarse fragments aver- hawk, Cooper's hawk, red-shafted flicker, western aged 46% which is a little above average. The 01 flycatcher,Steller's jay,red-breasted nuthatch, averaged 2.3 cm (about average) and the 02 aver- brown creeper, winter wren, Swainson's thrushand aged 3.3 cm, which is below average. The rooting dark-eyed junco. depth extended to 82cm, which is deep, and up into the 02, The water holding capacity is low due to a combination of coarse texture and coarse frag- Environment and Soils ments.

This type occurs on flat to steep, straight slopes. Our plots occurred on soil units described by the The majority of the plots occur on mid- to upper Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder et al. slopes with colluvial regolith, while fewer plots are 1969) as generally shallow or effectively shallow benches on on glacial drift along flats or broad (due to compacted subsoils), gravelly to very grav- plains, or near river bottoms. Slopes range from 0% elly sandy to silt barns. Most are colluvial underlain to 78% and averaged 47%. Bedrock is usuallybasalt by metabasalt with some on glacial terrace. They but a few plots occurred in areas of sedimentary are all well drained and rapidlypermeable except for rocks. some of the compacted subsoils inglacial material. The coarse fragment fraction ranges from 15% to Soils tend to be poorly developed. Texture is gravelly to very gravelly sandy loam. Two pits were dug on 65% near the surface and 50% to 100% in the sub- mountain slopes and one on a glacial terrace. On soils.

Figure 149. Map of plot locations for the WesternHembock/SaIal/BeargrasS Association.

355 The mean summer soil temperature was 13.4 deg C nance of soil nutrients and organic matter is critical (56.1 deg F), which indicates that this type is rela- in this type. Response to fertilizer in this type is still tively warm. The elevation and environmentalzones where most of the plots occur would indicate a mid- unknown. Red alder cannot be easily cultivatedon to warm frigid temperature regime. The moisture this type, so it is probably not a management option. regime is probably xeric. Douglas-firis the preferred species. Beargrass and/or salal can pose brush problems. This type Nutrient analyses of three samples indicate that has moderate wildlife values, mostly for deer. soils in this type may be high in phosphorus and sulfate, and low in organic matter, total nitrogen and boron compared to other types. The pH was 5.5 Root disease problems can include Armillaria root which is a little above average for the series. disease and laminated root rot in Douglas-fir, and possibly annosus root disease in western hemlock. Timber Productivity Armillaria root disease centers that develop on these sites may continue to be a problem in plantations Timber productivity of this type is moderately low past 30 to 40 years. Laminated root rot and Armillar- (Site IV or V). This is often due to the dryness of the ia root disease appear to represent the most serious site, the well-drained soils and poor nutrient regime. problems. Black stain root disease may occur in Site index for Douglas-fir averaged 89 (base 100) on plantations of Douglas-fir. Heart and butt rots such Intensive plots and 102 on Reconnaissance plots. The productivity potential using the site index-yield as red ring rot, brown cubical butt rot and brown table approach averaged 79 Cu ft/ac/yr (Table 127). trunk rot are particularly important in Douglas-firon The empirical yield estimate was 69 Cu ft/ac/yr. The these sites. Red ring rot can also be expectedon stockability of these sites is moderate to low. western hemlock.

Management Considerations Insect pro'kms can include Douglas-fir beetle in windthrow, stressedor diseasedDouglas-fir. Management considerations include soil mainte- Western blackheaded budworm may be presenton nance and ensuring suitable regeneration. Mainte- buds of Douglas-fir and western hemlock.

Table 127. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/Salal/Beargrass Association.

SIrE SIrE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI6 SDI7 TREES GBA6 SIGBA9 EMAI1°

Douglas-fir (McArcile 1) 6 26 89 11 71 447 25 245 65 69 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 13 13 102 19 87 Douglas-fir (King 3) 3 12 73 2 73 Western Hemlock (lNiIey 4) 2 2 63 21 152 386 2 234 Lodgepole Pine (Hegyi 5) 2 4 74 5 50 334 4 150 34

I Base age 100. Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100. Total age (McArdle and Meyer1930). Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 50, Breast heightage (tOng 1966), ages 25 to 120 years. Base age 50, Breast height age (Wiley 1978a,b), ages 25 to 120years. 5 Base age 100, Total age (Hegyi et at. 1979). 6 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the Site index curve for the species (see Figure 189p. 496). 7 Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933).

8 Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table174 P. 494).

Index of potential volume growth in Cu ft/ac/yr. based on the equation Sl*GBA*0.003(Hall 1987). 10 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure 190p. 497). 356 Comparison with Similar Types tions with more snow. Western Hemlock/Salal- Oceanspray is a similar type of drier areas. The Similar types include the Salal types. The Western Western Hemlock/Salai/BeargraSs Association is Hemiock/Salal-OregOngraPe type occurs on cooler only recognized in the Olympic Mountains. In Mt. and wetter sites. The Western Hemlock/Salal type is Rainier National Park it appears to have been in- slightlywetter.The WesternHemlock/Alaska cluded inthe more broadly defined Western Huckleberry/BeargraSS type occurs at higher eleva- Hemlock/Salal Association (Franklin et al. 1988).

,t.

4r H

Figure 150. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Salai/BeargrassAssociation, near La Bar Pass, Hood Canal District.

357 WESTERN HEMLOCK/SALAL..EVERGREEN HUCKLEBERRY Tsuga hcterophylla/Gaultherja shallon-Vacciniumovatum TSHE/GASH-VAOV2 CHS1 33

The Western Hemlock/Salal-Evergreen Huckleberry max stages are dominated by both western red- Association is a minor type of warm sites and mod- cedar and western hemlock. erate timber productivity. It is found mostly in the vicinity of Seal Rock on the Quilcene District (Figure 151), although it is common in adjacent areas off the Other Blota Forest. Slopes are gentle. Soils are mostly deep and derived from continental glacial till. The typicalarea Wildlife observations are limited to two plots for this of this type has burned several times in the last 500 type. Deer sign, Douglas squirrel and shrewwere years. recorded.

Bird observations are also limited totwo plots. Florlstic CompositIon Chestnut-backed chickadee,red-breastednuthatch, golden-crowned kinglet, winterwren, Ameri- can robin, dark-eyed junco and pine siskin Dominant understory shrubs (Table 128)are salal, were recorded. evergreen huckleberry, oceanspray (HODI), rhododendron (RHMA), Oregongrape (BENE), red huckleberry (VAPA) and occasionally vine maple (ACCI). Common understoryherbsinclude swordfern Table 128. Common plants in theTSHE/GASH- (POMU), twinflower (LIBO2) and bracken fern VAOV2 Association (n=4).* (PTAQ). Salal, evergreen huckleberry and oceanspray become establishedquicklyafter Abs. Rel. clearcut or fire. The tree layer may be dominated by Common name CodeCoverCover Const Ranqe Douglas-fir, western hemlock, western redcedar,or TREES any combination of these trees (Figure 152).

Douglas-fir PSME 69.7 69.7 100 45-99 western redcedar Cryptogam data are limited to two young-growth THPL 30.0 30.0 100 15-80 western hemlock TSHE 14.7 14.7 100 4-25 plots, with stand ages of 55 and 79 years. Cover madrone of ARME 6.3 12.5 50 0-15 big leaf maple ground mosses was moderate, with anaverage of ACMA 2.8 5.5 50 0-10 Scouler's willow 17%. Eurhynchium oreganum was most abundant SASC 2.0 8.0 25 0-8 grand fir ABGR 0.3 1.0 25 0-1 on both plots. Other species include Hylocomium red alder ALRU 0.3 1.0 25 0-1 splendens, Plagiothecium undulatum,Cladonia spp. and Peltigera sp. Epiphytic lichens and moss- GROUND VEGETA11ON salal es were sparse, which may relate to the stand GASH 67.5 67.5 100 35-85 age evergreen or stocking. Isothecium stoloniferum and crustose huckleberry VAOV2 8.8 8.8 100 5-15 lichens were most common. rhododendron RHMA 4.3 4.3 100 1-7 swordfern POMU 4.0 4.0 100 1-9 Oregongrape BENE 2.8 2.8 100 1-6 oceanspray HODI 1.5 1.5 100 1-2 Successional RelatIonshIps red huckleberry VAPA 3.3 4.3 75 0-5 trailing blackberry RUUR 0.8 1.0 75 0-1 twinflower Successional pathways are dominated by Douglas- L1802 1.5 3.0 50 0-4 bracken fern PTAQ 0.5 1.0 50 0-1 fir, western redcedar and/or westernhemlock. Cli- * Stand ages range from 55to 98 years.

358 Environment end Sofla Our plots occurred on soil units described by the Olympic Soil Resource inventory (Snyder et al. 1969) as deep continental glacial drift over basalt. This type occurs on gentle, straight or concave Surface soils tend to be gravelly and very gravelly positions. The slopes, usually on lower or toe-slope sandy loam and loam. Subsoils consist of stratified averaged 17%. slope ranged from 7% to 24% and sandy gravel and very gravelly sandy silt barns that by Bedrock is probably metabasalt but is buried are weakly to moderately compacted. Thesesoils deep continental glacial deposits. are well to imperfectly drained with rapidsurface permeability and moderate subsoil permeability. Soil development was poorly expressed in onesoil Coarse fragments range from 35% to 60% near the pit profile. The C horizon occurred at 79 cm and was surface and 65% to 100% in the subsoils. strongly compacted and cemented. There were 59% coarse fragments in the profilewhich is fairly No soil temperature data were taken on our plotsof high compared to most other types. Therooting this type, but the elevation and environmental zones depth was to the hardpan (77 cm) and upinto the indicate a mesic temperature regime and a xeric 02. The 01 layer was 3 cm thick and the02 was 6 moisture regime. cm. Both of these are near averagecompared to other types. The texture was very gravellyloamy Nutrient analysis from one sample showed low ni- sand and sand. Coarse texture and coarsefrag- trogen, sodium, boron and zinc, and highsulfate ments combine to make this a very drouthysoil. This compared to other types. The pH was 5.7 which is soil was classified a durochrept. above the average for the series.

Figure 151. Map of plot locations for the Western Hembock/Salal-EvergreeflHuckleberry Association.

359 Timber Productivity Root disease problems may include laminatedroot rot on Douglas-fir,Armiliariaroot disease on Timber productivity for this type is moderate(Site Douglas-fir and western hemlock, andannosus root III). Site index of Douglas-fir averaged134 (base disease on western hemlock. Whenpresent, lami- 100) and 103 (base 50). The productivitypotential nated root rot is the most serious diseaseof using the site index-yield table approachwas 136 Douglas-fir on this type. Armillaria root diseasecan Cu ft/ac/yr for Douglas-fir (Table 129). The empirical be a major problem on Douglas-fir plantationsup to yield estimate was 122 cu ft/ac/yr. Thestockability about 30 years, when impact should lessen. Black of these sites is moderate. stain root disease may occur in Douglas-fir plantations. Heart and butt rots of concernare brown cubical butt rot, red ring rot and brown trunkrot on Management ConsIderatIons Douglas-fir, especially old-growth. Annosusroot disease can heavily damage western hemlockafter Management considerations include controlling 120 years of age, and red ring rot may bepresent on western hemlock also. brush competition and maintenance of soilnutrients and organic matter. Response to fertilizer in this Insect problems may include hemlock looper type is still unknown. Red alder apparently on cannot western hemlock, western blackheaded budworm be cultivated on this type. Douglas-firis the pre- on western hemlock and Douglas-fir, and Douglas- ferred species. Salal and/or evergreen huckleberry fir beetle on diseased, windthrown,or stressed can pose brush problems. Douglas-fir.

Table 129. Timber productivity values for the Western Hemlock/Salal-Evergreen HuckleberryAssociation.

sirE sirE C3BA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES IND s.d. CMAI5 So16 TREES GSA7 SIGBA6 EMAI9

Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 2 10 134 1 136 504 10 582 233 122 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 2 2 129 5 127 Douglas-fir (King 3) 2 10 103 7 141 Western Hemlock Viley 4) 2 3 91 14 189 504 3 236

1 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Reconnaissance plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 50, Breast heightage (King 1966), ages 25 to 120 years. 4 Base age 50. Breast heightage (Wiley 1978a,b), ages 25 to 120 years. Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site index curve for the species (see Figure 189p. 496). 6 Stajid Density Index (Reinecke1933). 7 Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987)(see Table 174 p. 494). Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr. basedon the equation SI*GBA*0.003 (Hall 1987). Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure 190p. 497).

360 Comparison with Similar Types er elevation sites. The Western Hemlock/Salal! Swordfern type occurs on similar topographic Similartypes include Western Hemlock/Satal- positions but on finer textured soils or in wetter envi- Oregongrape, Western Hemlock/Salal and Western ronmental zones. The Western Hemlock/Salat- Hemlock/Rhododendron-S alal. The Western Evergreen Huckleberry Association is not previous- and Western Hemlock/Salal-Oregongrape ly recognized. It was earlier considered part of the Hemlock/Salal types occur on somewhat moister soils or at higher elevations. The Western Hemlock! Western Hemlock/Salal type (Henderson and Peter Rhododendron-Salal type occurs on colder or high- 1983a).

4. r

Figure 152. Photo of the Western Henhlock/Saiai-Evergreen Huckleberry Association, Seal Rock Campground, Quilcene District.

361 WESTERN HEMLOCK/SALAL..00EANSPRAV Tsuga heterophyl!a/Gaultheria shallon-Holodiscusdiscolor TSHE/GASH-HoDI CHS1 34

The Western Hemlock/Salal-Oceanspray Associa- are often dominated by Douglas-fir with some west- tion isa type of dry areas, warm soils and moder- ern hemlock. Western hemlock and western red- ately low timber productivity. It is found mostly on cedar dominate the climax stand, althoughgiven the Quilcene District (Figure 153). Soils are typically the fire history of this type, this standcondition is shallow, derived from very stony colluvium,till or extremely rare. outwash, and appear to be well drained. Standsin this type have burned frequently in thepast, which has contributed partially to the low fertilityof these Other Biota sites. Deer sign, particularly browse,was frequently observed on this type, with signs of Floristic ComposItIon recent activity recorded in early August.Red huckleberryand oceanspraywerethe most commonly browsed The dominant understory species (Table130) are species; fireweed, thimbleberry, blackcap,grand fir salal, oceanspray, Oregongrape (BENE) andbald- and Douglas-fir were also browsed. Observations hip rose (ROGY). Herbs are sparse but may include were recorded for Douglas squirrel, chipmunk and twinf lower (LIBO2), prince's pine(CHUM),vanillaleaf snowshoe hare. (ACTR)and swordfern(POMU).The tree layer is dominated by Douglas-fir, with smaller amounts of American robins were frequently observed; western redcedar and western hemlock (Figure other birds recorded were chestnut-backedchickadee, 154). Old-growth stands in this typeare often about gray jay and olive-sided flycatcher. 300 years old, having originated fromfires about 280 and 320 years ago.

Data on ground mosses and lichensare limited for Table 130.Common plants in the TSHE/GASH-.HODI this type to two young-growth plots andthree old- Association, based on stands >150 years (n=5). growth plots. The young stands were quitedifferent, one had only 1% cover of ground moss. Theother standhad 60% coverwhere Rhacomitrjum Abs. Rel. canescens, R. Ianuginosum, R. heterostichum and Common name Code Cover Cover Const Rancie Cladonia spp. were the most abundant species. TREES Moss cover on the old-growth plots variedfrom 12% Douglas-fir to 95%. Hylocomium splendenswas the most com- PSME 60.0 60.0 100 35-75 western hemlock TSHE 24.0 24.0 100 5-45 mon moss, Rhytidiadeiphus triquetrus andEu- western redcedar THPL 6.0 10.0 60 0-20 rhynchium ore ganum were less abundant.Data on grand fir ABGR 6.0 15.0 40 0-25 epiphytes are limited to one old-growthplot, where they occurred in moderate abundance.The com- GROUND VEGETATION mon species were Hypogymnia enferomorpha, salal GASH 62.0 62.0 100 20-95 H. Oregongrape BENE 13.6 13.6 100 4-35 physodes, Platismatja glauca, Alectoriasarmentosa, oceanspray HODI 3.0 3.0 100 1-4 and the liverwort Frullanja sp. baidhip rose ROGY 2.6 2.6 100 1-4 twinflower LIBO2 2.0 2.0 100 1-5 princes pine CHUM 1.2 1.2 100 1-2 van illaleaf ACTA 1.8 2.3 80 0-4 Successlonel felatlonshIps creeping Snowberry SYMO 1.0 1.3 80 0-2 swordfern POMU 1.4 2.3 60 0-4 There is one probable successional re huckleberry VAPA 1.2 2.0 60 0-4 pathway for this Scouler's harebell CASC2 type, dominated by Douglas-fir. Later 0.8 1.3 60 0-2 seral stages raftlesnako plantain 0008 0.8 1.3 60 0-2 starflower TRLA2 0.8 1.3 60 0-2 pachistima PAMY 0.6 1.0 60 0-1

362 the Environment and Soils 20% to 70% near the surface and 35% to 80% in subsoils. Textures are generally gravelly barns, silt This type occurs on flat to steep, straight to convex, barns and sandy barns. They are well drained and mainly mid- to upper slopes. The slope ranged from rapidly permeable. The glacial soils tend to have 3% to 100% with a mean of 52%. Bedrock can be similar textures and coarse fragments ranging from metabasalt or sandstone. This type is usually found 5% to 65% near the surface and 5% to 80% in the on colluvium, although it may occur onglacial sedi- subsoils. Although they are deep, they tend to have compacted or cemented subsoils which may render ments. them effectively shallow. Our plots generally occurred on soil units described C by the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder et The mean summer soil temperature was 11.9 deg al. 1969) as colluvial soils. These soils are mostly (53.4 deg F) which is about average for the Western shallow (one to three feet) with metabasalt orsedi- Hemlock Zone. The temperature regime is cool to mentary bedrock. Coarse fragments rangefrom mid-frigid and the moisture regime is mesic.

Figure 153. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemtock/SaIai-OceansprayAssociation.

363 Timber Productivity tions. Because of the warm exposed siteconditions where this type occurs and the dense salaldominat- Timber productivity of this type is moderatelylow ed ground vegetation,it offers low to moderate (Site IV). Site index of measured standsaveraged wildlife values in mature and old-growthstands. 104 (base 100) and 83 (base 50). Theproductivity Young-growth offers moderate to good browsefor potential using the site index-yield table approach deer. was 94 cu ft/ac/yr (Table 131). The empirical yield estimate was 69 Cu ft/ac/yr. The stockability ofthese sites is low. Root disease problems can include Armillariaroot disease and laminated root rot in Douglas-fir,and possibly annosus root disease in western hemlock. Management Considerations Armillaria root disease centers that developon these sites may continue to be a problem in plantations Management considerations include ensuringrapid past 30 to 40 years. Laminated root rot and Armillar- initial stocking and enhancement of soilnutrients, ia root disease appear to represent themost serious organic matter, and preservation of the shallow soil problems on this type. Black stain root diseasemay litter layer. When this type occurson steep slope occur in plantations of Douglas-fir. Heart and butt positions there is an increased problem fromsur- rots such as red ring rot, brown cubical butt rot and face erosion and unraveling. Accumulatedsoil or- brown trunkrotareparticularlyimportantin ganic matter and nitrogen should bepreserved, and Douglas-fir on these sites. Red ring rotcan also be the litter layer should be kept intact to help keepthe expected on western hemlock. unstable soilin place.Fertilizing with nitrogen should enhance the productivity of this type,howev- Insect problems can include Douglas-firbeetle in er enhancing organic matter and soil structure windthrown,stressed or diseasedDouglas-fir. should increase the effectiveness of nitrogen fertiliz- Western blackheaded budworm may bepresent on er. The steepness of slope and instability of the soil buds of Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Carpen- in many stands of this type should be considered ter ants often live in butts of Douglas-fir decayedby when planning commercial thinning in thesesitua- brown cubical butt rot.

Table 131. Timber productivity values forthe Western Hemlock/Salal-Oceanspray Association.

srr rrE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI4 SDI5 TREES GBA6 SIGBA7 EMAI8 Douglas-fir (McArdle I) 2 10 104 7 94 272 10 232 72 69 Douglas-fir (McArclle 2) 13 13 101 18 87 Douglas-fir (King 3) 1 5 83 95

Base age 100, Total age (McArdie and Meyer 1930), Intensive plotsonly, ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400years. 3 Base age 50. Breast heightage (King 1966), ages 25 to 120 yeais. Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site indexcurve for the species (see Figure 189 p. 496). Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933). Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table 174 p. 494). 7 Index of potential volume growth inCu ft/ac/yr. based on the equation Sl*GBA*0.003 (Hall 1987). B Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure 190p. 497).

364 Comparison with Similar Types previously recognized.Itissimilar to Western Hemlock/OCeaflSpray Association recognized on Similar types include Western Hemlock/Salal- the old Shelton District (Henderson and Peter Oregong rape which occurs on slightly moister sites 1981a). It is also similar to the Western Hemlock- and the Western HemlocklSalal/BeargraSS type, Douglas-f ir/Oceanspray Association recognized on It which occurs on slightly drier and shallower soils. the Mt. Hood National Forest (Halverson etal. 1986). totheWesternHemlock! is alsorelated it may be widespread in the Puget Trough of west- Rhododendron-Salal type which occurs in drier ar- ern Washington but it is not yet formally described eas, but on flatter sites and coldersoils. The West- ern Hemlock/Salal-OCeaflSpraYAssociation is not there.

Figure 154. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Salal-OceanaprayAssociation, Gold Creek, Quilcene District.

365 WESTERN HEMLOCK/SALAL-OREGONGRAPE Tsuga heterophylla/Gau/theria shallon-Berberisnervosa TSHE/GASH-BENE CHS2 35

The Western Hemlock/Salal-Oregongrape Associa- Other Blota tion is a type of moderately dryareas, warm soils, and moderate timber productivity. it is found com- Deer sign was frequently observed on this type. Red monly in the South Fork Skokomish, but also in the huckleberry, swordfern, vine maple, Wynoochee and along the eastern front of the oceanspray, serviceberry,Oregongrape, Olympics (Figure 155). Soils are shallow to deep, trailingblackberry, western redcedar and bracken fern showed evi- derived from very stony colluvium, tillor outwash. dence of browse. Douglas squirrel was frequently observed. Other wildlife observations include elk, Floristic Composition recent mountain beaver activity in late spring and early summer, black bear, chipmunk, garter snake The dominant understoty species (Table 132) is and red-legged frog. salal. Other shrubs include Oregongrape, red huckleberry (VAPA) and vine maple (ACCI). Herbsare Birdsfrequentlyrecordedwerered-breasted sparse but may include twinfiower (LIBO2), vanil- nuthatch, winter wren, golden-crowned kinglet, laleaf(ACTR), swordfern (POMU) and trillium Swainson's thrush, dark-eyed junco and rufous (TROV). The tree layer is dominated by Douglas-fir hummingbird. Other birds observed include red- and western hemlock with smaller amounts of west- shafted flicker, pileated woodpecker, western fly- ern redcedar (Figure 156). catcher, Steller's jay, common crow, gray jay, black- capped chickadee, varied thrush and hermit thrush. Ground mosses are generally moderate to abundant on this type, varying from 2% to 95%cover in our sample plots. Moss cover averaged 29% for Tablel 32.Common plants in the TSHE/GASH-BENE stands under 140 years, and 36% for standsover Association, based on stands >150 140 years. The most common species inyoung years (n=16). stands is Eurhynchium oreganum; P/a giothecium undulatum and species of Po/ytrichum, Dicranum, Cladonia and Peltigera may also occur. The most Abs. Rel. Common name Code common and abundant moss in old-growth stands Cover Cover Const Ranqe is Hy/ocomium splendens. Epiphytes are sparseto TREES moderate in abundance. The common species in- western hemlock TSHE 45.6 45.6 100 2-99 clude Hypogymnia enteromorpha, Platismatia glau- Douglas-fir PSME 50.6 54.0 93 0-85 Ca, Sphaerophorus g/obosus and Alectoria sarmen- western redcedar THPL 5,0 7.3 68 0-20 tosa in small amounts. The nitrogen-fixer Lobaria Pacific yew TABR 0.9 3.5 25 0-7 silver fir ore gana may occur in stands older than 150 years. ABAM 0.3 2.0 12 0-2 GROUND VEGETATION salal GASH 63.4 63.4 100 15-95 Successional Relationships red huckleberry VAPA 10.7 10.7 100 2-60 Oregongrape BENE 9.9 9.9 100 1-30 vine maple AcCI There are two probable successional pathways for 6.3 8.3 75 0-40 twinf lower LIBO2 11.4 16.6 68 0-60 this type. One dominated by Douglas-fir, the other vanillaleaf ACTR 1.8 2.8 62 0-15 by western hemlock, although the latter is much swordfern POMU 0.9 1.4 62 0-2 trillium less common. Later seral stages are often dominat- TROV 0.6 1.0 62 0-1 trailing blackberry R(JUR 0.7 1.2 56 ed by both Douglas-fir and western hemlock. West- 0-3 rattlesnake-plantain GOOB 0.6 1.0 56 0-1 ern hemlock and western redcedar dominate the climax stand.

366 Environment and Soils bedrock and averaged 64 cm. Roots also occupied 2.9 cm of the 02. The 01 averaged 2.0 cm (about This type occurs on fiat to steep slopes of various average) and the 02 averaged 3.1 cm which is thin. configurations and positions. It occurs most often These soils are about average to a slightly below on either mid- to upper slopes or benches.Slopes average in their water holding capacity. The collu- ranged from 0% to 85% and averaged 36%. vial soil was a haplorthod and the glacial soils in- Bedrock is usually metabasalt. Regolith may be col- cluded a dystrandept, haplorthod anda luvium, or less often glacial material. durochrept.

Four pits were dug in this association. Three oc- The mean summer soil temperature was 12.2 deg C curred on glacial material and one on colluvium. The (54.0 deg F), which is a little warmer than average pits showed weak to moderate structure and soil for the Western Hemlock Zone. The soil tempera- development. Three were either gravelly or very ture regime is borderline between mesic and frigid, gravelly, and all the pits in glacial materials had but probably mostly warm frigid. The moisture sandy loam texture. Two of the three pits in glacial regime is in the dry end of udic. regolith had compact, cemented C horizons (at 59 cm and 73 cm). The soil at the colluvial site was only Three soil samples were analyzed for nutrients 34 cm deep over sandstone bedrock and had a very which showed low calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, gravelly clay loam texture. The mean coarse frag- and organic matter, but high phosphorus compared ment fraction of all pits was 48%. In three cases to other types. The pH was 5.3 which is average for rooting depth was restricted either by hardpan or the series.

Figure 155. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Salal-Oregongrape Association.

367 Timber Productivity wildlife values in mature and old-growth stands. Young-growth stands often offer good browse for Timber productMty of this type is moderate (Site lii). deer. Game trails and scat are common in this type, Site index for Douglas-fir averaged 126 (base 100) indicating that it gets regular use, probably as ther- and 87 (base 50) (Table 133). The productivity po- mal and hiding cover. This type represents average tential using the site index-yield table approach was growing conditions and limitations for the Forest. 124 cu ft/ac/yr. The empirical yield estimate was 142 cu ft/ac/yr. The stockability of these sites is moder- Root disease problems may include laminated root ate. rot on Douglas-fir,Armillariaroot disease on Douglas-fir and western hemlock, and annosus root disease on western hemlock. When present, lami- Management Considerations nated root rotis the most serious disease of Douglas-fir on this type. Armillaria root disease can Management considerations include ensuring rapid be a major problem on Douglas-fir plantations up to initial stocking and enhancement of soil nutrients, about 30 years, when impact should lessen. Heart organic matter, and controlling brush competition. and butt rots of concern are brown cubical butt rot, When this association occurs on steep slope posi- red ring rot and brown trunk rot on Douglas-fir, es- tions, there is an increased problem from surface pecially old-growth. Annosus root disease can erosion and unraveling. Accumulated soil organic heavily damage western hemlock after 120 years of matter and nitrogen should be preserved, and the age, and red ring rot may be present on western litter layer should be kept intact to help keep the hemlock also. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe may be unstable soil in place; however burning may be present on older western hemlock. needed for site preparation or for controlling competition from salal and vine maple. Fertilizing with Insect problems may include hemlock looper on nitrogen should enhance the productivity of this western hemlock, western blackheaded budworm type, however enhancing organic matter and soil on western hemlock and Douglas-fir, and Douglas- structure should increase the effectiveness of nitro- fir beetle on diseased, windthrowri, or stressed gen fertilizer. This type offers low to moderate Douglas-fir.

Table 133. Timber productivity values for the Western Hemlock/Salal-OregongrapeAssociation.

S1E SITE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI6 SDI7 TREES GBA8 SIGBA9EMAI'°

Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 20 106 126 24 124 431 71 369 147 142 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 14 14 139 17 141 Douglas-fir (King 3) 10 56 87 20 107 Western Hemlock (Barnes 4) 2 2 121 8 182 Western Hemlock (Wiley 5) 3 6 72 24 164 263

I Base age 100. Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Intensive plots only, ages 25 to 400years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer1930), Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. Base age 50, Breast height age (King 1966), ages 25 to 120 years. Base age 100, Total age (Barnes 1962). Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400years. 5 Base age 50. Breast height age (Wiley1978a,b), ages 25 to 120 years.

Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the Site index curve for the species (see Figure 189p. 496). 7 Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933).

Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table 174p. 494). Index of potential volume growth in cu ftJac/yr. based on the equation (Hall 1987). Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300years old (see Figure 190 p. 497).

368 Forest (ropik nized on the GiffordPinchOt National Types (Halverson et Comparison with Similar etal. 1986), Mt.Hood National Forest National Forest (HemstrOmet al. 1986), Willamette Similar types includeWesternHemlock/Alaska Siuslaw National Forest(HemStrOm on slightlymoister al. 1987) and Hemlock! Huckleberry-Salal which occurs Logan1986).TheirWestern which oc- and includes a signifi- sites, WesternHemlock/Salal/Beargrass, OregOflgraPesaiat type however, HemloCk/Salal on and is therefore more curs on drier soils,and Western cant amountof swordfern also related tothe Western HemIOCk/Sa1a1/Sw0em As- slightly drier sites. t is similar tO our Western which occurs in the Western Hemlock/RhOd0defldb01aIat type sociation. in theOlympicS it is called and Quilcene OregongraPe Phaseby drier areas, mostly onthe Hood Canal HemlOCk/Satat Associaton (1986). It is apparently ama- Districts. The Western As de- Smith and Henderson Association is notpreviOUslY recognized. of what wascalled the Western and jor component fined here itis common inthe Cascades loCk/Dougias-fir type byFonda and Bliss included (1947) Olympics of Washington.It was previously (1969). Early work bySpilsbUry and Smith HemlOCk/Salal our in the more broadlydefined Western recognized a 'Salal1 typewhich mostly includes and Peter 1981a,b,c,d, 1982a,b, HemlOCk/Salal and WesternHemlock! type (Henderson Western Western 1983a,b, 1984, 1985).It is similar to the 55lOregongrape Associations. Associationrecog-

ii '__%._____

' (.

River, HemtoCk/Satal0re90TaPeAssociation, DungeneSs Figure 156. Photoof the Western Quilcene District. 369 WESTERN HEMLOCK/SALALJOXAIJs Tsuga heterophylla/Gau/theria shallon/Oxalisoregana TSHE/GASH/QXOR CHS1 36

The Western Hemlock/Salai/Oxaijs Association isa Other Biota type of moist sites at low elevations and moderately high timber productMty. It is common in the wetter climatic areas of the Olympics, particularly on the Wildlife observations for this type are limited toone Quinault District (Figure 157). Soils are mostly deep, plot, where moderate activity of mountain beaver moderately fine textured and derived from colluvi- was recorded. urn. Little snow accumulates in this type during the winter. The typical area of this type has burnedvery seldom in the last 500 years, and most old-growth of this type is very old. Some younger stands have originated from windstorms or small fires. Tablel34.Common plants in the TSHE/GASH/OxOR Association, based on stands >150years (n=4). Florlstic Composition Abs. Rel. Dominant understory species (Table 134) are salal Common name Code CoverCover Const Ranqe and oxalis, which are usually present in allages of TREES stands, atthough they may be inconspicuousor absent in densely stocked second growth. Red huck- western hemlock TSHE 90.0 90.0 100 75-99 leberry (VAPA), swordfern (POMU), Alaska huckle- western redcedar THPL 4.5 9.0 50 0-12 silver fir ABAM 1.8 berry (VAAL), deerfern (BLSP) and trillium (TROV) 3.5 50 0-6 are usually present. Oregongrape (BENE), GROUND VEGETATION salal salmonberry (RUSP) and vine maple may alsooc- GASH 17.5 17.5 100 5-30 oxalis cur.Earlyseralspecies includesalal,oxalis, OXOR 16.2 16.2 100 3-50 red huckleberry VAPA 6,5 salmonberry,trailingblackberry(RUUR),and 6.5 100 2-10 swordfern POMU 3.5 3.5 100 1-7 occasionally swordfern, Oregongrape and red Alaska huckleberry VAAL 3.3 3.3 100 1-7 huckleberry. The tree layer may be dominated by deerfern BLSP 2.3 2.3 100 1-5 trilium western hemlock, Douglas-fir, western redcedar, or TROV 1.0 1.0 100 1-1 Oregongrape any combination of these trees, although Douglas- BENE 5.3 10.5 50 0-20 salmonberry RUSP 2.0 4.0 50 0-7 fir is not common (Figure 158). Thereare no data vine maple ACCI 1.5 3.0 50 0-5 available for mosses and lichens on this type. fool's huckleberry MEFE 1.0 2.0 50 0-3 false lily-of-the- valley MADI2 0.8 1.5 50 0-2 SuccessIonal Relationships

There are successional pathways are dominatedby Douglas-fir and western hemlock, with the hemlock sere being more common. Climax stages are dominated by western hemlock, or by bothwestern redcedar and western hemlock.

370 Environment and Soils Our plots occurred on soils units described by the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder et al. This type occurs on fiat to steep, straight slopes in 1969) as deep or moderately deep colluvial (and a variety of slope positions. Slopevaried from 0% to some glacial) soils. Drainage is good to moderately 70% and averaged 43%. The soils form mostlyin good, with rapid permeability in the surface hori- coliuvial deposits, but occasionally in glacia' de- zons and moderate to slow in the subsoil horizons. posits as well. Bedrock was mostly metabasattwith Subsoil compaction is usually not a problem. Tex- a few occurrences of sandstone. tures range from silt loam to clay loam. Coarse fragments range from 5% to 65% near the surface developed Two soil pits showed moderately well and 5% to 80% in the subsoil. soils. Texture varied from clay loam to sandy loam. Coarse fragments increased with depth but aver- The mean summer soil temperature was 14.3 deg C aged 29% which is fairly low. This results in a soil (57.7 deg F) which is quite warm for the Western with a higher than average water holding capacity. Hemlock Zone, although our sample includes a The 01 was thicker than average at 3cm and the02 was narrower than average at 1.5 cm.Rooting high proportion of seral stands. The elevation and depth was only to 46 cm but roots also occupied the environmental zone data suggest a regime border- 02. One pit was classified as a dystrochrept and the line between mesic and frigid. The moisture regime other a haplorthod. is udic.

Figure 157. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Salal/OxalisAssociation.

371 Timber Productivity tions on this type include calcium and phosphorus. Wildlife values can be moderately high,especially Timber productivity of this type is moderately high for elk winter range. (Site H or Il). This is due to the moistness of the site, favorable soils and relatively long growingseason. Root disease problems can includeannosus root Site index for Douglas-fir on one Intensive plotwas disease in western hemlock older than 120years, 145 (base 100). Western hemlock averaged120 (base 100) based on six Reconnaissance plots (Ta- and Armillaria root disease in suppressed understo- ble 135). The productivity potential using the site ry trees. Armillaria may also be important in young- index-yield table approach was 151 Cu ft/ac/yr for growth Douglas-fir plantations, but byage 30 Douglas-fir and 180 to 204 cu ft/ac/yr for western impacts should be minimal. Annosus root disease hemlock. The stockability of these sites is high. appears to represent the most serious potential Western hemlock is the preferred species. problem on this type to thinned western hemlock, reducing stand entries will help limit the spread of this disease (see discussion on annosusroot dis- Management Considerations ease, p. 68). Heart and butt rots of concern are red ring rot and annosus root disease in olderwestern Management considerations include controlling hemlock. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe is usually abun- species composition and regulation of stocking. Ac- dant in old-growth stands of this type. cumulated soil organic matter and nutrients should be preserved. Response to fertilizer in thistype is Potential insect pests which mayoccur on this type still unknown. Many oxalis types showvery low include the hemlock looper which may bepresent amounts of calcium and phosphorus. This may be on western hemlock, and the western blackheaded limiting growth or affecting tree developmenton the- budworm which occur on buds of western hemlock se sites. We recommend that any fertilizer applica- or Douglas-fir.

Table 135. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlock/Salal/Oxals Association.

Silt SIrE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI5 SDI6 TREES GBA SIGBA EMA$7

Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 1 5 145 151 353 189 Douglas-fir (King 2) 1 5 106 148 Western Hemlock (Barnes 3) 6 6 120 25 180 Western Hemlock (Wiley 4) 1 4 102 204 353

Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 50, Breast heightage (l(lng 1966), ages 25 to 120 years. Base age 100, Total age (Barnes 1962), Reconnaissance plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 4 Base age 50, Breast height age (Wiley1978a,b), ages 25 to 120 years. 5 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site index cu,ve for the species (see Figure 189p. 496). 6 Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933). 7 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure 190p. 497).

372 Comparison with Similar Types Oxalis Association is not previously recognized. It was earlier included in the Western Hemlock/Oxalis Similar types include other Oxalis types. The West- type (Henderson and Peter 1981b, 1982a). A Hemlock/Swordfern-OxaliS and Western ern closely related type, Western Hemlock! Hemlock/Oxalis types occur on wetter sites often at Oregongrape/Oxalis is recognized on the Willamet- lower elevations. The Silver Fir/Oxalis types occur at higher elevations. The Western Hemlock/Salal/ te National Forest (Hemstrom et al. 1987).

Figure 158. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Salal/Oxalis Association, West Fork Humptulips River, Quinault District

373 WESTERN HEMLOCK/SALAL/SWORDFERN Tsuga heterophylla/Gaultheria shallon/Polystichum munitum TSHE/GASH/POMU CHS1 37

The Western Hemiock/Saial/Swordfern Association leaving an understocked stand of western hemlock, is a major type of warm, moist sites and moderately western redcedar or Douglas-fir. Besides this red high timber productivity. It is common in the drier alder dominated sere, there are successional path- climatic areas of the Olympics, particularly on the ways dominated by Douglas-fir and western hem- Hood Canal and Quilcene Districts (Figure 159). lock. Climax stages are dominated by western red- Soils are mostly deep and derived from colluvium or cedar and western hemlock. glacial till. They are often subirrigated. Soils appear to be moderate in terms of soil nutrients. Other Blots

Florlstic Composition Deer sign was frequently observed on this type with recent activity noted in late summer. Commonly Dominant understory species (Table 136) are browsed species were red huckleberry, Alaska swordfem (POMU) and saiai (GASH), which are huckleberry, swordfern and western redcedar. Oth- usually present in all ages of stands, although they er wildlife observations were recorded for elk, coy- may be inconspicuous or absent in densely stocked ote, bear, mountain beaver and Douglas squirrel. second growth. Salal becomes established more quickly after clearcut or fire, and swordfern may be Bird observations included an active grouse nest, sparse in young stands. Shrubs may include Ore- red-breasted nuthatch, winter wren, Swainson's gongrape (BENE), red huckleberry (VAPA) and vine thrush, hermit thrush, chestnut-backed chickadee, maple (ACCI). Twinflower (UBO2) and vanillaleaf golden-crowned kinglet, brown creeper, western (ACTR) may also occur. The tree layer may be domi- flycatcher, common raven,Stelier'sjay,red- nated by Douglas-fir, western hemlock and western breasted sapsucker and dark-eyed junco. redcedar (Figure 160), with red alder and bigleaf maple in younger stands. Tablel36.Common plants in theTSHE/GASH/POMU Association, based on stands >150 years (n=34). Ground mosses are moderately abundant. Young- growth stands averaged 38% moss cover and old- growth stands averaged 42%. The common species Abs. Rel. in both young stands and old-growth are Eurhynchi- Common name Code Cover Cover Const RanQe urn ore ganum and Hy!ocornium splendens. Other species which can occur in young stands are P/a- TREES giothecium undulatum, Dicranum sp., Polytrichum western hemlock TSHE 47.8 47.8 100 1-99 spp. and Hypnum circinaie, while Rhytidiadelphus Douglas-fir PSME 41.5 44.1 94 0-95 western redcedar THPL 11.6 17.1 67 0-60 !oreus is more common in old-growth. Data for epi- Pacific yew TABR 1.5 3.5 44 0-10 phytic mosses and lichens are limited for this type. Pacific dogwood CONU 1.1 3.7 29 0-10 Isothecium stoloniferum was the most common epi- bigleaf maple ACMA 1.4 5.2 26 0-10 silver fir ABAM phytic moss. Common lichens include Platismatia 0.2 1.4 14 0-2 cascara RHPU 0.2 2.0 11 0-3 glauca, Sphaerophorus g!obosus and Hypogymnia red alder ALAU 0.2 3.5 5 0-5 spp. GROUND VEGETATION salal GASH 45.3 45.3 100 5-95 swordferri POMU 19.4 19.4 100 3-60 Successional Relationships red huckleberry VAPA 8.8 9.7 91 0-40 vine maple ACCI 22.9 26.8 85 0-75 Red alder often dominates early seral stages in this Oregongrape BENE 11.8 13.4 68 0-50 association, It dies out by about 60 years, often vanillaleaf ACTR 1.7 2.2 76 0-10 twinf lower LIBO2 3.5 5.1 67 0-35 trailing blackberry RUUR 0.8 1.4 58 0-4 trillium TROV 0.6 1.1 58 0-2 374 Environment and Soils the pits anywhere on the Olympic National Forest, but were observed in two pits in this type in the Raft This type occurs on flat to very steep slopes of River area. various configurations, mainly on mid- to lower slopes, toe-slopes, benches and bottoms. Many Our plots occurred on soil units described by the plots were straight in configuration (67%), with 20% Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder et al. on concave sites. Slopes varied from flat to 105% 1969) as deep glacial soils with subsoil compaction but averaged 44%. Bedrock was most commonly or cementation which could render them effectively metabasalt. Regolith may be glacial or colluvium. shallow, or colluvial soils that are shallow, well drained and rapidly permeable. The glacial soils are Soil pits showed weak to moderate soil develop- mostly moderately well drained and rapidly perme- ment. Texture varied from clay loam to sandy loam. able only in the surface horizons. A duripan was found in one pit and probably exists elsewhere. Coarse fragments averaged 48%. Soil The average summer soil temperature was 12.3 deg depth varied from 43 cm to greater than 100 cm. C (54.1 deg F) which is warm for the Western Hem- Rooting depth averaged 64 cm and roots extended lock Zone. The temperature regime is borderline up into the 02 as well. The 02 averaged 7.7 cm between mesic and frigid but probably is more often which is more than average and the 01 averaged frigid. The moisture regime is on the dry end of udic 2.4 cm which is about average. The water holding or xeric, capacity of this soil is about average. The ten soil pits were classified as follows: one each of Xe- Five soil samples analyzed for nutrients showed rochrept, durochrept, xerorthent and udorthent, most nutrients to be about average compared to and two each of dystrochrept, dystrandept and hap- other types. The pH was 5.4 which is about average lorthod. Earthworms have rarely been observed in for the series.

Figure 159. Map of plot locations for the Western HemlocklSalal/Swordfern Association.

375 Timber PiroductMty ing sites in this type and by maintaining a component of red alder in the ecosystem. Response to Timber productivity of this type is moderately high fertilizer in this type is still unknown. This is a type of (Site Ill). Site index of Douglas-fir on Intensive plots moderate to high productivity potential and rela- averaged 149 (base 100) and 108 (base 50). West- tively few constraints. This type may provide moder- ern hemlock averaged 139 (base 100) on four Re- ate to high values for wildlife, particularly for deer. connaissance plots. The productivity potential using the site index-yield table approach was 155 Cu Root disease problems may include laminated root ft/ac/yr for Douglas-fir and 181 to 212 cu ft/ac/yr for rot on Douglas-fir,Armiliariaroot disease on western hemlock (Table 137). The empirical yield Douglas-fir and western hemlock and annosus root estimate was 142 Cu ft/ac/yr. The stockability of thedisease on western hemlock. When present, lami- se sites is high, but the stocking in wild stands can nated root rotis the most serious disease of sometimes be relatively low. This usually occurs Douglas-fir on this type. Armillaria root disease can when either there is significant brush competition at be a major problem on Douglas-fir plantations up to the time of establishment or red alder becomes es- about 30 years, when impact should lessen. Heart tablished concurrently with conifers and then dies and butt rots of concern are brown cubical butt rot, out by about age 60. In these cases individual tree red ring rot and brown trunk rot on Douglas-fir, es- growth is high but stand growth can be low due to pecially old-growth. Annosus root disease can understocking. heavily damage western hemlock after 120 years of age, and red ring rot may be present on western hemlock also. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe may occur Management Cnslderatlone on older western hemlock.

Management considerations include manipulation Insect problems may include hemlock looper on of species composition and regulation of stocking. western hemlock, western blackheaded budworm it is also important to maintain soil nutrients and on western hemlock and Douglas-fir, and Douglas- organic matter. Accumulation of soil organic matter fir beetle on diseased, windthrown, or stressed and nitrogen could be preserved by reducing burn- Douglas-fir.

Table 137. Timber productivity values for the Western Hemlock/Salal/Swordfern Association.

SflE srr GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI6 SDI7 TREES GBA8 SIGBA9 EMAI1°

Douglas-fir (McArdle I) 20 91 149 22 155 426 78 434 199 142 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 50 50 143 25 144 Douglas-fir (King 3) 11 57 108 14 153

Western Hemlock (Barnes 4) 4 4 139 16 212 20 403 168 Western Hemlock (Wiley 5) 7 16 85 19 181 398

Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Intensive plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930).Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 50, Breast heightage (KIng 1966). ages 25 to 120 years. 4 Base age 100, Total age (Barnes 1962). Reconnaissanceplots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 5 Base age 50, Breast height age (Wiley 1978a,b).ages 25 to 120 years. Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site index curve for the species (see Figure 189p. 496). Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933).

8 Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table 174p. 494). Index of potential volume growth in cu ft/ac/yr. based on the equation Sl*GBA*O()03 (Hall 1987). 10 Estimated Mean Annual Increment derivedempirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure 190 p. 497).

376 Comparl8on with Similar Typea defined Western Hemlock/Swordfern type (Smith and Henderson1986,Henderson andPeter Similar types include other Swordfern types. The l981a,b,d, 1982a,b, 1983a,b, 1984, 1985, Franklin Western HemiockJOregongrape/Swordfern type et al. 1988, Topik etal. 1986). in the Olympics it was occurs on colder and somewhat wetter sites. The included in the very broadly defined Western Western Hemlock/Swordfern-Foamflower type oc- Hemlock-Douglas-fir type of Fonda and Bliss curs on moister and more productive sites. The (1969), However, it is very similar to the Western Western Hemlock/Salai/Swordfern Association is Hemlock/Oregongrape-Salal type as defined by not previously recognized in Oregon or Washing- Topik et al. (1986) on the Gifford Pinchot National ton, however it is very similar to the Sworcifern- Forest, Halverson etal. (1986) on the Mt. Hood Na- Salal' site types of Spiisbury and Smith (1947). In tional Forest, and Hemstrom et al. (1987) on the Washington it was included in the more broadly Willamette National Forest.

Figure 160. Photo of the Western Hemlock/SalaI/Swordfern Association, Brown Creek, Hood Canal District.

377 WESTERN HEMLOCK/SKUNKCABBAGE Tsuga heterophylla/Lysichitum americanum TSHE/LYAM CHMI 11 (OLY)

The Western Hem$ock/Skunkcabbage Association 80 years, often leaving an understocked stand of is a minor type of wet sites with organic soils at low hemlock and redcedar, with some Douglas-fir, if it to middle elevations, and moderate timber produc- was present in early stages. Besides this red alder tivity.It is found sporadically in moist areas of the dominated sere, early successional stages can be Forest (Figure 161). Soils are mostly deep with very dominated by western hemlock. Climax stages are high organic matter, and are derived from alluvium dominated by western hemlock, or by both western or colluvium, or occur in filled-in ponds in areas of outwash or glacial till. They are very wet from subirri- redcedar and western hemlock. gation and occur in flat areas, sometimes on river terraces or broad stream bottoms. Little snow accumulates in this type during the winter. The typical Other Blota area of this type has burned very seldom in the last 1000 years, and most old-growth of this type is very Wildlife observations were only recorded on one old. plot for this type. Red huckleberry and Sitka spruce saplings were browsed. Birds observed include chestnut-backed chickadee, rufous hummingbird Fioristic Composition and Stelier's jay. Dominant understory species (Table138) are skunkcabbage and salmonberry (RUSP), which are usually present in all ages of stands, although they Table 138. Common plants in the TSHE/LYAM may both be browsed by elk. Salmonberry often Association, based on stands >150 years (n = 1). resprouts rapidly after clearcut or fire. Other species may include foamflower (TITR), ladyfern (ATFI), Abs. Rel. deerfern (BLSP), enchanter's nightshade (CIAL), Common nameCode Cover Cover Const and Alaska huckleberry (VAAL). The tree layer may TREES be dominated by red alder, western hemlock, western redcedar, or any combination of these trees western hemlock TSHE (Figure 162), and occasionally Douglas-fir, which is 45 45 100 western redcedar THPL 21 21 100 uncommon. Stands in this type are often under- cascara RHPU 4 4 100 stocked. GROUND VEGETATION Data for mosses and lichens are limited to one old- salmonberry RUSP 45 45 100 boykinla BOMA 40 40 100 growth plot in this type. Ground moss cover is 10%; skunkcabbage LYAM 15 15 100 Rhytidiadelphus Ioreus is the dominant moss, other Alaska huckleberryVAAL 10 10 100 species include Eurhynchium ore ganum and HyIo- vine maple ACCI 5 5 100 comium sp!endens. The common epiphytes are three-leaved foamflower TITR 3 3 100 crustose lichens, species of Bryoria, Hypogymnia, false lily-of-the-

Parmelia and liverworts. valley MADI2 1 1 100 fool's huckleberry MEFE 1 1 100 live-leaved bramble RUPE 1 1 100 red huckleberry VAPA 1 100 SuccessIonal Relationships salal GASH 1 1 100

swordfern POMU 1 1 100 Red alder often dominates or codominates early seral stages in this association, it dies out by about

378 Environment and Soils Our plots occurred on areas which are deep glacial soils with moderate subsoil compaction, according This type occurs on flat to gentle, straight or con- to the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder et cave slopes in toe-slope or bottom positions. The al. 1969). Drainage is moderate to imperfect and slope varied from flat to 13% and averaged 6%. permeability appears to be rapid at the surface but Bedrock varies as does regolith but in our sample all slow in subsoils. Textures range from silty clay loam were on glacial or alluvial deposits. to gravelly silt loam. Coarse fragments range from No pits were dug but we expect that the soils are 15% tO 65% near the surface and 35% to 80% in the saturated and probably gleyed with highly variable subsoil. textures and coarse fragment fractions. The 0 layer thickness is variable and often depends on the his- The temperature regime based on elevation and tory of flooding. Rooting depth Is probably shallow environmental zone is frigid. The moisture regime due to saturation of the profile. varies from udic to aquic.

Figure 161. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemlock/Skunkcabbage Association.

379 Timber Productivity Root disease problems can include annosus root disease in western hemlock older than 120 years, Timber productivity of this type is unknown, but is and Armillaria root disease in suppressed understo- probably moderate (Site Ill). Site index for red alder ry trees. Annosus root disease appears to represent on one young-growth plot was 77 (base 50). The productivity potential for red alder is 79 Cu ft/ac/yr the most serious potential problem on this type to (Table 139). The stockability of these sites appears thinned western hemlock, reducing stand entries to be low. Western hemlock or western redcedar are will help limit the spread of this disease (see discus- probably the preferred species on this type. sion on annosus root disease, p. 68). Heart and butt rots of concern are red ring rot and annosus root disease in older western hemlock. Hemlock dwarf Management Considerations mistletoe is sometimes present in old-growth stands of this type. Management considerations include protection of fragile organic soils and manipulation of species composition and regulation of stocking. Because of Potential insect pests which may occur on this type the wetness of these sites it may not be possible to include the hemlock looper which may be present burn in this type. Response to fertilizer in this type on western hemlock, and the western blackheaded is still unknown. Wildlife values can be moderately budworm which occur on buds of western hemlock high, especially for elk winter range. or Douglas-fir.

Table 139. Timber productivity values for the Western Hemlock/Skunkcabbage Association.

S1E S1E GRA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI2 S0l3 TREES GBA4 SIGBA EMA

Red Alder Worthngton 1) 1 5 77 79 380 5 201

1 Base age 50, Total age (Worthington et at. 1962). 2 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the site indexcurve for the species (see Figure 159 p. 496). 3 Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933).

' Growth Basal Area (Hail 1987) (see Table 174P. 494).

380 Comparison with Similar Types Western Hemlock/Skunkcabbage Associationis not widely recognized. It is described on the Mt. Similar types include Western HemlocklSwordferfl- Hood National Forest (Halverson etal. 1986), on the Foamflower and Western Hemlock/Swordfern- Mt. Baker District of the Mt. Baker-Snoquaimie Na- Oxalis which occur on drier sites. The Western Hemlock/Devil's Club type occurs on similar sites tional Forest (Henderson and Peter 1985) and in with more running water and less organic soil. The British Columbia (Haeussler etal. 1982).

:;-

-t . 4I

- -...-.-. , - L -' - 'r:Y)/,4 A

- - r' -- . a,7_i : 0 -'-'-'r' I_/- /

Figure 162. Photo of the Western Hemiock/Skunkcabbage Association, Gold Creek, Quilcene District.

381 WESTERN HEMLOCKJSWORDFERN-FOAMFLOWER Tsuga heterophylla/Po/ystichum munitum-Tiarella trifoliata TSHE/POMU-TITR CHF1 32

The Western HemIock/Swordfern-Foamflower As- SuccessIonal RelationshIps sociation is a major type of warm, moist sites and high timber productivity.Itis found throughout Red alder often dominates or codominates early much of the lowlands of the Olympics, although seral stages in this association, It dies out by about apparently not in the wettest environmental zones 80 years, often leaving an understocked standof (Figure 163). Soils are mostly deep and fine tex- hemlock and redcedar, with some Douglas-fir, if it tured, or coarse textured if well-watered, and de- was present in early stages. Besides this red alder rived from coHuvium or glacial till. Theyare often dominated sere, there are successional pathways subirrigated, and occur on river terraces or along dominated by Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Cli- toe-slopes. Soils appear to be above average in the max stages are dominated by both western red- most important nutrients. The typical area of this cedar and western hemlock. type has burned once or twice in the last 700 years.

Florlstic CompositIon Table 140. Common plants in the TSHE/POMU-TITR Association, based on stands >150 years (n=17). The dominant understory species (table 140) is swordfern, which is usually present in all ages of stands, although it may be inconspicuous or absent Abs. Rel. in densely stocked second growth. Red alder and Common name CodeCover Cover Const Ranqe salmonberry (RUSP) may become established quickly after clearcut or fire, and can be amanage- TREES ment problem. Shrubs are usually sparse but may western hemlock TSHE 53.4 53.4 100 11-99 include red huckleberry (VAPA) and vine maple Douglas-fir PSME 38.8 43.9 88 0-85 (ACCI). Foamflower (TITR, TIUN), fragrant bedstraw western redcedar THPL 15.5 22.0 70 0-93 silver fir (GATR), vanillaleaf (ACTR), twinflower (LIBO2), and ABAM 1.2 3.5 35 0-8 bigleaf maple ACMA 3.4 19.0 17 0-40 deerfern (BLSP) are common herbs. Enchanter's Pacific dogwood CONU 0.1 1.0 11 0-1 nightshade (CIAL) and candyflower (MOSI) may al- grand fir ABGR 0.2 2.0 11 0-3 so occur, especially in young stands. The tree layer cascara HHPU 0.2 1.5 11 0-2 Pacific yew may be dominated by red alder, Douglas-fir, west- TABR 0.1 1.0 11 0-1 ern hemlock, western redcedar, or any combination GROUND VEGETATiON of these trees (Figure 164). Stands in this typeare swordfern POMU 32.9 32.9 100 5-80 often understocked, which allows a thick understory red huckleberry VAPA 3.1 3.3 94 0-10 to develop. three-leaved foamf lower T1R 5.7 6,5 88 0-35 vanillaleaf ACTA 3.6 4.8 76 0-35 Ground mosses are generally moderate to abun- fragrant bedstraw GATR 1.6 2.2 76 0-15 dant in this type. Moss cover averaged 26% for deerfern BLSP 2.6 3.7 70 0-15 young stands and 48% for old-growth stands. The salal GASH 1.2 1.8 70 0-4 trillium TROV 0.8 1.1 76 0-2 most common and abundant species is Eurhynchi- Oregongrape BENE 1.1 1.8 58 0-3 urn ore ganum, other common species which are starflower TRLA2 0.7 1.1 64 0-2 less abundant include Rhytidiade!phus loreus,Pie- giotheciurn undulatum and Hylocomium splendens. Epiphytic mosses and lichens whichare expected to occur are Isotheciurn stoloniferum, Sphaeropho- rus giobosus, Porella sp. and Neckera douglasllon hardwoods, Hypogymnia enteromorpha,and the nitrogen-fixer Lobaria oregana in old-growthstands.

382 Other Blota EnvIronment and SoIls

Wildlife observations included elk and deer browse This type occurs on flat to steep, straight or con- on this type. Commonly browsed species include cave, mid- to lower slopes, toe-slopes, benches and red huckleberry, swordfern, salmonberry, western bottoms. The slope varied from 0% to 90% and aver- redcedar, bat dhip rose and devil's club. Recent elk aged 39%. It occurs on glacial, colluvial or alluvial sign was recorded in late spring and early summer. regoliths underlain most often by metabasalt but On one plot in this type a baby elk was observed also by sedimentary rocks. which indicated this site was used as a calving area. Recent deer sign was recorded in early summer. Five pits dug in this type showed weak to moderate Douglas squirrel, shrew and coyote were also soil development. Textures tend to be nongravelly observed. to gravelly silt barns to sandy barns. Coarse fragments averaged 33% which is about average. The Bird observations included western flycatcher, 01 averaged 1.8 cm and the 02 averaged 1.6 cm. chickadee, winter wren, hairy woodpecker, pileated Even on the old-growth plots the 0 layers were woodpecker, Swainson's thrush, song sparrow, thinner than average Indicating a fairly high rate of white-crowned sparrow, Townsend's warbler and decomposition. Rooting depth averaged 44.6 cm brown creeper. which is shallower than average but roots also oc-

Figure 163. Map of plot locations for the Western Hemtock/Swordfern-Foamflower Association.

383 cupied the 02 layer. The water holdingcapacity of Ten soil samples were analyzed these soils is about average. The for nutrients. The apparently shal- levels of macronutrients low rooting depth may bea response to abundant were above average, while the pH was 5.2 which is about and dependable climatic andtopographic moisture. average. Of these five soils, twowere classified as haplorth- ods, two as dysterochrepts,and one as a haplumbrept. Timber ProductIvIty

Our plots occurred on soils unitsdescribed by the Timber productivity of thistype is moderately high Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder et al. (Site II). This is due to themoistness of the site, 1969) as glacial soils which tendto be deep gravelly favorable soils, and relatively longgrowing season. and very gravelly silty clay loamto sandy loam with Site index of Douglas-fir compacted subsoils. They tend to be averaged 166 (base 100) moderately and 116 (base 50), while well drained, rapidly permeable in the western hemlock was 139 surface hori- (base 100). The productivity zons and have moderately permeable subsoil.The potential using the site index-yield table approach colluvjal soils tend to be shallow,well-drained, was 175 Cu ft/ac/yr for rapidly permeable sandy barnsto barns. Coarse Douglas-fir, 216 cu ft/ac/yr forwestern hemlock and fragments range from 5% to70% near the surface 106 Cu ft/ac/yr for red alder (Table141). The stocka- and 5% to 100% in the subsoil. bility of these sites is high, butthe stocking in wild stands can be relatively low. Theempirical yield The mean summer soil temperaturewas 11.2 deg C estimate was 164 Cu ft/ac/yrfor predominantly (52.2 deg F) which is average for the Western Hem- Douglas-fir stands and 126Cu ft/ac/yr for red alder lock Zone. The temperature regime is borderline stands. Old-growth stands exhibita large range in between mesic and frigid, but probably is mesic. basal area and volume. Douglas-firis the preferred The moisture regime is udic. timber species.

Table 141. Timber productivityvalues for the Western Hembock/Swordtern..Foamflower Association.

SITE TREE SPECIES ant GBA PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI7 Sf18 TREES GBA9 SIGBA'° EMAI11 Douglas-fir (McArdle I) 17 74 166 21 175 437 47 462 228 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 164 28 28 166 29 175 Douglas-fir (King 3) 12 53 116 12 171 Western Hemlock (Barnes 4) 3 3 139 39 216 591 246 Western Hemlock (Wiley 5) 6 18 106 18 213 534 12 591 fled Alder (Worthington 6) 8 39 93 11 106 318 13 217 126 1 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930). Intensive plotsonly, ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Totalage (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. Base age 50. Breast height age (King 1966),ages 25 to 120 years. Base age 100, Total age (Barnes 1962). Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400years 5 Base age 50, Breast height age (Wiley 1978a,b) ages 25 to 120years. 6 Base age 50, Totalage (Worthington et al. 1962). 7 Culmination of MeanAnnual Increment derived from the site index curve for the species (see Figure 189p. 496). 8 Stand Density Index(Reinecke 1933).

Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table174 p. 494). 10 Index of potential volumegrowth in cu ftlac/yr, based on the equation Sl*GBA*o.003 (Hall 1987). Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300 years old (see Figure 190p. 497).

384 Potential insect pests which may occur on this type Management Considerations include the hemlock looper which may bepresent Management considerations includeoptimizing tim- on western hemlock, and thewestern blackheaded ber production and wildlife values.Prompt estab budworm which occur on buds of westernhemlock lishment (usually of Douglas-fir) is important.Soil or Douglas-fir. organic matter and nitrogen should beconserved by reducing burning sites in this typeand by maintaining a component of red alder in theecosystem. Comparison with Similar Types Response to fertilizer in this type isstill unknown. If management objec- a Douglas-fir plantation is the Western Hemiockf vine Similar types include tive, brush competition from salmonberry, Oregongrape/SWordferfl which occurs on colder maple or red alder can be a problem. and somewhat drier sites, and WesternHemlockf Salal/Swordferfl which occurs on drier and less pro- Root disease problems can include anriosusroot disease in western hemlock older than120 years, ductive sites. The Western HemlocklSwordferfl- and Armillaria root disease in suppressedundersto- Foamf lower Association is not previously ry trees. Armillaria may alsobe important in young- recognized. it represents the wetter (and more pro- growth Douglas-fir plantations, but by age30 ductive) part of what was earlier defined asthe impacts should be minimal. Annosus rootdisease Western Hemlock/SwOrdferfl type onthe Olympic appears to represent the mostserious potential National Forest (Henderson and Peter 1981a,b, hemlock problem on this type to thinned western I 982a, I 983a). This association also occurson the spread of reducing stand entries will help limit the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest(Henderson dis- this disease (see discussion on annosus root and Peter 1981c,d 1982b, 1983b,1984, 1985). It ease, p. 68). Heart and butt rotsof concern are red broadly defined older western may be represented in the more ring rot and annosus root disease in Western HemloCk/SwOrdferfl type in Mt.Rainier Na- hemlock. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe may occurin old- south. growth stands of this type. tional Park (Franklin et al. 1988) and to the

'/-',- ''--- -*1 - --L - Valley, Figure 164. Photo of the WesternHemlocklSwordfern-FOamfIOWer Association, Wynoochee Hood Canal District. 385 WESTERN HEMLOCKJSWORDFERN.OXLIS Tsuga heterophy/la/Polystichummunitum-Oxa/is oregana TSHE/POMU-OXOR CHF1 31 (OLY)

The Western Hemlock/Swordfern..Qxalis Associa- are dominated by western hemlock,or by both tion Is a major type of moist sitesat low elevations western redcedar and western hemlock. and high timber productivity. it iscommon in the wetter climatic areas of the Olympics, particularlyon the Quinault District (Figure 165). Soilsare mostly Other Blota deep and moist. They are derivedfrom colluvium, outwash or glacial till and occur alongtoe-slopes Elk sign was frequently observedon this type, with and in areas of high precipitation, highhumidity or heavy browsing on red huckleberryand salmonber- fog. Little of this type has burned inthe last 500 ry. Other browse species were Alaska huckleberry, years, and most old-growth of this type isvery old. fool's huckleberry, deerfern, woodfern,ladyfern, fireweed, red elderberry, vine maple Some younger stands have originatedfrom wind- and western storms or small fires. hemlock seedlings. Other wildlifesigns include mountain beaver, bear damage onwestern hemlock, and Douglas squirrel. Florlstic ComposItIon Birds recorded were winterwren, cedar waxwing, gray jay, chestnut-backed chickadee,common Dominant understory species (Table 142) are crow, brown creeper, pileated woodpecker,dark- swordfern and oxalis. Shrubs may includered buck- eyed junco, western flycatcher,nighthawk, and leberry (VAPA), salmonberry (RUSP)and Alaska woodpecker activity on a western hemlocksnag. huckleberry (VAAL). Herbsmay include deerfern (BLSP) and foamflower (TITR). Thetree layer may be dominated by red alder, westernhemlock, west- Tablel42,Common plants in theTSHE/POMU-OXOR ern redcedar or Douglas-fir (Figure 166). Association, based on stands >150years (n=25).

Ground mosses are moderateto abundant in this type. Moss cover averaged 48% inyoung stands Abs. Rel. and 33% in old-growth stands. Thecommon Common name Code Cover Cover Const Ranqe species include Eurhynchium oreganum, Hylocomi- TREES urn splendens, P/a giothecium undu/atum andRhy- western hemlock TSHE 80.8 80.8 tidiade/phus loreus. Hypnum circinaleand Scapania 100 42-99 western recicedar THPL 7.0 13.5 52 0-42 bolanderi may occur on downwood and lower Silka spruce PISI 1.0 2.4 44 0-9 silver fir boles. Data are limited for epiphyticmosses and ABAM 1.8 5.6 32 0-10 lichens. Based on our sample Douglas-fir PSME 6.9 28.7 24 0-90 plots, the common cascara RHPU 1.6 species is Isothecium stoloniferum. The 6.8 24 0-20 nitrogen- Pacific yew TABR 0.2 2.0 7 0-3 fixer Lobaria oregana mayoccur in old-growth stands. GROUND VEGETATjON oxalis OXOR 36.4 36.4 100 3-75 swordfern POMU 24.5 24.5 100 5-70 red huckleberry VAPA 4.9 5.1 96 0-35 SuccessIonal RelatIonships deerfern BLSP 5.4 5.9 92 0-45 three-leaved foamflower TITR 1.8 2.0 88 0-8 Red alder may dominate early seralstages in this Alaska huckleberry VAAL 4.8 5.7 84 0-30 salmonberry association. Besides this red alder RUSP 4.7 6.6 72 0-30 dominated sere, salal GASH there are successional pathways 1.6 2.2 72 0-10 dominated by trillium TROV 0.6 1.0 64 0-1 Douglas-fir (rarely) and westernhemlock, with the ladyfern ATFI 0.8 1.4 60 0-3 fools huckleberry MEFE hemlock sere being morecommon. Climax stages 1.7 3.0 56 0-15

386 Environment and SoIls Plots from this type occurred on soil units described by the Olympic Soil Resource Inventory (Snyder et This type occurs on flat to steep, straight or concave al. 1969) as glacial soils which tend to be deep, slopes in various topographic positions butmainly gravelly and very gravelly clay barns to sandy on mid-slope and lower landformS,toe-slopes and barns, commonly with subsoil compaction. Surface bottoms. permeability is rapid and subsoil permeability moderate or low. These soils tend to be moderately well Slopes ranged from 0% to 96% slope butaveraged drained. The colluvial soils in this type are usually 38%. Soils in this type occurred in colluviumand described as shallow, well-drained, rapidly perme- glacial deposits; with alpine glacial tillconsiderably able soils with loam to clay loam texture. Coarse more common than continental till.Bedrock was fragments range from 5% to 65% near the surface usually metabasalt, but sedimentary rocks, espe- and 10% to 100% in the subsoil. cially shale and sandstone were also common. The mean summer soil temperature in this type was Soil descriptions from five pits showed weaksoil 12.2 deg C (54.0 deg F) which is near average or development. Textures varied from silt loam to clay, slightly warmer for the Western Hemlock Zone. The coarse fragments averaged 29% whichis low. The- temperature regime is at the warm end of frigid. The se factors result in a soil with high waterholding mositure regime is udic. capacity. Both 0 layers were thinner than average which probably reflects a high rate of decomposi- Two soil samples analyzed for nutrients showed tion but also reflects the high proportion ofearly higher than average calcium, magnesium, organic seral stages in the sample. Rooting depth was 66.5 matter, total nitrogen, zinc, copper and manganese, cm which is about average but rootsalso occupied and lower than average sulfate, phosphorus and the 02. The five profiles were classified as dystran- potassium compared to other types. The pH was dept, haplumbrept, dystrochrept haplorthodand 5.5 which is a little higher than average for the se- udifluvent. ries.

Figure 165. Map of plot locations for the WesternHemlocklSwordferfl-OXaliS Association.

387 Timber Productivity development on these sites. Wildlife valuescan be moderately high, especially for elk winterrange. Timber productivity of this type is high(Site II). This is due to the moistness of thesite, favorable soils Root disease problems and relatively long growing can include annosus root season. Site Index for disease in western hemlock olderthan 120 years, Douglas-fir averaged 181 (base 100) and117 (base and Armillaria root disease in suppressed 50), western hemlock averaged 134 understo- (base 100). The ry trees. Armiflaria may also be important inyoung- productivity potential using the siteindex-yield table growth Douglas-fir plantations, but approach was 190 Cu ft/ac/yr for Douglas-fir by age 30 and impacts should be minimal. Annosusroot disease 207 Cu ft/ac/yr for western hemlock(Table 143). The appears to represent the most serious empirical yield estimates were 164 potential Cu ft/ac/yr for problem on this type to thinnedwestern hemlock, Douglas-fir and 185 Cu ft/ac/yr forwestern hemlock. reducing stand entries will help limit The stockability of these sites is high. the spread of this disease (see discussionon annosus root disease, p. 68). Heart and butt rots ofconcern are red ring rot and annosus root disease in Management ConsideratIons older western hemlock. Hemlock dwarf mistletoecan be abundant in old-growth stands of this type. Management considerations includemaximizing timber management opportunites and wildlife habi- Potential insect pests whichmay occur on this type tat management. In some stands theremay be ex- include the hemlock looper which cess litter and burning might be desirable may be present to reduce on western hemlock, and the western blackheaded the amount of litter. Low amounts of potassium and budworm which occur on buds ofwestern hemlock phosphorus may be limiting growthor affecting tree or Douglas-fir.

Table 143. Timber productivity values for the Western Hemlock/Swordfern..OxalisAssociation.

SifE SITE TREE SPECIES GBA PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI7 SDI8 TREES GBA9 SIGBA 10EMAI1'

Douglas-fir (McArdle I) 5 16 181 26 190 593 16 578 322 164 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 4 4 172 42 182 Douglas-fir (King 3) 2 5 117 20 172 Western Hemlock (Barnes 4) 20 20 134 19 207 400 161 Western Hemlock Niley 5) 4 19 122 7 238 469 400 185 Silks Spruce (Meyer 6) 2 2 225 15 332 654

1 Base age 100. Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Reconnaissance plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 50, Breast heightage (King 1966), ages 25 to 120 years. Base age 100, Total age (Barnes 1962), Reconnaissance plots only, ages 25 to 400 years. 5 Base age 50, Breast heightage (Wiley 1978a,b), ages 25 to 120 years. 6 Base age 100, Totalago (Meyer 1937). 7 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derived from the Site indexcurve for the species (see Figure 189 p. 496). 8 Stand Density Index (Relnecke1933). 9 Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987)(see Table 174 p. 494). Index of potential volume growth In cu ft/ac/yr. basedon the equation Sl*GBA*o.003 (Hall 1987). Estimated Mean Annual Increment derived empirically from plot data from stands 20 to 300years old (see Figure 190 p. 497),

388 Comparison with Similar Types environmentalzones. The Western Hemlock/ Swordfern-Oxalis Association is previously recog.. Similar types include the Western HemlockiSalai/ nized in the Olympics as the Western Hemlockl Swordfern and Western Hemlock/Oregongrape/ Swordfern Association Oxalis Phase (Smith and Swordfern types which occur on drier sites in drier Henderson 1986), on the Gifford Pinchot National environmentalzones,The WesternHemlock/ Forest (Topik et al. 1986) and in the H.J. Andrews Swordfern-Foamflower type occurs on similar sites in slightly drier areas. It is also closely related to the Experimental Forest (Dyrness et al. 1976). On the Western Hemlock/S alal/Oxalis and Western Olympic National Forest it was earlier included in Hemlock/Oxalis types which occur on slightly drier the broader Western Hemlock/Oxalis Association and wetter sites, respectively, but still in the wetter (Henderson and Peter 1981a,b, 1982a).

f L

.l'M S I. - '5, t ----a - 4

S. S

. k -'\' .M .

b 4'ap1- -' * -

Figure 166. Photo of the Western Hemlock/Swordfem-Oxahs Association, West Fork Humptulips River, Quinault District.

389 WESTERN HEMLOCKJVANILLALEAF Tsuga heterophylla/Achlys tniphylla TSHE/ACTR CHF2 11 (OLY)

The Western Hemlockjvaniiiaieaf Associationis a Other Blota minor type in certain areas on the Forest(Figure 167). It occurs mainly on warm, moist sites, at higher Deer sign was frequently observed, with elevations in the Western Hemlock Zone. Soils browsing are noted on Pacific yew, western redcedar, often deep and are derived from colluviumor glacial Ore- gongrape, red huckleberry and beargrass. Moun- till. They are often subirrigated by topographicmois- ture. The typical area of this type has burnedonce tain beaver activity and porcupine damagedtrees or twice in the last 500 years. were recorded on one plot. Douglas squirrel and small mammal acflvity were also observed.

Floristic Composition Bird observations were recorded for red-breasted nuthatch, gray jay, Steller's jay,common raven, The dominant understory species (Table 144) are chestnut-backed chickadee, black-headedgros- vanillaleaf (ACTR), star-flowered solomon's seal beak, mountain chickadee, hairy woodpeckerand (SMST) and Oregongrape (BENE), whichare usual- red-tailed hawk. ly present in all ages of stands, although theymay be inconspicuous or absent in densely stockedsecond growth. Shrub cover is usually low, butoften includesredhuckleberry(VAPA).Twinflower Table 144. Common plants in theTSHE/ACTR (LIBO2), swordfern (POMU), foamfiower (TITR)and Association, based on stands >150years (n=10). evergreen violet (VISE) may also occur. The tree layer may be dominated by Douglas-fir,western Abs. Rel. Common name Code Cover hemlock, western redcedar, or any combinationof Cover Const Ranqe these trees (Figure 168). TREES

western hemlock TSHE 53.6 53.6 100 25-85 Ground mosses were sparse to abundant Douglas-fir in four PSME 45.5 45.5 100 5-75 western redcedar old-growth plots. The moss cover rangedfrom 5% THPL 10.5 17.5 60 0-35 silver fir to 65% with an average of 26% cover. Thecommon ABAM 0.7 1.4 50 0-3 Pacific yew TABR 0.2 and abundant species were Rhytidiopsisrobusta, 1.0 20 0-1 Hylocomium splendens and Dicranumsp. Other GROUND VEGETATION species included Pie giothecium undulatum, Rhytidi- vanillaleaf ACTR 14.7 14.7 100 3-60 evergreen violet adeiphus Ioreus, and Hypnum circinaleon down VISE 1.2 1.2 100 1-2 red huckleberry wood and lower tree boles. Data for epiphytic VAPA 3.1 3.4 90 0-15 moss- swordfern POMU 1.7 1.9 90 0-4 es and lichens are limited to one plot where Alecto- queen's cup CLUN 1.8 2.3 80 0-4 na sarmentosa and Platismatia glauca were the prince's pine CHUM 1.2 1.5 80 0-4 Oregongrape common lichens. Other species included Hypogym- BENE 6.1 8.7 70 0-20 twinflower n/aenteromorpha,Sphaerophorus Ll802 3.7 5.3 70 0-25 globosus, three-leaved Parmeliopsis hyperopta and Lobariaore gana. foamf lower TITR 2.9 4.1 70 0-15 star-f lowered solomon's seal SMST 6.9 11.5 60 0-50 bunchberry Successional RelationshIps COCA 1.8 3.0 60 0-7 baldhip rose ROGY 0.7 1.2 60 0-2 little prince's pine CHME 0.6 1.0 60 0-1 trillium Seral stages are usually dominated byDouglas-fir. TROV 0.6 1.0 60 0.1 Alaska huckleberry Climax stages are dominated by bothwestern red- VAAL 0.8 1.6 50 0-3 sidebells pyrola cedar and western hemlock. PYSE 0.7 1.4 50 0-2

390 Environment and Soils Resource Inventory (Snyder et al. 1969) as well- drained, gravelly soils with loamy textUres. These This type occurs on gentle to steep, straight, con soils developed from either deep glacial or shallow cave or convex, mid-. to lower slopes and benches. colluvial regoliths. Coarse fragmentsrange from 5% Slope varied from 3% to 90% and averaged 47%. to 50% near the surface to 5% to 75% in the sub- Bedrock is usually metabasalt and regolith. is soils. usually colluvium, although it may also be glacial or alluvial. The mean summer soil tempeiature was 11.6 deg C (50.4 deg F) which is average for the Western Hem- No soil pits were dug in this type, however our plots lock Zone. The temperature regime is probably occurred on soil units described by the Olympic Soil frigid and the moisture regime is probably udic.

Figure 167. Map of plot locations for the Western HemlockNanillaleaf Association.

391 Timber Productivity Root disease problems may include laminated root rot on Douglas-fir,Armillaria root disease on Timber productivity of this type is moderate (Site Ill). Douglas-fir and western hemlock, and annosus root Site index of Douglas-fir averaged 149 (base 100) disease on western hemlock. When present, lami- and 107 (base 50). The productivity potential using nated root rotis the most serious disease of the site index-yield table approach was 156 Cu ft/ Douglas-fir on this type. Armillaria root disease can ac/yr (Table 145). The stockability of these sites is be a major problem on Douglas-fir plantations up to moderate. about 30 years, when impact should lessen. Heart and butt rots of concern are brown cubical butt rot, red ring rot and brown trunk rot on Douglas-fir, es- Management Considerations pecially old-growth. Annosus root disease can heavily damage western hemlock after 120 years of Management considerations include ensuring rapid age, and red ring rot may be present on western restocking and maintaining full site occupancy. Re- hemlock also. sponse to fertilizer in this type is still unknown. Red alder is apparently not a management option on this Insect problems may include hemlock looper on type. Douglas-fir is the preferred species. There are western hemlock, western blackheaded budworm few brush problems on this type. This type may on western hemlock and Douglas-fir, and Douglas- provide moderate wildlife values, particularly for fir beetle on diseased, windthrown, or stressed deer. Douglas-fir.

Table 145. Timber productivity values for the WesternHemlockNaniUaleaf Association.

SITE SIFE GBA TREE SPECIES PLOTS TREES INDEX s.d. CMAI4 SDI5 TREES GBA8 SIG BA7 EMAI

Douglas-fir (McArdle 1) 3 15 149 5 156 563 10 492 233 Douglas-fir (McArdle 2) 10 10 146 22 148

Douglas-fir (King 3) 1 5 107 151

Base age 100, Total age (McArdle and Meyer 1930), Intensive plots only,ages 25 to 400 years. 2 Base age 100, Totalage (McArdle and Meyer 1930), ReconnaIssance plots Only, ages 25 to 400 years. 3 Base age 50. Breast heightage (KIng 1966), ages 25 to 120 years. 4 Culmination of Mean Annual Increment derivedfront the site index curve for the species (see Figure 189 p. 496). 5 Stand Density Index (Reinecke 1933). 6 Growth Basal Area (Hall 1987) (see Table174 p. 494).

Index of potential volume growth in Cu It/ac/yr, based on the equation Sl*OBA*0.003 (Hall1987).

392 Comparison with Similar Types Olympic National Forest (Henderson and Peter 1982a). A similar type was also recognized on the Similar types include Western Hemlock/ Quilcene District (Henderson and Peter 1 983a) and Oregongrape/Swordfern which occurs on warmer in the Olympic National Park (Smith and Henderson and somewhat lower elevationsites, Western 1986). It was recognized in Mt. Rainier National Park Hemiock/Swordfern-Foamflower which occurs On (Franklin etal. 1988), but was not recognized by this moister and more productive sites, and Western project on the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National For-. Hemlock/Oregongrape which occurs on similar est. It is recognized in various forms on the Gifford sites that may be topographically drier. The Western HemlockNaniilaleaf Association is widespread in Pinchot (Topik etal. 1986), Mt. Hood (Halverson et Oregon and Washington but is apparently not very al. 1986) and Willamette National Forests (Hem- common.It was previously recognized on the strom et al. 1987).

Figure 168. Photo of the Western HemlockNanhllaleaf Association, Dungeness River, Quilcene District.

393 SECTION 3

References

Appendices

Field Procedures and Plot Cards

Soil Data

Species Usts and Codes

Curves and Equations

395 REFERENCES CITED

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408 Washington Natural Heritage Program. 1987. Wolfe, J.A. 1969. Neogene floristic and vegetational Endangered, threatened and sensitive vascu history of the Pacific Northwest. Madrono lar plants of Washington. Washington State 20(3):83-1 10. Department of Natural Resources, OLympia, WA. 33p. Wood, R.L 1967. Across the Olympic Mountains: The Press Expedition, 1889-90. The Moun- Wiley, KN. 1978a Site index tables for western taineers, Seattle, WA. 220 p. hemlock In the Pacific Northwest. Weyer- haeuser Forestry Paper No. 17. Centralia, WA. Wood, R.L 1976. Men, Mules and Mountains: Ueutenant O'Neil's Olympic Expeditions. The Wiley, KN. 1978b. Net and gross yields for natural Mountaineers, Seattle, WA. 483 p. stands of western hemlock in the Pacific Northwest. Weyerhaeuser Forestry Paper No. Worthington, N.P., F.A. Johnson, G.R. Staebter and 19. Centralia, WA. W.J. Lloyd. 1960. Normal yield tables for red Wilkes, C. 1874. U.S. Exploring Expedition during alder. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service the Years 1838-1842. Sherman and Co., Res. Paper 36. Pacific Northwest Forest and Philadelphia. Range Exp. Station, Portland, OR.

Williams, C.K and T.R. Lillybridge. 1983. Plant Wykoft, W.R., N.L Crookston and A.R. Stage. 1982. Associations of the Okanogan National Forest. User's Guide to the Stand Prognosis Model. U.S.Dept.of AgricultureForest Service U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service Gen. R6-ECOL-1 32B-1 983. Pacific Northwest Re- Tech. Rep. lnt-133. lnt. For. and Range Exp. gion, Portland, OR. 140 p. Station, Odgen, Utah. 112 p.

409 APPEN DICES APPENDIX 1

Field Procedures

Methods for Estimating Cover

Field Codes

413 FIELD PROCEDURES

1. Stand selection and plot location As a rule, 30 trees is sufficient in a very evenly spaced (thinned) stand, but 35 may not be enough The stand to be sampled will usually be selected by trees if the stand is irregular or patchy. the Ecologist or his assistants. The objective for reconnaissance sampling is to put a plot near the For Intensive plots mark the plot center with a cedar center of each section of land. The objective for stake driven at least halfway into the ground. Op- intensive sampling is to complete sampling of each tionally, a nail may be driven into the top of the stake section and in addition to obtain an even distribu- to attach measuring tapes. Refer to Table 148 (p. tion of plots across types and age classes. For Re- 421) to determine the radius of the plot (e.g. 1/5 con plots, select a section to be sampled, travel by ac= 52.66'). Measure the plot boundaries along car- road or trail to the closest accessible point to the dinal directions, usually starting with north. All such section center. Leave the road or trail walking to- measurements are corrected for slope. Mark these ward the center of the section. Establish the plot points with 2-3 foot long flagging which is clearly along the line of travel, beyond the influence of the visible from plot center. Hang another 'flag' above road or trail. the center stake which can be seen from the periph- ery of the plot. Additional radii will be measured to Plot location will be randomized within the stand. complete the outer perimeter of the plot as needed-- Once the stand or general location is selected, gen- usually about 4 or 5 more for 1/5 acre plot. Mark erate a random plot center which represents the these points with a small flag. This aspect of the plot series, association and age to be sampled. Throw is critical. Missed or extra trees in the plot signifi- out any points which would put the plot too close to cantly affects the plot statistics. Any questionable or edge effects or across type/age class boundaries. marginal tree must be measured. Hang flags on or The plot should represent one type and age condi- near any marginal trees so it is clear to someone tion. The second hand of a watch can give a random else whether the tree is in or out. number from 1-60. Two watches, or two observations of the same watch at an interval of several Number all trees starting at due north with yellow minutes generates 2 random numbers. Use one of paint. The numbers should be clearly visible, 4-8' these to represent a random direction by multiply- tall, and should face plot center. The top of the ing the number (from 1-60) by 6. A time of 8:31:16 number should be at breast height. On steep slopes would give a random direction of (16 x 6) 96. If the this may not be possible. Site trees are also marked second watch gave a time of 8:32:45, the '45' could with an aluminum tag placed at the top of the yellow represent 45 feet, meters, paces or whatever was number. In visually sensitive areas, painted num- decided before the 'random second hand number bers may be aimed away from trails etc. or may have was determined. The 'random' plot center is there- to be omitted. fore 45 feet at 96 degrees from wherever the random numbers were generated. The random dis- Seedlings are tallied on a subplot whose center is tance should be small enough to keep the plot 20 feet north of the plot center; saplings are tallied within the type and age class to be sampled. on the NE quarter of the plot or occasionally the entire plot for very sparse regeneration or for very 2 Plot size and layout young stands. The point 20 feet north of plot center is marked by a yellow wire flag. Refer to Table 148 For Recon plots choose a plot size of 1/10 acre, for subplot sizes and radii for seed/sap subplots. mark the plot center and the cardinal radii with flagging. Correct all distance measurements for steep- 3. ReferencIng the plot ness of slope. Complete the Recon card. For Intensive plots, choose a plot size which will give The plot center stake (Intensive plots only) is refer- about 30-70 trees on the tree tally card. Often this enced to a nearby tree (or rock or stump) for reloca- will be 1/5 acre in young old-growth, 1/10 acre in tion. The reference tree is usually the closest tree young-growth and 4/10 acre in very old old-growth. above or level with the center stake. Paint a yellow

415 arrow with the point of the arrow near the ground the cardinal points of the plot. Recordcover (below stump height), facing plot center. Naila yel- estimates for each shrub and herb species low plastic tag marked with the plot number, date, on the plot. Use the scale of nearest 5% cover 'ECOLOGY and initials of crew, over the point of the for coverage >10% and to the nearest 1%for arrow. Nail an oval aluminum tag with plot number coverages <10%. A recorded value of '1 above the yellow plastic tag, or on a second RP tree, means >0 but not more than 1%. A value of at the point of the arrow and referenced the sameas 2' means >1% up to 2.5%. A value of '3' above. Record azimuth and distance from the point means 2.6-3.5%, etc. Phenological stage of of the arrow to the point where the cedarstake the typical plant of each species is recorded enters the ground. This is the only distancemea- in the 'Ph' column using the following codes: surement on the plot which is not corrected for slope. v= vegetative or (blank) b= bud but no flowers or fruits The plot location is referenced to an E' paintedon early flower a tree, stump or rock, clearly visible from a road or F= full flower trail. In high use or visually sensitive areas, painta fr= early ('green') fruit small, relatively inconspicuous 'E', or in very sensi- Fr= full ('ripe') fruit tive areas paint a yellow dot at the base ofa tree and S= seed shed paint an E' away from the road or trail. Record the azimuth and the measured horizontal distance from Mark the column 'V' if the species is collected the 'E' to the plot center on the back of the Seedling! for later identification or verification. Such Sapling card. Record a verbal description of the specimens should go into a plant press la- location of the E and any special instructionsor beled with plot number, preliminary identif,- directions for locating the E or the plot. cation, date and collector's initials. In the column after 'V' record the species name if it is The plot location Is marked with a permanent red an uncommon species or note browsing or dot and plot number on the appropriate plotmap. other items of interest. Use a safety pin to mark the location of the ploton an aerial photo. Draw a circle around the pin prick B. FIXED AREA TREE TALLY CARD (Figure and label with the plot number on both sides of the 170) - All trees, standing dead trees and photo. Record the aerial photo number andmap snags which are greater than 4.95 inches name on the front of the recon card. DBH are numbered and recorded on this card. Tree number 1is the first tree begin- 4. FIeld Instructions ning at due north and moving clockwise around the plot. Record tree history (Table A. RECON CARD (Figure 169)- The left col- 147), live tree, site tree, dead tree, etc. in umn of the front of the card is set up to be second column. Next record species using entered directly into the computer. The right the 4-letter TRI codes. Douglas-fir=PSME column includes important narrative informa- etc. (Table 164). In the fourth column (DBH) tion. Use the following guide for completing recordtheDiameteratBreastHeight the front of the Recon card (Table 146). (DBH=4.5 ft above the ground), to thenear- est tenth of an inch, but omit the decimal The back of the Recon card is for recording point, e.g. a tree which is 25.7 inches DBH is tree, shrub and herb coverages. Enter the recorded as 257. In the fifth column (RI) plot number again before IT',S. and 'H'. record the width of the last complete 10 years Identify and record all trees, shrubsand of growth in 20th of an inch. For example, if herbs on the plot. Trees that are rooted out- the measurement is taken during the middle side of the plot boundary but haveany part of the growing season, ignore the current of the crown overhanging the plot are record- year's growth and count inward 10more ed. Record coverage of each treespecies by years. Mark the beginning and ending point size class and record a cover estimatefor the on the core (with a Sharpie pen) and mea- species. Tally trees by species usinga BAF sure the length of this core segment. If it is (English) 40 prism using plot center plus 3 of exactly 1/2 inch (1/2 in10 2oths) record the 416 FIELD CODES-RECON CARD Table 146. Field codes-Recon card.

PLOT Number: unique number for plot

COMPARTMENT NO., First digit is District: Hood Canal 2 Quilcene 3 Ouinault 5 = Soleduck

LANDFORM 15 glacial cirque 70 = alluvium 17 glacial side slope 71 = alluvial fan 19 glacial valley 73 = alluvial terrace 41 = glacial moraine 75 = alluvial valley 35 = cliffs 77 = mudfloW 60 colluvial (talusetc) 63 coiluvlal fan 61 talus 64 colluvial-fluvial fan 62 scree 81 mOuntain slope

TOPOGRAPHIC MOISTURE MAcROPOSrrlON extremely dry 1 = ridgetop 3 dry, well drained 2 = upperslope 5 mesic 3 = mid-slope 7 moist, well watered 4 = lower slope 9 = standing water 5 = bottom 6 = plain MicRoPosmoN 1 ridgetop 6 = toe of s1ope 2 = upper 1/3 7 = river bottom 3 mid 1/3 8 = edge of or in 4 lower 1/3 basin or wetland 5 bench, flat 9 = draw, intermittent stream bottom (V and H) MICROCONFIGURATION 1 = convex 3 = concave 2 = straight 4 = undulating

SUCCESSIONAL STAGE = CC, not burned 2 = Grass-forb (1-10 yrs after burning) 3 shrub-seedling (1-10 years) 4 = sapling (5-150) 5 = young forest (16-50) 6 = mature forest (50-200) 7 = young old-growth (200-400) 8 = old old-growth (400-1000) 9 = climax, both composition and structure 0 = other

REGOLITh 11 erosional colluvium 31 = tephra 12 neutral cofluvium 32 pyroclastic 13 depositional coil. 40 residual 21 = alpine glacial 50 organic 22 = continental glacial 60 = talus 23 glacial-f luvial 70 alluvium 30 = volcanic 80 lacustrine

BEDROCK 1020 = granite 5640 shale 2240 = andesite 5650 sandstone 2260 = basalt 5670 conglomerate 2300 pyroclastic 3420 slate 2220 = rhyolite 3440 = schist 2370 = pumice 3460 = gneiss 6770 = limestone 4540 serpentine 8000 = mixed 4550 greenstone 9999 = unknown

417 radial increment as '10'. Measure the length record the presence of damage using the of core which is sapwood and record this codes in Table 147, 29= mistletoe, measurement (in 20th inch) in the next col- 76= broken top etc. If 20 (disease) is record- umn (SAPW). If radial increment cannot be ed, then record the kind of diseaseon Tree reliably made in the field, mark anx in the Damage card. corner of the RI box, mark and store the core for later measurement under the microscope. C. OTHER ORGANISM CARD (Figure 171)- RI is recorded for all 'GBA' trees, i.e at least The 'other organism' card has 5sections: 5 dominant and codominants of the domi- Ground mosses andlichens,Epiphytic nant species, and at least 3 dominant and lichens and mosses, Mammals etc., Birds, codominants for each other species present and Insects etc. on the plot. A sample of ages are taken of the dominant trees and for the subordinant size Ground mosses: Recordcrown classes. Mark column RINGS' with an 'x' ifa cover forallrecognized mosses, core is taken but not recorded in the field. If lichens, and other cryptogams grow- the core is counted in the field, record the ing on the ground, on litter, logs, or the number of annual rings actually counted in base of trees. Record 'Total Moss' the core in the 'Rings' column. Record this cover. Collect voucher specimens of number and record the length of the core (if common cryptogams which are un- the core did not include the pith) elsewhere known, and voucher specimens of on the card. If the core did not include the nitrogen-fixing lichens--Lobaria and pith, estimate the number of rings from the Peltigera spp. Label cryptogam pack- inside of the core to the pith and add this to ets for these voucher specimens. the ring count, already recorded in column 7. This number is the age at breast height and Epiphytic lichens: Record the rela- is recorded in the next column 'BH AGE'. In tive abundance of all recognized epi- the 9th column 'TOTAL AGE', record the esti- phytic lichens, mosses and other mated total age of the tree by adding the cryptogams using the abundance estimated time for that tree to breast height to codes given at the top of the card. the breast height age. Total height ismea- These sould be interpreted as abun- sured on all dominant and most codominant dance codes where1 =veryrare, trees and for a sample of size classes and 2=uncommon, 3=common, 4=abun- species represented on the plot. Alltrees dant, and 5=very abundant. used for GBA calculations, all potential site 'Available substrate'issometimes index trees and all trees with a significant difficult to assess, since it is specific to proportion of the volume of the plot should the species. Collect voucher speci- be measured. Tree heights for allunmea- mens of common cryptogams which sured trees are estimated from the sampleof are unknown, and voucher specimens measured heights using computerpro- of nitrogen-fixing lichens--Lobaria. La- grams. Therefore the range in heights and belcryptogam packets for these diameters by species must be covered.A voucher specimens. typical plot will have heightmeasurements on about 1/4 of the trees and have heights Mammals etc: Record the presence estimated for all dead trees andsnags. For of animal sign. Note if it is recent (e.g. trees which have a top out,measure the fresh scat) or not. If browsing is noted height of the tree and estimate the amount of also record the plant species which is top which is out; record both values inthe browsed. height column. Record Crown Ratio(CR) which is the percent of the length of thetree Birds: For all birds which are heard which is in live crown. See Table 147 for or seen, check H (heard) or S (seen). codes. In column 12 (CC) record thecrown Check P if the record is actually on the class 2=dominant, 3=codominant, 4=inter- plot. Use a question mark (?)if the mediate etc. In the last column (DAMAGE) identification is uncertain. 418 5. Insects etc: Record the abundance dead and down stems in the plot, and the (L,MIH) of all insects identified on the depth of the overall litter layer. plot. Check if nest is found. If appropriate note the host of the insect (e.g. TREE DAMAGE CARD (Figure 173) - (front yellowjacket nest on western hemlock, of card is optional, back of card is required). or aphids on silver fir). On the front of this card record all damage for all trees on the NE quarter of the plot and any D. SEEDLING/SAPLING CARD (Figure 172) - significant disease occurrence for any other Select a suitable seeding subplot size. Be tree, dead tree or snag. On the back of the sure to record the plot size, the subplot size card note the relative abundance for the ma- and radius for each size class of seedling or jor diseases and their principal host. If the sapling. For saplings, use the northeast front of this card is not done, draw a light quadrant or the entire plot. The center of the diagonal line across the card. If the front of seedling subplot is 20 feet north of the plot the card is done but there were no damaging center stake. Avoid trampling seedlings in agents observed, write NONE in the first line. this area. Refer to Table 148 for radii for different subplot sizes. Record age (total age) and height for a sample of each size class. On the SOIL CARD (Figure 174) - Complete the back of this card record information on the soil pit descriptions in accordance with ac- plot 'E and plot center reference points. Also cepted Soil Taxonomy techniques. describe the abundance and condition of the

Table 147. Tree condition codes.

HISTORY DAMAGE DAMAGE 10 = Live Tree 00 (or blank) No damage 54 Other weather 11 = Growth Sample Tree 10 Insect 60 Suppression 70 Physical Damage or unknown 12 = Site Tree 11 Bark beetle 30 Cut Stump (do not number) 12 Defoliators 71 Natural mechanical 50 Dead Tree (last 10 years) 20 Disease 72 Deformed top 60 = Snag (dead > 10 years) 21 White Pine Blister Rust 73 Forked 22 Rust or Canker 74 Deformed stem CROWN RATIO 23 Conk 75 Dead top 76 Broken top 1 0-15 24 Visible interior rot 2 16-25 25 Root disease 77 Excessive lean 3 26-35 27 Other disease 80 Man-caused 4 = 36-45 28 Heart or butt rot 81 Logging or construction 82 Other man-caused 5 46-55 29 Mistletoe 6 = 56-65 30 Fire 91 Stem not rotted 7 = 66-75 40 Animal 92 Hard snag or DT with bark 8 = 76-85 41 Domestic ungulates 93 Soft snag or DT with bark 9 = 86-95 42 Wild ungulates 94 Rotted core, hard shell 43 Small animals 95 Soft snag (well rotted) CROWN CLASS 44 Birds Record for all trees > 5 DBH 45 Bears 1 = Isolated 46 Porcupine 2 Dominant 50 Weather 3 = Codominant 51 Lightning 4 Intermediate 52 Wind 5 Overtopped 53 Frost crack

419 METHODS FOR ESTIMATING COVER

Cover is the percent of an area (usually a plot) which Measure the actual area covered by is occupied by the crowns of Individu- an individual species. al plants or clumps. This works well for To determine the area occupied by large an individual or clumpy plants such as vinemaple, plant, mentally connect theouter portions of the oceanspray or trees. For example, given crown with a line, thus making a polygon. Do a not large clump of vine maple,measure a typical subtract for small areas between leaves or small radius of the clump and convert toarea. If the gaps between branches. Project this polygonto the radius were 9.5 feet (3.1417x 9.5 x 9.5 = 284 ground as if it were a shadow. Determinethe area sq ft) then that clump would be (284/4356) of this ashadoW or determine the totalarea of all the 6.5 percent of the plot. "shadows of the plants of each species.Convert this area to a percentage of the plot. Thisis percent Measure or estimate the size ofa typical indi- Cover. vidual of a species and thencount the individuals of that species. This works wellfor There are numerous ways to estimatecover of a small to medium-sized plants suchas sword- species on a plot. First determine the sizeof the plot. fern or beargrass. If the typical swordfernon A 1/10 acre plot (4356 sq ftor 37.24 foot radius) a plot was 1/2 of one percent (2.6 ft radius) works well, but any size will do. Mark the plotbound- and there were 24 plants, thecover for ary in at least one place. (The rest of thissummary swordfem would be 12%. will assume a 1/10 acre plot.) Begin bychoosing one of the dominant species on the plot. Do this Estimate the area not covered bya species. species very carefully using oneor more of the fol- Use this method when a species hasmore lowing methods; than 75% cover. Use methods 2,3,or 4 but apply them to areas not coveredby a Quickly estimate whether the speciescovers species. This often works well for dense salal. more or less than half of the plot; thenmore For example, if there are 4 openings ina plot or less than 1/4 or 3/4 of the plot.If the which are not occupied by salal andeach species is greater than 75% usemethods has a radius of about 5.0 feet (5x 5 x 3.1417 5,6, if the species is 25-75%use methods = 78.5 sq ft = 1.8% of 4356 sq ft [1/10 acre]), there would be (1.8 + 1.8 3,4,5,6, and if the species is less than25% + 1.8 + 1.8) 7.2 use methods 2,3,4. percent of the area which is not salalor 92.8 (rounded to 95) percent salal. 2. Measure or estimate areas whichare 1% and Divide the plot into quarters 10% of the plot (Table 149). Onepercent of or halves if the species is very unevenly distributed a 1/10 acre plot is an area witha radius of or if the plot is large. If you dividea plot into quarters 3.724 feet. 10% of a 1/10acre plot (or 1/100 estimate each quarter separately thenaver- acre) is an area with a radius of11.78 feet. age the four quarters together. If most of the Many types key out on the basisof whether plants of one species falls in one of thequar- a species is more or less than 10%,so this is a critical area. For species near this ters, mentally try to fill in the holes with plants amount from the other quarters. of cover, mentally try to filla 10% area with plants so that their crowns don't overlap. For Check your cover estimates by: species with low cover in the plot,it is often useful to try to mentally fill comparing each species to one that a one percent you are relatively certain about area.If you fill the onepercent area with plants and still have plants left comparing estimates on the same over, fill anoth- species done by different methods er. This would give you 2%. Or ifthere are still some plants left over, fill another, comparing to someone else's esti- and so on. mates.

420 Table 145. Plot sizes.

Area Radius Conversion (acre) (feet) to 1/10 ac

4/10 74.47 .25 1/5 52.66 .5 1/7 44.51 .7 1/10 37.24 1.0 1/20 26.33 2.0 1/100 11.78 10.0 1/300 6.80 30.0 1/1000 3.72 100.0

Table 149. Critical areas (in feet) for plot sizes.

1/10 ACRE 1/5 ACRE 4/10 ACRE

Area Radius Square Radius Square Radius Square

100% 37.24 66.00 52.66 93.34 74.47 132.00 25% 18.62 33.00 26.33 46.67 37.24 66.00 10% 11.78 20.87 16.65 29.52 23.55 41.74 9% 11.17 19.80 15.80 28.00 22.34 39.60 8% 10.53 18.67 14.89 26.40 21.06 37.34 7% 9.85 17.46 13.93 24.69 19.70 34.92 6% 9.12 16.17 12.90 22.86 18.24 32.33 5% 8.33 14.76 11.78 20.87 16.65 29.52 4% 7.45 13.20 10.53 18.67 14.89 26.40 3% 6.45 11.43 9.12 16.17 12.90 22.86 2% 5.27 9.33 7.45 13.20 10.53 18.67 1% 3.72 6.60 5.27 9.33 7.45 13.20

421 -n Co. -CD 0) 1-3 DBHHI. AgeRings BA -A PLOT Crew I 10(cm)(m)(yrs) 2 - - FOREST! DIST Plot Date C, ELEV (10 FT) Location 0. - - ASPECT SLOPE

CD ± TOWNSHIP N C, 0 - RANGE Map _SECTION Air photo cli ci, - MACTOP Photo no MICTOP Topography & Land form C) CD -MACPOS C) MICPOS -' p. _MICRO V Stand structure & Succession _MICRO H _SUCC STAGE Stand Age - _MAX TREE AGE TOP HT(M) _Top ht Ut) - _B Plot _BA (M2/HA) _BA (ft2/ac) -_Sl(d.t.) _SI(- _SI(w.h.) _CC OVER __CC UNDER _AVE DIA (DM) _. _Form!Series _Hab Type - - _Soil Type _Regolith _Bedrock

GPO 992.228 .14q S-9J 1XEI)-ARIA TREE TALLY CARD RI SAPW l SPP CREW. PLOt SIZE DAlE LOCA1IOI4 ege_ vol - iI_ ba.____.ipa____gbct__._-

24 ': M z______3 hi31 5 l0 'II eli .7 (43 8 9 (5 0 I, Ia 'U '3 (1 19

'5 5) I' 51 I) 52 53

20 55

21 22 5! a; it' 5q 1-'; ()o

- - RIRDS INSECTS(etc.) Hs'p N 4O5T CREW PLOTI sl4awk _c9pr Biaiiblebe COVER CUSSESFOR EPIPI{TItS: 1 jled-ta1led Hawk Yellow jacket 2 2-10%,3 11-25%, 14 26-50% SLarp-hinnedHawk Honey bee 5=> 50% of availablesubstrate occupied. Mue ouIRooE Bald-fac hornet GROUND MOSSES MID LICHENS %C EPIPHYTIC 1liiTd Grouse tirtins) Solltar/ nestIr bee LICHENS,IIOSSES CC R-El1ed Pigeon Syrphid fly Hy1occjtjnsnen WISP Ccn6N1hthiwk Black fly kriaoregana LOOR Eurhynchius oreganun EUOR 1/aux's Swift Deer fly Alectoriasarmentosa ALSA EUPR Rufous Ikmnlngbird Horse fly IYnchlielon&us Dryoriafuscescens B Northern Flicker Ritidtadelphus loreus R1!L0 Bryoria trichodes Mosaito Hhytidiadelphus triquetrus BRIR ownyWoodpecker No-see-una RJITR Hyp9gymnjaenteromorpha IIIEN Hairy Woodecker :ytIdiopsla robusta RhINO IIypgymniaphysodes HYPIl gnats PlagiotIeciunundulatun PtleatedWoodpecker Pinebutterfly PLWI Isotheiuu_stoloniferun iSr Sapsucker 'blcranunfuscescens DIFIJ deCo taE1catept11ars) Oloranixu soopaFlum aerophorou5g]sui5L OLlve-stdecf7lycatcher Predacioround beetle bxsc flaEIsmatIaIauca W5ternF1yatcher _lrpjosa PEAP Platismatiaherrei Doug_ftr barkbeetle Peltigera PLIIE Western Wood Pewee PE lnuncirciriaje HYCI Scolyd bark beetle SPHAG Gray Jay Ambrosia beeEle Scapantabolanderi SCBO Steller, Jay Wood-borer Jjypnumcircjnaieyc Poretla PU Scapania bolanderi SCBO Ccxrinon Fav-n ce15id ?armejjasulOata PASIJ AmericanCrow flhizomniwi&labreacens RFL Paruieliasaxatilis alam woolly aphids Plaglcmnium insie PASA R1ackapp Chickadee PLIH Parmellopsis prpta PAul Polytrlchiii, PU Chestnut-backed Chickadee scale insect Lobarlapulmonaria LOPU PogonatLrn P0 anEs çat1on1a cE. Cladonla CL grown çrp_ Carpnter ants iJeckeradouglasil t1EDO Cladina - CL VInler Wren black& ranilmpede Metaneekeramenziesii MEME Rhacc'mttrlimi RH K tnglet spider Usnea '.45 Stereocaulon ST Kinglet Banana slugs Cetrarta CE VridThrusj Tlejsmenziesij LEME Frullania tatuarasci FRTA iJir slii Il'xnalothec turn megaptllum 'fli:ih snails HONE Lethariavulpina LEVU Hermit Thruah iieurozlun FibeI N.Z LethartcoIIana Claopodttncrispifoliun LE) ?Ii1F1iIi Rosin CLCR CRUSTOSE LICHENS CRUST SolitaryVtreo Total cryptogLuncover Hutton'sVlreo IeIlow-rtznped Warbler Wilson's Warbler Hermit Warbler Townnd's WarIer Rufous-sided Towhee SongSparrow

Fox Sparrow Ft-eyed Junco ei':ie513km tWQALSIBIA,5 ANDREPTILES (mark R for recent .sigi ej1ae/) Red Crossbill TrackTrailScatBrowse heat Deer Elk Mtn. Beaver Bear irr___. Ez '0 2: a-, uJ0C- L)ro0 C- 0 LJL. 0 L o- z\ a VT,C o'- V 0U U-- 0 Lcc0) V Lcc0)0)0) 0Z 0 LJL. EL0 E n.E Cr-'-a. L0 U.+D L0 00Uci: - G <6 6-10aH SEEDLINGS/SAPLINGS V-3 I con'erssaISPECIES uDpCt %$Zø no age ht no J age ht no J age ht no age' ht no age ht I + V I $ V Figure 172. Plot card 4 - Seedling/Sapling Card. 425 m

1 TREE DRMRGE CARD [.rPA1ucxEusMfl) On IER CD AJiQSL, Armeilarla meilea -4 PLOt SUEJPLOF Parla wterti CREN S(Z5(ZL -DATE Fanes onnosus 0 Verticioladella woaneri C, Phaeolus schwienttzjj 0. tPF.1 rpeE NO Fomitopsis pinicota C,' SIGNS, SYMPfOMS AND [ND[CRTIONS Fcnnttopsls of(Iclonatls

-S l'hellthus pLot CD CD 2 Fon,I topsj., cajanSeri 3 Laetlporu, Sul fureus 3 GanoderTna applanatin '1 Co GanodermaoreBoneflse CD 5 Fir Broaa Rust C) 5 Cliontereile 3. 7 8

S ACK I I I I - - - PLRSSN SOIL T'rPE 4- . AIRP-3OTO

TEXT CON S- CFRAG BNHO STRUC ROOTS PORES H COLOR FIOTT cs DRMOT CLS il__ilM w wp 11 II

H II

Figure 174. Plot card 6Soil Pit Card.

427 APPENDIX 2

- Soil Classification

-Soil Nutrient Data

- Soil Temperature Data

429 Table 150. Summary of plant associations by Great Group.1

ENTISOLS FLUVENTS Udiftuvent PISI/POMU-OXOR, TSHEIPOMU-OXOR

Xerolluvent ACMNACCl2

ORTHENTS Udorthent TSHEJGASH/POMU, ABAMNAME/XETE

Xerorthent TSHEIXETE, TSHE/RHMA-GASH, TSHE/GASH/POMU (2) PSMEJHOOI-ROGY (2)

INCEPTISOLS OCHREPTS Cryochrept TSMEIVAAL/ERMO

Durochrept TSHEJGASH/XETE, TSHE/GASH-VAOV2 (2), TSHEIGASH, TSHEfGASHBENE, TSHE/GASH/POMU, ABAM1XET

Dystrochrept TSHE/GASH/XETE, TSHE/GASH-BENE, TSHEJGASH/POMU (2), TSHE/VAAL, TSHEJGASH/QXOR, TSHE/POMUOXOR (2), TSHE/POMU-TflR (2), TSHENAALJOXOR, ABAMIXETE, ABAM/RHMA-VAAL, ABAMNAAL/ERMO (2), ABAMIVAAL.BENE, ABAMNAAIJCLUN, ABAMNAAL, APAM/POMU, ABAM/POMU-OXOR ABAM/OXOR (2), ABAM/GASH/BLSP (2), ABAMNAALJTIUN (2), ABAMNAAL/OXOR, PSMEJGASH

Fragiochrept TSHE/RHMA

Xerochrept TSHEIRHMA-GASH, TSHE/GASHI)(ETE, TSHE/GASH/POMU, PSME/GASH

UMBREPTS Fragiumbrept PISI/POMU-OXOR

Haplumbrept TSHE/GASH-BENE, TSHE/GASH/POMU, TSHENAAL-GASH, TSHEJPOMU-OXOR, TSHE/OXOR, TSHE1POMU-TITR, ABAM/GASH/OXOR, ABAM/POMU-OXOR, ABAM/OXOR (2) ABAMNAAL/OXOR

Xerumbrept PSMEJHODI-ROGY

SPODOSOLS HUMODS Cryohumod TSMENAALIERMO

Haplohu mod ABAMNAALJCLUN

ORTHODS Cryorthod ABAMNAALIERMO, ABAM/GASH/OXOR, TSMENAAL, TSMENMLIERMO (4)

Fragiorthod ABAMNAALITIUN

Haptorthod TSHE/RHMA-GASH, TSHE/GASH-BENE, TSHE/GASH/POMU (2), TSHE/VAAL (2), TSHE/GASH/OXOR, TSHEJPOMU-OXOR, TSHE/OXOR T$HEJPOMU-TITR (2), TSHEJVAALJOXOR, TSHE/OPHO, ABAM/RHMA-VAAL ABAMNMIJERMO, ABAMNAAL-BENE, ABAMNAAIJCLUN (2), ABAMNAAL, ABAM/GASH/OXOR, ABAM/POMU, ABAM/OXOR

HISTOSOLS HEMSTS Medihemist TSHE/VAAL-GASH, TSHE/PYFU/GASHIXETE2

1 Number of occurrences is one unless otherwise Indicatedri 0.

2 Suggested names for race plant communities of uncertain successional status. 431 Table 151. Summary of Great Groups by plant association.

No. of ASSOCIATiON Plots GREAT GROUPS

PISI/POMU-OXOR 2 1 fragiumbrept, 1 udifluvent TSHE/XETE 1 1 xerorthent TSHEJRHMA-GASH 3 1 haplorthod, 1 xerochrept, 1 xerorthent TSHEIRHMA 1 1 fraglochrept TSHE/GASRIXETE 3 1 durochrept, 1 dystrochrept, 1 xerochrept TSHE/GASH 2 2 durochrept TSHE/GASH-VAOV2 2 2 durochrept TSHE/GASH-BENE 4 1 durochrept, 1 dystrochrept, 1 haplorthod, 1 haplumbrept TSREJGASI-1IPOMU 10 1 durochrept, 3 dystrochrept, 2 haplorthod, 1 udorthent, 1 xerochrept, 1 xerorthent, 1 haplumbrept TSHE/VAAL/GASH 2 1 haplumbrept, 1 medihemist TSHE/VAAL 3 1 dystrochrept, 2 haplorthod TSHE/GASH/OXOR 2 1 dystrochrept, 1 haplorthod TSHE/POMU-OXOR 5 2 dystrochrept, I haplorthod, 1 haplumbrept, 1 udifluvent TSHE/OXOR 2 1 haplorthod, 1 haplumbrept TSHE/POMU-TITR 5 2 dystrochrept, 2 haplorthod, 1 haplumbrept TSHE/VAAI/OXOR 2 1 dystrochrept, 1 haplorthod TSHE/OPHO 1 1 haplorthod TSHE/PYFU/GASI-f,XETE1 I I medihemist ABAM/XErE 2 1 dystrochrept, 1 durochrept ABAMIVAME/XETE I I udorthent ABAM/RHMA-VAAL 2 1 dystrochrept, 1 haplorthod ABAMNAALJERMO 4 1 cryorthod, 2 dystrochrept, 1 haplorthod ABAMIVAAL-BENE 2 1 dystrochrept, 1 haplorthod ABAMIVAALJCLUN 4 1 dystrochrept, I haplohumod, 2 haplorthod ABAM/VAAL 2 1 dystrochrept, I haplorthod ABAM/GASH/OXOR 3 1 cryorthod, 1 haplorthod, 1 haplumbrept ABAM/POMU 2 1 dystrochrept, I haptorthod ABAM/POMU-OXOR 2 1 dystrochrept, 1 haplumbrept ABAM/OXOR 5 2 dystrochrept, 1 haplorthod, 2 haplumbrept ABAM/GASH/BLSP 2 2 dystrochrept ABAMNAALJTIUN 3 2 dystrochrept, I fragiorthod ABAMNAALJOXOR 2 1 dystrochrept, 1 haplumbrept TSME/VML I I cryorthod TSME/VAALIERMO 6 4 cryorthod, 1 cryochrept, I cryohumod PSM E/HODI-ROGY 3 2 xerorthent, 1 xerumbrept PSME/GASH 2 1 clystrochrept, I xerochrept ACMNACCI' 1 1 xerofluvent

ISuggested names for rare plant communities of uncertain successional status.

432 Table 152. Summary of selected soil pit data by plant association.Values are means and units are in centimeters unless otherwise indicated (n = number of plots).

ROOT ROOT HARD 01 02 COARSE SOIL DEPTH DEPTH EFFECTIVE A HOR. (MIN.)3 DEPTH4 THICK PAN5 ASSOCIATION n HOR. HOR. FRAG.% DEPTH1 (ORG.)2

68.0 30-53.0+ 34.0 PISI/PQMU-OXOR 2 3.5 2.5 47.0 56-100.0+ 2.5 100.0+ 2.0 105.0 37.0+ ISHEIXETE 1 1.0 2.0 63.0 64.3 88.0+ TSHjRHMA-GA$H 3 4.8 3.0 12.0 100.0+ 3.0 3.0 37.0 36.0 49,0 TSHEIRHMA I 2.0 3.0 3.0 49.0 82.0 36-54.0+ 67.0 TSHEJGASHIXETE 3 2.3 3.3 45.8 67-100.0+ 3.3 7.0 69.5 39.6 69.5 TSHEIGASH 2 1.5 8.5 43.0 69.5 79.0 6.0 77.0 32.2 79.0 TSHEJc3ASH-VAOV2 I 3.0 6.0 59.0 2.9 65.4 352 68.5 TSHEJc3ASH-BENE 4 2.0 3.1 48.4 68.3 6.5 63.9 28-52.0+ 54.5 TSHEJGASH/POMU 10 2.4 7.7 47.7 43-100.0+ 11.5 40.0 89.0+ TSHEJVAAL-GASH 2 0.5 11.5 11.0 100.0+ 5.3 44.3 42-48.0+ TSHENAAL 3 1.6 5.3 51.7 87-100.0+ 46.0 70.5+ TSHE/GASH/OXOR 2 3.0 1.5 29.5 100.0+ 1.5 71.2+ TSHE/POMU-OXOR 5 1.2 1.6 28.8 100.0+ 1.6 66.4 3.9 61.5 66.5+ TSHEIOXOR 2 1.0 3.9 13.5 100.0+ 44.6 67.2+ TSHEJPOMU-Tflit 5 1.8 1.6 32.8 100.0+ 1.6 55.0 45.5+ 12.0 TSHEfAA1JOXOR 2 1.0 12.9 54.5 100.0+ 12.9 100.0+ 2.0 30.0 96.0+ TSHEJOPHO 1 2.0 2.0 4.0 49.0 34.0+ ABAM/XETE 2 2.3 3.6 66.0 100.0+ 4.8 3.0 50.0 30.0+ ABAMNAME/XETE 1 3.0 3.0 70.0 100.0+ 48-72.0+ ABAM/RHMA-VAAL 2 2.5 5.0 28.0 66-100.0+ 5.0 73.0 50.9 18-54.0+ 18.0 ABAMNAALJERMO 4 0.4 5.0 46.4 34-100.0+ 4.5 38.5+ ABAM/VAAL-I3ENE 2 0.9 7.0 61.5 100.0+ 7.0 76.0 66.1+ 10.0 ABAM/VAAUCWN 4 2.9 6.5 33.9 100.0+ 6.5 51.5 56.0 26.0+ ABAMNAAL 2 3.9 24.5 74.0 100.0+ 24.5 59.2+ ABAM/GASH/OXOR 3 1.3 4.8 40.8 100.0+ 4.8 623 24.4 9.0 ABAM/POMU 2 3.0 7.0 67.5 75.0 7.0 75.0 55.0+ ABAM/POMU-OXOR 2 2.5 1.5 45.0 100.0+ 1.5 76.5 55.4 78-89.0+ 4.8 ABAM/OXOR 5 1.0 4.0 10.8 88-100.0+ 3.2 5.0 54,0 89.0+ ABAM/OASH/BLSP 2 1.0 5.0 11.0 100.0+ 49.3 22-57.0+ 6.0 38.0 ABAMNAAL/TIUN 3 1.3 11.3 43.3 38-100.0+ 11.3 40.0 76.0+ ABAMNAAL/OXOR 2 0.5 0.0 24.0 100.0+ 0.0 8.0 50.0 35.4 TSME/VAAL 1 3.0 8.0 41.0 60.0 36.2 27.3 12.6 TSME/VAAL/EAMO 6 1.3 4.8 41.0 46.3 5.0 51.2+ PSMEJHODI-ROGY 3 2.3 0.3 48.8 100.0+ 0.0 123.8 74.5 63.5+ PSMEJOASH 2 3.4 2.5 36.5 100,0+ 2.5 0.0 115.0 100.0+ ACMNACCI6 1 6.0 6.0 0.0 100.0+

1 A "+" indicates that no bedrock or hardpan was encountered. 2 ThicKness of 0 horizon in which roots were found. Depth to which 90% of the roots penetrate. Effective depth is the soil depth minus the percent 01 coarse fragments. If soil is deeper than 100 cm theeffective depth is calculated using only the top 100cm. A '+' indicates that the effective depth was calculated in this way. Strongly compacted and/or cemented layer such as a tragipan or a duripan. Used to define soil depth andeffective depth where present 6 Suggested name for rare plant community of uncertain successional status.

433 Table 153. Macronutrient concentrations by plant association. Mean values from samples takenat 20 cm depth. P, K, and SO4 expressed in ppm. Ca and Mg expressed in meq/1 00g.(See Soil Methods p. 82, Table 160 p. 440).

ASSOCIATION n pH P K Ca Mg OM% TN% SO4

PISI/POMIJ-oxoR 1 5.20 0.50 27.00 0.60 0.41 8.30 0.20 5.90 TSHE/XETE 1 5.10 5.00 148.00 1.10 0.35 16.50 0.15 3.68 TSHEJRHMAjXETE 1 5.10 20.00 98.00 2.50 0.87 12.06 0.15 7.45 TSHEJRHMA.GASH 8 5.60 8.13 127.63 5.65 1.20 6.54 0.07 3.73 TSHEJRHMA 4 5.53 33.50 125.00 4.23 1.43 2.79 0.05 3.21 TSHEJRHMNp0Mu 1 5.50 6.00 70.00 2.30 0.74 6.90 0.12 6.90 TSHE/GASH/XETE 3 5.40 10.67 53.33 2.07 0.58 5.62 0.07 8.57 TSHEJGASH 2 5.30 9.00 57.00 0.90 0.24 4.06 0.08 7.81 TSHE/GAsH-vA0v2 1 5.70 7.00 55.00 2.20 0.48 5.18 0.09 4.49 TSHEIDEP 1 5.60 0.50 35.00 2.20 0.74 13.93 0.17 2.52 TSHE/GASH-BENE 3 5.27 29.00 71.33 0.87 0.35 4.92 0.11 3.53 ISHE/BENE/POMU 5 5.60 7.40 82.60 10.06 2.26 10.25 0.22 3.12 TSHEJGASH/POMU 5 5.48 9.20 60.80 3.96 0.81 10.28 0.15 4.56 TSHEIVAAL-GASH 1 4.70 2.00 179.00 3.50 1.30 38.95 0.39 5.30 TSHE/POMU-OXOR 2 5.50 2.75 52.50 16.30 1.76 25.05 0.44 1.78 TSHE/OXOR 2 5.05 0.50 41.00 1.10 0.56 15.86 0.35 3.05 TSHE/POMU-TITR 10 5.32 10.65 77.10 6.11 1.36 12.07 0.23 3.83 TSHEJOPHO 1 5.10 3.00 51.00 0.90 0.36 7.10 0.21 1.80 ABAMIXETE 1 5.00 0.50 31.00 0.70 0.27 13.88 0.21 4.46 ABAM/VAMEJXETE 1 4.90 8.00 98.00 1.60 0.67 13.76 3.09 ABAM/RHMA-VAAL 2 5.35 21.00 160.00 6.40 2.19 10.55 0.14 1.23 ABAMIVMLJCLUN 1 5.00 4.00 66.00 0.90 0.62 24.03 0.36 1.84 ABAMNML 1 5.00 2.00 62.00 2.20 0.60 15.37 0.18 1.84 ABAM/GASH/OXOR 3 4.80 0.67 62.33 0.63 0.53 17.08 0.28 2.77 ABAM/POMU-OXOR 1 5.00 6.00 179.00 1.90 0.82 5.66 0.51 1.74 ABAM/OXOR 4 4.60 1.88 50.75 0.93 0.62 13.68 0.30 2.15 ABAM/GASH/BLSP 2 4.80 0.75 55.00 0.70 0.55 16.22 0.27 3.15 ABAM/VUL/OXOR 1 5.40 0.50 51.00 0.80 0.33 15.84 0.30 2.30 TSME/RHAL-VAME 1 4.20 25.00 456.00 11.40 2.40 84.66 0.54 TSMEIVA.AL 1 5.10 3.00 59.00 1.00 0.53 20.80 0.33 1.97 TSME/VAAL.JERMO 2 4.30 4.50 70.50 0.35 0.35 8.44 0.18 2.03 PSMEJHODI-ROGY 3 5.77 27.00 309.33 7.47 2.47 7.07 0.06 1.33 PSME/GASH 2 5.30 12.50 148.00 4.30 1.46 11.31 0.19 1.70 Table 154.Micronutrient concentrations by plant association. Mean values from samples taken at 20 cm depth. B, Zn, Cu and Mn expressed in ppm. (Seep. 82, Table 1 60 p. 440).

ASSOCIATION n Na B Zn Cu Mn

PISI/POMU-OXOR I 014 0.55 0.12 0.32 0.40 1.48 1420 TSHEJXETE 1 0.13 0.60 1.00 0.84 0.64 58.40 TSHE/RHMNXETE 1 0.08 0.80 0.78 22.25 TSHEJRHMA-GASH 8 0.10 0.26 0.43 11.48 'ISHEJRHMA 4 0.06 0.34 0.43 1.04 0.76 0.60 0.92 24.00 TSHEJAHMNPOMU 1 0.11 1.02 8.83 TSHEJGASH/XETE 3 0.09 0.38 0.37 19.30 ISHEJGASH 2 0.06 0.33 0.78 1.08 1.60 TSHE/DEP 1 0.24 0.33 0.16 1.62 16.20 TSHE/OASH-VAOV2 1 0.09 0.31 0.36 1.16 TSHE/GASH-BENE 3 0.10 0.51 0.35 0.70 13.75 TSHE/BENEIPOMu 5 0.14 0.99 0.78 1.41 29.60 30.74 TSHEIGASH/POMU 5 0.13 0.62 0.84 1.05 1.78 26.00 TSHE/VAAL-OASH 1 0.26 1.16 2.82 TSHE/POMU-OXOA 2 0.15 0.86 0.96 2.25 24.30 0.59 TSHEIOXOA 2 0.18 0.68 0.16 0.63 TSHE/POMU-TITR 10 0.13 1.01 0.65 1.84 15.89 0.54 4.80 TSHE/OPHO 1 0.16 1.70 0.26 1.62 9.46 ABAM/XETE 1 0.10 0.51 0.62 0.22 3.42 AI3AMNAMEIXETE 1 0.14 0.58 0.16 ABAM/RHMA-VAAL 2 0.14 0.27 0.34 0.77 10.48 0.38 0.76 0.92 AI3AMIVMLJCLUN 1 0.22 0.26 2.50 17.82 ABAMIVAAL 1 0.18 0.54 1.00 ABAM/GASH/OXOR 3 0.14 0.93 0.55 0.92 4.19 2.38 ABAM/POMU-OXOR 1 0.31 1.12 0.54 0.38 ABAM/OXOR 4 0.17 1.03 0.27 0.43 2.62 A8AM!GASH/BLSP 2 0.17 0.91 0.35 0.33 5.50 0.60 0.26 ABAMIVMLJOXOR 1 0.13 0.72 0.08 12.62 TSME/RHAL-VAME 1 0.30 7.52 28.00 2.64 0.94 0.84 TSMEJVUL 1 0.15 0.56 0.20 TSMEIVAALJERMO 2 0.09 0.19 0.33 0.35 1.06 PSME/HODI-ROGY 3 0.07 0.32 0.38 0.63 32.00 PSME/GASH 2 0.17 0.56 0.42 1.13 4.63

435 Table 155. Plant associations of the Western Hemlock, Sitka Spruce and Douglas-fir Series ranked by three moisture variables. Each list orders the plant associations on a moisture gradient from dry to wet. (See footnotes on page 437).

POTENTIAL SOIL MOISTURE 1 TOPOGRAPHIC MOISTURE2 ENVIRONMENTAL ZONE3

I TSHE/GASH-VAOV2 1 TSHE/XETE 1 PSME/HOD-ROGY 2 TSHE/GASHIXETE 2 PSME/HODI-ROGY 2 TSHE/GASH-VAOV2 3 TSHE/POMU-TTR 3 PSME/GASH 3 TSHE/RHMA 4 TSHE/XETE 4TSHE/GASH/XETE 4 TSHEJRHMA-GASH 5 TSHEIVAAL 5 TSHEJRHMA 5 PSMEJGASH 6 TSHE/GASH-BENE 6TSHE/RHMA-GASH 6TSHE/OPHO 7 PISI/POMU-OXOR 7 TSHEJGASH 7 TSHE/XETE 8 TSHE/OPHO 8 TSHEJGASH-BENE 8 TSHEJGASH/POMU 9 PSMEJHODI-ROc3Y 9TSHE/GASH/OXOR 9 TSHE/GASH-BENE 10 TSHE/RHMA 10 TSHEIVAAL-GASH 10 TSHEIGASH 11 PSME/GASH 11 TSHEJVSAI 11 TSHEJGASH/XETE 12TSHE/GASH/POMU 12 TSHEJGASH/POMU 12 TSHE/POMU-TITR 13TSHEJGASH 13 TSHE/OXOR 13 TSHEIVAAL 14TSHE/GASH/OXOR 14 TSHE)VMLJOXOR 14 TSHEIVAAL-GASH 15TSHE/VAALJOXOR 15 PISI/POMU-OXOR 15 TSHE/OXOR 16TSHEJRHMA-GASH 16 TSHEIPOMU-OXOR 16 TSHEJGASH/OXOR 17TSHEIPOMU-OXOR 17 TSHE/GASH-VAOV2 17 TSHE/POMU-OXOR 18TSHEIVAAL-GASH 18 TSHEJPOMU-TITR 18 TSHEIVAALJOXOR 19 TSHE/OXOR 19 TSHEJOPHO 19 PISI/POMU-OXOR

Table 156. Plant associations of the Silver Fir, Mountain Hemlock and Subalpine Fir Series ranked by three moisture variables. Each list orders the plant associations on a moisture gradient from dry to wet. (See footnotes on page 437).

POTENTIAL SOIL MOISTURE 1 TOPOGRAPHIC MOISTURE2 ENVIRONMENTAL ZONE3

1 ABAMNAME/XETE 1 ABAMNAME/XETE 1 ABAM/RHMA-VAAL 2 TSMEiVAALJERMO 2TSMEIVAAL-RHAL 2 ABAMNAMEIXETE 3ABAM/XETE 3 ABAMNML/ERMO 3 ABAMIXETE 4 ABAM/POMU 4 ABAM)XETE 4 ABAM/VAAL.rrIuN 5 ABAMNAALIERMO 5 ABAM/VML 5 ABAMNAAL-BENE 6 ABAMNAALIOXOR 6 TSMEIVA#L 6 ABAM/POMU 7 ABAMNAAL-BENE 7 ABAM/GASH/BLSP 7TSMEIVAAL 8 TSMEJVAAL 8 ABAM/OXOR 8 ABAMNAAL 9 ABAM/POMU-OXOR 9 ABAM/GASH/OXOR 9 ABAMNAAL/CLUN 10 ABAM/GASH/OXOR 10 ABAMIVMLJCLUN 10ABAMNAALJERMO 11 .ABAMNAAL/CLUN 11 ABAM/VAAL-BENE 11 ABAM/GASH/OXOR 12ABAM/RHMA-VAAL 12 ABAM/RHMA-VAAL 12ABAM/POMU-OXOR 13ABAMNAAL/TIUN 13 ABAMIVMLJOXOR 13 ABAM/OXOR 14ABAM/GASH/BLSP 14 ABAM/POMU-OXOR 14 TSMEIVAALJERMO 15 ABAMNML 15ABAM/POMU 15 ABAMNAAI.JOXOR 16ABAM/OXOR 16 ABAMNAAL/TIUN 16 ABAM/GASH/BLSP

436 Table 157. Plant associations of the Western Hemlock, Sitka Spruce and Douglas-firSeries ordered by values for three moisture variables. Each list orders the plant associations on amoisture gradient from dry to wet. An "*" indicates that potential soil moisture data are availablefor that. association.

POTENTIAL SOIL MOISTURE I TOPOGRAPHIC MOISTURE2 ENVIRONMENTAL ZONE3

11.5 *TSHEIGASHVAOV2 2.52 PSME/ARUV 3.0 PSME/ARUV *TSH/GASH/)(TE 2.83 TSHENAALJXETE 3.0 *PSME/HODI.ROGY 11.2 *TSHEIPOMUTnR 2.85 *TSHf)('E 3.2 TSHE/RHMA-BENE 10.6 *TSH/IE 3.04 *PSME/HODIROGY 3.6 TSHEIc3ASH-HODI 10.5 *TSHML 3.37 5PSMEIGASH 3.6 *TSHE/GASHVAOV2 9.8 9.7 *TSHEIGASH..BENE 3.44 TSHEJRHMA/XETE 4.0 *TSHE/RHMA *PIsI/pOMUoXOR 3.45 TSHEJRHMA-BENE 4.1 *TsHE/RHMAGAsH 9.6 *TSHE/OPHO 3.54 TSHE/BENE 4.1 TSHE/RHMAIPOMU 9.4 *PSME/HQDI.ROQY 3.80 *TSHE/GASH/)(TE 4.2 *PSMEIGASR 9.2 *TS RE/RH MA 4.05 TSRE/GASH-HODI 4.3 TSHE/RHMAJXETE 9,2 *PSME/GASH 4.45 *TSHE/RHMA 4.3 TSHE/ACTR 9.2 tTSHEIGASH/POMU 4.93 *TSHE/RNMAGASH 4.5 *TSHE/OPHO 8.6 *TSHEIGASH 5.30 *TSHE/GASH 4.5 TSHE/BENE 8.5 TSHE/GASH/OXOR 5.30 *TSHE/GASHBENE 4.6 TSHENAAIJXETE 8.3 *TsHEf/JoXOR 5.54 *TSHE/GASHIOXOR 4.6 TSHE/BENE/POMU 8.3 *TSHE/RH.GASH 5.76 TSHE/IDep 4.9 *TSHEIXETE 8.0 *TSHE/POMUOXOR 6.05 *TSHE/VMLGASH 4.9 *TSHE/GASH/POMU 8.0 *TSHE/ijLGASH 6.23 TSHE/RHMNPOMU 5.0 *TSHE/GASH.BENE 7.7 *TSHEJOXOR 6.56 TSHEJACTR 5.2 *TSHEIGASH 7.5 *TSHEIVML 5.2 TSHEJDep 7.1 *TSHEJGASH/POMU 53 *TSHE/GASH/)('E 7.0 *TSHEJOXOR 54 *TSHE/POMUTITR 6.9 *TSHE/\fMIJOxOR 5.4 TSHE/LYAM 6.0 TSHE/BENE/POMU 5.5 *TSHE/ftL 5,4 *PISI/pQMU.OXQR 55 *TSHE/'VLGASH 4.1 *TSHE/POMUOXOR 5.7 tTSREIOXOR 4.0 *TSHE/GASHVAOV2 5.8 *TSHE/GASH/OXOR 3.8 *TSHE/POMUTn'R 5.8 *TSHEIPOMUOXOR 3.4 5TSHEJQPHO 6.9 TSHENML/OXOR 3.4 TSHEJLYAM 8.0 *PISIIPOMUOXOR 2.1

1Potential Soil Moisture"percent available water based on soil texture (Brady 1974) of the effective rooting zone (root zone thickness - % of that thickness occupied by coarse fragments). Mean of all pits in type.

2Topographic Moisture--estimate of tendency for precipitation to be redistributed by topography. The scale is I - 9 with I the driest (steep, rocky ridge) and 9 aquatic.

3Environmental Zones are zones of roughly equivalent environments. Ranked from 0-12 with 0 the wettest and 12 the driest. Mean of all plots in type. Most types extend across several zones although as they do so moisture is compensated up or down by other factors including 1 and 2.

437 Table 158.Plant associations of the Silver Fir, Mountain Hemlock, and Subalpine Fir Series ordered by values for three moisture variables. Each list orders the plant associations on a moisture gradient from dry to wet. An '" indicates that potential soil moisture data are available for that association.

POTENTIAL SOIL t TOPOGRAPHIC MOISTURE 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ZONE3

*ABAMNAMEIrE 1.49 TSME/PHEMNADE 2.8 ABLA2ILULA 11.5 *TSMMIJERMO 2.90 TSMEJVAME/XETE 3.0 ABLA2IRHAL 11.0 *ABAM/TE 2.96 ABLA2/JUCO4 3.2 ABLA2/JUCO4 10.4 *ABAM/pOMU 3.24 ABLA2/LULA 3.6 ABLA2NAME 9.8 *ABAMNMLJERMO 3.79 *ABAMNAMEIA,(E 3.6 ABAM/RHMA 9.1 *ABAMNMLJOXOR 3.80 ABAMNAALJXETE 3.7 TSME/RHAL-VAME 8.9 *ABAMJVMLBENE 4.54 ABLA2JRHAL 3.9 ABAMNAAL-RHAL 8.8 *TSML 4.66 *TSMENMLJERMO 3.9 8.7 *ABAM/POMUOXOR 4.74 *ABAMNAMJEAMO 4.1 A8AM/ACTR-TIUN 8.7 *ABAM/GASH/OXQR 5.46 ABAM/GASH 4.1 *ABAMNAME/)(TE 86 *ABAMNMIJCLUN 5.53 ABLA2IVAME 4.2 *A8AM/)(TE 8.0 *ABAM/RHMAVML 5.60 *ABAM9E 4.2 TSMENAME/XETE 8.0 *ABAMN[fluN 5.90 ABAMIVAAL-RHAL 4.3 ABAM/VAALJLIBO2 7.8 *ABAM/GASH/BLSP 6.90 *ABAMNPL 4.4 ABAMNAALJXETE 7.6 *ABAMNL 6.99 *TSME/\fAL 4.4 TSME/PHEM-VADE 7.0 *ABAM/OXOR 7.10 *ABAM/GASH/BLSp 4.4 ABAM/Dep 6.2 TSME/VAALJXETE 4.5 *ABAMNMLJrIuN 6.0 ABAM/Dep 4.5 ABAM/GASH 5.9 *ABAM/OXOfl 4.5 ABAM/OPHO 5.9 *ABAM/GASH/OXOR 4.6 *ABAMNAAL.BENE 5.7 4.6 *ABAM/POMU 5.5 ABAM/RHMA 4.6 TSME/VAMENAAL 5.3 47 *TSMML 5.3 ABAM/RHMA-VML 4.7 *ABAMNML 4.8 ABAMNAALJLIB02 4.8 *ABAMNMIJCLUN 4.6 TSME/RHAL.VAME 4.9 TSME/VAAIJXETE 4.3 5.1 *ABAMNM(JERMQ 3.4 *ABAM/pOMUQXOR 5.2 *ABAM/GASH/OXQR 2.9 *ABAM/POMU 5.4 *ABAM/PQMUOXQR 2.7 TSMEJVAME-VAAL 5.5 *ABAM/OXQR 2.4 *ABAMNMLJflUN 5.7 *TSMMlJERMO 2.3 ABAM/ACTR-TIUN 57 *ABAMNAAJOXOR 2.1 ABAM/OPHO 6.5 *ABAM/GASH/BLSP 13 ABAM/LYAM 8.0 ABAM/LYAM 1.0

'Potential Soil Molsture..percent available water based on soiltexture (Brady 1974) of the effective rooting zone (root zone thickness: % of that thickness occupied by coarse fragments). Mean of all pits in type.

2Topographic Moisture.-estjmate of tendency for precipitationto be redistributed by topography. The scale is I - 9 with 1 the driest (steep, rocky ridge) and 9 aquatic.

3Environmental Zones are zones of roughly equivalent environments.Ranked from 0-12 with 0 the wettest and 12 the driest. Mean of all plots in type. Most types extend across several zones although as they doso moisture is compensated up or down by other factors including 1 and 2.

438 Table 159. Twenty centimeter soil temperature data by plant association. Temperature in degrees Celsius, n is number of plots.

PLANT AVERAGE SAMPLE PLANT AVERAGESAMPLE ASSOCIATION TEMP PERIOD ASSOCIATION TEMP PERIOD n

PISI/POMU-OXOR 12.8 JULAUG 28 ABAM/XETE 9.9 JUNAUG 4 TSHEJXETE 10.2 JUN,AUG 2 ABAMNAME/XETE 10.5 JUL,AUG 3 TSHE/RHMNXETE 9.3 JUL,AUG 3 ABAM/RHMA 10.3 JUL,AUG 11 TSHEJRHMA-BENE 11.9 JUN,AUG 6 ABAM/RHMA-VAAL 9.3 JUN,JUL 4 TSHE/RHMA-GASH 10.5 JUN,JUL,AUG 44 ABAM/Dop 11.2 JUL 10 TSHE/RHMA 9.5 JUNJULAUG 19 ABAM/GASH 11.9 JUNJUL 3 TSHE/RHMNPOMU 10.1 JUN,JUL,AUG 6 ABAMNML-RHAL 8.5 AUG 2 TSHEIGASH/XETE 13.4 JUN 3 ASAMNAALJERMO 9.2 JUN,JUL,AUG 8 TSREJGASH-HODI 11.9 JULAUG 8 ABAMNAALIXETE 7.8 JUN,AUG 2 TSHE/GASH 12.5 JUN,JUL 25 ABAMNMLJLIBO2 11.3 JUL,AUG 4 TSHE/BENE 10.4 JUL,AUG 7 ABAMNAAL-BENE 10.0 JUN 2 TSREIDep 11.4 JUN,JUL,AUG 22 ABAMNAAL/CLUN 10.8 JUN,JUL 11 TSHEJGASH-VAOV2 ABAMNAAL 10.7 JUN,AUG 11 TSHE/GASH-BENE 12.2 JUN,JUL,ALJG 15 ABAM/GASH/OXOR 13.4 JUN,AUG 5 TSHEIACTR 11.6 JUN,JULAUG $ ABAM/POMU 11.7 JUN,JUL,AUG 5 TSHE/BENE/POMU 11.0 JUNJUL 11 ABAM/ACTA-TIUN 10.2 JUL,AUG 6 TSHEJGASH/POMLJ 12.3 JUN,JUL 35 ABAM/POMU-OXOR 11.9 JUNJUL 8 TSHEIVML-GASH 12.4 JUN,JULAUG 9 ABAM/OXOR 11.7 JUL 18 TSHENAAL 10.1 JUN,JUL 5 ABAM/GASH/BLSP 11.1 JULAUG 3 TSHEJGASH/OXOR 14.3 JUL,AUG 4 ABAMNAAIJTIUN 10.6 JUN,JUL,AUG 7 TSHEJPOMU-OXOR 12.2 JUN,JUL,AUG 7 ABAMNAAL/OXOR 10.7 JUL 9 TSHE/OXOR 13.2 JUL 12 ABAM/OPHO 10.0 JUN,JUL,AUG 8 TSHE/POMU-TIrR 11.5 JUNJULAUG 36 ABAM/LYAM TSHE.dVAAL/OXOR 12.5 JUNJULALIG 7 TSME/PHEM-VADE 9.1 AUG 3 TSHEJOPHO 11.9 JUN,JUL,AUG 9 TSME/VAME/XErE TSHEJLYAM TSME/VAME-VkAL 8.5 JUL,AUG 2 PSMEJARUV 13.2 JUL,AUG 4 TSME/RHAL-VAME 8.1 JUL,AUG 10 PSME/HODI-ROGY 12.7 JUL,AUG 12 TSME/VAALIXETE PSMEJGASH 12.0 JUN,JUL 7 TSME/VAAL 8.6 AUG 2 TSME/VAALJERMO 10.3 JUN,JULAUG 14 ABLA2/JUCO4 15.1 JUL,AUG 3 ABLA2/LULA 12.0 AUG 3 ABLA2/VAME 13.0 AUG 3 ABLA2/RHAL 10.0 AUG 7

439 Table 160. Summary of laboratory methods used for soil chemical analysis by Oregon State University Soil Testing Laboratory (Horneck et al. in press).

nutrient method un comments

pH 2:1 dilution -log P Bray P-i ppm soluble P K NH4OAC 1 normal ppm extractable K Ca NH4OAC 1 normal meoJlOOg extractable Ca Mg NH4OAC 1 normal meqflOOg extractable Mg Na NH4OAC 1 normal meqIlOOg extractable Na Zn DTPA ppm Cu DTPA ppm Mn DTPA ppm B hot water extraction ppm SO4 KCI extraction ppm N Kjeldahl total N OM Walkley black total OM

440 APPENDIX 3

Ecoclass Codes

Distribution of Associations by District

Plant Association Groups

List of Plant Species

Table of Mean Absolute CoverValues

List of Birds

441 Table 161. Ecoclass codes for Plant Associations of the OlympicNational Forest.

ECOCLASS COMPUTER CODE CODE PLANT ASSOCIATiON ABBREW11ON

DOUGLAS-FIR ASSOCIATiONS (PSME Series) PSMEARUV CO56 51 6141 1. Oouglss-firiXlnnlkinnlck PSME/HODl-RCDY CDS2 21 8152 2. Dougles-fir/Oceanepray-BaldPlp Irose PSME/GASH CDS255 8181 3. Douglas4irISalal

MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK ASSOCIA11ONS (ISME Series) CMS2 41 4775 4. MountaIn Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry TSMENAAL TSMEWL(ERMO CMS2 42 4779 5. MountIn Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/Avalanche Lily TSME/V&LI1(ETE CMS2 43 4418 6. Mountain Hemlock/Alaska HuckleberryfBeargrass CMS2 44 4414 7. MountaIn Hemlock/Big Huckleberry-Alaska Huckleberry TSME/VAME-VAAL TSMENAME/XETE CMS2 45 (OLY) 4408 6. MountaIn Hemlock/Big Huckleberry/Beangrsss CMS3 ii 4171 9. MountaIn Hemlock/Red Heattrer-Blueleaf Huckleberry TSME/T'HEM-VADE TSME/PHAL-VAME CMS3 12 4417 tO. MountaIn Hemlock/White AhododeCdrofl-Blg Huckleberry

SILVER FIR ASSOCIATiONS (ABAM Series) ABAMN&AL CFS2 12 (OL'fl 3718 11. Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry CFS2 13 3450 12. Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Avalanche Lily ABAMNMUERMD ABAM/VAAIJXETE CFS2 14 3522 13. Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberryl8eargrass CES2 15 3853 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Foamliower ABAMNML/T1UN 14. CFS2 16 3526 15. Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/DtegongraDe ABAMNMLBENE ABAMNMLIOXOR CFS2 17 3055 16. Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Dxalis CFS2 18 3715 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/QueenS Cup ABAMNAALJCLUN 17. CFS2 19 3524 18. Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Iwintlower ABAMNAAL/IlBO2 ABAMNML-RHAL CFS2 20 3449 19. Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-White Rhododendron CFF3 11 3222 20. Silver Fir/Seasgrass ABAM/XETE ABAMNAMEIXEIE CFS2 11 (OLY) 3224 21. Silver Fir/Big Huckleberry/Beargrass CFF9 11 3361 22. Silver Fi,/Depauperete ABAM/Dep. ABAM/OPH() CFS3 11 (OLV) 3927 23 Silver Fir/Devils Club CFFI 11 (DLV) 3758 Silver Fir/Oxalis ABAM/OXOR 24. CFS8 11 (CLV) 3315 25. Silver Fir/Rhododendron ABAM/RHMA ABAM/RHMA-VML CFS6 12 3317 26. Silver FlriRtrododendron-Alaska Huckleberry ABAM/GASH CFSI 54 (DLV) 3365 27. Silver Flr/Sal& CFS1 55 3761 28. Silver Fir/Sala//Deerfem ABAM/GASH/BLSP ABAM/(SASH/DXDR CFSI 56 3750 29. Silver Flr/Salal/0x5118 CFMI 11 3961 Silver Flr/Skunkcebbage ABAM/LVAM 30. CFF8 11 3753 Silver Flr)Swordtern ABAM/POMU 31. CFF8 12 3756 32. Silver Flr/Swordtern-OxellS ABAM/POMU-OXOR ABAM/ACTR-TIUN CFF2 11 3755 33. Silver FirNanhllaleaf-FOamtlOWer

SIrKA SPRUCE ASSOCIATIONS (PISI Series) CSF1 11 1815 34. Sitka Spruce/Swordfern-Oxalis P1SI/POMU-OXOR

SUBALPINE FIR ASSOCIATiONS (ABLA2 Series) ABLA2/VAME CES3 21 (OLV) 5233 35. Subalpine Fir/Big Huckleberry 5181 Subalpine Fir/Common Juniper ABLA2/JUCO4 CES6 21 36. CEF3 21 5231 Subalpine Fir/Subalpine Lupine ABL.A2/LULA 37. CES2 12 (DLV) 5235 38. Subalpine Fir/White Rhododendron ABLA2/RHAL

WESTERN HEMLOCK ASSOCIATiONS (TSHE Series) TSHEfAAL CHS6 21 2638 39. Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry CHS6 22 2557 40. Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckieberry/Beargrass TSHENMIJXETE TSHEII/AAIJOXOR CHS8 23 (DLV) 2697 41. Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckieberry/Oxalis 2637 TSHEA1AAL-GASH CHS8 24 (DLV) 42. Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry-Salal TSHEJXETE CHF5 II (DLV) 2145 43. Western Hemlock/Beargrass 2389 TSKE/Dep. CHF9 II 44. Western Hemlock/t)epauperate CHS5 12 (DLV) 2920 45. Western Hemlock/Devils Club TSHE/DPHD ThHE/BENE Cl-1S1 38 (DLV) 2387 48. Western Hemlock/Dregongrape TSHE/BENE/POMU cHSI 39 (OLV) 2632 47. Western Hemlock/Dregongrape/SWOrdfern CHFI 12 (DLV) 2695 Western Hemlock/Qxalis TSHE/OXOR 48. CHS3 31 (DLV) 2257 49. Western Hemlock/Rhododendron TSHE/RHMA TSHEIRHMA/XETE CHS3 32 (DLV) 2253 50. Western Hemlock/Rhododendron/Beargrass TSHE/RHMABENE CHS3 33 (DLV) 2254 51 Western Hemlock/Phododendron-DregongraPe TSHEJRHMAGASH CHS3 34 (CLV) 2255 52. Western HemloclQRhododendrOnSalal 2258 Western Hemlock/Rhododendron/Swordlem TSHE/RHMNPC)MU Cl-tS3 35 (DLV) 53. CHSI 31 (DLV) 2383 Western Hemlock/Salal TSHE/QASH 54. CHSI 32 2271 Western Hemlock/Salal/Beargrass TSHE/GASHI)(ETE 55. CHSI 33 2530 56. Western Hemlock,Salal-Evergreen Huckleberry TSHEJGASHNADV2 TSKEjGASN-HOD1 CP-$S1 34 2275 57. Western Hemlock/Salal-Oceenspray CHSI 35 2556 58 Western HemloclQSalal-OregongraPe TSHE/GASHBENE TSFIEJGASHIOXDR CHSI 36 2693 59 Western Hernlock/Salal/Oxalis CIISI 37 2635 60. Western Hemlock/SalailSwordfern SHE/GASH/POMU TSHE!LYAM CHMI 11 (OLV) 2951 61. Western Hemiock/Skunkcabbage CtIFI 32 2698 Western Hemlock/Swordfern-Foamfiower TSHEJPOMU-T1T1R 62. CHFI 31 (DLV) 2694 63. Western Hemlock/Swordfem-CxaJis TSHEJPOMU-OXOR Ct-1F2 Ii (DLV) 2614 64. Western Hemlock/Vanilla/eat TSHE/ACTP Table 162. Plot distribution by plant association and Ranger District.

PLANT ASSOCIATION HOOD CANAL QUILCENE QUINAULT SOLEDUCK

DOUGLAS-FIR ASSOCIATIONS Douglas-fir/Klnnildnnick 1 7 Douglas-flr/Oceanspray.Baldhip Rose 2 23 DOuglas-fir/Salal 11 4 MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK ASSOCIATIONS Mountain Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry 7 4 Mountain Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/Avalanche 8 7 Mountain Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry!Beargrass 2 2 Mountain Hemlock/Big Huckleberry-Alaska Huckleberry 5 1 Mountain Hemlock/Big Huckleberry/Beargrass 4 Mountain Hemlock/Red Heather-Blueleaf Huckleberry 5 Mountain Hemlock/White Rhododendron-Big Huckleberry 13 5 SILVER FIR ASSOCIATIONS Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry 14 1 10 6 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Avalanche Lily 9 6 2 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Beargrass 13 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Foamfiower 13 2 4 2 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-Oregongrape 7 1 1 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Oxalis 28 10 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry/Queen's Cup 18 3 15 5 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry[Twinflower 7 4 1 4 Silver Fir/Alaska Huckleberry-White Rhododendron 3 1 Silver Fir/Beargrass 6 Silver Fir/Big Huckleberry/Beargrass 5 2 1 Silver Fir/Depauperate 4 4 14 Silver Fir/Devils Club 8 3 9 Silver FIr/Oxalis 24 22 Silver Fir/Rhododendron 3 13 Silver Fir/Rhododendron-Alaska Huckleberry 3 6 Silver Fir/Salal 4 2 2 3 Silver Fir/Salal/Deerfern 2 10 3 Silver FirfSalal/Oxalis 15 4 Silver Fir/Skunkcabbage 2 Silver Flr/Swordfern 7 2 4 1 Silver Fir/Swordlern-Oxalis 1 23 7 Silver FirNanillaleaf-Foarnflower 4 6 2 SIfl(.A SPRUCE ASSOCIATIONS Sitka Spruce/Swordfern-Oxalis 32 32 SUBALPINE FIR ASSOCIATIONS Subalpine Fir/Big Huckleberry 3 3 Subalpine Fir/Common Juniper 4 1 Subalpine Fir/Subalpine Lupine 8 Subalpine Fir/White Rhododendron 15 WESTERN HEMLOCK ASSOCIATIONS Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry 17 9 2 Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/Beargrass 3 Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry/Oxalis 2 16 2 Western Hemlock/Alaska Huckleberry-Salal 10 19 5 Western HemlockfBeargrass 5 Western 1-lemlock/Depauperate 5 12 5 11 Western Hemlock/Devils Club 9 2 2 Western Hemlock/Oregongrape 8 6 1 Western Hemlock/Oregongrape/Swordiern 29 5 1 2 Western HemlockJOxalis 3 25 16 Western Hemlock/Rhododendron 3 26

Western Hemlock/Rhododendron/Beargrass 5 1 Western Hemlock/Rhododendron-Oregongrape 3 5 Western Hernlock/Rhododendron-Salal 18 52 Western Hemlock/Rhododendron/Swordfem 8 2 Western Hemlock/Salal 22 9 4 15 Western Hemloclqsalal/Beargrass 31 Western Hemlock/Salal-Evergreen Huckleberry 4 Western Hemlock/Salal-oceanspray 3 15 1 Western Hemlock/Salal-Oregongrape 44 4 3 3 Western Hemlock/Salal/Oxaljs 9 2 Western HemlockjSalal/Swordfern 71 16 9 3 Western Hemlock/Skunkcabbage 1 1 1 Western Hemlockj5wordfern-Foamflower 42 12 6 14 Western HemlockfSwordfern-Oxalis 4 43 11 Western Hemlock/Vanillaleaf 6 5 2 Table 163. Olympic National Forest Plant Association groups forvegetation stratification for Integrated Resource Inventory.

DOUGLAS-FIR SERIES

DOUGLAS-FIR/EVERGREEN SHRUB (CDS5) PSME/HODI-ROGY CDS2 21 PSME/GASH CDS2 55

DOUGLAS-FIR/BEARBERRY (CDSO) PSME/ARUV CDS6 51

MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK SERIES

MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK/BIG HUCKLEBERRY (CMSC) TSMENAME/XETE (OL CMS2 45 TSMENAAL/XETE CMS2 43

MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK SUBALPINE PARKS (CAS2) TSME/PHEM-VADE CMS3 11

MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK/ALASKA HUCKLEBERRY (CMSW) TSMENAAL CMS241 TSMENAAL/ERMO CMS2 42 TSMENAAL-VAME CMS2 44 TSME/RHAL-VAME CMS3 12

SILVER FIR SERIES

SILVER FIR/SALAL-OREGONGRAPE (CFS1) ABAM/GASH (OLY) CFS1 54 ABAM/Depauperate CFF9 11

SILVER FIR/FORBS,WARM CFFW) ABAM/OXOR (OLY) CFF1 11 ABAM/ACTR-TIUN CFF2 11 ABAM/POMU CFF6 11 ABAM/POMU-OXOR CFF6 12

SILVER FIR/DEVIL'S CLUB (CFS3) ABAM/OPHO (0 LV) CFS3 11 ABAM/LYAM CFMI 11

SILVER FIR/AZALEA-MENZIESIA (CFS5) ABAMNML-RHAL CFS2 20 ABAMNMLITIUN CFS2 15

445 Table 163(cont.). Olympic National Forest Plant Association groups for vegetation stratificationfor Integrated Resource Inventory.

10. SILVER FIR/SHRUB-BEARGRASS (CFF3) ABAMNAME/XETE CFS2 11 ABAM/XETE CFF3 11

11.SILVER FIR/RHODODENDRON (CFS6) ABAM/RHMA (0 LV) CFS6 11 ABAM/RHMA-VML CFS6 12

SILVER FIR/COASTAL (CFSF) ABAM/GASH/BLSP CFS1 55 ABAM/GASH/OXOR CFS1 56 ABAMNAALJOXOR CFS2 17 ABAMNAALJERMO CFS2 13

SILVER FIR/MOIST SHRUB (CFSM) ABAMNAAL (OLY) CFS2 12 ABAMNML/CLUN CFS2 18

SILVER FIR/SHRUB, COOL (CFSC) ABAMNAAL-BENE CFS2 16 ABAMNAALJLIBO2 CFS2 19

SILVER FIR/SHRUB, DRY (CFSD) ABAM/VAALJXETE CFS2 14

SITKA SPRUCE SERIES

SITKA SPRUCE/SWORDFERN (CSF 1) PISI/POMU-OXOR CSF1 11

SUBALPINE FIR SERIES

17.SUBALPINE FIR/AZALEA (CES2) ABLA2/RHAL (OLY) CES2 12 ABLA2/JUCO4 CES6 21

SUBALPINE FIR/HUCKLEBERRY (CES3) ABLA2/VAME (OLY) CES2 21

SUBALPINE FIR/DRY FORB (CEFD) ABLA2JLULA CAG3

446 Table 163(cont.). Olympic National Forest Plant Association groups forvegetation stratification for Integrated Resource Inventory.

WESTERN HEMLOCK SERIES

WESTERN HEMLOCK/MOIST SHRUBS (CHS4) TSHE/LYAM (OL'O CHM1 11 TSHE/OPHO CHS512

WESTERN HEMLOCKJSALAL.OREGONGRAPE (CHS1) TSHEIGASH-VAOV2CKSI 33 TSHE/GASH/POMU CHS1 37 TSHE/BENE/POMU CHS1 39 TSHENAAL CHS621 TSHENAAL-GASH CHS6 24

WESTERN HEMLOCKISWORDFERN-OXALIS (CHF1) TSHE/OXOR (OLY) CHF1 12 TSHE/POMU-OXOR (OLY) CHF1 31 TSHE/POMU-TITR CHFI 32

WESTERN HEMLOCK/RHODODENDRON COOL (CHSC) TSHE/RHMNPOMU CHS3 35

WESTERN HEMLOCK/DRY FORBS (CI-1F2) TSHE/ACTR (OLY) CHF2 11

WESTERN HEMLOCK/RHODODENDRON, WARM (CHSW) TSHE/XETE (OLY) CHF5 11 TSHE/GASH/XETE CHS1 32 TSHE/GASH-HODI CHS1 34 TSHE/RHMAJXETE (OLY) CHS3 32 TSHE/RHMA (OLY) CHS3 31 TSHE/RHMA-BENE (OLY) CHS3 33 TSHE/RHMA-GASH (OLY) CHS3 34 TSHENAAL/XETE CHS6 22

WESTERN HEMLOCK/SALAL-OREGONGRAPE, DRY (CHSD) TSHE/Depauperate CHF9 11 TSHE/GASH (OLY) CHS1 31 TSHE/GASH-BENE CHS1 35 TSHE/BENE (OLY) CHS1 38

WESTERN HEMLOCK/SHRUB-OXALIS (CHSF) TSHE/GASH/OXOR CHSI 36 TSHENAAL/OXOR (OLY) CHS6 23

447 Table 164. Vascular plant species encountered insampling forest habitats.

ABAM Abies amabilis ATFI Athyrium filix-fem/na ABGR Abios grandis BENE Berber/s nervosa ABLA2 Abies lasiocarpa BLSP Blechnum spicant ABPR Ab/es procera BOHO Boschniakia hookeri ACCI Acer circinatijm BOLA ACGL Botm,'chium lanceolatum Acer glabrum BOMU Botrychium multifidum ACMA Acer macrophyllum BOVI ACMI Botrychium virgin/anum Achi/lea millefolium BOEL Boykinia elata ACTR Ach/ys triphylla BOMA ACRU Boykinia major Actaea rubra BRCA ADBI Adenocau/on bicolor Bromus carinatus ADPE BRCI Bromus cillatus Adiantum pedatum BRPA AGAU Agoseris aurantiaca Bromus pacificus AGGL Agoseris glauca BASI Bromus sitcherisis A3GR Agoseris grandiflora BRVU Bromus vulgaris AGAL Agrnstis a/ba CACA Calamagrostis canadensis AGEX Agrosfis exarata CABI Caltha biflora AGOR Agrostis oregonensis CABU2 Calypso bulbosa AGSC Agrostis scabra CAPI ampanula piped AGTE Arostis tenuis CARO3 Campanula rotundifolia AICA Aira caryophyllea CASC2 Campanula scouleri ALAC A/hum acuminatum CAAN2 Cardamine angulata ALCE A/hum cemuuni CAOL Cardamine ollgosperma ALCR Allium crenulatum CAPE4 Cardamine pensylvanica ALVI Allotropa virgata CAAP3 Carex aperta ALRU Alnus rubra CABR6 Carex brunnescens ALSI Alnus sinuata CACA2 Carex californica AMAL Amelanchier a/nib/ia CADE Carex deweyana ANMA Anaphalis margaritacea CAHE Carex hendersoni ANDR Anemone drummondjj CAIN 5 Carex interior ANLY2 Anemone lyallii CALA Carex laevicu!m/s ANMU Anemone multifida CALE5 Carex lent/cu/ads ANOR Anemone ore gana CAME2 Carex mertensii ANAR2 Angel/ca arguta CAMU2 Carex muricata ANGE Angelica genuflexa CANI2 Carex nigricans ANAL Antennaria alpina CAPA Carex pachystachya ANLA Antennaria lanata CAPE5 Carex pensy/vanica ANMI2 Antennaria microphylla CAPH Carex phaeocephala ANNE2 Antennaria neglecta CARO Carex ross/i ANRA Antennaria racemosa CASI3 Carex sitchensis APAN Apocynum androsaemifohium CASP Carex spectabills AQFO Aquilegia formosa CAVE Carex yes/carla ARHI Arabis hirsuta CAME Cassiope mertensiana ARLE Arab/s /emmonll CAHI2 cast/lIe/a hispida ARME Arbutus menziesii CAM 12 Castileja miniata ARCA6 Arceuthobium campylopodum CAPA3 Cast/lie/a parvif/ora f. tsugensis CESA Ceanothus sanguineus ARCO3 Arctostaphylos columbiana CEAR Cerastium ar.'ense ARNE Nctostaphylos nevadensis CENU Cerastium nutans ARUV Arctostaphylos uva-ursi CEVU Cerastium vulatum ARCA2 Arenaria capillaris CHNO Chamaecypar,s nootkatensis ARMA3 Arenaria macrophylla CHME Chimaphila menziesii AROB Arenaria obtusiloba CHUM Chimaphila umbellata ARCO Nm/ca cordifolia CHLE2 Chtysanthemum leucanthemum ARIA Arnica latifolia CHGL Chrysospleniurn giechomaefolium ARMO Nm/ca mo/ks CILA2 C/nna latifohia ARSY Aruncus sylvester CIAL C/rcaea alpine ASCA3 Asarum caudatum CIAR Cirsium arvense ASDE Aspidotis dense CIED Cirsium edule ASTA Asplenium trichomanes CIVU Cirs/um vu/gem ASRA Aster radulinus CLLA Claytonia lanceolata

448 encountered in sampling of forest habitats. Table 164 (cont.). Vascular plant species

Clintonia uniflora GABI Galium bifolium CLUN Galium boreale COPA Collinsia par.'iflora GABO Collomia heteropl7ylla GAOR Galium ore ganum COHE Galium triflorum COLA Coptis laciniata GATR Gaultheria ovatifolia COMA3 Corallorhiza maculata GAOV Gaultheria shallon COME Corallorhiza mertensiana GASH COCA Cornus canadensis GEMA Geum macrophyllum CONU Cornus nuttallii GLEL Glyceria elata COST Cornus stolonifera GOOB Goodyara oblongifolia COSC Corydalis scouleri GYDR Gymnocarpium dryopteris COCO2 Corylus cornuta HAD2 Habenaria dilatata CRDO Crataegus douglasll HAHY Habenaria hyperborea CRCA Crepis capillaris HAOR Habeneria orbiculata CRCR Cr,'ptogramma crispa HASA Habenaria saccata CYFR CystopteriS fra gills HEOC Hedysarum occidentale DAGL Dactylis glomerata HELA Heracleum lanatum DACA Danthoflia californica HEGL2 Heuchera glabra DAIN Danthonia intermedia HEMI Heuchera micrantha DASP Danthonia spicata HIAL Hieracium albiflorum DEGL2 Delphinium 9lareosum HIGR Hieracium gracile DEAT Deschampsia atropurpurea HOLA Holcus lanatus DECA Deschampsia caespitosa HODI Holodiscus discolor DEEL DeschampSia elongata HYTE Hydrophyllum tenuipes DIFO Dicentra formosa HYPE Hypericum perforatum DIPU Digitalis purpurea HYRA Hypochaeris radicata DIHO Disporum hookeri HYMO Hypopitys monotropa DISM Disporum smithii ILAQ hex aquifolium DOLA Douglasia !aevigata JUEF Juncus effusus DRAU2 Diyopteris austriaca JUEN Juncus ensifolius EBAU Eburophyton austiniae JUPA Juncus parryi ELGL Elymus glaucus JUSU Juncus supiniformis ELHI Elymus hirsutus JUCO4 JuniperuS communis Epilobium alpinum EPAL JUSC Juniperus scopulorum EPALL Epiobium alpinum lactiflorum Lactuca murahls Epilobium angustifo!ium LAMU EPAN LAPU2 Lamium purpureum EPGL Epilobium glaberrimum Lafliyrus nevadenSiS Epiobium glandulosum LANE EPGL2 LEGR Ledum groenlandicum EPLA Epilobium latifolium LEPY2 Leptarrhena pyrolifolia EPMI Epiobium minutum Epiobium paniculatum LECO Lewisia columbiana EPPA Ligus(icum canbyi EQAR Equisetum arvense LICA2 Equisetum hyemale UGR Ligusticum grayi EQHY Lihium columbiaflum ERFL2 Erigeron flettii LICO4 Linnaea borealis ERPE Erigeron peregrinus UBO2 Listera caurina ERLA Eriophyllum lanatum LICA3 ERGR Ei'ythronium grandiflorum UCO2 Listera convallarioldes ERMO Erythronium montanum LICO3 Listera cordata EROR E,ythronium ore gonum LOPE2 Lolium perenne ERRE2 E,ythronium revolutum LOMA2 Lomatium martindalei FEAR3 Festuca arundinacea LOCI Lonicera ciliosa FEID Festuca idahoensis LOHI Lonicera hispidula EEOC Festuca occidentalis LOIN Lonicera involucrata FEOV Festuca ovine LOUT2 Lonicera utahensis FEPA Festuca pratensis LOCO3 Lotus corniculatus FERU Festuca rubra LOMI Lotus micranthus FESU Festuca subulata LUPE Luetkea pectinata FESU2 Festuca subuliflora LUHY Luina hypoleuca FRVE Fragaria vesca LULA Lupinus latifohius FRVI Frajaria virginiana WLE2 Lupinus lepidus FALA Fritillaria Ianceolata LURI Lupinus rWularis GAAP Galium aparine LUCA2 Luzula campestris 449 Table 164 (cont.). Vascular plants species encountered in sampling offorest habitats.

LUHI Luzula hitchcockii PLLA Plantago /anceolata LUPA Luzula parviflora PLRE Pleuropogon refractus LUSP Luzula spicata POCU Poa cusickii LYAN Lycopodium arinotinum POMA3 Poa marcida LYCL Lycopodium clavatum POPA Poa pa/ustris LYCO2 Lycopodium complanatum POPR Poa pratensis LYSE Lycopodium se/ago POTR3 Poa trivia/is LYAM Lys/chitum arnericanum POPU Polemonium puicherrimum MAEX Madia exigua POBI Polygonum bistortoides MAMA Madia madioides POGL4 Po/ypodium glycyrrhiza MASA Madia sativa POHE2 Polypodium hesperium MADI2 Maianthemum dilatatum POKR Polystichum kruckebergii MEFA Medicago falcata POLO2 Po/ystichum /onchitis MESU Melica subulata POMU Polystichum munitum MEAR3 Mentha arvensis POTR2 Populus tr!chocarpa METR Menyanthes trifoliata POFR Potenti//a fruticosa MEFE Menzfesia ferruginea POGR Potent/I/a gracilis M EPA Mertensia paniculata PRVU Prune/la vu/garis MIAL Mimu/us alsinoides PREM Prunus emarginafa MIDE Mimulus dentatus PSME Pseudotsuga menziesll MIGU Mimulus guttatus PSPH Psora/ea physodes MILE Mimulus Jewish PTAQ Pteridium aqui/inum MIBR Mite/Ia brewer! PlAN Pterospora andromedea MICA3 Mite//a caulescens PUPA Puccine/lia paucif/ora MIOV Mite//a ova/is PYAS Pyrola asarifo/ia M1PE Mite//a pentandra PYCH Pyrola chiorantha MOUN2 Monotropa unif/ora PYPI Pyro/a picta MOPA Mont/a parvifolia PYSE Pyro/a secunda MOSI Mont/a sibirica PYUN Pyro/a un/flora NEPA Nemophila parviflora PYFU Pyrus fusca NEPE Nemophila peduncu/ata QUGA Quercus gariyana NONE Nothoche/one nemorosa RAPE Ranunculus pensy/vanicus NUPO Nuphar polysepa/a RARE Ranuncu/us repens OECE Oemelauia cerasiformis RAUN2 Ranunculus uncinatus OESA Oenanthe sarmenfosa RHPU Rhamnus purshiana OPHO Op/opanax horridum RHAL Rhododendron a/biflorum OSCH Osmorhiza chi/ensis RHMA Rhododendron macrophyllum OSPU Osmorhiza purpurea RIBA Ribes bracteosum OXOR Oxalis oregana RIHO Ribes howell/i PAMY Pachistima myrsinites RILA Ribes /acustre PAFI Parnassia fimbriata RILO Ribes /obb!i PERA Pedicularis racemosa RISA Ribes sanguineum PEDA Penstemon davidson/i RITR Ribes fr/ste PEOV Penstemon ovatus RONA Rorippa nasturtium-a quaticum PEPR Penstemon procerus ROGY Rosa gymnocarpa PEFR2 Petasites frigidus RULA2 Rubus /aciniatus PEFRP Petasites frigidus palmatus RULA Rubus /asiococcus PEHE Petrophytum hende,-sonii RULE Rubus leucodermis PHHE Phacelia heterophyl/a RUNI Rubus nivalis PHLE2 Philadeiphus /ewisii RUPA Rubus parviflorus PHAL Phleum alpinum RUPE Rubus pedatus PHPR Phleum pratense RUPR Rubus procerus PHDI Ph/ox diffuse RUSP Rubus spectabi/is PHEM Phyllodoce empetriformis RUUR Rubus ursinus PISI Picea sitchensis RUAC Rumex acetosel/a PIAL Pinus a/bicaulis RUCR Rumex crispus PICO Pinus contorta RUOB Rumex obtusifo//us PIMO Pinus mont/cola RUOC2 Rumex occiderita/is PIPO Pinus ponderosa SALA2 Salbx lasiandra PITR Pityrogramma triangular/s SASC Sa/ix scouleriana

450 Table 164 (cont.). Vascular plant speciesencountered in sampling of forest habitats.

SACE Sambucus cerulea TAOF Taraxacum officinale SARA Sambucus racemosa TABR Taxus brevifolla SAGR San icula graveolens TEGR Tel/ima grandiflora SADO Satureja doug/ash THFE2 Thalictrum fend/er! SAAR4 Saxifraga arguta TI-lOG Tha/ictrum occidenta/e SABR Saxifraga bronchiaiis THPL Thuja plicata SAFE Saxifraga ferruginea TITR Tiarella tnifoliata SAME3 Saxifraga mertensiana hUN Tiarella unifoliata SAOC Saxifraga occ!dentalis TOGL Tofieldia g/utinosa SAPU Saxifraga punctata TOME To/miea menziesii SGMl Scirpus microcarpuS TRCA3 Trautvetteria caroliniensis SEDI Sedum divergens TRLA2 Tnientalis latifo/ia SEOR2 Sedum ore ganum TRRE Trifolium repons SESP Sedum spathu/ifolium TROV Tni//ium ovatum SEDE3 Se/a ginella densa TRCA Tnisetum canescens SEOR Se/a gineila ore gana TRCE Trisetum cernuum SEWA2 Se/a gina//a wallacei TRSP Tnisetum spicatum SEFL2 Senecio flew! TSHE Tsuga heterophy//a SEJA Senecio jacobaea TSME Tsuga mertensiana SELU2 Senecio lugens URDI Urtica dioica SESY Senecio sylvaticus VAAL Vaccinium alaskaense SEW Senec!o triangularis VADE Vaccinium de/iciosum SIPA Silene pariyll VAME Vaccinium membranaceum SMRA Smilacina racemosa VAOV Vaccinium ovalifolium SMST Smilacina ste/lata VAOV2 Vaccinium ovatum SOMU So/ida go muitiradiata VAPA Vaccinium par4fo!ium SOAU Sobus aucuparia VASI Va/eriana sitchensis SOSI Sorbus sitchensis VEVI Veratrum viride SPAN Sparganium angustifo/ium VEAM Veronica americana SPRU Spergu/aria rubra VEAR Veronica aivensis SPBE Spiraea betulifolia VECH Veronica ctiamaedrys SPDO Spiraea doug/ash VECU Veronica cusickii STME2 Stachys mexicana VESC Veronica scute//ata STCA2 Ste//aria ca/ycantha VIAM Vicia americana STCR Ste/lana crispa VIGI Vicia gigantea STME Stellania media VISA Vicia sativa STOC2 Stenanthium occidenta/e VIAD yb/a adunca STOC Stipa occidenta/is VIFL2 Viola f/ettii SIAM Streptopus amp/exifo/ius VIGL Vio/a glabe/la STRO Streptopus roseus VIHO Viola howe//il 51ST Streptopus streptopoides VIOR2 Woia orbiculata SYAL Symphoricarpos a/bus VISE Viola sempervirens SYMO Symphonicarpos mo//is XETE Xerophy/lum tenax SYSC Synthyris schizantha ZIEL Zigadenus e/egans

451 Table 165. Mean absolute cover1 valuesof trees, shrubs and herbs for associations in the Douglas-fir Series. Cover values basedon plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIATIONS

PSMEI PSME/ PSMEJ ARUV HODI-ROGY GASH

ECOCLASS Code C0S651 CDS221 CDS2S5 Number of plots 7 17 7

TREES

ABG R Abies grandis ABLA2 2.2 Abies lasiocarpa 0.1 ACMA Acer macrophyl/um ARME Arbutts menziesjj 1.5 CONU Comus nuttailli 0.9 JUSc 1.9 Juoipews scopulowm 0.4 0.5 PICO Pir,us conto,?a 12.6 PIMO Pinus monticofa 0.3 0.1 1.0 PREM Pninus emarginata 0.7 PSME Pseudotsuga menziesii 48.7 73.2 PYFU Pyiusfusca 70.6 QUGA 0.1 Quercus garryana 0.2 RHPU Rhamnus purshiana SASC Salix sc.oulerjana TABR Taxus brevifo/ia 0.4 0.4 THPL Thujap/icata 0.5 0.9 TSHE Tsuga heterophyf/a 0.6 1.5 2.4

SHRUBS and HERBS

ACCI Acer circ inatun, 10.1 ACOL Acer glabnjm 0.7 3.4 1.1 ACMI Achilles millefo/jum 0.4 ACTR 0.9 0.1 Achlys triphylla 0.1 ADBI 3.2 0.1 Adenocau/onbjco/or 1.4 ALCE Ailium cemuum 0.1 0.1 0.2 ALCR Al//urn crenulatijm 0.9 ALVI Ailotropa virgata 0.1 0.1 AMAL Amelanchieralnjfo!ia 0.4 0.6 0.6 ANLY2 Anemone lya!Iij 0.3 0.1 ANNE2 Antennana neglecta 0.3 ANRA Are'ennana racemosa 0.2 ARC 03 Arctostaphy.fos columbiana 0.1 0.2 ARUV Arctostaphyfos uva-ursi 1.9 20.4 0.3 ARMA3 A.renaóa macrophy!Ia 8.3 0.6 1.4 ASRA Aster radu/jnus 0.3 0.1 0.1 RENE 8etbens net%vsa 3.7 3.2 BRVU B.romus vu!gans 12.4 0.6 6.8 CASC2 0.1 Campanulascou/en 0.4 1.6 CARO Camx,ossjj 0.6 0.1 CAHI2 Castilleja hispida 0.1 0.1 CAM 12 Castilla miniafa 0.1 0.1 0.1 CHME Chimaphila menziesjj CHUM 0.1 0.3 Chimaphlla umbe//afa 0.9 0.9 COPA Coliinsia parviftora 1.1 0.3 0.1 COHE Collomia heterophy//a 0.3 0.3 COME Corallorhjza me,lens(ana 0.3 0.2 COCO2 Corylus comuta ELOL Elymus glaucus 0.3 0.9 1.2 EPMI Epilobium minutum 0.1 0.1 ERLA Eriophyllum lanatum 0.3 0.2 EROR Er,fhronium oregonurn 0.1 FEID Festuca idahoensjs 0.3 0.1 FEOC Festuca occic/entaIls 1.6 FRyE 4.4 2.1 Fragaria esca 0.4 1.4 0.1

1 Mean absolute cover are values where zeroes are included in the calculation of themean. See Table 18 p. 95 for mean relative cover values. 452 Table 165 (cont.). Mean absolute cover1 values of trees, shrubs and herbs for associationsin the Douglas-fir Series. Cover values based on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIATIONS

PSMEI PSMEI PSME/ ARUV HODI-ROGY GASH

CDS2 55 ECOCLASS Code CC)58 51 C(DS2 21 Number of plots 7 17 7

SHRUBS and HERBS (coed.)

FRVI Fragana virginiana 0.1 0.7 FRLA Fntil/aria lanceolata 0.1 0.1 GAIR Galiurn trillonim 0.4 GASH Gaultheria shallon 0.2 56.4 GOOB Goodyera oblongifolia 0.1 0.5 0.6 HEGL2 Heucheraglabra 0.1 0.1 HEMI Heuchera micra nIbs 0.1 HIAL Hieraciuma!billowm 1.0 0.9 1.0 HODI Holodiscus discolor 3.7 8.6 2.4 HYRA Hypochaens radicata 0.6 0.1 HYMO Hypopitys monotropa 0.1 JUCO4 Jiinipews communis 0.6 0.5 LAMU Lactuca muralis 0.1 LANE Lathynjs nevadensis 0.5 LICO4 Li/kim columbianum 0.1 0.1 LIBO2 Unnaea borealis 0.1 0.3 1.6 LOMA2 Lomatium maetindalei 1.3 0.1 0.1 LOCI Lonicera cifiosa 0.3 0.5 0.1 LULA Lupinus letifolius 2.9 LUCA2 Luzula carnpestris 0.2 LYAM Lysichitum amencanum 0.1 MAMA Madia mac/jo/des 0.2 MESU Melica subo/ata 0.5 MOPA Montia parvifolia 0.1 0.4 0.1 NONE Nothochelonenemorosa 0.4 0.4 OSCH Qsmorhiza chilensis 0.6 PAMY Pachistima myrsinites 0.9 0.8 0.1 PHLE2 Philadeiphus /ewisii 0.1 POGL4 Polypodium glycyrrhiza 0.2 0.1 POH E2 Polypodium hesporium 0.1 0.1 POMU Polystichum munitum 0.1 0.6 2.7 PTAQ Pteridium aquilinum 0.1 0.3 PYSE Pyrola secunda 0.1 RHMA Rhododendron macrophyllum 1.9 AISA Ribes sanguineum 0.1 0.1 ROGY Rosa gymnoc.arpa 1.9 6.7 1.1 RUUR Pubus uasinus 0.1 0.6 SADO Satureja douglasii 0.1 SESP Sedum spathulifolium 0.1 SEWA2 Selagir,ella wallacei 0.3 0.1 SYMO Symphoricarpos mo//is 1.0 4.2 0.7 TRLA2 Tnentalis latifolia 0.4 1.1 1.1 TROV Trillium evatum TRCA Trisetum canescens 0.2 VAME Vacciniurn membranaceum 0.1 VAPA Vaccinium pervifolium 0.1 0.2 1.4 VIAM Vicia americana 0.4 VIAD Viola adunca 0.2 VISE Viola sempervrrens 0.1 0.1 XETE Xemphyllum tenax 1.0

1 Mean absolute cover are values where seroes are Included In the calculation of the mean. See Table 18 p.95 tot mean relative cover values. 453 Table 166. Mean absolute covert values of trees, shrubs and herbs forassociations in the Mountain Hemlock Series. Cover values based on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIATIONS

TSMEJ TSME/ TSMEJ TSME( TSME/ TSMEJ TSMEJ VA.AL VMIJRMO VMIJXETE VAME-VML VAMEJXETE PHEM-VADE {AL-VAME

ECOCLASSCode CMS241 CMS242 CMS243 CMS244 CMS245(OLY) CMS3 11 CMS3 12 Numberof plots 10 16 4 6 2 5 12

TREES

ABAM Abies emabilis 61.9 44.0 45.0 37.5 41.0 7.0 42.1 ABLA2 Abies lasiocarpa 7.5 4.6 5.6 CHNO Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 4.9 9.1 14.0 9.0 15.0 5.8 16.8 PIAL Pinus albicaulis PIMO Pinus monticola 0.2 PSME Pseudotsuga menziesii 0.1 1.8 0.3 12.5 0.4 TABR Taxus brevifolia 0.3 0.2 THPL Thujaplicata 0.6 0.6 TSHE Tsuga heterophylla 7.2 3.7 5.8 2.7 5.0 8.7 TSME Tsugamertensiana 30.0 33.7 53.5 24.2 17.5 25.0 37.9

SHRUBS and HERBS

ACCI Acer circinatum 0.3 ACMI Achillea millefolium 0.4 ACTR Achlys triphylla 0.1 0.1 1.5 ALSI Air is sinuata 0.8 0.2 1.6 ANAL Antennaria alpiria 0.2 ARUV A.rctostaphylos uva-ursi 0.5 0.2 ARCA6 A.rceuthobium campylopodum 0.1 f. tsugensis ARLA Arnica !at,fo/ia 0.6 1.0 ARSY Atuncus sylvester 0.1 0.1 ATFI Athyrium lIlix-femina 0.3 0.3 0.1 BENE Berberis ne,vosa 1.0 BLSP Blechnum spicant 0.7 1.8 1.0 0.2 CABI Caltha biflora 0.3 0.3 0.2 CARO3 Campanula rotundifolia 0.2 0.1 CAIN5 Carex inferior o.i 0.3 CANI2 Carex nigricans 0.4 CAME Cassiope me,tensiana 0.1 3.8 0.5 CAPA3 Castilleja pa,viflora 0.4 CHME Chimaphila menziesii 0.1 0.5 CHUM Chimaphila umbellata 0.5 0.1 CLUN Clintonia uniflora 3.0 0.1 6.5 1.0 0.3 COME Corallorhiza mealensiana 0.2 0.1 COCA Cornus canadensis 0.3 0.2 1.3 CRCR Ctyptogramma cnspa 0.1 0.4 0.1 DEAT Deschampsia atropurpurea 0.4 DRAU2 D,yopteris austriaca 0.1 0.1 ERFL2 Engeron flettii ERPE Erigeron peregnnus 0.2 0.1 Er,ithroniummontanum ERMO 0.8 13.6 0.5 1.0 2.2 0.9 FEID Festuca idahoensis 0.6 FEOC Festuca occidentalis 0.1 GAOV Gaultheria ovatifolia 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 GASH Gaulfheria shallon 0.2 000B Goodyera oblongilolia 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 GYOR Gymnocarpium dr,'opteris 0.1 0.1 0.1 HYMO Hypopitys monotropa 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 JUPA Juncus par,yi 1.2 JUCO4 Juniperus communis 0.2

Mean absolute cover are values where zeroes are included in the calculation of themean. See Table 26 p. 115 for mean relative cover values.

454 Table 166 (cent.). Mean absolute cover' values of trees, shrubs and herbs for associations in the Mountain Hemlock Series. Cover values based on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIATIONS

TSME/ TSMEI 1SME/ TSME/ TSME/ ISMEJ TSME VAAL VMUE1IO VAAJJcE1E VAMEVAAL VAMEJXE PHEM-VADE F*1AL-VAME

ECOCLASS Coda CMS241 CMS242 CMS243 CMS244 CMS245 CMS31I CMS3I2 Number of plots 10 18 4 6 2 5 12

SHRUBS and HERBS (cont.)

LICO4 Lilium columbiarrum 0.1 0.1 L1802 Linr,aea borealis 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 LICA3 Us/era caurina 0.1 0.2 LICO2 Us/era conva!!anoides 0.2 0.3 LICO3 Listeracordata 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 LOMA2 Lomatium madinda!oi 0.6 0.1 LUPE Luefkea poctinata 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.3 LUPA Luiu!a parviflora 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 LYCL Lycopodium clavatum 0.8 0.2 LYSE Lycopodium se/ago 0.1 LYAM Lysichitum americanum 1.0 MADI2 Maianthemum dilatatum 0.5 0.1 0.8 MEFE Menziesia ferruginea 2.1 1.9 4.3 4.2 0.4 2.8 NONE Nothoch&or,e nemorosa 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2 OPHO Oplopanax horridum 0.4 PAMY Pachistima myrsinites 0.1 1.2 PERA Pedicuiaris racamosa 0.6 0.2 PHDI Phlox diffusa 1.0 0.1 PHEM Phyllodoceompetritormis 1.1 1.3 34.8 1.7 POPU Polemonium pulcherrimum 0.1 POLO2 Polystichum lonchitis 0.1 0.1 POMU Polystichum ,nunitum 0.1 0.3 0.1 PUPA Puccirrellia paucillora 0.1 0.3 PYAS Pyro!a asarifolia 0.1 0.1 PYSE Pyro!a secunda 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.2 1.5 0.8 RI-IAL Rhododendron a/bitbairn 1.3 3.9 1.3 0.2 22.1 RIBR Ribes bra ejeosum 0.1 0.1 RIHO Ribes howe//il 0.1 0.1 0.1

ROGY Rosa gymnocarpa . 0.1 RULA Rubus lasiococcuis 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 1.3 RUPE Rubus pedatus 14.6 5.3 4.3 1.0 0.6 4.3 RUSP Rubus spectabilis 0.6 0.1 0.3 SAFE Saxifraga ferniginea 0.1 0.4 0.1 SMAA $milacina recemosa 0.1 0.1 0.3 SMST Smilacina ste//ala 0.1 SOSI Sorbus sitchensis 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.4 SIAM S/reptopus ampbexifolius 0.1 0.3 STRO Streptopus roseus 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.1 SYSC Synthyris schizarrtha 0.1 lIlA Tiara/la trifoliata 0.3 0.3 hUN 7/are/la unifoliata 0.7 0.4 0.1 TRCA3 Trautvet/eria caroliniensis 0.1 0.5 TROV Trillium ovatum 0.2 0.1 VAAL Vacciniuma/askaense 45.0 44.7 39.2 25.8 4.0 0.4 1.0 VADE Vaccinitim de!iciosum 0.8 22.0 0.2 VAME Vaccinium membranaceum 1.1 1.6 0.8 31.7 37.5 8.2 14.1 VAOV Vaccinium ovalifolium 7.3 8.1 8.0 18.8 4.0 4.5 VASI Valersana sit chensis 0.6 0.1 1.0 1.3 VEVI Veratur,, viride 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.6 VIFL2 Viola fiat//i 0.2 VISE Viola sempervirens 0.2 0.3 XEIE Xerophyllurntenax 0.3 2.9 14.5 6.5 22.5 9.8 2.0

IMean absolute cover are values where zeroes are included in the calculation of the mean. See Table 26 p. 115 for mean relative cover values.

455 Table 167. Mean absolute cover' values of trees, shrubs and herbs for associations in the Silver Fir Series. Cover values based on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIA11ONS

ABAM/ ABAM/ ABAM/ ABAM! ABAM/ ABAM/ VAAL VAALIERMO VAALJXETE V&AIJ11UN VA.AL-BENE VAALJOXOR

EOOCLASSCode CFS2I2(OL'r) cFs213 CFS2I4 CFS2I5 CFS216 CFS2I7 Numberof plots 18 15 10 19 8 29

TREES

ABAM Abjes amabjjjs 50.4 64.7 38.8 52.6 39.5 46.5 ABLA2 Abies Iasiocarpa ACMA Acer macrophyllum ALRU Ainus nibra 0.3 CHNO Chamaecyparis nootkatensts 0.3 5.5 4.7 0.6 CONU Comusnultailhl PISI Picea sitchensis 0.2 PIMO Pjnus monticola PSME Pseudotsugamenziesii 9.4 14.5 1.8 8.9 0.1 TABR Taxus brevifolia 0.8 0.3 0.2 THPL Thujaplicata 3.1 1.4 4.4 1.9 1.3 1.4 TSHE Tsuga heterophylla 49.4 25.3 46.3 50.7 56.0 72.3 TSME Tsugame,tensiana 1.1 2.5 0.8 0.1

SHRUBS and HERBS

ACCI Acer circinatum 1.0 0.3 8.5 1.7 22.9 0.3 ACTR Achlys triphylla 0.2 0.5 0.4 1.8 3.3 0.5 ACRU Actaea ,ubra 0.1 0.1 ADBI Adenocaulon bicolor 0.1 0.2 ADPE Adiantum pedatum 0.1 0.1 0.1 ALSI Ainus sirsjata 0.3 ARCA6 A.rceuthoblum campylopodum I. tsugensis 0.1 0.1 ARSY Aruncus sylvester 0.1 0.1 ASCA3 Asanim caudatum 0.1 0.1 ATFI Athyrium fIlix-femina 0.1 0.5 1.6 1.1 BENE Berberis irvosa 0.1 0.1 1.2 15.1 0.3 BLSP Blechnum spicant 0.5 1.5 2.6 0.8 2.7 BOEL Boykiniaelata 0.1 0.2 BRVU Bromus vulgaris CABI Caftha biflora 0.3 0.5 CADE Carex deweyana 0.1 CHME Chimaphila menziesü 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 CHUM Chimaphila umbellata 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.8 CIAL Circaea alpina 0.1 CLUN Clintoniauniflora 0.8 2.1 1.8 2.3 0.8 0.8 COLA Coptis laciniata 0.3 1.6 2.4 0.9 2.5 COMA3 Corallorhiza macu!ata 0.1 0.1 COME Corallothizamertensiana 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.1 COCA Cornus canadensis 0.5 0.4 0.7 1.1 0.4 DIHO Dispoum hookeri 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.3 DISM Disponim smithii 0.1 0.2 DRAU2 Dryoptens austnaca 0.3 EBAU Eburophyton austiniae 0.1 EPAN Epilobium angustifolium 0.1 EPGL Epilobium glaberrimum 0.1 ERMO Erythronium montanum 2.4 0.1 ERRE2 Erythronium revolutum GAAP Galium aparine GAOR Galium oreganum 0.1 GATR Galium triflonim 0.1 0.5 0.1 GAOV Gaulthena ovatifolia 0.1 1.0 GASH Gaultheria shallon 0.3 3.0 0.3 1.5 0.7 GOOB Goodyera oblongifolia 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1

GYDR Gym nocarpium diyopteris 0.1 0.3 . 1.9 0.3 HIAL Hieracium albiflorum 0.1 0.1 HYTE Hydrophyllum tenuipes 0.1 HYMO Hypopitys monotropa 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 LAMU Lactuca muralis 0.1 0.1 LICO4 Lilium co!umbianum 0.1 1.1

Mean absolute cover are values where zeroes are included in the calculation of the mean. See Table 36 p. 148 los mean relative cover values. 456 Table 167 (cont.). Mean absolute cover1 values of trees, shrubs and herbs for associations in the Silver Fir Series. Cover values based on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIA11ONS

ABAM! ABAM/ ABAM/ ABAM/ ABAM! ABAM/ VAAI VAALJERMO VAALIXETE VAALJTIUN VMLBENE VAAI/OXOR

ECOcLAq Code CFS2 12 (OLY) CFS2 13 CFS2 14 CFS2 15 CFS2 16 CFS2 17 Numberot plots lB 15 10 19 8 29

SHRUBS and HERBS (contj

LIBO2 Linnaea borealis 0.5 0.1 0.3 1.3 0.1 LICA3 Listeracaurirta 0.1 0.1 0.1 11CO2 Listera convallanoidas 0.1 0.1 0.2 LICO3 Listera cogjata 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 LULA Lupinus atifolius LUPA Luzulaparviflora 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.3 LYCL Lycopodium clavaknn 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 LYAM Lysichitum amencarrum 0.1 MAD 2 Maianthemum dilatatum 0.3 0.9 0.1 3.7 2.6 MEFE Menziesiaferruginea 0.8 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.1 1.5 MIBR Mitella bie'.veri 0.1 0.1 MIOV Mitella ovalis 0.1 0.1 MOSI Montiasibirica 0.2 0.1 OPHO Oplopanaxhorridum 0,1 0.1 0.7 0.4 OSCH Osmorhiza chi!ensis 0.2 0.2 0.1 OSPU Osmorhiza purpurea OXOR Oxalis oregana 0.2 0.1 0.1 25.7 PERA Pediculans rar,emozta POGL4 Polypodium glycyrrhiza 0.1 POMU Polystichum munitum 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.5 2.6 1.8 PTAQ Pteridium aquilinum 0.1 PYAS Pyrola asanfolia PYPI Pymlapicta 0.3 0.4 0.1 PYSE Pyrola secunda 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 PYUN Pyrola unfflora 0.2 0.1 0.4 RHAL Rhododendron albiflorum RHMA Rhododendron macrophyflum 0.1 RIBA Ribes bra cteosum 0.1 0.1 0.3 RIIA Ribes lacustre 0.3 ROGY Rosa gym nocarpa 0.1 0.1 0.1 RULA Rubuslasiococcus 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.7 RUPA Rubus parviflonis 0.1 RUPE Rubuspedatus 0.4 6.1 1.3 4.7 4.6 RUSP Rubus spectabilis 0.1 0.2 2.5 0.1 4.5 RUUA Rubusursinus 0.2 0.1 0.2 SARA Sambucus racemosa 0.1 0.1 0.1 SEOR Selagirella oregana SMRA Smllacina racemosa 0.1 0.1 SMST Smilacinastellata 0.1 0.2 0.3 1.2 0.5 0.1 SOSI Sorbu sitchensis 0.1 0.2 0.1 STME2 Stachys mexicana 0.1 STAM Streptopus amplexilolius 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 STRO Streptopus roseus 0.3 1.1 2.7 0.3 0.9 STST Streptopus streptopoides 0.1 SYSC Syrtfhyiis schizarytha 0.1 TITR Iiare!!atnfo!iata 0.1 0.5 0.1 4.0 0.4 1.6 TIUN Tiarella unifo!iata 0.1 0.7 0.1 1.4 0.3 TOME Tolmiea meniesii 0.1 TALA2 Trientalis latifojja 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 TROV Trillium ovatum 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.5 TRCA Triselum canescens 0.1 0.1 lACE Trisefumcernuum 0.2 0.4 VAAL Vacciniumalaskaense 35.3 57.9 41.5 39.4 11.0 23.0 VAME Vaccinium membranaceum 0.1 0.7 1.2 0.1 VAOV Vaccinium ovalifolium 0.8 3.3 1.5 1.7 0.2 VAPA Vacciniumparvifolium 2.6 0.1 1.4 1.6 11.9 6.1 VASI Valenana sitchensis 0.5 0.2 0.1 VEVI Veratrum wride 0.1 0.1 0.3 VIGL Viola glabella 0.5 0.4 VIOR2 Viola orbiculata VISE Viola sempersrens 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 XETE Xerophyllum tenax 0.2 0.1 19.6 0.5

I Mean absolute cover we values where zeroes are included in the calculation of the mean. See Table 36 p. 148 br mean relative covervalues. 457 Table 167 (cont.). Mean absolute coven values of trees, shrubs and herbs for associations in the Silver Fir Series. Cover values based on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIA11ONS

ABAM/ ABAM/ ABAM/ ABAW ABAP.V ABAM/ VAALJCLUN VAAL/11B02 VAAL-RHAL XETE VAMEJXETE Dep.

ECOCL.ASS Code CFS2 18 CFS2 19 CFS2 20 CFF3 Ii CFS2 11 (OIV) CFF9 II Numberotplots 31 ii 4 5 2 14

TREES

ABAM Abiesamabilis 56.8 41.9 43.7 12.6 50.0 61.0 ABLA2 Abies !asiocarpa 2.5 0.1 ACMA Acer macrophyllum 0.1 ALRIJ AJr,us,ubra CHNO Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 1.6 1.8 8.3 CONU Comus nuttal!ii PISI Picea sitcherlsis PREM Pninus emargirtata PSME Pseudotsuga menziesii 1.7 14.2 1.3 36.0 12.5 8.7 TABR Taxus brevifolia 0.7 1.4 0.6 THPL Thu/a plicala 1.5 10.9 1.3 0.4 5.0 0.9 TSHE Tsuga heterophylla 56.8 43.1 47.5 68.0 42.5 63.9 TSME Tsuga me,tensiana 0.9 0.9 2.8 0.2 7.5

SHRUBS and HERBS

ACCI Acer circinatum 3.6 5.1 4.4 0.1 ACTR Ach!ys triphylla 1.1 1.6 0.5 8.4 0.3 ACRU Actaearubra ADBI Adenocau!on hicolor 0.2 ADPE Adiantum pedatum ALSI A/ntis sinuata ARCA6 A.rceuthobium campylopodum f. tsugensis 0.3 ARSY Aruncus sylvester 0.2 ASCA3 Asarum caudatum 0.1 0.1 ATFI khyrium flux-/emma 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.1 BENE Berberis ne,vosa 0.4 0.6 0.3 6.0 0.3 BLSP Blechnum spicant 2.5 1.0 0.3 0.7 BOEL Boykiniae!ata 0.2 BRVU Bromus vu!gans CABI Calthabiflora CADE Carex deweyana CHME Chimaphila menziesij 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.1 CHUM Chimaphila umbellata 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.1 CIAL Circaea alpina CLUN Clintonia uniflora 3.4 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.3 COLA Coptislaciniata 0.2 0.2 COMA3 Cora!!o,hiza maculata COME Corallothiza me,tensiana 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 COCA Cornus canadensis 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.1 DIHO Disporumhooken 0.1 0.4 DISM Disporumsmithii 0.1 0.1 DRAU2 Dryopteiis austriaca EBAU Eburophyton austiniae EPAN Epiobium angustifo!ium 0.3 EPGL Epilobium glaberrimum ERMO E,ythronium montant,m ERRE2 Erythronium revolutum GAAP Galium apanne GAOR Galium oreganum GATR Galium triflo,um 0.1 0.1 GAOV Gaultheria ovatifolia 0.3 GASH Gau!theriashal!on 0.3 0.9 0.8 0.2 000B Goodyera oblongifolia 0.1 0.2 0.1 GYDR Gymnucatpiumdiyoptens 0.1 0.2 0.8 HIAL Hieracium albifloum 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 HYE Hydrophyllum tenuipes HYMO Hypopis monotropa 0.1 0.1 0.4 LAMU Lactuca mura!is 0.1 LICO4 Lilium columblanum 0.4

Mean absolute cover are values where zeroes are included in the calculatIon of the mean. See Table 36 p. 148 for mean relative cover values. 458 Table 167 (cont.). Mean absolute cover' values of trees, shrubs and herbs for associations in the Silver Fir Series. Cover values based on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIA11ONS

ABAM! ABAM/ ABAM/ ABAM/ ABAW ABAW VMI.JCLUN VMIJLIBO2 VAAL-RHAL XETE VAME/XEI'E Dep.

ECOCLASS Code CFS2 18 CFS2 19 CFS2 20 CFF3 Ii CFS2 11 (OLV) CF9 11 Number of plots 31 II 4 S 2 14

SHRUBS and HERBS (cont.)

L1B02 Linnaea bo,alis 0.4 16.9 2.0 0.6 0.4 LtCA3 Listera caurina 0.2 0.3 0.1 11CO2 Listera com'allanoides 0.1 0.1 11CO3 LiStea cordata 0.2 LULA Lupinus latifolius LUPA Luzula parvil'lora 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 LYCL Lycopodium clavatum 0.1 LYAM Lysichitum amencanum MADI2 Maianfhemum dilatatum 1.0 0.2 0.4 MEFE Menziesla femjginea 1.0 0.7 3.5 0.2 2.5 0.4 MIBR Mitella brewed MIOV Mitella ovalis MOSI Montia sibinca OPHO Oplopanaxhomdum 0.2 0.3 0.3 OSCH Osmorhiza hilensis 0.3 0$PU Osmorhiza pu,purea OXOR Oxalisoregana 0.2 0.1 PERA Pedicularis racemosa 0.3 0.4 P0014 Polypcxiium glycyithiza 0.1 0.1 POMU Pofystichum munitum 0.4 1.5 0.3 1.0 0.4 PTAO Pte,idium aquilinum 0.2 PYAS Pyrola asanfolla 0,1 0.3 0.3 PYPI Pyrolapicta 0.2 0.2 0.1 PYSE Pyrolasecunda 0.4 0.5 1.3 0.8 1.0 0.3 PYUN Pyrolauniflora 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.6 RHAL Rhododendron albiflonim 0.1 18.2 0.5 0.1 RHMA Rhododendron macrophyilum 0.1 0.3 3.8 1.4 0.2 RIBR Ribes bracteosum RILA Ribeslacustre 0.1 0.3 ROGY Rosa gymnocarpa 0.1 0.8 RULA Rubus fasiococcus 0.4 0.5 2.5 0.2 1.0 0.1 RUPA Rubus pa,vitlonjs RUPE Rubuspedatus 2.4 4.5 6.5 0.4 RUSP Rubus spectabi/is 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 RUUR Rubus ursinus 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 SARA SamL,ucus racemosa 0.1 0.3 0.1 SEOR Selaginella oreana SMRA Smilacina racemosa 0.2 SMST Smilacina stellata 0.2 0.1 1.0 SOSI So,bus sitchensls 0.1 0.2 0.5 STME2 Stachys mexicana SIAM Streptopus amplexilolius 0.1 0.3 STRO Strepto pus ioseus 0.5 0.4 1.0 0.2 0.4 STST Streptopus streptopoides SYSC Synthyris schizar,tha TITR Tiarellatrffoljata 0.4 1.6 0.3 0.2 0.6 TIUN liarellaunifoliata 0.2 0.4 1.3 0.2 0.1 TOME Tolmiea menziesji TRLA2 THentalis fatjfolia 0.1 0.1 TROV Trillium ovatum 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.7 TRCA Tnse(um TRCE Tnsetum cemuum 0.3 VA.AL Vaccinium alaskaense 39.7 17.5 14.5 1.2 1.0 0.9 VAME Vacciniummembranaceum 0.4 0.8 2.0 0.8 10.5 0.1 VAOV Vacciniumovaljfolium 1.7 0.4 11.2 0.2 0.1 VAPA Vaccinium paivifolium 4.7 9.8 0.5 0.6 0.7 VASt Valenana sitchensis 0.3 0.5 0.1 VEVI Verafrum viiide 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 VIOL Viola glabella 0.2 V10R2 '[iota othiculata 0.1 0.3 VISE Viola sempeivirens 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.1 XETE Xerophyllum tenax 0.1 0.3 2.0 20.6 20.5 0.1

1 Meen absolute cover are values wtlere zeroes are Included in the calculation of the mean. See Table 38 p. 148 for mean relative covervalues. 459 Table 167 (cont.). Mean absolute covert values of trees, shrubs and herbs for associations in the Silver Fir Series. Cover values based on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIATIONS

ABAM/ ABAM/ ABAM/ ABAM/ ABAM/ ABAM OPHO OXOR AHMA RHMA-VAAL GASH GASHIBLSP

ECOCLASS Code CFS3II (OL'fl CFFI II (CLV) CFS6 II (OtY) CFS6 12 CFSI54(CLV) CFSI5S Number of plots 15 19 9 5 8 13

TREES

ABAM Abies amabilis 46.7 51.1 24.6 33.0 30.7 54.2 ABLA2 Abies lasiocarpa ACMA Acer macrophyllum 0.1 CHNO Chamaecypa,is noolkatensis 0.5 0.7 CONU Comus r,uftallii 0.1 PISI Piceasjfchensjs 0.1 0.6 PM0 Pinus mont/cola 0.1 PSME Pseudotsuga menziesii 2.8 0.3 17.3 22.2 14.4 0.1 TABR Taxus brevifolia 0.3 0.3 1.0 1.0 3.1 0.3 THPL Thiijap/icafa 2.5 4.4 7.6 20.2 15.6 5.8 TSHE Tsuga heterophylla 46.5 52.7 69.4 67.0 46.9 60.0 TSME Tsuga me,tensiana 0.5

SHRUBS and HERBS

ACCI Acer cjrcinatum 0.5 3.4 0.8 5.4 1.3 ACTR Achlys triphylla 0.9 1.3 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.3 ACRU Actaeanibra 0.1 0.1 0.2 ADBI Nienocaulonbicolor 0.2 0.1 0.1 ADPE Niianfum pedatum 0.9 0.1 0.1 ALSI A/ntis sinuata ARCA6 A,ceuthobium c.ampylopodum t. tsugensis 0.6 0.1 0.9 ARSY Anincus sylvester 0.2 0.2 ASCA3 Asarum caudatum 0.3 ATFt Athyrium fllix-femirra 1.8 0.6 0.2 0.2 GENE Barber/s neriosa 0.2 0.5 1.1 2.6 4.8 1.4 BLSP Blechnum spicant 2.1 1.9 0.1 0.2 0.3 4.2 BOEL Boykinia e/ata 0.1 0.2 BAVU Bromus vulgaris CABI Caitha biflora CADE Carex deweyana 0.1 CHME Chimaphlla menziesii 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.2 CHUM Chimaphila umbellata 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.8 CIAL Circaeaa/pina 0.2 CLUN Clintoniauniflora 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.8 1.2 COLA Coptis laciniata 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 COMA3 Coral!orhiza mac.ulata COME Corallo,hiza mertensiana 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.1 COCA Comus canadensis 0.5 0.1 0.7 1.8 0.1 4.8 DIHO Disponim hooke,j 0.3 0.2 0.1 DISM Disporumsmithii 0.4 0.4 DRAU2 Diyopteris austriaca 0.2 0.2 EBAU Eburophyton austiniae EPAN Epilobium angustifoljum 0.1 0.1 EPGL Epilobium glaberrimum 0.1 ERMO Erythronium montanum ERRE2 E,ythronium revolutum 0.1 0.8 GMP Galium aparine 0.2 GAOR Galium oreganum 0.3 GAlA Galium trillonm 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 GAOV Gaultheria ovatifolia 0.1 GASH Gaulthe,ja sha!!on 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.6 46.9 22.8 0008 Goodyera oblongifolia 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 GYDR Gymnocarpium dryopteris 1.3 0.1 HIAL Hieracium a/b/fib rum 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 HODI Holodiscus discolor 0.1 HYTE Hydrophyflum tenuipes 0.1 HYRA Hypochaeris radicata 0.1 HYMO Hypopitys monotropa 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 LAMU Lactucamuralis 0.1 0.1 0.2 LICO4 Lilium columbia num 0.2 0.4

I Mean absolute cover are values w$ere zeroes are includedin the calculation of the mean. See Table 36 p. 148 for mean relative cover values.

460 Table 167 (cont.). Mean absolute cover1 values of trees, shrubs andherbs for associations in the Silver Fir Series. Cover values based on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIATIONS

ABAM! ABAMJ ABAM/ ABAM/ ABAM! ABAM OPHO OXOR RHMA RHMA-VML GASH GASHISLSP CFS6 12 CFS1 54 (CLV) CFS1 55 ECOCLASS Code CFS3I1 (CLV) CFFI 11 (CLV) CFS8 Ii (04.Y) 5 8 13 Number of plots 15 19 9

SHRUBS and HERBS (cont.) 8.0 4.6 0.9 LIBO2 Linnaea borealis 0.1 0.3 2.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 LICA3 Listera caurina 0.1 0.1 0.2 LICO2 Llsfera convallarioides 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 UCO3 Listera corniata 0.1 0.1 LULA Lupinus latifolius 0.1 LUPA Li.czulapaiviflora 0.2 0,2 0.4 0.4 LYCL Lyco podium clavatum 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 IYAM Lysichitum amencanum 0.1 2.2 MADI2 Maiantbemum dilatatum 1.3 3.2 0.3 1.1 MEFE Menziesia ferruginea 0.8 0.5 0.1 MIBR Miteila frewen 0.1 0.3 MIOV Mite/Ia ovalis 0.1 MOSI Montia sibinca 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 OPt-b Oplopanaxhorridum 11.7 0.4 OSCH Osmorhiza chilensis 0.1 0.1 OSPU Osmorhiza purpurea 0.1 0.1 0.3 OXOR Oxalis oregana 7.3 42.6 PERA Pediculans racemosa 0.2 POGL4 Polypodium gtycyrrhiza 0.4 1.3 0.9 POMU Potystichum munitum 1.3 2.1 0.3 PTAQ Ptaridiurn aquilinum 0.8 0.1 PYAS Pyrola asarifolia 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 PYPI Pyrola pic.ta 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 PYSE Pyrola secunda 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 PYUN Pyroia uniflore 0.2 0.3 RHAL Rhododendron a!blflonim 25.6 RHMA Rhododendron macrophyllum 43.8 RIBA Ribesbracteosum 1.7 0.1 0.2 RILA Ribes/acustre 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 ROGY Rosa gyinnocarpa 0.1 0.3 RULA Rubus lasiococcus 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.1 RUPA Rubusparviflorus 0.1 1.3 RUPE Rubuspedatus 1.1 0.3 0.2 3.6 0.3 0.4 RUSP Rubus spectabilis 3.1 1.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 RUUR RubuswsinUS 0.1 0.2 0.1 SARA Sambucus racemosa 2.3 0.2 0.2 SEOR Selaginella oregana 0.1 SMRA Smilacina racemosa 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 SMST Smilacina ste//eta 0.4 0.2 0.2 SOSI Sorbus sitchensis 0.1 STME2 Stachys mexicana 0.1 0.1 STAM Streptopus amplexifolius 0.6 0.1 0.2 STRO Streptopus roseus 0.5 0.2 0.2 STST Streptopus streptopoides 0.1 SYSC Synthyris schizantha 0.3 0.5 TITA Jiareila trifoliara 3.8 1.1 0.1 0.8 TIUN Tiarelia unifoliata 0.2 TOME To/mba menziesii 0.2 TRLA2 Tnentails latifolia 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 IROV Trillium ovaturn 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.2 TRCA Tnsetum canescens TRCE Thseftjm cernuum 0.3 2.1 19.3 VAAL Vaccinium alaskaense 18.1 1.8 1.0 18.0 VAME Vaccinium membxar,aceum 0.3 0.4 0.9 VAOV Vaccinium ovalifolium 4.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 9.1 10.6 VAPA Vaccjniumpa,vifoiium 1.2 2.1 0.8 7.4 VASI Valeriana sitchensis 0.3 VEVI Veratrum viride VIGL Viola glabella 0.6 2.1 VIOR2 Viola orbicuiata 0.1 0.3 0.2 VISE Viola sempervireflS 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.8 2.3 XETE Xerophyllum terlax 0.8 3.0

I Mean absolute cover are values where zeroes are included in the calculation of the mean. See Table 36 p. 148 for mean relative cover values. 461 Table 167 (cont.). Mean absolute coven values of trees, shrubs and herbs for associationsin the Silver Fir Series.Cover values based on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIATiONS

ABAM/ ABAW ABAM/ ABAM/ ABAM/ GASH/OXOR LYAM POMU POMU-OXOR ACTR-T1UN

ECOCLASS Code CFS1 56 CFMI II CFF611 CFF6I2 CFF2I1 Number of plots 7 2 8 24 7

TREES

ABAM Abies amabills 22.1 20.5 36.7 26.2 47.6 ABLA2 Abies lasiocarpa ACMA Acer macrophyllurn ALRU Ainusnibra 11.5 CHNO Chamaecypans nootkatensis 0.1 CONU Comus nuttallii PISI Picea sitchensis 0.6 PIMO Pinus monticola PSME Pseudotsuga menziesii 10.5 1.0 12.7 TABR Taxus bravifolia 0.3 2.5 1.4 THPL Thu/a pllc.ata 19.3 48.5 22.1 3.2 3.6 TSHE Tsuga heterophyfla 84.7 51.0 62.1 74.7 39.6 TSME Tsuga mertensiana 0.9

SHRUBS and HERBS

ACCI Acer circinatum 1.5 0.8 0.3 ACTR Achlys triphyfla 0.1 6.3 2.5 12.3 ACRU Actaea rubra 0.1 ADBI Adenocaulonbjcolor 0.3 ADPE Adiantum pedatum 0.4 0.1 ALSI Ainus sinuata ARCA6 Arceuthobium campylopodum f.tsugensis 1.3 0.1 0.3 0.6 ARSY An,ncus syfvester 0.1 ASCA3 Asa,um caudatum 0.3 ATFI Aihyrium flllx-femina 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.4 BENE Berbens nervSa 10.0 2.3 1.0 1.1 BLSP Blechnum spicarrt 4.9 2.5 4.0 2.0 0.3 BOEL Boykinia elate o.i 0.1 BRVU Bromus tvlgaris 0.5 CABI Caftha biflora CADE Carexdeweyana 0.5 CHME Chimaphila menziesii 0.1 0.1 CHUM Chimaphila umbellata 0.4 0.3 CIAL Circaea alpine 1.0 0.1 0.1 CLUN Cliritonia unifiora 0.4 1.0 1.3 0.3 5.1 COLA Coptis laciniata 2.0 3.0 0.3 0.6 COMA3 Corallorhiza macu!ata COME Coral!orhiza rne,tensiana 0.1 COCA Comus canadensis 0.1 1.5 1.5 0.1 1.9 DIHO Disponim hookeri 0.6 0.3 0.4 DISM Disporum smithii 0.3 0.3 0.4 DRAU2 D,yoptehs austriaca 0.1 0.3 0.1 EBAU Eburophyton austiniae EPAN Epilobium angustifolium 0.3 EPGL Epilobium glaberrimum ERMO E,ythronium montenum 0.5 ERRE2 E,ythronlum revolutum GAAP Gelium aperine 0.1 GAOR Qalium oreganum GATR Galium triflowm 0.3 0.3 GAOV Gaultheria ovatifolia GASH Gaufthetie sha!lon 19.4 14.5 1.5 0.9 0.1 000B Goodyera oblongifolia 0.1 0.3 GVDR Gym nocaipium diyopteris 0.1 3.0 HIAL Hieracium albillorum 0.1 0.1 HYTE !-Iydrophyllum tersuipes 0.3 HYMO Hypopitys monotropa 0.1 LAMU Lactuca murelis 0.3 LICO4 Lilium columbianum 0.1

Mean absolute cover are values wbere Zeroes are included in the calculation of the meal,. See Table 38 p. 148 for mean relative cover values. 462 Table 167 (cont.). Mean absolute cover' values of trees, shrubsand herbs for associations in the Silver Fir Series. Cover values based on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIA11ONS

ABAW ABAW ABAW ABAM/ ABAM/ GASH/OXOR LYAM POMU POMU-OXOR ACTR-11UN

CFFO 11 CFF8 12 CFF2 Ii ECOCLASSC0de CFSI 56 CFMI 12 8 24 7 Number of plots 7 2

SHRUBS and HERBS (cont)

4.6 4.1 LIBO2 Linnaea borealis 0.1 1.0 0.3 0.1 LICA3 ljstera caurina LICQ2 Listera coiwallarioides 0.5 0.1 LICO3 Listera conlate 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 LULA Lupinus latifolius 0.5 0.4 LUPA Luzulaparviflora 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.2 LYCL Lycopodium clavalum 0.1 LYAM Lysichitum ame,ic.anum 0.4 10.5 0.5 0.9 0.1 MADI2 Maianfhemum dilatatum 5.4 2.5 0.3 0.4 0.1 MEFE Menziesia ferruginea 2.6 4.5 0.1 MBR Mite/la breweri 0.5 0.1 MIOV Mite/la ovalis 0.5 0.1 MOSI Mont/a sibirlca 0.1 0.5 0.5 1.0 OPHO Oplopanaxhorrklum 0.3 0.9 0.1 0.3 OSCH Osmothiza chilensis 0.5 OSPU Osmothiza ptsrpurea 0.1 38.7 OXOR Oxalis oregana 36.0 PERA Pedict,laris POGL4 Polypodium glycyrrhiza 0.1 1.0 18.2 1.0 POMU PotysiictMimmlinitum 4.6 0.5 13.0 PTAO Pteridium aquillnurn 0.3 PYAS Pyrola asarifolia 0.1 0.1 PYPI Pyrolapicta 0.1 0.6 PYSE Pyrola secunda 0,2 0.3 PYUN Pyrola unitfora 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.9 RHAL Rhododendron albifiorum RHMA Rhododendron macrophyllum 0.1 0.3 RIBR Ribes brac/aosum 0.3 RILA Ribes lacustre 0.3 ROGY Rosa gtpa 0.7 RULA Rubus lasio coccus 0.1 RI/PA Rubus parvitlorus 0.3 3.7 RUPE Rubus pedatus 0.3 2.5 0.1 0.4 RUSP Rubus spectabilis 1.3 1.0 0.1 1.0 0.3 RUUR Rubasuisinus 0.6 0.5 0.6 SARA Sambucus racemosa 0.1 0.2 SEOR Se/a ginella oregana 1.0 0.1 SMRA Smilaciria racemosa 2.6 SMST Smilacina stella(a 0.4 0.3 0.1 SOSI Sorbus sitchensis STME2 Stachys mexicana 0.1 SIAM Streptopus ample.xifolius 1.0 0.3 0.1 2.7 STRO Strep/opus iuseus 1.5 0.9 0.2 SIST Streptopus streptopoides SYSC Synihyris schizantha 3.7 lIlA Tlarellattifoliata 0.9 0.5 2.3 1.3 3.1 TIUN Jiarella unifoliata 0.4 TOME Tolmiea menziesii 0.1 0.1 TRLA2 Ti/entails latifolia 0.1 0.7 TROV Trillium ovatum 0.7 0.6 0.6 TACA Tv/seturn 0.1 TRCE Trisetum cemuum 0.5 0.2 2.7 0.9 VAAL Vaccinium aIaskaense 6.6 17.5 1.3 1.0 VAME Vaccinium membranaceum 0.1 0.1 1.1 VAOV Vaccinium ovalifolium 0.1 5.0 0.7 VAPA Vacciniumpaivifoiiurn 12.3 0.5 3.0 2.5 0.1 VASI Valenana sitchensis 0.3 VEVI Veratrumvi,ide VIOL Viola glabella VIOF Viola orbiculata 1.0 VISE Viola sempei-virens 1.7 0.9 0.6 0.1 XETE Xerophyllum tenax 2.5

1 Mean absolute cover are values where veroes are included in the calculation of the mean. See Table 36 p. 148 fo mean relative covervalues. 463 Table 168. Mean absolute covert values oftrees, shrubs and herbs for the Sitka Spruce/Swordfern-Oxalis Association. Cover values based on plots 150years and older.

ECOCLASS Code csFl ii Numbe, of plots 26

TREES

ABAM A.bies amabilis 0.5 ACMA Acer macrophyllum 1.5 ALRU Afousnibra 4.0 PISI Picea sitchensjs 28.5 PSME Pseudotsuga menziesii 0.4 RHPU Rhamnus purshiana 0.9 THPL Thujap/icata 1.2 TSHE Tsuga heterophylla 60.5

SHRUBS and HERBS

ACCI Acer circinatum 8.1 ADBI Adenoca u/on b/co/or 0.1 ARCA6 Arceuthobjum campylopodum f. tsugensis 0.4 ATFI Aihyrium li/jr-lemma 1.6 BLSP Blechnum spicant 4.1 CADE Carer deweyana 0.2 CHGL Cha'ysosplenium glechomaefolium 0.2 CIAL Circaea alpina 2.0 CL(JN Clintonia uniflora 0.4 DIHO Disponjrn hookeri 0.1 DRALJ2 Dryopteris austnaca 0.7 GATR Galium trillorum 0.7 GASI-I Gauftherja shallon 1.0 GYDR Gymnocarpium d,yopteris 0.2 HYPE Hy&ophy//um lenuipes 0.5 LICO3 Listeracordata 0.1 LUPA Luzula paiviffora 0.7 LYAM Lysichitum americanum 0.1 MADI2 Maianthe,num dilafatum 1.4 MEFE Menziesia ferruginea 1.2 MOSt Montia sibirica 0.7 OPHO Oplopanax horridtjm 0.3 OSCH Osmorhiza chilensjs 0.1 OXOR Oxalis Oregana 44.8 POGL4 Polypodium glycyrrhiza 0.2 POMU Polystichum munitum 18.3 PYSE Pyrola secunda 0.1 PYUN Pyrola uniftora 0.2 RARE Ranunculus repens 0.2 RIBR Ribes bracteosuin 0.1 RUPE RubAis pedatus 5.6 RUSP Rubus spectabllis 14.5 RUUR Rubus ursinus 0.2 SARA Sambucus racemosa 0.3 SEOR Selaginella oregana 1.3 SMST Smilacina stellata 0.1 STME2 Stachys mexicana 0.3 TITR Tiarella trifoliata 7.2 TOME To/in lea menziesjj 1.5 TROV Trillium ovatum 0.2 IRCA Tnse/um canescens 0.3 TRCE Tnselum cernuum 0.2 VML Vaccinium alaskaense 7.5 VAOV Vaccinium ovalifolium 1 4 VAPA Vaccinium paivilolium 3.2 VIOL Viola 9/abe/Ia 0.2 VISE Viola seropelvirens 0.1

Mean absolute cover are values where zeroes are Included in the calculationof the mean. See Table 79 p. 247 for mean relative cover values.

464 Table 169. Mean absolute cover' values of trees,shrubs and herbs for associations in the Subalpine Fir Series. Cover values based on plots 80 yearsand older.

ASSOCIA11ONS

ABLA2J ABLA2I ABL/v2/ JUCO4 WLA RHAL

CESS2I CEF321 CES2I2(OLY) ECOCLASS Code 10 Number of plots 3 8

TREES

ABAM Abies amabilis 1.7 22.1 47.9 ABLA2 Abies lasiocarpa 18,7 0.6 3.0 CHNO Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 0.8 PIAL Pinus albicaulis 31.4 18.1 PICO Pinus contorts 41.7 0.5 0.1 PIMO Pinus montscola 9.8 12.3 PSME Pseudotsuga menziesii 13,3 0.8 1.6 TSHE Tsuga hetarophylla 0.3 2.5 ISME Teuga mertensiafla

SHRUBS and HERBS

0.1 ACGI. Acer plabrum 0.3 0.3 ACMI Achiliea millefolium 1.0 0.3 1.2 ACTA Ach/ys triphylla 0.4 ALCR AJlium crenulaturn 0.3 0.3 ALSI A!nus sinuata 0.1 ANMA Anaphalis margarilacea 0.4 0.2 ANLY2 Anemone lyallii 0.7 0.3 ANRA Antennana racemosa 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.1 AQFO Aquilegia formosa ARUV ArctostaphylOS uva-ursi 1.0 4.8 ARCA2 Arønaria capillaris 0.1 ARMA3 A.renaria macrophylla 0.3 0.5 1.2 ARCO Amica cordifolia Q,3 31 2.7 ARLA Amica latifolia 0.5 0.2 BENE Serbens nervosa 0.3 CAPI Campanula piperi 0.3 CARO3 Campanula rotunditolia 0.3 0.3 0.1 CASC2 Campanula scouleri 0.3 0.5 0.1 CARO Carexrossii 0.3 0.3 0.4 CAME Cassiope medensiana 0.1 0.1 CAMI2 Castilloja miniata CHME Chimaphila menziesii 0.3 1.6 CHUM Chimaphila umbellata 0.3 0.1 0.3 CLUN C!intonia uniflora 0.4 COCA Comus canadensis 0.2 EPAN Epilobium angustifolium 0.1 ERFL2 Engeron flet'tii 0.7 0.3 FEID FestuCa idahoensis 0.3 0.4 FEOC FestuCa occidentalis 0.8 FEOV Festuca ovina 0.3 0.1 FAVE Fagaria sca 0.4 0.1 0.1 FAVI Fragaria virginiana 0.3 GATA Galium triflorum 0.1 0.4 GAOV Gaultheria ovatifolia 0.1 0.1 GASH Gaultheria shallon HEOC Hedysanim occidentale 0.7 0.1 0.2 HELA Heracleumlanatum 0.4 0.2 0.4 HIAL Hieracium albiflorum 0.7 0.6 HYMO Hypopitys monotropa 0.1 JUCO4 Junipeius communis 11.7 2.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 LICQ4 Li!ium c.olumbianum 1.7 LIBO2 Lirrriaea borealis 2.0 0.3 LOMA2 Lomatium martindalei 1.0 0.8 0.5 LOCI Lonicera ciliosa 0.3 LOUT2 Lonicera utahensis 0.3 0.4 WPE Luelkea pectinala 0.5 0.9 LULA Lupinus lafifolius 14.9 0.1 MEFE Menziesia ferruginea

1 Mean absolute rover are values where zeroes are included in the calculation of the mean. See Table 83 p. 259 for mean relative covervalues 465 Table 169 (cont.). Mean absolute cover' values oftrees, shrubs and herbs for associations in the Subalpine Fir Series. Cover values basedon plots 80 years and older.

ASSOCIA11ONS

ABLA2/ ABLA2/ ABLA2/ JUCO4 LULA RHAL

ECOCLASS Code CES82I CEF32I CES2 12 (OL') Number of plots 3 8 10 SHRUBS and HERBS (coot)

NONE Nothochelone nemomSa 0.3 0.3 0.2 OSCH Osmethiza chilensjs 0.8 PAMY Pachistima myrsinites 1.3 0.9 1.0 PERA Pedjcujads racernosa 0.3 0.4 0.4 PEDA Pens ten,on davidsonlj 0.3 PEPR Penstemonprocetus 0.7 0.4 PHDI Phlox djffusa 1.7 0.4 0.1 PHEM Phyflodoce empetrlforrnis 1.0 POPIJ Polemonium pulchenimum 1.3 0.2 PYAS Pyrola asarifolia 0.4 PYSE Pyrola secunda 1.0 0.8 0.9 RHAL Rhododendron albiflopim 0.3 0.1 41.5 RHMA Rhododendron macropfryflum 0.9 RIHO Ribes howellii 0.1 RILA Ribes lacustre 0.1 0.1 ROGY Rosa gymnocarpa 0.6 0.1 RULA Rubus Iasiococcus 0.3 4.8 RUPE Rubuspedatus 1.1 SEDI Sedumdivergens 0.3 0.1 SEFL2 Seneciofleitli 1.0 0.3 0.3 SELU2 Senecio lugens 0.3 0.1 0.2 SIPA Silenepanyi 0.4 0.1 SMST Smilacjna stellata 0.2 SOMU Solidago multiradiata 0.3 0.1 SOSI Sorbus sitchensls 0.3 SYMO Symphoricarpos mollis 0.7 0.4 0.3 THFE2 ThaIictrum fendlen 3.3 0.2 TITA Tiarella trifolieta 0.1 TRLA2 Trlentails latifolia 0.1 TROV Trillium ovalum 0.1 TRCA Tnsefurn canes cens TRCE Tnsefum cemuum 0.1 TBSP Trisotum spicaturn 0.1 VAME Vaccinium mernbranaceum 0.3 6.6 VASI Valeriana sitchensis 0.3 0.5 0.9 VEVI Veratrum vinde 0.4 V10R2 Wola orbiculata 0.3 0.6 VISE la sempeiwrens 0.1 0.3 XETE Xerophyllum tenax 3.9

Mean absolute cover are values wtrere zeroes are Included In the calculation of themean. See Table 83 p. 259 for mean relative cover values

466 Table 170. Mean absolute cover' values of trees, shrubsand herbs for associations in the Western Hemlock Series. Cover values based on plots 150 yearsand older.

ASSOCIATiONS

TSHEJ TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHEJ TSHE/ TSHE1 Dep. OPHO VAAL vMIJXETE VMLJOXOR VUL-GASH XETE

CHS6 24 (CLV) CHF5 11 (CLV) CHF9 II CHS5 12 (CLV) ECOCLASS Code CHS6 21 CHS8 22 CHS8 23 (OLV) 21 3 12 4 Number of plots 17 3 IS

TREES 1.3 0.5 Abies amabilis 3.5 3.0 2.7 1.7 ABAM 2.5 ABGR Abjes grandis 0.1 0.2 1.5 ACMA Acer macrophyllum 0.5 4.7 0.8 ALRU Alnus nibra 0.6 CHNO Chamaecypans nootkatensis 0.3 CONLI Comus nuttallhi 0.1 0.1 PISI Piceasitchensis 0.1 0.1 PICO Pinus contorta PIMO Pinus monticola 15.3 55.0 28.8 45.0 PSME Pseudotsuga menziesii 15.9 29.0 2.3 0.7 PYFU Pyrus fusca 0.5 RHPU Rhamnuspurshiana 0.3 0.3 0.9 1.2 0.5 TABR Tasus brevifolia 0.5 12.6 3.2 11.5 THPL Thu/a pljcata 3.9 6.7 2.4 70.0 49.0 72.8 37.5 TSHE Tsuga heterophy!la . 79.4 62.7 88.0 0.7 TSME Tsuga mertensiana

SHRUBS and HERBS

8.8 11.3 0.7 21.2 ACCI Acer eircinatum 6.6 18.3 1.7 1.0 ACGL Acer glabtum 0.3 2.8 1.4 0.7 0.2 0.3 1.7 ACTA Achlys triptr,41a 1.3 Adenocaulonbicolor 0.1 0.1 0.1 ADBI 0.3 ADPE Adiaritumpodatum 0.1 0.3 ALVI Al!otropa virgata ARCA6 A.rceuthobium campylopodum I. tsugensis 0.6 2.0 0.7 0.4 ARIJV Arctostaphylos uva-ursi AAMA3 Arenaria macrophytla 0.5 ASCA3 Asanim caudatum 0.2 3.5 ATFI Athyrium filix-femina 0.4 0.6 2.1 12.0 1.2 0.5 BENE Berbens ne,vsa 1.2 3.7 4.5 0.3 1.5 BLSP Blechnum spicant 2.9 0.3 5.0 0.3 BOEL Boykiniaelata 0.1 0.3 BRPA Bromus paciticus 0.3 CASC2 Campanula scouleri CADE Carexdeeeyana 1.0 0.3 CHME Chimaphila ,nenziesii 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.1 CHUM Chimaphila umbellata 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.1 5.0 CIAL Circaea alpina 0.3 0.8 CLUN C!intonia unfflora 1.6 0.7 0.5 0.2 COLA Coptis laciniata 0.9 0.7 0.2 COMA3 Coralk,rhiza maculata 0.3 0.3 0.1 COME Corallothiza inertensiana 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0. COCA Comus canadensis 0.8 0.7 1.6 1.8 0.1 0.8 DIHO Disporurn hooken 0.1 0.3 DISM Disporum smithii 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.8 DRAU2 Dyoptens austnaca 0.5 0.6 0.2 AMO Erythronium montanum FEOC Festuca occidentalis 0.3 FESU Festuca subutata Galiurn aparine OMP 1.8 GATR Galium triflorum 0.1 0.3 1.5 GAOV Gaultheria ovatifolia 0.1 2.7 0.3 GASH Gaufthena shallon 1.4 2.0 1.4 30.0 Goodyera oblongilolia 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 600B 2.0 GYDR Gymnocarpium d,yopteris 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.5 HIAL Hioracium albiflonim 0.1 HODI Holodiseus discolor 0.1 0.7 0.2 HYMO Hypopir,'s monotropa 0.1 0.7 LAMU Lactuca muralis 0.1 0.1 LICO4 Lilium cok,mbianum 0.3

1 Mean absolute cover are values where zeroes are Included in the calculation of the mean. See Table 93 p. 288 for mean relatIve covervalues. 467 Table 170 (cant.). Mean absolutecover' values of trees, shrubs and herbs for associations in the Western Hemlock Series. Cover values based on plots 150years and older.

ASSOCIATIONS

TSHE/ TSHEJ TSF4E/ TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHE/ VAAL VAALJXErE VAALJOXOR VAAL-GASH XETE Dep. OPHO ECOCLASS Code CHS6 21 CHS6 22 CHS6 23 (OLY) CHS6 24 (OLY) CHF5 11 (OLY) CHF9 ii CuSS 12 (OIY) Numberof plots 17 3 15 21 3 12 4 SHRUBS and HERBS (cont)

LIBO2 Linnaea borealis 5.8 1.1 2.4 0.3 0.8 LPCA3 Lis/era caurina 0.1 0.5 L(CO2 Lis/era conva//ar,o ides LICO3 Listeracordata 0.3 0.1 LUPA Luzula pap/jiora 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 LYCL 0.5 Lycopodium c!avatum 0.1 LYAM Lysichitum americanum 0.1 0.1 MADI2 Maianl'hemumdj/atapjrn 0.5 1.5 0.3 MEFE 0.1 3.8 Menziesia ferruginea 0.9 2.3 2.3 1.3 MOSI Moritia sibirica 0.1 NONE No/hoche/one nemorosa 0.1 OPHO Oplopanaxhorridum 0.1 0.1 0.2 10.7 OSCH Osmorhiza chilensjs 0.1 OXOR 0.5 Oxalis ore gana 0.1 24.1 0.1 PAMY Pachistirna myrsinites 0.3 0.3 POG L4 Po/ypodium glycyrrhiza 0.3 POMU Polystichum munitum 2.2 3.6 1.4 0.3 1.2 24.2 PTAQ P/arid/urn aquilinum 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.5 PTAN Ptorospora andromedea PYAS Pyrola asarifolia 0.1 PYPI 0.2 Pyro/apicia 0.1 PYSE Pyrola secunda 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.2 PYUN Pyrolauniflora 0.2 0.2 0.1 RHAL Rhododendron a/bitforum RHMA Rhododendron macmphyllum0.2 0.3 0.1 RIBR Ribes bracteosum 2.3 RILA Ribes !acustre 0.2 ROGY Rosa gymnocarpa 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.7 0.2 RULA Rubus lasiococcus 0.1 0.7 0.1 RULE Rubus leucodermis RUNI Rubusniva/is 0.1 RUPA Rubus pa,vfflonjs 0.1 0.3 RUPE Rubuspodatus 1.8 1.1 1.3 0.3 RUSP Rubus spectabilis 1.9 3.4 2.1 0.1 1.3 RUUR Rubus ursinus 0.6 0.2 0.4 SARA 0.3 1.0 Sambucus racemosa 0.1 0.3 SEOR Selaginella oregana 0.1 1.9 SMRA Smilacina racemosa 0.1 0.1 SMST Smilacina ste/la/a 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 4.0 SOSI Sorbus sitchensjs 0.3 STME2 Stachys mexicans 0.1 STAM Sirep/opus amplexiklius 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.5 STRO Streptopus ,vseus 0.5 0.3 0.2 1.0 STST Strep/opus streptopoides SYAL Syrnphoricarpos a/bus 0.1 SYMO Symphoricarpos mo//is 0.1 TITA Tiara/la (rub/ia/a 1.8 1.1 0.7 0.1 5.0 hUN Tiarellaunifo/jata 0.1 0.1 1.8 TOME To/rniea menziesjj 0.3 TRLA2 Trientalis la/ito/ia 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.8 TROV Trillium ova/urn 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.8 TRCE Trisetum cernuum 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 VAAL Vacciniumalaskaense 22.3 31.7 29.8 24.0 0.7 0.3 1.0 VAME Vaccinium membranacetjrn 0.1 0.3 0.3 VAOV Vacciniurn ova/ifo/ium 0.8 0.3 1.2 1.4 0.1 0.5 VAOV2 Vaccinium ova/urn VAPA Vacciniumparvifo/iurn 12.6 77 4.0 9.7 1.3 0.6 3.0 VIAM V/cia americana VIOL Viola glabe/la 0.1 0.1 1.5 VIOR2 Viola orbiculata VISE Viola sernpetvirens 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.3 0.3 0.3 XETE Xerophyllum tenax 0.1 7.3 1.3 333 0.1

Mean absolute cover are values where zeroes are included in the calculationof the mean. See Table 93 p. 286 for mean relative cover values. 468 Table 170 (cont.). Mean absolute cover1 values of trees, shrubsand herbs for associations in the Western Hemlock Series. Cover values based on plots 150 yearsand older.

ASSOCIAI1ONS

1St-tEl TSHEJ TSHEJ TSHEJ TSHE/ TSHEJ TSHE/ RHMNXETE RHMA-BENE RHMAGASH BENE BENEJPOMU OXOR RHMA CHF1 12(OLCHS3 31 (OL'flCHS3 32(OLY1CHS2 33(OLV CI-1S3 34(OLY) ECOCLASS Code CHSI 38 CNS1 39 13 5 5 34 Number of plots 3 9 8

TREES 1.8 1.2 1.4 0.5 ABAM Abies amabilis 2.3 0.6 0.5 01 ABGR Abies grandis 0.1 2.9 ACMA Acer macrophyllu'n 0.1 ALRU Ainusnjbra 0.4 2.0 1.3 0.7 CHNO Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 1.7 CONU Comus nuttallil 0.1 1.0 P1St Picea sitchensis PICO Pinus contorta 0.8 0.2 0.2 PIMO Pinus montico!a 38.5 38.0 37.8 46,5 PSME Pseudotsuga merrziesii 76.7 29.2 16.9 PYFU Pyivshjsca RHPU Rhamnus purshiana 0.3 3.6 0.6 2.0 1.9 TABR Taxus brevifolia 3.3 0.2 11.0 15.0 7.8 18.8 THPL Thujaplicata 10.0 8.0 0.1 70.8 63.0 68.0 45.7 TSHE Tsuga heterophylla 33.3 62.4 92.1 TSME Tsuga mer?ensiana

SHRUBS and HERBS 0.4 7.0 3.5 28.3 13.3 4.8 0.3 ACCI Acer circinatum 0.1 ACGL Acer glabnim 0.4 0.6 0.2 ACTA Achlys triphy!la 0.3 3.7 1.3 0.1 0.1 ADBI Adenocaulonbicolo( 0.2 0.1 0.1 ADPE Adiantum padatum 0.1 ALVI Allotropa virgata ARCA6 Arceuttrobium campylopodum 0.1 tisUgensis 0.9 0.2 0.1 ARUV Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 0.1 ARMA3 Arenana macrophylla ASCA3 Asarun, caudatum Athynum Nix-famine 0.5 AIR 12.6 4.4 17.0 16.9 0.4 1.5 4.0 BENE Berberisnervosa 0.2 BLSP Blechnum spicant 0.1 1.6 BOEL Boykirtia elata BRPA Bromus pacificus 0.2 0.1 CASC2 Campanula scoulefl CADE Carexdeweyana 0.2 0.3 ClIME Chimaphila menziesii 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 2.4 1.1 CHUM Chimaphila umbellata 0.7 0.1 CIAL Circaea alpina 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 CLUN Clintonia uniflora 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.8 COLA Coptis !aciniata 0.1 COMA3 Corallorhiza maculate 0.2 0.2 0.1 COME Corallort,iza me,tensiana 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.4 COCA Comus canedensis 0.1 0.4 0.2 DIHO Disponjm hooked 0.6 0.1 0.1 DISM Disporum smithii 0.5 DRAU2 Dryopteris austriaca 0.1 0.1 ERMO Erythronium morrtanum 0.2 FEOC Festuca occkientalls 0.3 0.1 FESU Festuca subc,lata 0.1 GMP Galium aparine GATA Ga!ium triflonim 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.4 GAOV Gaufthena ovatifolia 1.4 44.6 Gaultheria shelton 0.7 2.0 0.8 0.4 25.6 GASH 0.3 0008 GoOdyera oblongifolia 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2 Gymnocaipium diyopteris 0.1 0.4 GYDR 0.3 Hieracium albiflorum 0.3 0.2 0.2 HIAL 1.1 HODI Ho?odiscus discolor 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 HYMO Hypopays monotropa 0.3 0.1 0.4 LAMU Lacluca mura!is 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.2 LICO4 Li!ium columbianum 0.2

Mean absolute cover are values where zeroes are included In the calculation of the mean. See Table 93 p. 286 formean relative cover values. 469 Table 170 (cont.). Mean absolutecover' values of trees, shrubs and herbs for associations in the Western Hemlock Series. Cover values basedon plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIA11ONS

TSHEJ TSHEF TSHEJ TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHE/ BENE BENEJPOMJ OXOR RHMA RHM41)(ETE RHMA-BENE RHMA-GASH ECOCLASS Code CHS1 38 CHS1 39 CHF1 t2(OL'r) Number of plots CHS3 31 (OLV) CHS3 32(OL' CHS3 33(OLY) CHS3 34(OL1 3 9 8 13 5 5 34 SHRUBS and HERBS (coot)

LIBQ2 Linnaea borealis 2.0 1.3 2.6 1.1 0.8 3.2 4.0 LICA3 Lis (era caurina LICO2 Listera convallanoides 0.2 LICO3 Lisfera cordata 0.1 0.2 0.2 LUPA 0.1 Luzula pa,vifloya 0.3 LYCL Lycopodium clavatum LYAM Lysichitum americanum MADI2 Maianthemum dilatatum 1.3 MEFE Menzjesia ferniginea 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 MOSI Motja slbinca 0.2 NONE Nothoche!ooenernc,rosa 0.3 0.2 OPHO 0.1 Oplopanax horridum 0.1 OSCH Osmorhjza chilensjs 0.1 0.2 OXOR Oxalis oregana 29.7 PAMY Pachistima myrsinites 0.7 02 POGL4 0.2 0.2 Polypodium glycyrrhiza 0.1 POMU 0.1 Polystjchummunjtum 1.0 25.2 2.3 0.8 PTAO 1.4 0.6 Pteridium aquilir,um 0.1 2.5 PTAN Pterospora andromedea 0.2 PYAS Pyrola asarifolia 0.2 0.2 PYPI Pyrola picta 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 PYSE Pyrola secunda 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.6 PYUN 0.4 0.1 Pyrolauniflora 0.1 RHAL Rhododendron albiflonim 0.2 RHMA Rhododendron macrophyllum 1.3 48.5 44.6 26.4 RIBR Ribes bracteosum 39.3 RILA Ribes lacustre 0.1 0.1 ROGY Rosa gymnocarpa 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 RULA Rubus !asiococcus 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 RULE Rubus leucodermjs RUNI Ru&,s nivalis RUPA Rubus parvitlonis 0.1 RUPE Rubuspedatus 0.1 1.4 0.1 RUSP Rubus spectabilis 5.0 RUUR Rubus u,sinus 0.4 1.3 0.1 SARA 0.2 0.2 0.2 Sambucus racemosa 0.3 SEOR Selaginella oregana SMRA Smilacjna racemosa 0.7 SMST Smilacir,a stellata 0.1 0.1 0.2 SOSI Sorbus sitchensis STME2 Stachys mexicana 0.1 SIAM Streptopus antp!exifolius 0.1 STRO Streptopus ,oseus 0.1 STST Streptopus sheptopoides SYAL Symphoricarpos albus 0.1 0.1 SYMO Symphoricarpos mollis 1.0 0.2 TITR Tiarellatrifo!ja(a 0.4 0.1 0.3 1.6 0.3 TIUN Tiarella unifoljata 0.1 0.2 TOME Tolmiea menzjesjj TRLA2 Trienta!js/atjfojja 1.7 0.4 0.1 0.4 TROV Trillium ova (urn 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.2 TRCE Trisetum cemuum 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 VAAL Vacciniumalaskaep4e 0.6 3.0 0.3 1.4 0.4 0.4 VAME Vaccinium membrartaceum 0.3 0.2 0.4 VAOV Vaccinium ovalito!jurn 0.2 0.1 0.1 VAOV2 Vaccinium ovaturn 0.7 VAPA Vacciniumparvifo/ium 1.0 2.8 2.1 0.5 4.4 1.4 3.3 VIAM Vicia americana 1.3 VIGL Viola glabella 0.1 VIOR2 Viola orb!cu/ata 0.2 VISE Viola sempervirens 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.3 XETE Xerophyllum tenax 0.8 0.2 8.6 0.2 1.1 1 Mean absolute cover are values where zeroes are Included In the calculation of the mean, See Table93 p. 288 for mean relative cover values. 470 Table 170 (Cant.). Mean absolute cover1 values of trees, shrubs and herbs for associationsin the Western Hemlock Series. Cover values based on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIATIONS

TSHEI TSHE/ TSHEJ TSHEJ TSHE/ TSHEI RHMNPOMU GASH GASH/XETE GASH-VAOV2 QASH-HODI GASH-BENE

ECOCLASS Code CHS3 35 (OLi) CHSI 31 (OL) CHS1 32 CHSI 33 CHS1 34 CHSI 35 Number opk*s 3 12 21 4 5 16

TREES

ABAM Abies amabilis 1.3 0.7 1.1 0.3 ABGR Abies grandis 0.1 6.0 0.1 ACMA Acer macrophyllum 2.8 ALRU Alrius nibra 0,3 0.1 CHNO Charnaecypans nootkatensis CONU Comus nuttallii 0.9 PISI PiceasAchensis PICO Pinus contotta PIMO Pious moricola 0.1 0.2 0.3 PSME Pseudotsuga menziesii 40.0 26.2 39.4 69.7 60.0 50.6 PYFU Pyrus ftisca 0.2 RHPU Rhamnus purshiana 0.1 TABR Taxus brevifo!ia 0.7 2.1 4.0 0.9 THPL Thuja plicata 33.3 15.3 7.1 30.0 6.0 5.0 TSHE Tsugaheterophylla 53.3 53.4 54.5 14.7 24.0 45.6 TSME Tsuga me,lensiana

SHRUBS and HERBS

ACCI Acer circinatum 0.3 1.3 18.7 5.0 0.4 6.3 ACOL Acer glabrum 0.4 0.1 ACTR Achlys triphylla 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.3 1.8 1.8 ADBI A.denocaulonbicolor 0.1 0.4 ADPE Adiantumpedatum ALVI Ailotropa virgata ARCA6 A.rcetithobium campy!opodum t.tsugensis 0.3 0.2 ARUV Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ARMA3 Arenaria macrophylla 0.1 ASCA3 Asarum caudatum ATFI Athynum lllixfemina 0.1 BENE Berberisnervsa 11.0 1.1 6.1 28 13,6 9.9 BLSP Blechnum spicar# 1.8 0.1 0.5 BOEL Boykinia elata BRPA Bromus pacilicus CASC2 Campanula scouleri 0.3 0.1 0.8 CADE Carex deweyana 0.1 CHME Chirnaphila menziesii 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.4 CHUM Chimaphilaumbellata 0.3 0.3 1.1 1.2 0.4 CIAL Circaeaalpina CLUN Clintonia uniftora 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.4 COLA Coptis laciniata 0.3 0.2 0.2 COMA3 Corallorhiza maculata 0.1 COME Coraliorhiza mettensiaria 0.3 0.1 0.1 COCA Comus canadensis 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.4 DIHO Disporum hooken 0.1 0.1 DISM Disponim smithii 0.1 0.1 DRAU2 D,yoptens austriaca ERMO E,ythronium montanum FEOC Festuca occiciøntalis 0.1 0,2 0.1 FESU Festuca subulata 0.1 GATR Galium triflotum 0.3 0.1 GAOV Gaulthena ovatifoija GASH Gauftheriashailon 36.7 64.2 50.7 67.5 62.0 63.4 GOOB 000dyera oblongifolia 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.6 GVDR Gymnocarpium diyoptens 1.3 0.4 0.1 HIAL Hieracium albiflonim 0.1 0.4 0.5 HODI Holodiscus discolor 1.5 3.0 HYMO Hypopitys monotropa 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 L.AMU LacWcamuralis 0.1 LICO4 Lilium columbianum 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

1 Mean absolute cover are vajueg where seroes we Included lii the calculation of the mean. Sec Table 930. 288 for mean relative cover valueS. 2 Stand ages for the Tshe/Gash-Vaov2 Association ranged between 55 and 98 years. 471 Table 170 (cont.). Mean absolute coven values of trees, shrubs and herbs for associations in the Western Hemlock Series. Cover values based on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIATIONS

TSHE/ TSHEI TSHEI TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHE/ RHMNPOMU GASH GASHJXETE GASH-VAOV2 GASII-HODI GASH-BENE

ECOCLASS Code CHS3 35 (OLV) CHS1 31 (OL CHSI 32 CHS1 33 CHSI 34 CHSI 35 Number of plots 3 12 21 4 5 1

SHRUBS and HERBS (cont)

LIBO2 Linnaea borealis 1.7 1.3 1.8 1.5 2.0 11.4 LICA3 Listera caurina 0.1 LPCO2 Listera convallanoides 0.3 0.1 LICO3 Listera cordata 0.1 0.2 0.4 LUPA Luzula par'iflora 0.3 LYCL Lycopodium clavatum 0.1 0.1 LYAM Lysichitum americanum 0.3 MADI2 Maianthernum dilatatum 0.1 0.1 MEFE Menziesia ferruginea 0.3 0.9 0.4 0.1 MOSI Montia sibinca NONE Nothochelone nemorosa OPHO Oplopanax horridum 0.1 OSCH Osmorhiza chilensis 0.1 OXOR Oxalis olegana PAMY Pachistima myrsinites 0.6 POMU Polystichum munitum 8.7 0.5 1.3 4.0 1.4 0.9 PTAQ Pteridium aquiinum 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 PlAN Pterospora andromedea 0.1 0.2 PYAS Pyrola asanfolia 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 PYPI Pyro!a picta 0.1 PYSE Pyrola secunda 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 PYUN Pyrolauniflora 0.2 0.1 RHAL Rhododendron albilloum RHMA Rhododendron macrophyllum 24.7 0.2 0.1 4.3 0.1 RIBR Ribes bra cteosum RILA Ribeslacus(re 0.1 ROGY Rosa gymnocarpa 0.2 0.2 0.3 2.6 0.4 RULA Rubus lasiococcus RULE Rubus leucodwmis RUNI Rubus nivalis 0.1 0.1 RUPA Ru/xis par,'iflorus RUPE Rubuspedatus 0.3 0.1 0.1 RUSP Rubus spectabilis 0.8 0.1 RUUR Rubusursinus 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.7 SARA Sambucus racemosa 0.1 SEOR Selagine!la oregana 0.1 SMRA Smilacine racemosa 0.1 SMST Smilacina stellata 0.3 0.4 SOSI Sorbus sitchensis 0.2 STME2 Stachys mexicarsa STAM Streptopus amplexifollus 0.1 STRO Streptopus roseus 0.3 51ST Streptopus streptopo ides 0.3 SYAL Symphoncarpos albus 0.3 SYMO Symphoricarpos motIfs 1.0 TITA Tiara/la trifoliata 0.7 0.2 0.3 TIUN Tiarella unifoliata 0.3 TOME Tolmiea menziesii TRLA2 Trientalis latifolia 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.4 TROV Trillium ovatum 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.6 TRCE Triselum cernuum 0.2 0.1 VAAL Vaccinium alaskaense 0.7 1.9 1.0 1.1 VAME Vaccinium membranaceum 0.2 0.1 VAOV Vaccinium ovalifolium 0.3 0.6 0.4 VAOV2 Vaccinium ovatum 8.8 VAPA Vacciniumpaivifolium 4.0 4.7 4.2 3.3 1.2 10.7 VIAM Vicia americana VIGL Viola glabella VIOR2 Viola orbiculata VISE Viola sempetvirens 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.9 XETE Xerophy!lum tenax 0.3 12.0 0.2

Mean absolute cove, are values where zeroes are Included In the calculation of the mean. See Table 93 p. 286 for mean relative cover values. 2 Stand ages for the Tshe/Gash-Vaov2 Association ranged between 55 and98 years. 472 Table 170 (cont.). Mean absolute covert values of trees, shrubs and herbs forAssociations in the Western Hemlock Series. Cover values based on plots 150 years and older.

ASSOCIA11ONS

TSHE/ TSHEJ TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHEJ TSHEJ GASH/OXOR GASH/POMU LYAM P0MU-TrrR POMU-OXOR ACTR

ECOCLASS Code CHSI36 CIIS1 37 CHMI 11 (CLV) Cl-WI 32 Cl-WI 31 (CLV) CHF2 11 (OL'fl 25 10 Number of plots 4 34 1 17

TREES

0.7 ABAM Abies amabi!is 1.8 0.2 1.2 1.8 ABGR Abies grandis 0.2 ACMA Acer macrophyllum 1.4 3.4 0.2 ALRU Ainus ,ubra 6.3 0.2 0.1 CHNO Charnaecyparis nc,otkatensiS CONU Cornus nuttallil 1.1 0.1 PISI Picea sitchensis 1.0 PICO Pinus corito,ta PIMO Pinz,,s monticola 0.1 45.5 PSME Pseudotsuga menziesii 41.5 38.8 6.9 PYFU Pynis ftjsca 1.6 RHPU Rhamnus purshialla 0.2 4.0 0.2 0.2 TABA Taxus brevifolia 1.5 0.1 0.2 THPL Thu/a plicata 4.5 11.6 21.0 15.5 7.0 10.5 53.6 TSHE Tsuga heterophylla 90.0 47.8 45.0 53.4 80.8 TSME Tsuga mellensiana

SHRUBS and HERBS

ACCI Acer circinaturn 1.5 22.9 5.0 9.4 3.7 10.1 ACGL Acei'glabwm ACTR Achlys triptrylla 1.7 3.6 0.6 14.7 0.1 0.3 ADBI Adenocaulon bicolor 0.2 0.1 ADPE Niiaritum pedatum 0.1 0.4 0.1 ALVI Ailotropa virgata ARCA6 Aiceuthobium campylopodum I isugensis 0.8 0.4 ARUV Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ARMA3 Arenaria macrophylla ASCA3 Asasvm caudatum 0.2 0.1 ATFI Athyrium filixtemirta 0.3 0.4 1.0 2.3 0.8 0.2 BENE Berberis 5.3 11.8 1.1 0.3 6.1 BLSP Blechnum spicarit 2.3 0.9 2.6 5.4 0.3 BOEL Boykinia elata 0.2 BRPA Bromus pacificus 0.1 CASC2 Campanula scoulen CADE Carexdeweyana CHME Chimaphila menziesii 0.4 0.2 0.6 1.2 CHUM Chimaphila umbellate 0.6 01 CIAL Circaea alpiria 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.8 CLUN Cliritonia unifk,ra 0.1 0.5 0.2 COLA Coptis lacir,iata 0.5 0.1 0.2 COMA3 Cora!Iorhiza maculata 0.1 0.1 COME Corallorhiza me1ensiana 0.1 0.3 COCA Cornus canadensls 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.8 0.3 DIHO Disporum hooken 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 DISM Disporurn smithii 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.2 DRAU2 Diyopteris austriaca 0.2 0.4 0.1 ERMO Etythronium morjtanum FEOC Festuca occidentalis 0.1 FESU Festijca subulata 0.1 GAAP Galium aparine 0.1 0.1 GATR Galium tnfio,um 0.3 1.6 0.5 GAOV Gaulthena ovatifolia 0.7 GASH Gaultheria shallon 17.5 45.3 1.0 1.2 16 0.4 COOS Goodyera oblongifoha 0.4 0.4 GYDA Gym no carpium dryopteris 0.2 0.8 0.6 HIAL Hieracium albiftonjm 0.1 0.1 0.2 HODI Holodiscus discolor 0.1 0.1 1-IYMO Hypopitys monotropa 0.1 LAMU Lactuca muralis 0.2 0.3 0.2 LICO4 Lilium columbtanurn 0.1

Mearr absolute cover are values where zeroen are included in the calculation of the mean. See Table 93 p. 286 for mean relative covervalues. 473 Table 170 (cont.). Mean absolute coven values of trees, shrubsand herbs for associations in the Western Hemlock Series.Cover values based on plots 150years and older.

ASSOCIA11ONS

TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHE/ TSHEI QASH/OXOR GASH/POMU LYAM POMU-TITR POMU-OXOR ACTR ECOCLASS Code CHSI 36 CHSI 37 CHMI II (OLY) CHFI 32 CFIFI 31 (OLY) CHF2 ii (OLY) Number of plots 4 34 I 17 25 10 SHRUBSandHERBS (coot)

L1802 Linnaea borealis 3.5 5.0 0.4 3.7 LICA3 Listera caurina IJCO2 Listera convalla,io ides 0.1 0.6 LICO3 Listera cordata 0.3 0.2 LUPA Luzulapaiviflora 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.1 LYCL Lycopodium clavatum 0.1 LYAM Lysichitum americanum 15.0 MADI2 Maianfhemum dilatatum 0.8 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.1 MEFE Menziesia ferruginea 1.0 0.2 1.0 0.3 1.7 0.3 MOSI Morytja sjbjrica 0.2 0.2 0.1 NONE Nothocheforje nemorosa 0.1 0.1 OPHO Oplopanaxhorridum 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 OSCH Osmothiza chilensis 0.1 0.3 OXOR Oxalis ore gana 16.2 36.4 PAMY Pachistima myrsinites 0.1 0.1 POGL4 Polypodium glycyrthiza 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 POMU Polystichum munitum 3.5 19.4 1.0 32.9 24.5 1.7 PTAQ Pteridium aquilinijm 0.3 0.1 PTAN Pterospora andromedea 0.1 PYAS Pyrola asarifolia 0.1 0.1 0.2 PYPI Pyrolapicta 0.1 0.1 0.3 PYSE Pyrola secunda 0.7 PYUN Pyrolauniflora 0.2 0.1 RHAL Rhododendron albifionim RHMA Rhododendron macfophyllum 0.3 0.3 1.3 RIBR Ribes bracteosum 0.1 0.1 RILA Ribes lacustre 0.2 ROGY Rosa gymrcarpa 0.6 0.1 0.7 RULA Rubus lasiococcus 0.1 0.1 RULE Rubus !eucodermis RUNI Rubus nivalis 0.1 0.1 0.1 RUPA Rubusparvifto,us 0.1 0.1 RUPE Rubuspedatus 1.0 0.4 1.3 0.2 RUSP Rubus spectabilis 2.0 0.5 45.0 0.6 4.7 RUUR Rubusu,sinus 0.8 1.7 0.4 0.2 SARA Sambucus racemosa 0.2 0.1 0.2 SEOR Selaginella oregana 0.2 0.2 SMRA Smilacina racemosa 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 SMST Smilacina stellata 0.1 0.5 0.2 6.9 SOSI Sorbus sitchensjs STME2 Stachys me.xicana STAM Streptopus amplexifo!ius 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 STRO Streptopus roseus 0.1 0.1 0.8 STST Streptopus streptopoides 0.1 SYAL Symphoricarpos albus SYMO Symphoricarpos moths 0.1 0.1 TITA Tiarehla trifoliata 0.3 1.8 3.0 5.7 1.8 2.9 TIUN Tiarehla unifohiata 0.4 0.3 TOME Tolmiea menziesii 0.1 TRLA2 Trieritalis latifohia 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.4 TROV rn/hum ovatum 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.6 TRCE Triselum cemuum 0.1 0.1 0.1 VML Vaccinium alaskaense 3.3 1.0 10.0 0.9 4.8 0.8 VAME Vaccinium mem&anaceum 0.4 VAOV Vaccinium ovalifohium 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 VAOV2 Vaccinium ovatum VAPA Vaccinium parvifolium 6.5 8.8 1.0 3.1 4.9 3.1 VIAM Vicia americana VIGL Viola glabella 0.1 0.1 VIOR2 Viola orbiculata VISE Viola sempefvirens 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.4 1.2 XETE Xerophyllum 0.1 1.7

1 Mean absolute cover are values wfere zeroesare included In the calculation of the mean. See Table 93 p. 286 for mean relative cover values

474 Table 171. Birds of the Olympic National Forest (Current American Ornithologist Union nomenclature), (modified from Guenther and Kucera 1978).

ABUNDANCE AND COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME SEASONALITY

Common Loon Gavia immer AS Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps UP Horned Grebe Podiceps auritus AS Western Grebe Aechmophrus occidentalis AS Double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus ?W American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus ?P Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias UP Green-backed Heron Butorides striatus AS Tundra Swan Cygnus columbianus ?M Trumpeter Swan Cygnus buccinator RW Great White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons ?M Snow Goose Chon caerulescens ?M Canada Goose Branta canadensis UW Wood Duck Aix sponsa US Green-winged Teal Anas crecca UW Mallard Anas platyrhynchos UP Northern Pintail Anas acuta AM Blue-winged Teal Anas discors ?M Cinnamon Teal Anas cyanoptera ?M Northern Shoveler Arias clypeata ?W Gadwall Arias strepera RW American Wigeon Arias americana UW Canvasback Aythya valisineria AM Redhead Aythya americana ?M Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris UW Greater Scaup Aythya mania ?W Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis UW Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus US Common Goldeneye Bucephala clan gula UW Barrow's Goldeneye Bucephala islandica ?M Bufflehead Bucephala a/boo/a UW Hooded Merganser Lophodytes cucullatus UP Common Merganser Mergus merganser UP Red-breasted Merganser Megus serrator ?M Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis RW Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura RS Osprey Pandion haiiaetus US Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus UP Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus UM Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus CP Coopers Hawk Accipiter cooperi UP Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis UP Swainson's Hawk Buteo swainsoni ?M Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamalcensis CS,uW Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos RP American Kestrel Falco sparvenius US, RW Merlin Fa/co co/umbanius RP Peregrine Falcon Falco pore grinus AP Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus RW

475 Table 171. (cont.) Birds of the Olympic National Forest (Current American Ornitholigist Union nomenclature), (modified from Guenther and Kucera 1978).

ABUNDANCE AND COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME SEASONALITY

Ring-necked Pheasant Phasianus coichicus 9 Blue Grouse Dendragapus obscurus CP Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbe/lus CP California Quail Callipepla californica 9 Mountain Quail Oreortyx pictus 9 Virginia Rail Rallus limicola RS Sora Porzana carolina American Coot Fulica americana UW Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis ?M Killdeer Charadrius vociferus US,RW Greater Yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca AM Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes ?M Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria AM Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macu/aria US Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri RM Least Sandpiper Calldris minutila RM Dunlin Calidris alp/na ?M Long-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus ?M Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago RP Bonaparte's Gull Larus philadelphia AM Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis AM California Gull Larus californicus RM Glaucous-winged Gull Larus glaucescens RW Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus AS Rock Dove Columba livia ?P Band-tailed Pigeon Columba fasciata CS,RW Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura RS Common Barn-Owl Tyto alba ?P Western Screech-Owl Otus kennicottli CP Great Horned Owl Bubo virgin/anus UP Northern Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium gnoma UP Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis RP Barred Owl Strix varia RP Great Gray Owl Strix nebu/osa 9 Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus ?W Northern Saw-whet Owl Aegolius acadicus UP Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor US Black Swift Cypseloides niger US Vaux's Smith Chaetura vauxi CS Anna's Hummingbird Calypte anna ?W Rufous Hummingbird Selasphorus rufus CS Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon UP Red-Breasted Sapsucker Sphyrapicus ruber UP Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens UP Hairy Woodpecker Picoides vil/osus CP Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus RP Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus CS,UW Pileated Woodpecker Diyocopus pi/eatus UP Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus borealis CS Western Wood-Pewee Contopus sordidulus US Willow Flycatcher Empidonax trailii CS

476 Table 171. (cont.) Birds of the Olympic National Forest (CurrentAmerican Ornitholigist Union nomenclature), (modified from Guenther and Kucera 1978). ABUNDANCE AND COMMON NAME SCIEN11FIC NAME SEASONALITY

Hammond's Flycatcher Empidonax hammondll CS Dusky Flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri RS Western Flycatcher Empidonax difficilis AS Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris US Purple Martin Pro gne subis ?S Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor US Violet-green Swallow Tachycineta thalassina US Northern Rough-winged swallow Stelgidopteiyx serripennis US Cliff Swallow Hirunda pyrrhonota RS Barn Swallow Hirunda rustica US Gray Jay Perisoreus canadensis CP Steller's Jay Cyanocitta stelleri CP Clark's Nutcracker Nucifraga columbiana RP American Crow Corvus brachyrhynctios UP Northwestern Crow Cor.'us caurinus AP Common Raven Corvus corer CP Black-capped Chickadee Parus atricapilus UP Mountain Chickadee Paws gambeli RP Chestnut-backed Chickadee Parus rufescens AP Bushtit Psaltriparus minimus UP Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis CP Brown Creeper Certhia americana CP Bewick's Wren Thiyomanes bewickii UP House Wren Troglodytes aedon RS Winter Wren Troglodytes troglodytes AS Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris AS American Dipper Cinclus mexicanus UP Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa AP Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula UW,RS Western Bluebird Sialia mexicana RM Mountain Bluebird Siaiia currucoidos AS Townsend's Solitaire Myadestes townsend! US Swainson's Thrush Catharus ustulatus CS Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus CS,RW American Robin Turdus migratorius CS,uW Varied Thrush Ixoreus naevius AP Water Pipit Anthus spinoletta US Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla garrulus ?W Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum UP Northern Shrike Lanius excubitor ?W European Starling Sturnus vuigaris RP Solitary vireo Vireo solitarius US Hutton's vireo Vireo hutton! UP Warbling vireo Vireo gilvus CS Red-eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus ?S Orange-crowned Warbler Vermivora celata US Nashville Warbler Vermivora ruficapilla AM Yellow Warbler Dendroica petectiia US Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata CS,RW Black-throated Gray Warbler Dendroica nigrescens CS

477 Table 171. (cont.) Birds of the Olympic National Forest (Current American Ornitholigist Unionnomenclature), (modified from Guenther and Kucera 1978).

ABUNDANCE AND COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME SEASONALIT' Townsend's Warbler Dindroica townsendi CS,RW Hermit Warbler Dendroica occidentali CS MacGillivray's Warbler Oporonis tolmiei US Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas AS Wilson's Warbler Wilsonia pusila CS Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana US Black-headed Grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus US Rufous-sided Towhee Pipio eiythrophthalmus UP Chipping Sparrow Spizella passer/na Vesper Sparrow US Pooecetes gramineus AM Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwjchensjs RS,UM Fox Sparrow Passere/ja iliaca Song Sparrow UP Melospiza melodia CP Lincoln's Sparrow Melospiza lincoln/i RM Golden-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia atricap/Ila UM,RW White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucoph,-ys Dark-eyed Junco US,RW Junco hyemalis AS, UW Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus Western Meadowlark US,RW Sturnella neglecta RM Brewer's Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus RP Brown-headed Cowbird Moiothrus ater US Rosy Finch Leucostjcte arctoa Pine Grosbeak UP Pin/cola enucleator RP Purple Finch Carpodacus purpureus UP Cassin's Finch Carpodacus cassin// ?S House Finch Carpodacus mexicanus 9 Red Crossbill Loxia curvirostra CP White-winged Crossblll Lox/a leucoptera Common Redpoll RP Carduelis flammea ?W Pine Siskin Carduelis pinus CP American Goldfinch Carduelis tristis Evening Grosbeak US,RW Coccothraustes vespertina CP House Sparrow Passer domestjcus 9

Saltwater species likely to occur off Seal RockIn addition to the above species.

Red-throated Loon Gavia stellata Pacific Loon Gay/a pacif/ca Yellow-billed Loon Gay/a adams/i Red-necked Grebe Podiceps gr/segena Eared Grebe Pod/caps nigr/coll/s Brandt's Cormorant Phalacrocorax penicillatus Pelagic Cormorant Phalacrocorax pelagicus Brant Branta bern/cia Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope Oldsquaw Clangula hyemalls Black Scoter Melanitta nigra Surf Scoter Melanitta perspicillata White-winged Scoter Melanitta fusca

478 Table 171. (cont.) Birds of the Olympic NationalForest (Current American Ornitholigist Unionnomenclature), (modified from Guenther and Kucera 1978). ABUNDANCE AND SEASONALITY COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis squatarola Semipalmated Plover Charadrius semipalmatus Ruddy Turnstono Arenaria interpres Black Turnstone Arenaria melanocephala Sanderling Calidris elba ShortbilIed Dowitcher Limnodromus griseus Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus Parasitic Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus Heermann's Gull Larus heermanni Mew Gull Larus canus Herring Gull Larus argentatus Thayer's Gull Larus thayeri Western Gull Larus occidentalis Caspian Tern Sterna caspia Common Tern Sterna hirundo Common Murre Uria aalge Pigeon Guillemot Cepphus columba Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus Rhinoceros Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata

Abundance and Seasonality Codes

A = abundant. Very numerous in habitats present overmuch of the Forest. Always present in appropriate habitat. C = common. Numerous in a widespead habitat. Nearly always presentin appropriate habitat, but less numerous than A. U = uncommon. Usually present in small numbers in a widespreadhabitat and therefore only encountered at times in appropriate habitat, orpresent in a habitat that is very limited in distribution, e.g. lakes, alpine. R = rare. Rarely encountered in a widespread habitat where it is present in very small numbers, or very sporadic in occurrence, or sometimespresent in small numbers in a habitat that is very limited in distribution. ? = questionable. Species may occur on the Forest, but no knownrecords and if so, rare. P = permanent resident or year-round visitor S = summer resident or visitor W = winter resident or visitor M = migrant present only in spring and/or fall.

These lists were compiled by Chris Chappell based on a review of theliterature, including bird sightings reported in American Birds and his personal field experience of many yearsin western Washington. Paul Meehan-Martin made valuable comments and suggestions based on his field experience.These are working lists, by no means absolutely complete or accurate. There are still many gapsin our knowledge of Olympic bird distribution.

479 APPENDIX 4

Height Curves for Tree Species

Height Curve Equations

Site Index Equations

Mean Annual Increment Curves

Empirical Volume and MAI Curves

List of Oldest and Biggest Trees

481 300 - S 220 PSME S 200 250 - S 180 1.0 200 - S 140 4) 120 .- 150- = C, 0' U 80 100- 60 50

300 50 100 150 200 250 TOTAL AGE (years)

Figure 175. Height growth curves for Douglas-fir (McArdleand Meyer 1930).

300 - PSME 250 -

50-

50 100 150 200 250 300 BREAST HEIGHT AGE (years)

Figure 176. Height growth curves for Douglas-fir (Curtis et al. 1974).

483 300 - PSME 250 - 50

St 130 200 - SI 110

F- 150- St 90 0 Li SI 70 100- SI 50 50-

50 100 150 BREAST HEIGHT AGE (years)

Figure 177. Height growth curves for Douglas-fir (King 1966).

250 - THPL SI 200 200 - SI 180 SI 160 -S SI 140 0) 150- 5-9- SI 120 I.- = SI 100 0 100- = SI 80 SI 60 50-

0 50 100 ISG too 250 300 TOTAL AGE (years)

Figure 178. Height growth curves for western redcedar (Hegyietal. 1979).

484 180- 160- ALRU SI 140

140- SI 120

120- -S4J SI 100 4) 100- SI 80

C, - w SI 60 60- SI 40 40- 20-

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 TOTAL AGE (years)

Figure 179, Height growth curves for red alder (Hegyi et al. 1979).

180- 160- ALRU 140-

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 TOTAL AGE (years)

Figure 180. Height growth curves for red alder (Worthington et a!, 1960).

485 300 - TSHE 250 - SI200

SI180 200 - SI 160 .4-, 4) SI 140 -. 150- = SI 120 Id SI 100 = 100- SI 80

SI60 50-

50 100 150 200 250 300 TOTAL AGE (years)

Figure 181. Height growth curves for western hemlock (Barnes 1962).

250 - TSHE 200 -

50 100 150 BREAST HEIGHT AGE (years)

Figure 182. Height growth curves for western hemlock (Wiley1 978a).

486 250 - SI 220 PISI SI 200 200 - SI 180 SI 160 150- SI 140 SI 120 SI 100 D 100- SI 80

50-

4 I I I I I 4 I I I I I I I I I 4 1 I I I I I I I 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 TOTAL AGE (years)

Figure 183. Height growth curves for Sitka spruce (Hegyi etal. 1979).

250 - TSME

SI 100

SI 80

SI 60

SI 40

SI 20

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 TOTAL AGE (years)

Figure 184. Height growth curves for mountain hemlock (Adapted from Hegyi etal. 1979).

487 300

AI.1 AM 250 SI 180 SI 160

St 120 SI 100 SI 80

50-

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 BREAST HEIGHT AGE (years)

Figure 185. Height growth curves for silver fir (Hoyer and Herman in press).

250 -

V., AI.AM SI 180

SI 140 SI 120

SI 100

SI 80

SI 60

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 TOTAL AGE (years)

Figure 186. Height growth curves for silver fir (Hegyi etal. 1979).

488 160- SI 140 140- PICO SI 120 120- SI 100

SI 80

SI 60

SI 40 40- SI 20 20- 114,444*44*44 4 4444444(41444 50 100 150 200 250 300 TOTAL HEIGHT (years)

Figure 187. Height growth curves for lodgepole pine (Hegyl et a!, 1979).

250 - ABLA2 SI 160 200 - SI 140

SI 120

SI 100

SI 80

SI 60

SI 40 50-

50 100 150 200 250 300 TOTAL AGE (years)

Figure 188. Height growth curves for subalpine fir (Hegyi etal. 1979).

489 Table 172. Height curve equations for major treeson the Olympic National Forest.

The following equations describe the height growthcurves for common trees on the Forest. They take the form of "classic' site index curves, however height, not site index, is the dependent variable. Siteindex can be derived mechanically from these curves when they are displayed in graphical form (see the classical "site index curves" of McArdle and Meyer (1930)or Barnes (1962). These curves are presented in their graphical form in Appendix4. The equations in Table 173 give site index as the dependent variable. All cases are given In English measurements.

DOUGLAS-FIR (Bruce etal. 1977, adapted from McArdle and Meyer 1930)

Ht = Sl1 * (10f1567-(15.67[rAge])

DOUGLAS-FIR (Curtis et al. 1974)

Ht = 4.5 + (Sl1- 4.5)1[0.6192- 5.3394(Sl1-4.5)' -f 240.29(BHAge'-4) + 3368.9 (Sl1-4.5)1 (BHAge1-4)J

DOUGLAS-FIR (King 1966)

Ht = 4.5 + BHAge2/{-0.954038 + 0.109757 (2500/[Sl-4.5]) +0.0558178+ 0.00792236 (2500/[Sl-4.sJ) (BHAge) -0.000733819 + 0.00019769 (2500/[Sl,-4.5J) (BHAge2)}

WESTERN HEMLOCK (Wiley 1978a)

Ht = 4.5 + BHAge2/ {-1.7307 + 0.1394(2500I[Sl-4.5]) - 0.0616 + 0.0137 (2500/[Sl-4.5J) (BHAge) +0.00192+0.00007 (2500/[Sl-4.5J) (BHAge2)}

WESTERN HEMLOCK (Barnes 1962)

Ht = (Slim 1(0.7409 + lao62s8frAge + 1348.904/TAge2)

MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK (Adapted from Hegyi et al. 1979)

Ht = Slim 1.3832 (-O.O155 TAge)j1.3597

490 Table 172 (cont.). Height curve equations for major trees on the Olympic National Forest.

WESTERN REDCEDAR (Hegyi at al. 1979)

Ht = SI1® * 1.1243[l0026TA90)J1.5662

S(TK.A SPRUCE (Hegyi et al. 1979)

= S11® * 1.0458 [1-e(0 0TAge)1198()4

SILVER FIR (Hoyer and Herman in press)

Ht = 4.5 + [SI1®1(a+(b*si*BHAge}J IC, I

where: a= -0.0071839 b= +0.0000571 c= 1.39005

SILVER FIR (Hegyi et al. 1979)

* TAge)11.7918 I-It = SI100* 1 1945 [i-e(°°

RED ALDER (Hegyi at al. 1979)

Ht = SI* fl302 lie(-0.0421TAge)j.9422

RED ALDER (Worthington et al, 1960)

lit = Sl/0.60924 + (19.538/TAge)

LODGEPOLE PINE (Hegyi et al. 1979)

lit = SI1® * 10236[j(o.0465'TAge)j2,4269

SUBALPINE FIR (Hegyi et al. 1979)

= * 1.3832 I1-e°°1'TAge)jl.3597

491 Table 173. Site Index equations for trees on the Olympic National Forest.

The following equations are presented with site index as the dependent variable, and were used for computing site indexvalues for individual trees in our data base. Related height curves, with tree height as the dependent variable are given in Table 172 and are graphed in Appendix 4. Information given here includes the species the curve was built for, the base age (either 50 or 100), whether total or breast height age was used, the reference for the site index curves, and in some cases the original source of the data. All cases are given in English measurements.

DOUGLAS-FIR (Bruce et al. 1977, adapted from McArdle and Meyer 1930) Base age = 100, Total age

SI = I-It /10 I.1567-(15.67ITAge)J

DOUGLAS-FIR (Curtis et al. 1974) Base age = 100, Breast height age

For Breast height age < 100

SI = 4.5 + (0.010006 (100-BHAge)2J + 11.0 + 0.00549779 (100-BI-lAge) + (1.46842* 1O4)*(iOOBHAge)7 * [Ht-4.5]

For Breast height age> 100

SI 4.5 + 7.66772 [e°95 (100/BHA9e-100)**2] + [1.0 - 0.730948 (log BHAge-2.0)8°] * [I-It-4.5]

DOUGLAS-FIR (King 1966) Base age = 100, Breast height age for ages < 120 years

SI = 4.5 + 2500 *[(H4.5) * (0.109757 + 0.0079223 * BHAge + 0.00019769 * BHAg&)J I (BHAge2 - (Ht-4.5) * (-0.954038+ 0.0558178 * BHAge - 0.00073382 * ('3HAge)2)I

WESTERN HEMLOCK (Wiley 1978) Base age = 50, Breast height age for ages < 120 years

SI = 4.5 + 2500 * [(Ht-4.5) * (0.1394 + 0.01 37 * BHAge + 0.00007 * BHAge2)J / [BHAge2 - (Ht-4.5) * (-1.7307- 0.0616* BHA9e + 0.00192* BHAge2)]

WESTERN HEMLOCK (Barnes 1962) base age = 100, total age for ages 30-400.

SI = Ht(0.7409 + 12.96258/TAge + 1348.904/TAge)

492 Table 173 (cont.) Site Index equations for trees on the Olympic National Forest.

6 MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK (Adapted from Hegyl et al. 1979) Base Age 100, Total age

SI = HtI 1.27811(-.0155TAge)j 1.3597

7. WESTERN REDCEDAR (Hegyi et at. 1979) Base Age 100, Total age

SI = Jft/i 1243

8. SITKA SPRUCE (Hegyi et aI. 1979) Base age 100, Total age Sl= Ht/1.58[1°T11°4

9. SILVER FIR (Hoyer and Herman in press) Base age 100, Breast height age

SI = Ht *10a+b+c+d+e

where: a = -O.0268797(BHAge-l00)/BHAge d = -0.0761453(BHAge-100)/Ht ' b = +0.0046259(BHAge-100)2/100 e +0.08911 05(BHAge.1 00)/Ht c = -0.0015862(BHAge-100)3/10000

10. SILVER FIR (Hegyi at al. 1979) Base Age 100 Total age

SI I-it! i.is1j(-O.O236TAe)jl.79l8

11. RED ALDER (Hegyi et al. 1979) Base age = 50, Total age Sl= ,11311(-OO421TAge)j.9422

12. LODOEPOLE PINE (Hegyl et al. 1979) Base age 100, Total age

SI Ht /1.236 [1 (-0.0465 TAge)12.4269

13. SUBALPINE FIR (Hegyi et al. 1979) Base age 100, Total age

SI I-It! 1.3832[1(-o.o155TAge)Jt3597

493 Table 174. Other equations used to calculate tree, standand productivity values.

Many equations were used in calculating tree, stand and productivityvalues.Equations, other than site index or height equations are given here.

1. Stand Density Index (Reineke 1933, Daniel et al. 1979). This equation gives Reineke's StandDensity Index (SDltin terms of trees oer acre (N) at a stocking level where the diameter of the tree of average basal area or Quadratic Mean Diameter (QMD) isl0 inches.

SDI = N/(10/QMD)'6

Quadratic Mean Diameter (QMD). Quadratic Mean Diameter Is the diameter of the tree ofaverage basal area and can be calculated using the following formula where BA is basal area in square feet per acre and N is treesper acre.

OMD = [(BA * 144/N)! "pi"J112

Curtis' Relative Density (CRD) (Curtis et al. 1981). Another index of stand densitywas developed by R.O. Curtis and is used in the Douglas-fir growth simulator DFSIM (Curtis et al. 1981).It usually varies from 3Oto 100 and is intended to be applied to even-aged stands. BA is stand basal area in Square feet per acre and QMD Is the diameterof the tree of average basal area.

CR0 = BA/QMD1

Hall's Growth Basal Area (GBA) (Hall 1983, 1987). Growth Basal Area is the basalarea which will yield a diameter increment per decade of 1 inch. It is expressed by the following equations which have been calibrated forwestern Washington conditions. The relationship is expressed by two equations, one for stand age less than 100years and the otherfor stand age 100 years or more. Where BA is stand basal area in square feet per acre and RI Is the 10-year radial increment of 5 dominant and codominanttrees in 20th of an inch. for age < 100 years:

GBA = (0.415 + 0.128 In Age) (BA) (0.5351e°°3 R

for age> 100 years:

GBA = (-0.343 + 0.293 In Age) (BA) (0.535ie°°3 RI)

Tree Height Tree height can be estimated from Diameter Breast Height (DBH) using the followingequations:

Ht = 4.5 + e + (1/(DBH + 1])

where CO varies from 4.6217 for lodgepole pine and 5.1999 for western white pine and Douglas-fir is4.8152; and Cl varies from -5.3248 for lodgepole pine to -9.3174 for mountain hemlock and Douglas-fir is -7.2931 (see Wykoffet al. 1982, p. 52).

or IogI-ft=a+bDBH-1(Curtisl967)

or In (Ht-4.5) = a + b (DBH)c(Curtis et al. 1981)

494 Table 174 (cont.). Other equations used to calculate tree,stand and productivity values.

based on DBH and Height where volume is expressed In cubic 6. Tree Volume. Many different ways are available to estimate tree volume feet including stump and top. Three are used here:

Vol = bi (DBH)2*Ht+ b2*DBH*Ht (Wykoffetal. 1982,p. 81)

where: j. spçjs

.00171 .00386 Douglas-fir .00219 0 western hemlock .00205 0 western redcedar

Vol = .00278 )BH)1 .0941 * HIl .0488 (Wykoff et al. 1982) lodgepole pine, red alder

Vol=bl +b2logDBH+b3lOgHt (Browne 1962)

where: pes

-2.6580 1.7399 1.1 332 Douglas-fir<140 years -2.7122 1.6590 1,1957 Douglas-fir> 80 years -2.3796 1.6823 1.0397 western redcedar -2.6638 1.7902 1.1249 western hemlock -2.5756 1.8068 1.0947 silver fir -2.7006 1.7542 1.1645 Silka spruce -2.4543 1.7410 1.0584 Alaska yellowcedar -2.6156 1.8475 1.0858 lodgepole pine -2.9450 1.8040 1.2386 black cottonwood -2.6728 1.9206 1.0740 red alder -2.7703 1.8858 1.1190 bigleaf maple

495 250 -

/ // 200 7/ // Lii I- / // Osi 150 / Z; // C / /, 100- - TSHE (Wiley 1978a,b)

50 100 150 200 250 SITE INDEX (base 50)

350 -

300 - - TSHE (Barnes 1962) I- zs -- PISI (Meyer 1937) 250- PSME (McArdle and Meyer 1930) 200 -JC 150-

100- 50

50 100 150 200 250 SITE INDEX (base 100)

Figure 189. Culmination of mean annual incrementcurves for Douglas-fir, western hemlock, Sitka spruce and red alder.

496 40000 - -. 35000- A - - - 30000 0C) ii 25000- 9- - C.) 20000 ./ .----- C) -

w 15000 .

-J 10000- >o 5000 -

I I 50 100 150 200 250 300 AGE (years)

4.00 - PISI/OXOR group

- TSIIE/POMU group 350 - B - ISHE/POMU/GASH 9OLQ I- WL300 TSHE/GASH up LjJ' - TSHE/RHMA group 250-

0 200 - 4) <.2150- - / LL.J

50_/i

+ 50 100 150 200 250 300 AGE (year)

Figure 190. Empirical volume (A) and mean annual increment (B) curves for the Western Hemlock and Sitka Spruce Series.

497 25000 - A 20000 - 7 15000- 7 0 / C) __,/ 10000 / Id / 6'/ // J , f 5000- / //

f I 50 100 150 200 250 300 AGE (years)

300 - B ABAM/OXOR group 250- - - ABAM/VAAL group

- ABAM/RHMA group

LI 200 - ABAM/XETE group Oq) - TSME/VAAL group

/<-4-' <0 Z.:,100- I.iJ<0 ' / r-_ / /

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 AGE (years)

Figure 191. Empirical volume (A) and mean annual increment (B) curves for theSilver Fir and Mountain Hemlock Series.

498 12000 A 10000

C) 8000 0/ a) a)

C) 6000 / C) _----_/ 4000 ---,- / 0 > 2000 /'

250 300 50 100 150 200 AGE (years)

100-

B PS4E/H0Dl group

I.- 80 - - ABLA2/RHAL group

- PSME/ARUV group LU>' Oq, 60 ABLA2/JUCO4 group a <4.' /-- 40 'I <0 II Z:3 / / 20/ ,iI /......

- 250 300 50 100 150 200 AGE (years)

Figure 192. Empirical volume (A) and mean annual increment(B) curves for the Douglas-fir and Subalpine Fir Series.

499 Table 175. Oldest and biggest treesencountered in ecology plot sampling.

DBH Height CoreStump Plot Plant SPECIES (inches) (feet) Age Age No. Association Location Alaska yellowcedar 102.0 stump 1508 1338 ABAMNMLJERMO Three Peaks 34.9 135 1631 ABAMNAALJRHAL Tunnel Cr. 66.6 115 1060 1706 TSME/VAAL/ERMO Three Peaks Bigleaf maple 43.8 96 1701 PISI/POMU-OXOR W. Fk. Humptulips 33.0 130 1431 ACMAJACCI Dosewallips 27.8 118 159 1681 ACMNACCI Brown Cr. Black cottonwood 50.8 slump 103 1431 ACMNACCP Dosewallips 46.0 173 46 182 TSHE/POMU Wynoochee 31.3 157 53 1441 TSHE/POMU-TITR Hamma Hamma Douglas-fir 118.0 stump 920 722 TSHE/POMU-OXOR Rugged Ridge 80.0 279 700 132 TSHE/POMU-TITR Satsop Lodgepole pine 20.8 61 257 1637 PSME/ARUV Mt. Townsend 20.0 108 222 1259 ABLA2/LULA Dungeness R. Madrone 14.0 52 1188 unrecognised Cabin Cr. 8.0 88 1798 TSHE/GASH-VAOv2 Seal Rock 8.2 26 85 1901 QUGNFEID? S. Fk. Skokomish Mountain hemlock 60.9 stump 802 1721 TSMENAAL Mt. Tebo 27.0 160 439 1754 TSMENAALJERMQ Pine Mt. 48.5 147 875 1887 TSMENAAL Moonlight Dome Pacific yew 8.0 30 133 TSHE/GASH/XETE Anderson Butte 5.8 42 286 1796 TSHE/RHMNGASH Tunnel Cr. Red alder 28.0 111 101 1431 ACMA/ACCI Dosewallips 15.9 136 54 1441 TSHE/POMU-TITR Hamma Hamma Rocky Mm. juniper 7.8 33 120 1729 PSME/HODI-ROGY Dungeness R. 4.0 16 183 1830 PSME/HODI-ROGY Dungeness R. Silver fir 76.8 217 340 1338 ABAMNAAL/ERMO Three Peaks 55.0 236 273 377 ABAMNAALJMADI2 E. Fk. Humptulips 27.8 94 651 1838 ABAMNAALICLUN Moonlight Dome 44.0 stump 455 452 ABAM/ACTR Four Stream Sitka spruce 124.0 stump 486 350 TSHENAAL/OXOR Rainbow Cr. 45.7 279 280 1357 PISI/POMU-OXOR Prairie Cr. Subalpine fir 27.0 stump 173 1275 ABLA2/LULA Tubal Cain 23.0 69 195 1273 TSME/RHAL-VAME Buckhorn 14.0 102 175 1241 ABLA2/VASI Mt. Townsend 7.0 27 249 1811 ABLA2/JUCO4 Goat Lk. Western hemlock 108.0 stump 433 376 ABAMNAAL/OXOR Humptulips Ridge 41.0 203 256 420 ABAM/POMU Flat Bottom Cr. 72.0 stump 821 77 ABAMNAAL Humptulips R. Western redcedar 118.0 stump 1215 80 ABAMNAALJCLUN U. Wynoochee R. 100.8 194 1460 1359 TSHE/POMU-OXOR Canoe Cr.

500 OLYMPiC NATIONAL FOREST KEY TO FOREST SERIES ANDPLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE

This key to Forest Series applies to climax orstable state vegetation. Silver Fir Series Read the first line of the key. If the statementis true relative to the stand ABAM/LYAM p. 226 in question (i.e., if there is morethan or equal to 10 percent cover of Skunkcabbage >5% mountain hemlock in the stand) then it isMountain Hemlock Series. If p. 198 Devil's Club >5% ABAM/OPHO not then go to line 2 and repeat. White Rhododendron >5% and Alaska Huckleberry >10% ABAMNAAL-RHAL p. 184

Rhododendron >10% p. 210 Series Key Alaska Huckleberry >5% ABAM/RHMA-VA.AL ABAMIRHMA p. 206 p. 109 Alaska Huckleberry <5% Mountain Hemlock > 10% cover Mountain Hemlock Series (TSME) ABAMNAME/XETE p. 190 p. 139 Big Huckleberry >10% and Beargrass >5% Silver Fir > 10% cover Silver Fir Series (A8AM) p. 243 Oxa3s >10% Silka Spruce > 10% cover Sitka Spruce Series (P1St) ABAM/GASH-OXOR p.222 Salal >10% p.234 Western Hemlock and/or Swordtern >10% ABAMIPOMU-OXOR Western Hemlock Series (TSHE) p. 277 ABAM/VAAI/OXOR p. 172 Western Redcedar > 10% cover Alaska Huckleberry >5% ABAM/OXOR p.202 p. 89 Alaska Huckleberry <5% Douglas-fe > 10% cover Douglas-fir Series (PSME) p. 253 Alaska Huckleberry >10% Subalpine Fir > 10% cover Subalpine Fir Series (ABLA2) ABAMIVAAIIOXOR p. 172 Oxalis >5% ABAM/GASH/BLSP p.218 Salal >5% and Deerfem >1% p. 160 BeargraSs >5% ABAMNMLJXETE p. 156 Avalanche Lily >1% ABAMNAAI.JERMO p. 168 The following key is used to identifythe forested plant associations on Oregongrape >5% ABAMIVA.AL-BENE p. 180 Twint lower >3% ABAMJVAAIILIBO2 series is known. p. 164 the Olympic National Forest once the Foamflower plus Rosy Twisted-Stalk >3% ASAMIVAALJTIUN Queen's Cup. Bunchberry. Five-leaved Bramble p. 176 and/or Oeecfem >3% ABAMTVMIJCLUN ABAMNAAL p. 152 Mountain Hemlock Series Not as above ABAM/POMU p. 230 p. 132 Swordfern 1 0% Red Heather >10%. Blueleaf Huckleberry >10% TSME/PHEM-VADE p. 120 Salal >10% Avalanche Lily >5%, Alaska Huckleberry >10% TSMEIVMI./ERMO Deerfern >2%. Alaska Huckleberry or Red Huckleberrypresent ABAM/GASH/BLSP p. 218 ABAM/GASH p.214 Big Huckleberry 5% Oeerfern <2% p. 136 White Rhododendron >5% TSME/RHAL-VAME ABAM/XETE p.186 p. 126 Beargrass >5% Alaska Huckleberry > 5% TSME,VAME-VAAL p.130 Beargrass >5% TSME/VAMEIXETE andlor Vanitlaleaf plus Foamf lower >5%. Rosy Twisted-stalk p.238 Queen's cup usually present ABAM/ACTR-TIUN Alaska Huckleberry >10% ABAM/Dep. p. 194 p. 124 Ground Cover <10% Beargrass >5% TSMEIVAALIXETE TSMEPIML p. 116 Beargrass <5% KEY TO FOREST SERIES AND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THEOLYMPIC NATIONAL FOREST (Continued)

Western Hemlock Series Sitka Spruce Series

Skunkcabbage >5% TSHEJLYAM p. 378 Oxalis>1O%, Swordfern >5% PISI/POM(J-OXOR p. 250 Devil's Club >5% TSHEJOPHO p.314 Rhododendron >10% Beargrass >5% TSHE/RHMNXETE p. 334 Swordfern >5% TSHEJRHMNPOMU Salal >10% p. 346 Douglas-fir Series TSHEJRI-IMA-GASII p. 342 Oregongrape >5% TSHEJRHMA-BENE p. 338 Oregongrape<5% TSHE/RHMA p. 330 Salal>5% Oxalis >10% PSME/GASH p. 104 Swordferri >10% TSHE/POMU-OXOR p. 386 Kinnikinrijck>5% Alaska Huckieberry >10% PSME/ARUV p.96 TSHE)VAALJOxOR p. 298 Salal >5% TSHE/GASH/OXOR Oceanspray and Baidhip Rose >5%, Western Fescue >1% Salal <5% p. 370 PSMEIHODI-ROGY p. 100 TSHEJOXOR p. 326 Alaska Huckleberry >10% Beargrass >5% TSHEJVAALjXETE Salal >5% p. 294 TSHEjVAAL-QASH p. 302 Salal <5% TSHE/VML p. 290 Subalpine Fir Series Swordfern >10% Salal >5% TSHE/GASH/PQMU p. 374 Oregongrape>5% White Rhododendron >10% TSHEJBENEIPOMU p. 322 ABLA2/RI-IAL p. 272 Oxalis >5% TSHE/POM(j-QXOR p. 386 Foamfiower, Fragrant Bedstraw usually present Big Huckleberry >5% TSHE/ROMIJ-T(TR p. 382 ABIA2NAME p. 260 Salal >10% Subalpine Lupine >3% ABLA2JLULA p. 268 Rhododendron >5% TSHE/RHMA.GASH Oxalis >5% p. 342 Common Juniper >3% TSHE/GASH/0x0R p. 370 ABLA2/JUCO4 p. 264 Evergreen Huckleberry >4% TSHE/GASH-VAQV2 p. 358 Oceanspray >2% TSHE/GASH.HODI p. 362 Beargrass >2% TSHE/GASH/xETE p. 354 Swordfern >3% TSHEJGASH/poMlJ p. 374 Oregongrape >2%, Red Huckleberry and/or Vine Maple presentTSHE/GASH.BENE Not as above p. 366 TSHEJGASH p. 350 Vanillaleaf and Star-flowered Solomon's Seal >5% and Oregongrape often present TSHE/ACTR p. 390 Oregongrape >5% Swordfem >4% TSHE/BENE/POMU p.322 Swordfern'z4% TSHE./BENE p.318 Beargrass >5% TSHE/XETE p. 306

Ground Cover<10% (except Vine Maple) TSHEIDep. p.310