DOCSLIB.ORG

Skagit River Emergency Bank Stabilization And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

United States Department of the Interior FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Washington Fish and Wildlife Office 510 Desmond Dr. SE, Suite 102 Lacey, Washington 98503 In Reply Refer To: AUG 1 6 2011 13410-2011-F-0141 13410-2010-F-0175 Daniel M. Mathis, Division Adnlinistrator Federal Highway Administration ATIN: Jeff Horton Evergreen Plaza Building 711 Capitol Way South, Suite 501 Olympia, Washington 98501-1284 Michelle Walker, Chief, Regulatory Branch Seattle District, Corps of Engineers ATIN: Rebecca McAndrew P.O. Box 3755 Seattle, Washington 98124-3755 Dear Mr. Mathis and Ms. Walker: This document transmits the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Biological Opinion (Opinion) based on our review of the proposed State Route 20, Skagit River Emergency Bank Stabilization and Chronic Environmental Deficiency Project in Skagit County, Washington, and its effects on the bull trout (Salve linus conjluentus), marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), and designated bull trout critical habitat, in accordance with section 7 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) (Act). Your requests for initiation of formal consultation were received on February 3, 2011, and January 19,2010. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Seattle District (Corps) provided information in support of "may affect, likely to adversely affect" determinations for the bull trout and designated bull trout critical habitat. On April 13 and 14, 2011, the FHWA and Corps gave their consent for addressing potential adverse effects to the bull trout and bull trout critical habitat with a single Opinion. Daniel M Mathis and Michelle Walker 2 The enclosed Opinion addresses the proposed action's adverse effects on the bull trout and designated bull trout critical habitat, and includes mandatory terms and conditions intended to minimize certain adverse effects. The Opinion also finds that the action's foreseeable effects on the marbled murrelet, northern spotted owl, their habitat, and prey base are insignificant and that no measurable effects to the marbled murrelet and northern spotted owl are anticipated. Ifyou have any questions regarding the Opinion or your responsibilities under the Act, please contact Ryan McReynolds at (360) 753-6047 or Emily Teachout at (360) 753-9583 of this office. '!:;e:rfrYSincerely, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office cc: WSDOT, Seattle, W A (B. Bigler) WSDOT, Olympia, WA (P. Wagner) Endangered Species Act - Section 7 Consultation BIOLOGICAL OPINION U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Reference: 13410-2011-F-0141 & 13410-2010-F-0175 State Route 20, Skagit River Emergency Bank Stabilization & CED (MP Vic. 100) Skagit County, Washington Agency: Federal Highway Administration, Washington Division U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District Olympia & Seattle, Washington Consultation Conducted By: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Washington Fish and Wildlife Office Lacey, Washington 3~ ICo-\ ( Ke . B rg, Manager Date Washington Fish and Wildlin Office TABLE OF CONTENTS CONSULTATION HISTORY ....................................................................................................... 1 CONCURRENCE FOR MARBLED MURRELET ....................................................................... 3 CONCURRENCE FOR NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL ............................................................... 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION .......................................................................... 7 Emergency Actions ............................................................................................................. 7 Permanent Stabilization – Design ....................................................................................... 8 Permanent Stabilization – Construction ........................................................................... 11 Conservation Measures ..................................................................................................... 14 ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE JEOPARDY AND ADVERSE MODIFICATION DETERMINATIONS ....................................................................................................... 15 STATUS OF THE SPECIES (BULL TROUT) ............................................................................ 17 STATUS OF CRITICAL HABITAT (BULL TROUT) ............................................................... 17 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE ................................................................................................ 17 Description of the Action Area ......................................................................................... 17 Environmental Baseline in the Action Area ..................................................................... 20 Status of the Species in the Action Area (Bull Trout) ...................................................... 22 Status of Critical Habitat in the Action Area (Bull Trout) ............................................... 23 EFFECTS OF THE ACTION ....................................................................................................... 25 Insignificant and Discountable Effects ............................................................................. 27 Adverse Effects of the Action (Bull Trout) ...................................................................... 29 Emergency Replacement of Failed Bank Armor ................................................... 30 Effects Resulting from Fish Capture and Handling .............................................. 32 Exposure to Elevated Turbidity and Sedimentation During Construction ........... 35 Summary of Effects (Matrix of Pathways and Indicators) .................................... 40 Effects of the Action (Designated Bull Trout Critical Habitat) ........................................ 41 Effects of Interrelated and Interdependent Actions .......................................................... 46 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS .......................................................................................................... 47 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 48 INCIDENTAL TAKE STATEMENT .......................................................................................... 51 AMOUNT OR EXTENT OF TAKE ................................................................................ 52 EFFECT OF THE TAKE .................................................................................................. 53 REASONABLE AND PRUDENT MEASURES ............................................................. 54 TERMS AND CONDITIONS .......................................................................................... 54 CONSERVATION RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................. 58 REINITIATION NOTICE ............................................................................................................ 58 LITERATURE CITED ................................................................................................................. 59 APPENDIX A: WSDOT Fish Exclusion Protocols and Standards (2009) ................................. 64 APPENDIX B: Status of the Species (Bull Trout; Coterminous Range) .................................... 65 APPENDIX C: Status of Designated Critical Habitat (Bull Trout; Coterminous Range) ........... 66 APPENDIX D: Lower Skagit River Core Area (Bull Trout) ...................................................... 67 APPENDIX E: Sediment Analysis Framework (2010) ............................................................... 68 ii LIST of FIGURES and TABLES Figure 1. Vicinity map. .................................................................................................................. 7 Figure 2. Aerial photo of project reach. ......................................................................................... 9 Figure 3. ELJs and revetment in plan view. ................................................................................ 10 Figure 4. Typical ELJ, embankment, and roadway cross-section; dolotimber and log detail. .... 10 Figure 5. Traffic control detail. .................................................................................................... 12 Figure 6. Action area. .................................................................................................................. 18 Figure 7. Graphic model output depicting post-project 10-year bed shear stress differentials. .. 20 Table 1. Emergency bank armor installations (WSDOT 2009, p. 6). ............................................ 8 Table 2. ELJ and revetment quantities (Acosta, pers. comm. 2011b). ........................................ 11 Table 3. Effects of the action (“Matrix of Pathways & Indicators”). .......................................... 40 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS BA Biological Assessment BMP Best Management Practice CED Chronic Environmental Deficiency Corps U.S. Army Corps of Engineers cy cubic yard ELJ engineered log jam ESA Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. l53I et seq.) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMO Foraging, Migration and Overwintering HCP Habitat Conservation Plan ISPG Integrated Streambank Protection Guidelines NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service NTU nephelometric turbidity units OHWM Ordinary High Water Mark Opinion Biological Opinion PCE Primary Constituent Element RPM Reasonable and Prudent
Recommended publications
  • Socioeconomic Monitoring of the Olympic National Forest and Three Local Communities

    Socioeconomic Monitoring of the Olympic National Forest and Three Local Communities

    NORTHWEST FOREST PLAN THE FIRST 10 YEARS (1994–2003) Socioeconomic Monitoring of the Olympic National Forest and Three Local Communities Lita P. Buttolph, William Kay, Susan Charnley, Cassandra Moseley, and Ellen M. Donoghue General Technical Report United States Forest Pacific Northwest PNW-GTR-679 Department of Service Research Station July 2006 Agriculture The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests and National Grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all pro- grams.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
  • Suspended-Sediment Concentration in the Sauk River, Washington, Water Years 2012-13

    Suspended-Sediment Concentration in the Sauk River, Washington, Water Years 2012-13

    Prepared in cooperation with the Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe Suspended-Sediment Concentration in the Sauk River, Washington, Water Years 2012-13 By Christopher A. Curran1, Scott Morris2, and James R. Foreman1 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center, Tacoma, Washington 2 Department of Natural Resources, Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe, Darrington, Washington Photograph of glacier-derived suspended sediment entering the Sauk River immediately downstream of the Suiattle River mouth (August 5, 2014, Chris Curran). iii Introduction The Sauk River is one of the few remaining large, glacier-fed rivers in western Washington that is unconstrained by dams and drains a relatively undisturbed landscape along the western slope of the Cascade Range. The river and its tributaries are important spawning ground and habitat for endangered Chinook salmon (Beamer and others, 2005) and also the primary conveyors of meltwater and sediment from Glacier Peak, an active volcano (fig. 1). As such, the Sauk River is a significant tributary source of both fish and fluvial sediment to the Skagit River, the largest river in western Washington that enters Puget Sound. Because of its location and function, the Sauk River basin presents a unique opportunity in the Puget Sound region for studying the sediment load derived from receding glaciers and the potential impacts to fish spawning and rearing habitat, and downstream river-restoration and flood- control projects. The lower reach of the Sauk River has some of the highest rates of incubation mortality for Chinook salmon in the Skagit River basin, a fact attributed to unusually high deposition of fine-grained sediments (Beamer, 2000b).
  • Snowmobiles in the Wilderness

    Snowmobiles in the Wilderness

    Snowmobiles in the Wilderness: You can help W a s h i n g t o n S t a t e P a r k s A necessary prohibition Join us in safeguarding winter recreation: Each year, more and more people are riding snowmobiles • When riding in a new area, obtain a map. into designated Wilderness areas, which is a concern for • Familiarize yourself with Wilderness land managers, the public and many snowmobile groups. boundaries, and don’t cross them. This may be happening for a variety of reasons: many • Carry the message to clubs, groups and friends. snowmobilers may not know where the Wilderness boundaries are or may not realize the area is closed. For more information about snowmobiling opportunities or Wilderness areas, please contact: Wilderness…a special place Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission (360) 902-8500 Established by Congress through the Wilderness Washington State Snowmobile Association (800) 784-9772 Act of 1964, “Wilderness” is a special land designation North Cascades National Park (360) 854-7245 within national forests and certain other federal lands. Colville National Forest (509) 684-7000 These areas were designated so that an untouched Gifford Pinchot National Forest (360) 891-5000 area of our wild lands could be maintained in a natural Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest (425) 783-6000 state. Also, they were set aside as places where people Mt. Rainier National Park (877) 270-7155 could get away from the sights and sounds of modern Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest (509) 664-9200 civilization and where elements of our cultural history Olympic National Forest (360) 956-2402 could be preserved.
  • Land Areas of the National Forest System, As of September 30, 2019

    Land Areas of the National Forest System, As of September 30, 2019

    United States Department of Agriculture Land Areas of the National Forest System As of September 30, 2019 Forest Service WO Lands FS-383 November 2019 Metric Equivalents When you know: Multiply by: To fnd: Inches (in) 2.54 Centimeters Feet (ft) 0.305 Meters Miles (mi) 1.609 Kilometers Acres (ac) 0.405 Hectares Square feet (ft2) 0.0929 Square meters Yards (yd) 0.914 Meters Square miles (mi2) 2.59 Square kilometers Pounds (lb) 0.454 Kilograms United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Land Areas of the WO, Lands National Forest FS-383 System November 2019 As of September 30, 2019 Published by: USDA Forest Service 1400 Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20250-0003 Website: https://www.fs.fed.us/land/staff/lar-index.shtml Cover Photo: Mt. Hood, Mt. Hood National Forest, Oregon Courtesy of: Susan Ruzicka USDA Forest Service WO Lands and Realty Management Statistics are current as of: 10/17/2019 The National Forest System (NFS) is comprised of: 154 National Forests 58 Purchase Units 20 National Grasslands 7 Land Utilization Projects 17 Research and Experimental Areas 28 Other Areas NFS lands are found in 43 States as well as Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. TOTAL NFS ACRES = 192,994,068 NFS lands are organized into: 9 Forest Service Regions 112 Administrative Forest or Forest-level units 503 Ranger District or District-level units The Forest Service administers 149 Wild and Scenic Rivers in 23 States and 456 National Wilderness Areas in 39 States. The Forest Service also administers several other types of nationally designated
  • Washington State Personal Use Mushroom Harvesting Rules As of November 6, 2012 District Phone Closures Permit Guide Species Limit Season Mt

    Washington State Personal Use Mushroom Harvesting Rules As of November 6, 2012 District Phone Closures Permit Guide Species Limit Season Mt

    Washington State Personal Use Mushroom Harvesting Rules as of November 6, 2012 District Phone Closures Permit Guide Species Limit Season Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest Darrington 360-436-1155 None (4) Free use None All combined 5 gal/yr/house No limit Mount Baker 360-856-5700 Wilderness(4) Free use None All combined 5 gal/yr/house 2 weeks Skykomish 360-677-2414 None (4) None None All combined 1 gal/day&5 gal/yr No limit Snoqualmie 425-888-1421 None (4) Free use None All combined 5 gal/yr/house 2 weeks (8) Wenatchee National Forest Cle Elum 509-852-1100 None (4) None None All but pine (9) 2 gallons No limit Chelan 509-682-4900 Wilderness Free use Paper (12) All but pine (9) 3 gallons 4/15-7/31 Entiat 509-784-1511 &LSR(4,11) Free use Paper (12) All but pine (9) 3 gallons 4/15-7/31 Naches 509-653-1401 None (4) None (9) None All but pine (9) 3 gallons No limit Wenatchee River 509-548-2550 Wilderness(4) None (9) Paper (12) All but pine (2) 3 gallons No limit Olympic National Forest Each species 1 gallon (1,3) Hood Canal 360-765-2200 None (4) None On Web No limit All combined 3 gallons (1) Pacific - Forks 360-374-6522 Each species 1 gallon (1,3) None (4) None On Web No limit Pacific - Quinalt 360-288-2525 All combined 3 gallons (1) Gifford Pinchot National Forest Legislative NVM 360-449-7800 Closed No mushroom collecting, outer NVM same as Cowlitz Valley Cowlitz Valley 360-497-1100 SeeMap(4,5) Free use On Web All combined 3 gallons (2) 10 days Mount Adams 509-395-3400 SeeMap(4,5) Free use On Web All combined 3 gallons (2) per year Okanogan
  • Schedule of Proposed Action (SOPA)

    Schedule of Proposed Action (SOPA)

    Schedule of Proposed Action (SOPA) 01/01/2015 to 03/31/2015 Mt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest This report contains the best available information at the time of publication. Questions may be directed to the Project Contact. Expected Project Name Project Purpose Planning Status Decision Implementation Project Contact R6 - Pacific Northwest Region, Regionwide (excluding Projects occurring in more than one Region) Aquatic Invasive Species order - Wildlife, Fish, Rare plants In Progress: Expected:04/2015 05/2015 James Capurso to prevent the spread or Scoping Start 05/05/2014 208-557-5780 introduction of aquatic invasive [email protected] species Description: The purpose of this order is to prevent the spread or introduction of aquatic invasive plant or animal species. CE Public involvement is targeted for the Umatilla, Willamette, Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie, Gifford Pinchot, and Colville NFs. Web Link: http://www.fs.fed.us/nepa/nepa_project_exp.php?project=44360 Location: UNIT - R6 - Pacific Northwest Region All Units. STATE - Oregon, Washington. COUNTY - Asotin, Clark, Columbia, Cowlitz, Ferry, Garfield, King, Klickitat, Lewis, Pend Oreille, Pierce, Skagit, Skamania, Snohomish, Stevens, Walla Walla, Whatcom, Baker, Clackamas, Douglas, Grant, Jefferson, Lane, Linn, Marion, Morrow, Umatilla, Union, Wallowa, Wheeler. LEGAL - Not Applicable. Order will apply to all Forests in Region 6, however targeted scoping is with the Umatilla, Gifford Pinchot, Mt. Baker/Snoqualmie, Willamette and Colville NFs tribal and public scoping lists. Mt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Forestwide (excluding Projects occurring in more than one Forest) R6 - Pacific Northwest Region Invasive Plant Management - Vegetation management In Progress: Expected:04/2015 05/2015 Phyllis Reed EIS (other than forest products) NOI in Federal Register 360-436-2332 02/28/2012 [email protected] Est.
  • Public Law 94-527 94Th Congress an Act to Amend the National Trails System Act (82 Stat

    Public Law 94-527 94Th Congress an Act to Amend the National Trails System Act (82 Stat

    PUBLIC LAW 94-527—OCT. 17, 1976 90 STAT. 2481 Public Law 94-527 94th Congress An Act To amend the National Trails System Act (82 Stat. 919), and for other purposes. Oct. 17, 1976 [S. 2112] Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the National National scenic Trails System Act (82 Stat. 919; 16 U.S.C. 1241 et seq.) is amended trails, as follows: In section 5(c), add the following new paragraphs; 16 USC 1244. "(15) Bartram Trail, extending through the States of Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mis­ sissippi, and Tennessee. "(16) Daniel Boone Trail, extending from the vicinity of States- ville. North Carolina, to Fort Boonesborough State Park, Kentucky. "(17) Desert Trail, extending from the Canadian border through parts of Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Nevada, California, and Ari­ zona, to the Mexican border. "(18) Dominguez-Escalante Trail, extending approximately two thousand miles along the route of the 1776 expedition led by Father Francisco Atanasio Dominguez and Father Silvestre Velez de Escalante, originating in Santa Fe, New Mexico; proceeding north­ west along the San Juan, Dolores, Gunnison, and White Rivers in Colorado; thence westerly to Utah Lake; thence southward to Arizona and returning to Santa Fe. "(19) Florida Trail, extending north from Everglades National Park, including the Big Cypress Swamp, the Kissimme Prairie, the Withlacoochee State Forest, Ocala National Forest, Osceola National Forest, and Black Water River State Forest, said completed trail to be approximately one thousand three hundred miles long, of which over four hundred miles of trail have already been built.
  • Land and Resource Management Plan

    Land and Resource Management Plan

    United States Department of Land and Resource Agriculture Forest Service Management Plan Pacific Northwest Region 1990 Olympic National Forest I,,; ;\'0:/' "\l . -'. \.. \:~JK~~'.,;"> .. ,. :~i;/i- t~:.(~#;~.. ,':!.\ ," "'~.' , .~, " ,.. LAND AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN for the OLYMPIC NATIONAL FOREST PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION PREFACE Preparation of a Land and Resource Management Plan (Forest Plan) for the Olympic National Forest is required by the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act (RPA) as amended by the National Forest Management Act (NFMA). Regulations developed under the RPA establish a process for developing, adopting, and revising land and resource Plans for the National Forest System (36 CFR 219). The Plan has also been developed in accordance with regulations (40 CFR 1500) for implementing the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). Because this Plan is considered a major Federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment, a detailed statement (environmental impact statement) has been prepared as required by NEPA. The Forest Plan represents the implementation of the Preferred Alternative as identified in the Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) for the Forest Plan. If any particular provision of this Forest Plan, or application of the action to any person or circumstances is found to be invalid, the remainder of this Forest Plan and the application of that provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected. Information concerning this plan can be obtained
  • Mt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest EA CE

    Mt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest EA CE

    Schedule of Proposed Action (SOPA) 07/01/2007 to 09/30/2007 Mt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest This report contains the best available information at the time of publication. Questions may be directed to the Project Contact. Expected Project Name Project Purpose Planning Status Decision Implementation Project Contact Projects Occurring Nationwide Aerial Application of Fire - Fuels management In Progress: Expected:08/2007 08/2007 Christopher Wehrli Retardant 215 Comment Period Legal 202-205-1332 EA Notice 07/28/2006 [email protected] Description: The Forest Service proposes to continue the aerial application of fire retardant to fight fires on National Forest System lands. An environmental analysis will be conducted to prepare an Environmental Assessment on the proposed action. Web Link: http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/retardant/index.html Location: UNIT - All Districts-level Units. STATE - All States. COUNTY - All Counties. Nation Wide. R6 - Pacific Northwest Region, Occurring in more than one Forest (excluding Regionwide) Aquatic Outfitter and Guide - Special use management Developing Proposal Expected:08/2008 01/2009 Don Gay Special Use Permits Est. Scoping Start 11/2007 360-856-5700 CE [email protected] Description: Issuance of special use permits for outfitter and guides using the N.F. Nooksack, Skagit, Sauk, Skykomish, and Cispus Rivers. Location: UNIT - Mt Baker Ranger District, Darrington Ranger District, Skykomish Ranger District, Cowlitz Ranger District. STATE - Washington. COUNTY - Lewis, Skagit, Snohomish, Whatcom. LEGAL - T40NR6E, T39NR6 and 7E, T39NR7E, T35NR8,9,10E, T36NR11E, T31-35NR10E, T32NR9E, T27NR9 and 10E, T11NR5,6,7, and 8E. N. F. Nooksack, Skagit, Sauk, Skykomish, and Cispus Rivers.
  • Yakama-Cowlitz Trail: Ancient and Modern Paths Across the Mountains

    Yakama-Cowlitz Trail: Ancient and Modern Paths Across the Mountains

    COLUMBIA THE MAGAZINE OF NORTHWEST HISTORY ■ SUMMER 2018 Yakama-Cowlitz Trail: Ancient and modern paths across the mountains North Cascades National Park celebrates 50 years • Explore WPA Legacies A quarterly publication of the Washington State Historical Society TWO CENTURIES OF GLASS 19 • JULY 14–DECEMBER 6, 2018 27 − Experience the beauty of transformed materials • − Explore innovative reuse from across WA − See dozens of unique objects created by upcycling, downcycling, recycling − Learn about enterprising makers in our region 18 – 1 • 8 • 9 WASHINGTON STATE HISTORY MUSEUM 1911 Pacific Avenue, Tacoma | 1-888-BE-THERE WashingtonHistory.org CONTENTS COLUMBIA The Magazine of Northwest History A quarterly publication of the VOLUME THIRTY-TWO, NUMBER TWO ■ Feliks Banel, Editor Theresa Cummins, Graphic Designer FOUNDING EDITOR COVER STORY John McClelland Jr. (1915–2010) ■ 4 The Yakama-Cowlitz Trail by Judy Bentley OFFICERS Judy Bentley searches the landscape, memories, old photos—and President: Larry Kopp, Tacoma occasionally, signage along the trail—to help tell the story of an Vice President: Ryan Pennington, Woodinville ancient footpath over the Cascades. Treasurer: Alex McGregor, Colfax Secretary/WSHS Director: Jennifer Kilmer EX OFFICIO TRUSTEES Jay Inslee, Governor Chris Reykdal, Superintendent of Public Instruction Kim Wyman, Secretary of State BOARD OF TRUSTEES Sally Barline, Lakewood Natalie Bowman, Tacoma Enrique Cerna, Seattle Senator Jeannie Darneille, Tacoma David Devine, Tacoma 14 Crown Jewel Wilderness of the North Cascades by Lauren Danner Suzie Dicks, Belfair Lauren14 Danner commemorates the 50th22 anniversary of one of John B. Dimmer, Tacoma Washington’s most special places in an excerpt from her book, Jim Garrison, Mount Vernon Representative Zack Hudgins, Tukwila Crown Jewel Wilderness: Creating North Cascades National Park.
  • Seasonal Distribution and Habitat Associations of Salmonids With

    Seasonal Distribution and Habitat Associations of Salmonids With

    Seasonal Distribution and Habitat Associations of Salmonids with Extended Juvenile Freshwater Rearing in Different Precipitation Zones of the Skagit River, WA January, 2020 Erin D. Lowery1*, Jamie N. Thompson1, Ed Connor2, Dave Pflug2, Bryan Donahue1, Jon- Paul Shannahan3 Introduction a freshwater rearing period lasting more than one Anadromous salmonids (Salmonidae spp.) year (Quinn 2005, SRSC and WDFW 2005). experience a variety of freshwater and marine As climate change progresses, the timing and habitats through the completion of their life cycle. magnitude of hydrologic cycles are expected to shift Certain life stages and habitats have been associated significantly, and these changes could dramatically with critical periods of growth or survival, wherein affect the overall capacity of watersheds to support the growth performance achieved within the critical anadromous salmonids as well as the spatial- period is highly and positively correlated to survival temporal distribution of habitats that support the through subsequent life stages. Alternatively, positive growth trajectories that improve the survival disproportionately high or variable mortality might of these fishes (Battin et al. 2007; Schindler et al. be associated with these periods, but the variability 2008). Pacific salmonids, Oncorhynchus and in mortality is strongly mediated by growth or Salvelinus spp., that rely on extended freshwater environmental conditions (Beamish and Mahnken rearing like steelhead O. mykiss, spring, summer, and 2001). The timing and location of these critical fall Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha, Coho salmon O. periods can vary considerably among species, kisutch, Sockeye salmon O. nerka, and Bull Trout S. populations, among years within populations, and confluentus are likely to be more vulnerable to could operate on the growth performance achieved climatic shifts in hydrology and thermal regime than in either freshwater (e.g., Steelhead, Ward et al.
  • Mapping of Major Latest Pleistocene to Holocene Eruptive Episodes from the Glacier Peak Volcano, Washington—A Record of Lahar

    Mapping of Major Latest Pleistocene to Holocene Eruptive Episodes from the Glacier Peak Volcano, Washington—A Record of Lahar

    MAPPING OF MAJOR LATEST PLEISTOCENE TO HOLOCENE ERUPTIVE EPISODES FROM THE GLACIER PEAK VOLCANO, WASHINGTON—A RECORD OF LAHARIC INUNDATION OF THE PUGET LOWLANDS FROM DARRINGTON TO THE PUGET SOUND 123° 122° 121° 49° Benjamin W. Stanton and Joe D. Dragovich, Washington Department of Natural Resouces, Division of Geology and Earth Resources, 1111 Washington St SE, Olympia, WA 98504-7007, [email protected] and [email protected] map area Bellingham SAN WHA TCOM 20 JUAN Volcanic hazards in the Pacific Northwest are typically associated with more visible stratovolcanoes, such as Mount Rainier. Glacier Peak, a North Cascade dacitic stratovolcano near Darrington, Washington, has produced at least three large eruptive episodes See Figure 2 14 path of lahars since the culmination of the last continental glaciation with each episode likely lasting a few hundred years. Data from recent detailed geologic mapping, new C ages, stratigraphic relations, clast petrographic analyses, geochemical analyses, and laharic SKAGIT to lower Skagit Valley ISLAND sand composition indicate that three large eruptive episodes occurred in the latest Pleistocene and Holocene—the information refines and expands on the pioneering work of Beget (1981). These voluminous events traveled up to 135 km downvalley of the path of lahars to lower Stillaguamish Valley Glacier Peak edifice and reached the Puget Sound via the ancient Skagit and Stillaguamish deltas. Glacier Peak has erupted dacite of similar composition throughout its history. Hypersthene-hornblende-(augite)-phyric vesicular lahar clasts found from Glacier Peak to La volcano 48° SNOHMISH Conner, Washington have similar geochemistry to dacite flows sampled on the volcano. Radiocarbon dating of the White Chuck assemblage shows an eruptive episode of ~11,900 yrs B.P.