Scientific In,, ;ti ument S, )ciety

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Bulletin December No. 51 1996 Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society ISSN 0956-8271

For Table of Contents, see back cover

President Gerard Turner

Honorary Committee Howard Dawes, Chawntan Stuart Talbot, Secretary. John Didcock, Treasurer Willem Hackmann, Editor Jane lnsley, A&~rtzsing Manager Trevor Waterman, Meetings Secreta~. Ron Bnstow Gloria Clifton Mike Cowham Arthur Middleton Alan Morton James Stratton Liba Taub

Membership and Administrative Matters The Executive Officer (Wing Cmdr. Geoffrey Bennett) 31 High Street Stanford in the Vale Fanngdon Tel: 01367 710223 Oxon SN7 8LH Fax: 01367 718963 See inside back cot~ for information on membership

Editorial Matters Dr. Willem D. Hackmann Museum of the History of Science Old Ashmolean Building Tel: 01865 277282 (office) Broad Street Fax: 01865 277288 Oxford OXI 3AZ Tel: 01608 811110 (home) e-mail:willemhackmann@h/stsci.ox.ac.uk

Advertising Jane Lnsley Soence Museum South Kensington Tel: 0171-938 8110 London SW7 2DD Fax: 0171-938 8118 e-mail: j.msle~i.ac.uk

Organization of Meetings Mr Trevor Waterman 75a Jermyn Street Tel: 0171-930 2954 London SWIY 6NP lax: 0171-321 0212

Typesetting and Printing Lithoflow Ltd 26-36 Wharfdale Road King's Cross Tel" 0171-833 2344 London NI 9RY Fax: 0171-833 8150

Price: £6 per issue, including back numbers where available. (Enquiries to the Executive Officer) The Scientific Instrument Society is Registered Chanty No. 326733

© The Scientific Inset Society 1996 Editorial

A mew Cover - A New Dawn that 'ingenious maker' John Newman seenm that the last word has not yet been whose fine philosophical instruments he said alx~ut the penta-prism which featured The success of the cover of our Commem- greatly admires. The range and dive, try of first in Bulletin No. 31. Gunnar Pipping (his orative Issue prompted us to go for a more this maker's products were amply demon- reply in Bulletin No. 49) is not convinced permanent "facelift' by moving the illustra- strafed by the illustrations accompanying that the answer was found in the reprint of tion from the back to the front. This will his paper. This piece has prompted Brian the 1907 Army and Navy Stores Catalogue, ensure that those of us with a visual memory Gee (who has speciali,,~,d in this period) to and wonders whether the picture of the will be able to remember specific issues by give us 'A Second Look' on Newman which 'new and improved Weldon rangefinder' their cover illustration. The idea is that these contains details of this maker's life based on may not have found itselfreproduced on illustrations should as far as possible be his research. What pleases me as Editor is the wrong page of this catak~gue. Perhaps related to one of the articles in that issue. This that this Bulletin has been able to fulfill one John R Dickenson Hennessy could take this should spur on authors to supply the Bulletin 04 its prime functions - the bringing of new further, l have checked the reprinted with exciting pictures! Readers, too, are material into common currency. I am grate- catah~gue, p. 1212, where it clearly states urged to submit their favourite pictures of ful to our Chaiman for bringing Newman above the picture:'Range Finders. New and an instrumental nature. It will then be left to out into the open and to Brian Gee for Improved Weldon Range Finder'; and the Editor to work out an association with a responding positively.Scholarship can only directly below it, 'With telescope and particular issue of the Bulletin. This should progress through action and reaction! revolving prisms. Price, complete, with test his inventiveness. book of instructions..... £3. II 0'. The other This has been a busy year instrumentally, range finders it then refers to are there by No difficulty was experienced F.ncling a judging by the SIS's calendar of activities Watkins: his 'artillery telemeter' at £16 5 0, suitable illustration for the first of our next and the contents of this issue. The prime 'mekometer' at £13 5 0, and "drum fifty issues. The engraving will be readily event was the XVth Scientific Instrument clinometer' at £2 13 ft. Perhaps one of our identified by the particupants of the Art of Symfa~sium in Canada reported in thisissue readers has a copy of the book of Enxravin ~ Workshap held at the Oxford by Peterde Clercq, Rob van Gent and Alison instructions of the Weldon range finder. Museum of the History of Science in Mormon-Low. Some would be participants Both Gunnar and i would like to know. November (see the report by Stuart Talbot (such as this Editor) were prevented front in this issue), as it caused a lot of comment. going because of other commitments, but at As usual at this time of the year, ! have run It is of the lady using an astrolabe in the least this detailed report shows us what we Ix~h out of space and out of rune. To stay illustrated title page of John Paimer's The have missed, 1 am also hoping that ! can within the bounds of this issue i have had Cathalique Planisphaer: Which Mr Bla~'ape persuade several of the speakers to submit to remove two book reviews that will now calleth 19w Mathematical Jewel, published in their papers to the Bulletin k)r publication. appear in the next issue, and at the same London in 1658. it is quite appropriate in Other activities reported on briefly in this time ! hope to have to hand the review of this age of sexual equality that our first issue are Stuart Talbot on the Oxford Gerard Turner's fine catalogue of the 19th cover should be graced by a woman. And engraving workshop (already referred to century instruments in Teylers Museum. here [ am pleased to announce an~Rher above), Stephen Johnston on the visitto the Now wouldn't that be nice to find in one's innovation. It is my intention to have Old Royal Observatory and Trevor Water- Christmas stocking? it now leaves me only whenever possible the cover illustration man and Val Cowham on the Society's to wish you all the delights of the Season descnbecl in some detail.The firstof these weekend visitto Geneva. and a very happy New Yead 'Cover Stories' has been penned by Tony Simcock in which he has put our lady 'Market Place' has always been a Fa~pular Sackler Research Fellowship at the Old in context. astrolabist feature, although I fee4 that it has concen- Royal Observatory trated too much (m the English scene. This It is with some sadness that 1 have to issue's feature has been written by our The Sackler Research Fellowship in the announce that thisissue carries the last part Dutch member Albert Klut hx)m Haarlem. I of I)a(,Io Bit mi's series on French nine- Hostory of Astnmomy and Navigatitmal am hoping that members from other Sciences at the Old Royal Observatory, teeath g~ntu instrument makers. His countries will follow his example and give Greenwich, has been established to pro- le cul,.a., ta ~ has finally come to an end 'Market Place' a more international flavour. after thirteen parts totalling some ninety n)~e advanced research in the history of This reminds me of s~nne emirs that have science and scientific instruments with" the closely-printed pages with more than one crept into Arthur Middleton's 'Market hundred and thirty illustrations. I k~k aim to provide a series of scholarly Place' in the previous issue which have publications. Applicants of any nationality forward to the bilingual French-English been pointed out to me by Raymond can apply as long as they have completed reissue of this series in b,~k form. Watch Giordano, 'The Antiquarian Scientist' fn~n advanced research m one or more types of the this space for anna)uncement! As Paolo's Acton, Massachusetts in the USA. The two instruments repnesented bv the Collecti(m series comes to an end Jenny Wetton makes micn~es depicted in Fig. 2 are, in fact, of the Old Royal Obse~'ato.ry, or lm a her debut with the firstpart of her four-part the fnmt and back of the same micn~c~:~e particular mdividual or group ol instru- mini-series (m 'ScientificInstrument Mak- by 'Pouilly' of Paris sold at Bonham's in ments related to the Collection, or ~n s~mle ing in Manchester 1870-1940'. This follows November 1995. Lot 10 in the Crisp aspect of the history of the Naxigathmal on hxnn her previous work on 'Scientific Coflecfi(m auction catalogue (p.6) refers to Sciences and the Old Royal Observaton'. Instrument Making in Manchester 1780- a beautifully engraved hand microscope by The Sackler Fellowship is intended h;r 1870', published in the Manchester Memoirs 'Depovillv' of Paris. He also points out that younger Fa~tgraduate ~holars, but applica- in 1990/I and republished separately by a fairer price comparis(m with the Scarleff tions ~m those who have demonstrated the Manchester Mu~um of Science and micn~copes in the Crisp sale of seventy equivalent commitment to advanced re- Industry in 1993. The two works when years ago would have been with the very search in the field may al,~ be considered combined cover almost two hundred years rare Musschenbroek micn~)pe (h~ 5 in The grant h~r the Fehowship for l~q7 is of provincial instrument making in one of the Crisp Collecti~m auction catalogue). £12~rSl0 per annum, tenable h)r two years, the country's prime industrialtowns - that subject to review at the end of the first )'ear. is from craft-manufacture to the eve of I th)ught that our readers would be too In exceptional circunlstances, a third year modem mass pn~uction, from instrument sated with Christmas pud to appreciate may be awarded. The closing date for 1997 making to [ightengineering. ara~ther 'Mystery Ob~-t'. My assumption has m)w passed, but for details for 1998 has been reinforced by the fact l have not contact Margarette Lincoln, Head of Re- One of our main features in the Cmnmem- received a single response to the last L~ct, search, Natkmal Maritime Mu~um, Green- orative Issue was Howard Dawes's piece on the boxwood 'Highway' rule. However, it wich, [xmdon SEI0 9NF, tel:0181-312 6686.

Bulletinof the ScientificImmanent Society No. 51 (1996) Cover Story The Lady and the Astrolabe A.V. Simcock

I suppose it goes without saying that s(mle feminine associati~m. I can't see that Palmer's women are divine while others - well, thev're text makes any specific mention o4 the )ewel's just wtwnen. One way you can tell ts thatthe use by women, his claim being only that it can divine trees are t~ten car~ m the adjust- be used 'with wondrous Ease and Delight'. ment of [heir apparel - if, indeed, they have Indeed, he follows Blagrave in addressing his any; whereas real wtml.,n, of course, wear b~k to 'Learned Men', and one of the ~)gans well-adiusted and hil,,v,wne trig'ks. It's not an on the title page reads: 'A Treatise very useful invariable rule, and the ladies m Rei~'h's for Marrmers, and for all Ingenious Men, who Ma~artta Phd(~apht,'a (I.~ edihonl - even love the Arts Mathematical'. Perhaps, after all, the three-headed ~me - are properl.v attired, the lady is merely a carrot, present in order to though they, are obviously goddesses or icons attract us to the instrument, of the subjects which pn~vMe their names: Astronomia, Musica, etc. I'hev're humam~id On the other hand, Blagrave's was to a degree and yet s(mlehow, as people who've seen a democratized aL,ttrolahe, the jewel being 'aiwns' say, detimteh" n~ human. So even supplied with his original bcmk as printed when Astmnomia holds an armillary sphere, paper sheets, meant to he cut out and mounted she Lr~rl't really u.,,mg it, she's per~mi~ing its to form a cheap working instrunwT~. Paimer's use. In tact, m the main view of her she stands Ixx~k didn't bring the instrument with it. But behind the (male) astnmomer, mspinng him the first section consists of ~ for and eggmg him on (or nagging him). making it yourself, which seems to he the author's expectation; while Moxcm, being ~es, nght, you're we've stumbled into the Fig.l Wt~tcut showing a u~man suneyor more canny, advertises at the back of the prehistory t~ advertising! The true lob of the bnok: 'The Catholick Planisphe~, call'd Bla- mu~ is to attract and inspire. A textile- using an astndabe (together with dwiders, grave's Mathematical Jewel; made very exactly deficwnt female caressing a motor car isn't cross-staff, quadrant, and square), from on Past-boards; about 17. inches Diameter' (no using it, she's luring us into umng it; she Danti's treatise on the astrolabe, 1569. price). This is exactly what the lady has in per~mlfies the attractivene~q and thrill of the front of her in our engraving. She is moving car, making a hard, smelly, noisy, ugly, dirty, my two favourites, one of them the eldest and the index arm, which points to the scales of violent mechanism seem "desirable. ,~nd it;s the other one the n~st beautiful. the same with an astrolabe. degrees and hours anmnd the limb of the astrolabe; a pair of dividers and Palmer's book Not that this was my point. I was )ust Of course, there's Cathenna Elisahetha Heve- are aLso on the table. preambling my quest (! think I forgot to iius, the astnnlomer, who is depicted twice in mention my quest) to find the earliest her husband's Machina Coelestis (1673-79) Not that our heroine, with her ample )ewellery depiction of a woman using a scientific collaborating with him in their observatccy. It and splendid tablecloth, seemsto belong to the instrument. What i want, you see, is a real sounds plausible that she may he the first paper-and-pasteboard community. Someone woman - a human being in a frock. All these really real woman - ] mean'one with an has suggested that she might be a really real goddesses and glamour-girls won't do. identity, as well as a frnck - to he porlrayed woman, the illustration being a discrete tribute using a sc/entific instrument. I've taken these to (say) a noble patroness. But no candidate The answer - so hr - remains the one l better-known Hevelius unages as my termi- emerges. Palmer's patron was John Twysclen, suggested in a footnote to an article I wrote nus, my quest having been for earlier ones. a medical doctor, the editor of Samuel Foster's a couple of years ago. The first picture of a works on dialling, and a bachelor. The na~rtal female using a sc~mtific instrument The belle-of-the-ball, almost a century younger archetypal English scientific lady, Margaret appears to be in Egnatio Danti's rrattato dell than Danti's w(xidcut, is the beautiful en- Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle (celebrated U.q~ et della Fabbnca dell" Astrvlabio, published graved h'ontispiece, or rather illustrated title for her flamboyant dress), was a contemporary in Florence in 1.'~, and again in 1578 (Fig. page, of John Palmer's lithe-known b~a~k The as it happens, but no connection is known, and 1). It is one td the conventional tower- Catholique Planisphaer: Which Mr Blagrat,e in the 1650s she was in exile with the British measunng w~x~cuts which always illustrate calleth The Mathematical ]eu~,l .... published in rnyal tamily. sixteenth-century textb~ks on angle measur- L(mdon in 1658 by the famous btx~kseller and ing The figu~ of the sunevor is often instrument maker J(~ph Moxon. The auth(w, I find it impossible to view this picture without vaned m type and dress - a m~mk, a naked Palmer, was a clergyman and astronomer, who the very strong impresskm that it is saying, boy, a workman, a well*dR~ merchant or collaborated in a small way with several nay insisting: this instrument and these sd~dar - evidently to suggest real ccmtem- instrument makers. Appended to his book, activities are accessible, suitable, and desirable porary types of" person who might be for instance, is a short descriptkm of the cross- for l~)iite and educated ladies. This message, l expected (or persuaded) to use a sun'eving staff, accompanied by an illustration adverti~ feel equally sure, is Moxon's and the en- mstrument, and to buy the I:xx~k. So when ing Anthony Thompson as its maker. (You graver's, rather than Paimer's. ! see it as a very Danti's solitary example of tower measuring may wish to note that what E. G. R. Taylor early example of the targeting of genteel ladies is being dime by a woman, small and says al~)ut his relationship with Th(nnps(m is that Benjamin Martin and others made mconspicuous as she may be she is a woman incorrect: it's based on a misinterpretation of commtmplace in the eighteenth century, but of .~wne significance. We can conclude that part of Paimer's preface, where the "work- which is usually assumed never to have the picture hopes to draw women into the man' he refers to is m fact his friend and cR~sed anyone's mind before, at the earliest, fraternity (~rry!) of instrument users, or patnm, John Twy~en. Sorry for this academic Cavendish's flirtation with the Royal Society even that women were already seen (at least digression!). (in 1667). m Italy) as not excluded. The engraver of our picture i~ David Loggan, John Palmer's Ixx~ is a simplified account of and it is one of his earliest known works, king This, by the way, wasn't the point of this cover the universal (or 'catholic') astrolabe de~,Lsecl befone he became official engraver to the stow. It's actually supp(~d to be about in Elizabethan times by John Blagrave, and Universities of Oxford and (later) Cambridge. another and much superior picture of a published as The Mathenzatical ]eu¢l (1584-,85). woman using an astrolabe (repnMuced (m I.~v,gan was an accomplished artist too, and Blagrave's use of the term 'jewel' was intended the cover this issue). Needle~s to say, my drew the originals for many of his copper- of only to convey the preckmsness and desir- d(~ier of depictions of using instru- plates; his excellent portraits, in particular, he women ableness of it - it was a "treasure" for the ments thick since very few fit my generally drew from life (most engravers Ls not a one, practical mathematician. But the word may cnteri(m they be real(istic) women in copied from Paintings). His views of Oxbridge that have led th(woe who devised this illustration 80 frocks. So I thought ! would introduce to you colleges are justly acclaimed for the/r extra- years later to endow the instrument with a ordinary detail and accuracy. This is a

Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 51 (1996) confident work by the 23 year old l.z~gan, It was at exactly this time, 1652-54, that Mox(m intriguingly, a hnk is established thn+ugh though the ~'ruffy ba~ttom line seems It.s s~mmed in Holland, doubtless al.~ learning [x+ggan bHween Moxon and the Hondius [nature. skills which were m better supply there than in family, suct'es,,~rs of the great Flemish g]o['~, England (ghg'~e making, presumably), and maker lt',d~wus Hondius (who died in Ihll); then hnnging back with him Blaeu's textkan~k which in turn place~ Moxon in a more I don't know whether any(me has noticed this tm ghR'~es, a translati~m of which became his coherent and cosmol~dntan globe-making early ag,~ciation between Joseph Mox¢m and firstpublication Moxon's main business there- tradihon than may have been susi~,cted David [x~Lgan, but it is itself of ~me historical after was as a maker of and writer tm glob~. relevance Anything to do with Moxon's i've digressed again, I'm afraid; but it's race to background and madus operandi is worth chat anm]esslv with old frwnds Anyway. I knowing, for wasn't he the consummate It's t(~ much of a coincidence h~r me to refrain hope I've shown that h~klng at plcture.~ ot mathematico-instrumental entrepreneur? Log- from ,,l~,culating that the acquaintance b,~ women need not he such a dull and bra|nles~ gan (who, incidentally, was born in the same tween Moxon and Loggan, evidenced by this pastime town as Mr and Mrs Hevelius - Gdansk, in engraving, began in Amsterdam, and that Poland) came to England about 1653 via Loggan's coming to England was connected Author'~ addre~ Holland, where he was a~,~ciated with the w~th Moxon's return Mox(m may have (as ~,|uy4"l,m t~ the ftl>h,rv t# Science Hondius family of Amsterdam, of whom they .,.ay) 'discovered' this great engraver, and 13n~ad Street Hendrik was one of his teachers of engraving have b~n his first patron in England More (.)x~,rtl()XI }A/

Three Important SIS Events

Report of SIS Workshop at Oxford Stuart Talbot

Fig.2 Chrlsh,l,/icr 1 Ih,n Ctl~,,ravln~,, mtcntlv

of the numerals that with both rat(final and intuitive companstms unlocked their maker's secrets. Before us ~m the table lay Giustfs 42 cm astn)labe (iC 18(I)previously attributed to the scl'a~larEgna.,in Danti wh~e name is m fact ln~nhed tm the astndahe. The punched Fig.l Our President, Prl!ti'>~.,,r Gerard Turner, ~,,i;,111~: t115 keRnot,' and engraved numerals now hrm],,' indicate address in the Libra.. cq: the Mu~um of the Histo~. ~ Science. this astmlahe as hehmglng to a group of twenty four instruments of the Giusti work- ~op. The u~ of a ~nes of punches tm C;,usti The Art of£ngraving held at the Muaeum of unde~tanding. ]'he readings and analyses instruments intn~luces date classification the History of Science on Saturday, 16 obtained were both the subjective and objective when companng the pumhed numerals to November 1996 criteria sought. dated examples wdhin the group of twen~r four Florentine instruments The inscribing and marking of metals such as The keynote address by the ,'~cietv's President bra~s, copper, gold, silver and platinum with Professor Gerard Turner (Fig. I) covered his Gerard Mercator's engraving was of much numerals, arcs, symbols and nomenclatures, detection and classification of two of the excellence frt~m an early age that one of hts and devices m u+ are, in a word, the key to greatest sixteenth century astrolabe makers: earlit~t puhlk-at0ons is a k,ttering ct~yb~+k understand the maker's mathematical inten- Gerard Mercator of Rupelm~mde/Duisberg His distinctive calligraphic swags and capitals. tions. The sub~'t was studied with both the (1512-15q4). and the Florentine worK,~hop of and integral douhk" letter~ as applied to the past and present illustrated by an enduring Giovan Battista Giusti (working 15:~r~-157~). Mercator astrolabe (IC 4it0) identified by craft technique that has altered littleover the The results of this research have been Pn~h'~r turner after cnhcal examinat,m of centuries. Skilled co-ordination of the human published by l'rot~,~+r Turner +, and it was the 'map plate', is tree of the m,~t exqui..m. eve and hand created scientificinstruments that intriguing to follow the analysis of astrolahe examph,~ of the aH of engraving in e~|stence. d'istill the es~nce of ~ientific theory and inscnpti(ms by means of critical magnification [he Mercator Atlas of Furope offered at

Bulk.tin of the ScientificInstrument ~x'iety No. 51 (19~) in,,trLim~'nl,, ]~'t11~ UN¢%| in ~r,lnd dtq11~',.lic irtm ~1c¢',, ~t~rn ,.Ihl,r,, with i'l~l~,hln{ U'.,;,. Inll.rh~r,. .1111 IIl..l~ht Inhl |hI' IIh".l~ le ~d ] %t-I Mare..,I varm...t apprv, twe h.M taken I~mr.. ol manu..~rq.l m.~r,., b~ hml Iht'.~' t~ere IIIk •.urPr=.,~" ~ ,I.. AIIm'~'ht I h,rer'., I =, ~~ ( ;r~,mr work k, thv ~A;~rk..ht~ Ma..ter ~mlv to ~.v it ,|r,ltt n I hc nl,llor h)t~ I't,, ttl,ru rllt-rrl~,kt,d tru t~ h1¢ h v~a,, tht' llto,.t ,,ot~hl,,h¢,ltl'~| ~t'~mlt'- tllm~ into the...cr.ip bin I hi,. har,.h iudgement ll~dl~,ltln~ ,| ~.'O]*~t ~.)~1~, fll.ld¢' |or lr,ln,,It,r to ,i Irl<,ll ,m,ll,..I,, t,t sundial., tx.r..l',e~li,.t.. ,111~| c.tu.,ed ,,orr~. h, rchlm to tjw k'm'h to .,~.k lb. It'th'rln~ ..l~lr.. the dz.II WtN)d~LII ~. wl,rl" rl.qulri'd l~,rh,vtitm, or alternatively, lind ~ z.r*. the ~ ut-.111d-rj...Ii, o~ t.rJ.1~. It'x J111h.Jllt". Or1 .llt.,,..,d~h hne t¢~ll..td¢'rlll~ lh'lr ~t'o!11~Irv at~)tl~,r i~b A *,r, rul1~, plani~.hin g pr,,~ ~"n'.ureLt thr I'~'~4 hi.1 r OI lun)l.'~. [n~Itldcd ~'r)' t~.,.O h.ld I~'n ~,zr~¢~] in lint, edge whet ~dliam that ~.,rt.lcl'.. I~.tn~ prepared wen. unih~rmh ~'~ t~,n- ol Merc.~h~r, ~ .111 map ~iI I~',,~ - thr L~l~t~.r. Ih~i~ I.,m.m/ had ~(I ~ t(I cm liar. I]~, cl~.nli(al ...hvlf akmg~.kh, thv tvacut~ llr~t ~l-,e O| the Mt'r~',ltor ~r~q~thql ~)'~t'r vn~r.~ ed ].I,zh'.. ,n .111 lhelr ,,ur~e~.ll ..Pk.l'M, mr. wouM I~" outlawed h~lav! l"~It111,ltt%] .It L~IIO II110- I Zlllll~l)ll thc ~tl,1- '~ .htlrl ,.~ thv ~ht.ld,~11.1rl h.lrd to .~'II at L,"~LIk~I h.1~.111~ I~r~'tl .~.It| .11k round ] l~nltrv I~.~ ~'t' d md..ll'r t'ngrd~.t~r dt wot'k i~ hlm.'m.lt- h~k LP, lllhl All ,I1111~,'~.'ot 1~" l~]leean I lhr.lrv In~. ~l.'l, .,.,Is.,' Ih~. i111¢,!1,~t, dt',duril~,, slrt.nglh .Ind tt hr," l'.ml.~ I )rt burgh h.ld k.udh a~x'mhled .I .ol~.'l'lltr.lllon rt'~ltllrt.d wht.n n~.lnipulalinl/' th. o~,)~rtunlt~ to -tLtdX tht' ?r,,~tr.-.m tr~ll~ , IIr,,ll,,t,,~1, ,ll ,.~'h'~thm t~t hI.i|'.. L Ilrl..toPhl'r burro ~ahen vath tncl..e~m is final .,M ab~dzm. nl.lnu.

SIS Visit to Old Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 26 October 1996 gtrphen John.,,on

linlt.d to ¢otn¢ld¢' tt'ith tin' ]n,.trumInt fair hlkitl~ |~I.I¢c on Ih¢' ,,,anl¢, ~tcvkl.lM. Ihi., onl,- d,IV ~. I',1| It) (. trl't'111,~, Idl ,|llr.id~.i nlt.,rll~t.r~ from the '%etherl.lnd.,, Ik,l~iun'l and North Amt,r=<.l. ,I. ~ell .1~ the L IlllI,d k,.~dom {Jl~) Ihe d,l% ]~..~.ln ,llh.r ~otk,~' with .! nt~.rllll1~ hlllr t~l the ()b.~.rxahlrv'.. public ~.llh'r=t... (h=r mh'rn.ltior~.ll hand di~ sded Jnh~ ttxo ~r~tq~,~, to e,l,.,e our |~a,,~l)~l' on tlzl' ~av and ~ ,l'. ~utded round In thv ~.lP,Ihl¢' h.lnd.~ td ; " ,I --z'." : - :'-. - : ;'; "-;.~-'-''.~-~ ' • ' - (,h~ri.I ( Iifh~n .1rid M,Iria lik/in,.kv, the ttlr,lh~r,., ot IIJ~.l~,llion ,llld ,.P~tr~riOlTtV and our jl~,.l., lor Ihe d,lv

(hjr tlnle I~'~an, rt'a..~,~bl,~ cl~u~h. ~ lth thv 111urldhllll hilt' rtlRllln~..wro..s lhe lortN.'t~url. Alh.r ..tr.lddlm~ l~qh ca..! and ive..t al Ion,|hick' /era. ~vr .iplm~.~dled flam..h~.'d lhm..e, lhe t.arliv*.t ob.~.n .|ion l~mldm~, de..il~nvd bv .'4it (IIr=~tophvr larch and comph.h.d in i~7~. Ik,tt,rt. I'llh'llll~ the IIIdln I't~t)nl., ~t' clustert'd Into ,1 ,,mail Ollthou,,t' IO ~iI'w the" mud,tim's Iit,w i.d111,'rj i~.~tlr.I, ~| nltNlem ~¢'r~ion irt- •,t,llh'd tm tl~' ,,tit' 4d an earlier ik,v ice. Not v~ en the nl, v-,t hardbltt,,n am4~i~, u,, ~.vmed tl~i- tou.. hed b~ tl~'childhke hl'.d.'illdtl4~l (d watching ! ,g ~ I'm|z, q,,mt. ~,~ th,' _',1<, rz-zt h~ (.r,','..'z~ h .'zth h'hmd thrm Ihr .re, Ill t~mhluz,¢, r'hhh too.. illl.r, tl~urv~ ill .I pr~qe~'h.d land,~;at~,. lh,N.C, tilt rc~ CHIllI m.t,dh'd t,m.'n~ ~,1,-~ IIr, I. 1I% q,~,\,tltph Iqt Prh'r I K. I.olli~'tlhlll/. I:rtrll tic.h, to the, main buildinI~ ..M tl~'

Hull,*tin .i th,, ~i¢'nttti~- In,,trunv.nt .t~I~II.I~..I'V r~l.|. :~1 (1~) .~lh.r dt',~t+lldln~ h~ lhr rixt,r+.+ldt, hq .t t'td' hlllt h hltlJl tel fJ+.t* lht' Inl~lt + ~ln'l+th+tl~ . Ittl.l. b,ltk tip tht' hdl h, 111." t~i,m'rx.ll,,rl, ~' rvtt~llXVllt'd |,~l' lilt' .lltt.rll+~ql '..+t"..'~lt+n \~+itl~ In Ix~+++l :.~n~tl[+'.. ~.xt' .li|+crll.sh'~l I++'ll~.~'+.'lt t'+~.~. I%l~t'int'n| rl,41lll~ h)r ,1 Jl.illt+I'.-tql l'+..Itlltt'+lt+.+t+ +,t -~'h',led ttl~htlnlt.flt~ ,nld .! h,,,i, ,)t ,i rt.ttll'h.~ht.d ~h~rt.rt.~+in ill)...h+rt, li.l.I...t.l. pr,,x ,dvd x+ tth ,h.,pl,lx, a~.,, n,ndt.n,d ,d,.,,h.h bx the" ~,lu,,4'unl,, rtxh,,pl,lx in tc~'.t ~,',~r.

q,,ra~, X.,tr~,l,d+i,. dhll',, quadr,ml. ,rod ~llrtqlt+lnt'tt,f.+ It-.th' for .llh'lIIh+n .llld the'n' ,Ir+`, lll.lns, llllrl~tllll~ in...trtlillt.tlt.. J +.,..i~ ph',i'~'d .lltd ,,urprl,,t,d to -.*,~' ,,~.xrral l~lh +.¢'llIllrs. ~lllln+`'l+~. ~lthldranl ~, .I'+ ~.+`.H .i.. .i 1111nhthlrt. +`'llth~.-.+`.d ...t.xl.lnt |~. l~.lln..dt.n. ~k,arh ,I lr,ln,,lh~ql,11 d+`'xl~+`'in lht, dt'x~,h,p- nl+`'nl O| the l'~ix x'xl,lnl

For thr hand..-.m ~'~,'~lt)ll (ll~ 1) +.~.t' duh dtqlnt'd ~Ios.+`-, hl h.illdh' lll~. in,+trllnlt,nt +, t~, tl~' IIkr5 t~t tlal~.rmel .rod K.ml.~h.n \nlon~ lht' attratlhq1.+ ~A,I,, +I ~olnl+Jt.~ ~raphtqllt.t+`.r ~.~tth Its.t) ',l~htlll~ ttih"+ ~.ICn+`'d hs. la,l~h,,,, ['Stll red,s` Ithx| hs. I t'nolr ~ ~11+`,ol lh+`: t tlrltmillt".. Fi~.4 t I,z.,l. ,,n .,'-~.,., ~,~z~lz+,Iv, i Iq/t ;h,r+,+ (,'zth,.. ,llh,,h,.,,'r,~l,h lu//','lv~ J &. I ,,.,cm,m, that taught my fs.v +s`,l'+ ,In vl,lhoratt. ~)lt in..trum,'nt ..~.ned l~.nlard l'olan..ki' Hii.. ~arried .I h/arrt, x anant on thv dm~onal -.alr r~tm~tru~-t,.t| thamlx.r~ ol Flam..h~|. the tir.+l ,,,+`m. lht' dial i~, m,w t'xh~hit,~l in the ll,ith ,n 1~hlch+ rather lh.m a .~vnuu+e dm~o1~d .+\,,Iron, miner Royal II~, hmr n~ml,, ol hP, lis. mg ~'t'nluns; t'a,,e while the methani,,m ~an t~.. rtlnnln~ at-rlv-,*, tht' ~on~+`.nlrk ~'Ir¢It~,. +.tl|~diX t- ++luartt'P ,, ,in., row+' prda

SIS Meeting in Geneva, 7-8 September 1996 Visit to the Mus+e d'Histoire des Sciences Trevor Waterman

,\ ,,mall but ~ers.' .~'k'~'! mtematitmal ]4roup of wt, wen, till I dn,~v the ~tlrtatl'l~, on ,~undas. ~,nd mad|' u- all h~'l a htth'

Hulkqm oi tl~, ~lentiltt- Jn.Mrument .%~it,ts," ,~o. "~1 (I+~) % tlg5 /r,';',,r i\,~t,'rm,m ~th,' ttz/'~ 0r~,'am:.ct) ~t,m,t- l,rmMlu m Fig.0 I lt," dz.t,la.u Ot atm, ro., Ol,C ;etth It. Kit, %.It ~'~ t/If .~'tlt'ltllh| dr' I,'t'~tt'tlls" IH its nt'w r'hOiPtl/~'. tul x le~, ox er thc lake [he Mu,'um t~ not the amaz.ng Kla/ed cab.nets that l have ~'en, pn~olem that all collectt)rs and mu~,ums have biggest nor d~',~ it haxe a large colltxtlon but and the u~" of graphics and text on l.ucite l'~,vn wr~,thng with for years. ~x hat ]t lack. In .lit, i- more than tom}~t'n~att'xJ ,heel, allow~ the In-trument~ to be ~'en b~ xerx hie examt, le, m each part ot the t~ithout the lal~'N ,ff,,~.urmg the view lhis collt~.-t~on 1-he \hp,eum ha', ,,omt, ot the hne,,t nleth¢~?l ot mt~untlng the iil.,trtlnlentb, is one We were all o~ erwhelmed by the warmth and ,undmt, ~t ~g ~1 and ,urx ex Ing m-trunwnt,, and that man) inMitutlon,, t~ould line to be able to generic, it v of our trmnds m (k, neva. All the a x z.rx gtm~t| colh'xtton of rnl~,ro,.~o[.~.,, banlm- u~, 1 u¢lte can by u,,ed ~xflh great imagina- ~,tatf at the Mu~,um were m~t helpful, and eler,, and orrertt'-, tion in particular to ~hox~ a mlt:n~,.,cope with our gratetul thanks to Dr Marganda Arch|nard all it,, atte.~,orle.~ t~.lthotlt the motintlng,~ for arranging the ~isit and making it all .~ I'he ~ollechon i. dl.pla~,ed m the mo,.t o~elT~tllAerlllg the oblt'x'ts (fig.h) l'his is a enioyable

Visit to the Geneva Clock Museum Val Cowham

\ ,,hort bus ride t~k our -mall group to the to examine in more detail (lit, wa~, an early on top of its ca~, crowed three times, t ;encx a L k~ k Mu,t.um pn~perl'~ know a, the ~uth German table clock of rectangula'r followed by the twelve aim,sties who marched \ltl,ee tit' I'|torlogerle et de I |:madh,rle. ~hape, ~,vlth a hlghb. detorated gilt c,|~,. Its around lt~, turret to the ~mnd of tinkling ~herc txt' t~t're ~elcomed b', ID. ~tlrator, mo~.ement had bt~,n remo~.ed |or US to ~t~t" bells. Mary the Virgin, who wa~, to be ..,een in tabu.nnv ~turm |he \ltzst,um I', hou,,ed m It~ deepl~ enKraxed qo.'l platt-, and the the centre, turned to the Angel Gabriel, with ,in e.lrl~, lqth ~.entur~. I'alladtan ,tvle ~llla. and alteration, made b~ a (,enexa cl¢~-kmaker her back to a _skeleton representing her it,, t ollextlon ol dtwk,, ~.~atcht,~, and enamelled to ~mpro~ e ~t~ tlmekt~t,pmg by the removal of mortality. As thi~ was iinl~,hing, a ioyous mmlaturt~, date from the 17th centur)thn~ugh ID, origll'hll tohot estapement, and with the .~und was heard from an adloining rt~,~. It to nh~.lem tlme.~ 1-he t.mpha~,i,, ot it~ t ollt'x tltWi ~ub,,tltuhon o| an 'tip to date' balance wheel was a 'Black Forest" clock with an organ t,, on the ~ork of Genexa artl-t,, and in and hair ~,pnng l-he other ch~'k was a mechanism i~w.ered by two .small bellows. parhcular, their ,.kill m enamelling, ~htch I, (;ene~.a apprentice', 'ma,,terpiex-e" with a h~tll'ld In mare ol it.., exhlblt ~, Its iolly tune ~n collected members around complex dial ~howlng not onh the time in it. hours but al~ the date and /t'~diac signs. It ()t particular Intere.,t to mt.mber, o| our l~ thought to be the iir,,t chwk to have a "~t~.'let~. ~,,l'~ the ,,mall collet'tlon of ~atch and •,v, eep ,,~x-ond,, hand lhe Mu.~,um al.~ hou~ a wonderflfl collec- ch~:kmaker, t~ls that ranged from s,mph, tion of I~)rtrait miniatures painted in enamel, watchmarker,,' turn,, driven bx a ,,imple I~w, plus an impressive lint~up of watch dials to more complex dix Idmg and wheel rutting A complex automaton clock attracted the covering more than three centuries. An adioin- engine,, the ~orkshop of l.ouls Cottier. a attent.m ol our group as nt~m appn~ched ing case houses a display detailing the t;enexa ma,,ter cl,~kmaker, ha,, been pre- At the moment of 12 o't'lock, .~me figures enamelling pr¢~'t.,ss, showing ~me of the tt~ls ,,t'~ ed and given it ~, 1.1l&.n r~,~m. It give,, m, a rotated in it~ turret tinkling ~me bells, involved, and providing a laminating insight ~aluabh. revord of a ~atch and th~kmakers' lollo~.ed by a loud silence. [)i~ptm~intt.xl ' into its art. ~ ork,,hop tram ear]ier thl', centu~'. and aboutto mine awav members were relle~,txJ to ~a~. a keeper ,lpl~,ar with .~)me With the visit complete, members dispersed to Mine btorm had taken two imf-~rtant table key,, who quickly re-tnggert.xl the mt~chan- ch~k', trom the .Mu~,um's store for members various rt~taurants for lunch, and further ism, which no~ functioned correctly. A ctv,:k .,,ight.,,eeing befl~re their return home. h Bulletin of the .~'k'ientific Instrument ~:ietv No. 51 (lt~16) 19th Century French Scientific Instrument Makers XIII: Soleil, Duboscq, and Their Successors Paolo Brenni

Simplified genealogical tree of the families Soleil and Dubo~cq (The names of instruments makers or lighthouse rnanufacturv~ ane in bold capitals)

I 1' l I __ _ _. 1 f ------,.= ilom~ c~mm~ SOlJF~ Heen~ WAt~31E~

1 --.-, Ik.mk.~ J~o~mf~t.glL I 1 ~._l i [ i

The name ~,leil can be considered the firm almost held a monopoly in this apart /rom the fact that his reputation emblematic for an instrument optical field of precision instruments. was mostly due to his pioneenng work in maker. In fact, among the most important the field of lighthouse echelon lenses French scientific instrument makers, the Becau~ of the complex family relation- (Fig. 1).' In 1799, we find the optician firm, founded by the Soleil family almost ship among the members of this dynasty two centuries ago, was certainly one of Francois Soleil (Fig. 2) installed at 14, rue of scientific instrument makers it is du Cirneti~,re AndrP (since 1844, rue the most prestigious, wh(~e reputation necessary, to show here a simplified was universally appreciated and wh~e Suger). ()he year later, his address was genealogical tree (~C~e Table above). rue des Filles Thomas (which became a products were ex~,rted worldwide.' The Moreover, the members of the ~deil couple of years later 1, rue des Filles firm manufactured instruments for phy- family had the annoying habit of signing sical optics, ~,metime called haut; optlque their documents as well as their pn~lucts or optique sup,;rieur. This denomination without mentioning their first name. For included all the apparatus for studying, these reasons, many bibliographical demonstrating, and measuring the most works and encyclopaedias confuse the \ various optical phenomena, but it did not biography of Soleil grand-pi're with the include microscopes and telescopes, one of his .'~m, often amalgamating them which, apart from special exceptions, together.: were rarely made by Soleil and his succes~,rs. The excellent quality and the Francois Soleil (Soleil~,rand-l~re , ?-1846) extraordinary variety of their instru- ments was such that, for a few decades, Very little is known about Francois Soleil,

ic~, "x ,,~ ~" >I

FI~.I0,--PRK~IJ[r LtsI~lrlLL[ ~I~, IO.--PI~EMIt~IIF irnlTILig POL¥OO~ALr. A f'.CHfLOHI I AIIlaIPLAIRI 1- • I~CNI~LOT4$~ i Fig.2 Jr, In I¢,lptl,t," t r,ut~ot, >olcd ,t ~otn: gch-II~ de i',. de i °' ofdre, sO:z. K~ht.lle d~. ~'s' de if' ordre. JSzt. Lthc[l~ de ~;. Mu.,~e rt'troseectii de la clas,~, I~ I l'exposition universelle internationale de Fig.l The.first thn'e Fn$nel len~. made by F.Soh'il. (From: E. Allard, op.cit., note 3). 1~'00, Paris. 1.~b.

Bulletin of the ~'ientific Instrument Society No. 51 (1~) t I ~ Thomas). In 1812, the address was rue .~uitable pieces of gla.,~." In 1820, ~deil any enthusiasm for the project, and the des Filles St.Thomas I, and 21, passage first made a I~dyzonal lens of 35 cm results of the Jackers's work was di~ Fevdeau, while after 1827, it was 23. diameter, and at the beginning of 1821 he appointing. As it turned out, for several gaierie Viviem,.r~e."Dunng the first decade completed a sec,md ~me of 55 cm and years .~)leil remained the only manufac- of the century, .~leil was advertising the with a focal length ,dr 70 cm A a few turer of this very special apparatus. At construction of a telescopic rangefinder. months later, a k,ns of 76 cm diameter the French national exhibitions of 1819, It was probabely the lunette nm'r,,m,'trutuc was completed. 1"hl, gla~s sector~, which 1823, 1827 and 18~, Soleil was awarded with a birifrangent prism which had been comp~ed the firstlenses were flaton ,me silver medals fiw his lenses. In 1834~,Soleil pn*l~=d bv the Fnmch scientist and side and curved on the other. The ,~rand p~re rented his workshop for the explorer Alexis Marie du Rochon (1741- experiment and the test with the~ c~mstruction of lenses and lighthouse 1817). In 1812, F.~*leil got a royal patent pn~otypes were highly satisfactory and lanterns to his s,m-in-law Jean Jacques h~r the invention of the prapu~,raphr, c,mvinced the Commi.~ion, which or- Fra~x~is." The activi.ty was succesafullv which was a kind of improved camera dered a series of eight of them (76 cm) to continued. Francois subsequently pa,"~:I ob.~ura.' A few years later, he al.~ be installed in the Cordouan lighthouse, the business on to his s~m-in-]aw l.~tour- adverti:,~-,d microsc¢~, achn~matic tele- one of the most iml~rtant in France. neau. In 1852, the firm was bought by .~opes and various optical devices. In Meanwhile, Fresnel asked the director of L.Sautter, who in 1870, in a.~,~ciation 1819, ~leil married Josphine Alexan- the Saint-Gobain glass /achn'v to try to with Len~mnier, created the L.Sautter, dnne Fran{oi~ Fontaine (18~X)-1875) and produce the pieces of the prismatic rings Ixmonnier & Cie, which for many decades started a profitable collah)ration with (which approximately should have the was one of the most imp~ntant French one of the most famous phy.,,icists of his desired shape) by directly moulding their manufacturers in this field." In the same time: Augustin Jean Frt.'snel (17t~-1827). sections in cast iron n~)ulds. The results year, Fran(;ois Soleil was hit by cerebral in spite of a very short life, Fresnel's were quite go~ and ~deil could work paralysis. Completely unable to carry on contnbutions to the stud,,' of the nature of these secti,ms of a,v avoiding the pre- any kind of activity; he survived until light remains a cornershme in the histo~' viously necessary hmg and difficult 1846. of physics" which can hardly be sum- operati(m of reheating and compressing marised in a few words. He was able to them (rd.buh'ment). Furthemore, 5oleil. Jean Baptiste Francois Soleil (Soleil demonstrate mathematically that the following Fresnel's suggestion and p~re, 1798-1878) diffraction phenomena could be ex- thanks to financial help from the gov- plained by considering light as a wave. ernement, provided the machinery, The imp~nlant activity in the production Furthermore, Fresnel explained the dou- which was necessary for grinding and of ~)pisticated laboratory instruments ble refraction and I~)larization phenom- polishing the prismatic nngs. The rings really began with Jean Baptiste Francois ena by assuming that light waves were (actually theirsections) were glued to the Solei'l (1798-1878), the ~4m of Francois." transs:ersal. (The corpu~ular theory as horizontal rotating disk of a vertical After the obscure early years, during ,'ell as the longitudinal wave th'ex,~" lathe, while two special moveable arms which he had a rudimentary education, were inadequate to explain double beanng the working tools shaped their Soleil followed the physics courses of the refraction). In June 1~19, Fn.,snel was faces." Around 1821, Soleil bought a famous scientist Jacques Alexandre appointed to the French Lighthouse hou~ at the Chape]le St. Denis, in the Charles (1746-1823). it soL,ms that he Commission. The Commission, which outskirts of Paris, where he subsequently was also an apprentice in the ParLsian had to improve the performance of installed a larger workshop. Here, the workshops of the instrument maker lighthouses, was e~tablished in lflll. At lathes and the various machines were Haering (appointed by the Duke of the time, the largest lanterns were hors~e-powered. The lantern for Cor- Orldans and by the king of Wi~rtemberg) equipped with Argand lamps" with douan was tested in July 1822 on the and of the mechanician Palmer, who metallic parahdic reflectors, which were Arc de Triomphe at the Place de i'Etoile and were both active during the first decades exF~'nsive as well as difficult to manu- the expenment attracted the curiosity of of 19th century.'* In 1823, Soleil p~re facture and to maintain. Moreover, the the Parisians. The lantern was completely appeared h~r the first time in the records h~s of light bv reflection was more ready one year later and it was installed as optician at the 7, rue de Nazareth and important than I~v lens refraction How- in the lighthou.~. The success of the new two years later, he was established at the ever, large k'n.,,es'would have been very system was clear and aroused interest 35, rue de I'Od&m. The firm remained at difficult to manufacture, and would have al.,~ outside France."' In 1825 the Commi- this locati(m until the beginning of the been t¢x~ thick and very heavy. A couple sion decided to adopt Fresnel's system 20th century, even if around 1851 the of months later, Fresnel pro~,d his first h)r a series of 27 large iighthou~ lanterns address number changed from 35 to 2|, echelon lens to consist of several prismatic and a comparable number of smaller due to a change in the numbering of Paris rings of glass.' The Commission agreed onc,,s. Meanwhile, Fresnel was conceiving streets. to finance the prototype and Fn.~nel a new system fl~rcollecting and deviating a.~kecl the maker F.~deil to undertake the light coming from the upper and At the Ix~inning of his career, J.B.F.~leil the delicate work. The reasons for under part of the lantern by means of followed the activity of his father, in fact, Fresnel's choice are unknown. At first it total reflection achieved by anular fnmn the corresl~mdence of Fr~nel, we was imp(~sible to pn~duce the anular prisms. In Fresnel's first lantern, this know that he also spent some time prisms r¢~quired by Fresnel because of portion of alm(>st vertical rays was c{ntstructing and improving the mechan- technical difficulti¢~ and lack of proper reflected horiz,mtally by fiat metallic ical parts of lighthouse lanterns. In 18.34, working tt,fls. Thus, it was decided to mirrors. he was for the first time present at a divide the rings up into different pieces national exhibition, where he exhibited of glass with a spherical curvature, which So, in the 1820s and early 18~)s Soleil independently from his father. It was could Ix, manufactured with the usual was completely ab.~)rbed by his work most likely Fresnel and his brother lens-making tools. The pieces had then to with the k,nses. Thus when the orders for I~mor who intn~uced J.B.Soleil to the be glued to~ether. Furthermore, because new lighthouses arrived, Fresnel also physicist Charles Babinet (1794-1872) and of the poor quality, of the glass blanks tried to inwdve first the maker Henri to some other leading French scientists of pnwided by the manufacture of Choisy Prudence Gambey (1787-1847) and then the time, who stimulated the ~ientific le Rot, ~dei'l was obliged to reheat and to the Jackers brothers in the pn~uction of interest of Soleil. He became fascinated compress to them in order obtain some echelon kmses. Gambey did not show by the recently discovered optical phe-

Bulletin (X the Scienhfic Instrument Society No, 51 (1996) were made and improved by Soleil. +' With the im~far-ck~ck, il was ptmsible to determine the solar time from the L ~ ".SJl~------...... j.~+.¢+;'~L~ " ._~_, pofarizati(m of light in the sky, which depends on the positi(m of the sun.

Like many other opticians, Soleil ai~) became interested in photography and 1 immediately after the official presenta- tk~n of the inventkm of Louis Jacques Daguerre (1787-18~1) in 183g, he was able to pn~uce his own daguermtypes and to suggest sonae improvements in photographic technology." He al.~ pub- lished tree of the first French ha)klels ,m .ilk this topic.:"

S~leil participated in the French national exhibiti,m of 183.1 (mention honorable), 183q (bnmze medal) and 1844 (silver Fig.3 I.B. .";,,/eli's ~,,'h,mm,'t,'r. (tn,m: tt. Bui~,,net, Manipulati,m medal), in the ltg4lh, his reputation was de physique, Paris, 1876, p. 522). well established because of his superb instruments, and ai~ becau~ of his dose nomena, and dedicated all of his time the ideas of the Italian scientist Gkwan relationship with many of the scientists and energy to inventing, impnwing and Battista Amid (1786-1863). In 1t';44, he of the time, who often profited ~ma his manufacturing optical apparatus. In the wrote an article in the Conq~. Rendu~ shills, as well as &om Soleil's own apparatus. His optical instruments were first half of 19th century, thanks to the describing an instrument for studying equipping the mamt prestigious Parisian research of T.Yuung, D. Brewster, A.J. Newt~m's nngs '?, and he presented, again laboratories (we can truly mention the Fresnel, E.T. Malus, ].B BioL J.F. Arago, with T. Silbermann, an ingenious appa- one of the Collt+¢e de France) as well as the C. Babinet and others, such optical ratus for demonstrating the laws of cabinets of many foreign inst=tutions, phenomena as diffraction, interference reflection and refraction. A year later, he both in Eun~e and in the United States. and polarization were systematically made .some observations on optical The 184q French national exhibition studied, in fact, almost all French pn~,rtie~ of quartz'" and he pn~l~"~d cn~wned ~deil's career. He was awarded scientis~ and several European ones. the use of double quartz plates for a gold medal and in the same year, he who were involved in optical research, measuring small angk~ of rotatk~n of a became Chezulwr d," la l.,.~a,n d'Honneur. required the shill and the ingenuilv of I~darized beam of light'", as well as a At the vet) beginning of 18~), ~,lei] l~"re Soh, il for turning their ideas into in.:+tru- double quartz wedge 'compen~tor' hw retired, tie .~,ld his business to his .,~m merits. Soleil established the definitive polarimetric measurements.:" In the lit'nil and his ~m-in-law Juk.'s Duh+s(-q. ~ design of many pieces of apparatus, 18.Ws, ~deil, who made .several l~lariz- Henri Soleil got the worLshop for the which then became 'classical' demonstra- ing instruments according to Biot's production of optical glasses and c~'stal tion and research instrumenls h)r almost suggestions, was perfecting his own as well as the retail shop, while Duh)~cq a century. However, it would be com- saccharimeter. This was a very iml~rtant acquired tim, work.~hop for the construc- pletely wnmg to think that he was the instrument, because by making use of the tion of scientific instruments, fhe otto- mere executor of other people's projects. optical activity of sugar ~dution, it could tract stated that ih'nri t'~deil had to pay Soleil's original contribution to instru- make fast and preci,~' determination of his lather an a=mtutv of ,-~lO Irancs whde mental optics was fundamental. The list their concentration without the m,ed for Dui~q eme of 4.~f francs.:" &~th work- of apparatus pre~,nted by him at the lengthy chemical analv,,~.s. Around 1845 Si'~,pS were k~'ated at the ~,me addre~ Ac,+d,+mie d,~ Science is imprt.,ssive." In ~)leil pr~,nted his white-light sacchari- (35, rue de I'(k|eon), but It was ck,arlv 1838, he prt,~-,d a device for projetling n~,ter, and in 1847, he invented a 'colour stated that they were completely indt.- the phenomena of chromatic polariza- generator' for improving the perfor- Fm.ndent. l+he two brancht.~, h~rn trom titm; in 183q, a Babinet goniometer, a mance of this instrumt~nt:', which was the original firm were, in [act, to de~ elop polari/ing micn~cope for determining finally de~ribed in a rel~rt at the .~,parately. the angle of bi-axial crystals and a Acad,;mi, • in 1848. This sacharimeter complete optical bench with acces~|ries (Fig 3) was much better than other Henri Soleil ISoleil//Is, 7-1879) for reproducing several experiments con- similar instruments and ,~deil was cerning diffraction and interference. In awarded a gold medal b)' the ~a;t, ~ Ven' httle is known about |h,nn Jean 1841, he prt.'~,nted a l~darimeter fldlow- d'~.n,'our,+.O'm,'nt d," I'ln,iustri; nationah',:: Jacques ~deil i?-1~7q), ~,n of Jean ing the instruction of F.Aragn, an im- which had instituted a special prize fl~r a Baptiste ~deil and Jt~.ephlne Kmtaine.:" proved pocket-microscope and an preci.~, and simple meth~ for determin- His work followed the hmulv tradition. 6:helon burning lens. in the same year, ing the concentration of sugar in solution. but his reputatiem never reached that ,d he also proposed a curious coffee This instrument was s, xm adopted in the his father's, ills workshop, which he percolator! '~ in 1842, he built for the sugar industry. Many other ~)phisticated acquired irom .%dell /~"n' in 18g0, wa~ physicist Theobald Silhermann (18[)6- instruments, such as the polarimeter and dedicated to the prodtk't=on and work- I 11~5) an heliostat, which was simph'r the cyanol~,larimeter of Arago (the latter mg of optical gla.,c,t.'s, len.,~.,s, prisms and and cheaper than the Gamhey's appara- was an instrument for determining the s~,cial crystal plates whk'h were m~'es- tus, commonly u.+~ at the time. Soleil's blue colour of the sky compared to a blue sarv in many experiments as well as for t version was much appreciated and was produced by chromatic i~darization), as optical instruments. In his adlacent .,,h~, used until the 20th century. He al~) made well as the 'polar-clock' invented by he al.,~ sold simple micn~sl-t~|~.-+, sF~-ta- the polarizing micn)sctq~e according to Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 11448, des, binoculars and other common

Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument 5(~it~y No. 51 (1~61 instruments, such as ban)meters, ther- mometers and hydrometers, which probably were also prnduced by other makers. Nevertbeless, in the 18~)s and I I 6(h H.~)leil published several articles in the Comptes Rendus de I'A,ademu" d~ Sciences on crystal optics, a double retracting prism rangefinder, the stan- I dard|~tion of spectacle lenses and various other instrumentsY In 1866 Soleil wtm a IriS0 francs prize (prix ~wdln) lTom the Academie for a memoir concerning the art of cutting quartz plates following a pret'i~ orientatitmY Finally, m his last note for the Comph~ Rendus. he suggested the pt~ssibilitv of using beryllium for making standards of [engthY Henri Soleil presented his optical elements at the Paris universal exhibiti~ms of 18~5 (se~'~md clas~ medal) and of 18~7 (silver medal). ~deil had acquired a great skill in the difficult task of shaping and polishing glass and Fig.5 Jules Duh~'q. eFn,m: Mu.,~v retm- mineral plates fiw the needs of optics. I~darimetric apparatus were required, and, therefi~re, they were economically spectif de la classe 15 I'exposition In a catalogue be published in 1867 he universelle internatiemale de i'~1~1, Paris, listed about 2t~) items. Apart fn)m a few interesting for optical instrument makers. I~W)), optical instruments, they were mostly in 1874, Laurent prolapsed the half- shadow saccharimeter (Fig. 4), which cut cn'stais, lenses, prisms and other represented an impnwement compared special" glag,~s. It appears that by the to the ~deil's instrument, u in the~ lure of glass parts, Laurent invented a beginning of the 1870s the activities of series of special instruments fi)r testing the firm were quite reduced becau~, instruments, monochromatic polarized sodium light illuminated the optical and measuring the optical characteristics wht~ L~I Laurent bought it in 1872, of len,,~,,s, prisms, and parallel plates of the worL~hop employed onh: ¢~e opti- active .,~dution, and in its eyepiece, appeared two differently illuminated gla~s and crystalsY Tht.'se instruments cian. H.~)leil finally retired in the same made p~sible the prnduction of optical )'ear and died in 1879 yellow areas. By carefully rotating the analyzing prism, the illumination of the elements of batter quality. Laurent stated two areas could be equalized. This that, at the time, he was the only one in I.Son Laurent 11840-1909) operation was easier than to match the France to systematically u~, such appa- right nuances of colour with ~)leil's ratus in the workshop. At the same time Ldsm Laurent was born in ~is,,~)n (Aisne) white-light saccharimeter. Laurent's ap- he prop,~L~:l new methods for manufac- in 1840.': He attended the ~'h~l Tur¢ot paratus was succesful and, between 1875 turing eyepieces and i~)larizing prisms. ~ in Paris from 1853 to 18e-~ and, in the and 1886, he sold about 1250 of them. Finally at the 1889 Paris universal same year he entered as a draftsman in Many wen, h)ught by the government's exhibiti~m, he was awarded a grand prix. the firm of Gustave Froment (1815-1865), department of customs and taxes as after In 18'~2 I,aurent retired and sold the firm the very famous instrument maker. In 1875 in France, the duty which had to be to Amedde Jobin. L~m l,aurent died in 18~ he was awarded a bronze medal paid on sugar was ba~,d on the sacchari- i~. from ~:iPh; d'Encoura~,enu'nt for ha~ing metric degree of its solutiems, in 1876, been one of the best workers and Laurent was awarded a platinum medal Am~,,d,~ Jobin (?-1945) collaborators of Froment. For the same for his saccharimeter by the So(i~,; rea~,n, he won a second medal at the d'Encoura,c,ement. His 1878 catalogue has Very little is known about the life of Pans exhibaion of 1867. In 1870, after 14 a list of more than 41K) items. That year he Amed# Jobin. He had an academic years with Froment, l.aurent marritsJ participated in the Paris universal exhibi- education, and studied at the prestigious Marie Mathilde LhJi~,~-q, daughter of tion and again was awarded two gold ~cole i~)lytechnique. He then attended the Jules Dub~,,-q, and entered this firm at medals for his apparatus, in the same military school of Fontainbleau, and the rue de l'(kithm. ]'wo years later, year, he became Cl:ezwlier de la h;c,ion became a lieutenant in the artillery. In thank~ to a family agreement, l,aurent d'ttonneur. Laurent not only developed 1885, he retired from the Army and ~.uccedet'd tO Henri ,%dell. He was able to and prnduced new re~,arch and demon- began his career in the instrument- revitalize the languishing workshop and stration instruments such as pn~-lors, making industry by buying Laurents's m 1877, he had ahmt 20 employees in his lamps, colorimeters, polarizing micro- firm. Like Laurent, lobin tried very hard workshop plus a few other ones working ,~'opes, spectroscopes, etc.," but for a~)ut to m(demize his firm and introduced at home. In 1873, Laurent successfully 20 years he al~) constantly worked on tba, ba~t machines and techniques for participated to the Vienna universal impnwing their optical eh, ments, by manufacturing optical apparatus• His exhibition developing parallel glass plates, lenses instruments, which were often devel- and prisms. At this time tba.~, eh,ments oped in coilatxwatitm with highly dis- Sacchanmeter (a family business!) played were prnduced by trial-and-error proce- tinguished scientists such as Charles an important fide in the .,~.'ond half of dures, and there was almost no simple Fabry (1867-1945), were at the beginning the lqth century ft~d industry and and efficient apparatus for testing them. of the century of a strikingly medern .,,imilar in.qruments, often called diabet- design. Particularly important were ometer, were used in medecine for Jobin's interferometric apparatus. Be- measuring the amount of sugar in unne." In trying to intrt~luce fast and reliable tween the end of 19th century and the For these rea~)ns, quite a large number of pn~:edures fi~r impnwing the manufac- first decades of 20th century, Jobin's

10 Bulletin tff the ~'k~ntific Instrument Society No. 51 (19q6) optical instruments were among the photographer, who tt~lay m ctmm+idered m(mt sophi.qicated pruduced in Eurt~e a real master of early pl~)tographic still and his firm was among the most life.++ In 18~5, togetl~r with the chemist important ones such as Zei.,~ in Ger- trend Edme Robiquet (1822-18~)). he many and Adam Hilger in Britain. in impn,ved the method of preserving d n. 1911, the address of Jobin's firm was 31, ctdloditm plates," and in 1861. he pm- rue Humbolt. In 1921, Jobin was elected 1~"w~l a po/won,Rraph, a camera attach- artiste of the Bureau des Longitudes, sent with a series of moveable where he succeeded the maker Jules plateholders, which made it po~.sible tn Carpentier (1851-1921).~ In the 30s, pn~luce a large number of small pictures when the firm was in Arcueil (26, rue on a single plate, in the l~t,(k the fanmus Berthollet) near Paris, he became as..~- microphotographs t~ Reins Dagrtm (1810- ciated with the engineer Gustave Yvon. 19(~)) were produced with l)ub~'q's Jobin died in 194~, but his name equipment, and in the same years sun, ives in the finn /,,bin Yzq,n, k~cated Duboscq presented an arc-light apparatus in Ltmgjumeau near Paris, which as part _ ~ ~.~ ~.. fiw enlarging photographic images. Dur- of the international company Instruments mg the Paris siege of 1870, Dagnm was S.A still produces high-precision optical . ~ , ." ~...~ able to produce gelatine microphoto- apparatus today. graphs (6 cm') of printed messages om- Fig.6 Arago's c.van(v~,hum,'t,'r made and taining up to 3 or 4 lhou~nd dispatches, Jule~ Dulx~cq (1817-1886) impr(,z,ed ~. Dub~'q. (Fn,m: I. [)uh~'q, which were mailed rims and to Paris hv Historique et catalogue...,op.cit., m,te 53. pigtsms. I'he mes~ges were subsquentl'y Few ~ientific instrument makers can p. 28). magnified with the pr~ection lantern and Perfectly represent the golden era of the arc lamp of L~tl~scq,who al.,~ pn~luced French preciskm industry as well as Juh's an)und 1846, but he had m)t fimnd any stereomicmphotographs. Duh~scq (Fig. 5). Louis Jules Duh~cq British optician really intrested in it. in was born in 1817 in the village of 1850, Brewster while in Paris visited the L)ub~v~cq al.~) made several pioneering Villennes (Seine-et Oil). His father was workshop of Dutx~cq, who immediately experiments on moving image techm)l- a cobbler. We do not have any informa- showed his cu~sity h)r the stereoscope. ogy.*' Around 185~, he pnvosed a very tits about Louis's earlier years, but in He began to manufacture the apparatus interesting apparatus, the projection 18.34, at the age of 17, he entered the as well as to pn~uce stereo~'opic phenakisti~'ope. Two parallel disks were workshop of Jean Baptiste Franfois ~)leil pictures. [n 1851, he displayed them in rotating at different speeds in fnmt of a (Soleil t,Pre), where be started his appren- L~mdtm where the steres~cope attractecl png'ction lantern A series of images in ticeship, in 183q, Dubo.,~'q married the attentkm of Queen Victoria during ~'quence (between I0 and 16) were Rosalie Jeanne, one of J.B.~deil's daugh- one of her visits to Crystal Palate. As a painted on the gla.~q disk, which was ter. As I mentioned above, in 184q, when ctm~.quence [_)uboscq"manufactured a near the light source° while in the ~xmd .%tell retired, Dub~cq got from his beautifully made stere~scope, which he tree (made of wt~d) was embedded a father-in-law the workshop ftw the ctm- offered to the sovereign before the serk~ of len.,~s. 1"he latter disk worked, in structitm of scientific instruments. Du- ok,ing of the exhibition. Immediately, fact, at the same time as a cqmden,~r as l~cq's activiW as owner of the firm several Bntish and ctmtinental makers well as a shutter. The pn~ctitm phena- lasted alm(~t ,iO years, which coincided started to prt~uce stere~t'opic appara- kistiscope never became very lm+pular. with the most succt.~sful perit~ of Fnmch tus and imagt~, and it seems that within but it was advertised in the firm's instrument making. Following his father- a few years hundreds of thou~nds of catalogues almost until the end t+ the in-law's tradition (for a short time stereoscopes were sold. in any ca~, this century. Again in the early 18:,Os. around 1850 he was even known as apparatus probably became the mt~t Dub~'q invented an apparatus that "Dub~cq-Soleil') ~', he became tree of the succesful popular optical toy ever made. combined the n~wlng urnagt~, tq'fect Of most k)mous instrument makers in the in spite of the al~dogetic claims of the the phenakisti~'ope with the tridimen- world. The reputation of his instruments ~mmalist and physicist Ab~ Francois sional effect of the stere~tqr,e. The ftw physical optics was unsurpa~, a Na~xfl,~m Moi~mo (1~4-1~84), who was mstrument, which was called stem~nta- fact reinforced by the large number of his a ck "~sed friend of many French ~k, ntists scot,e or bwsc,,pe*', was, in fact. a apparatus still extant in Eurt~ean and and makers, Dutx~'q was m)t the first phenakisti~-ope wdh a ~rit.~ of super- American museums and collections. one It) produce stereo~'opic photo- imposed (am] mat adjacent) steret~copic graphs. Nevertheless, be was largely images. The tR~erver had to h~k in a The 1851 Ltmdtm Great Exhibiti(m was responsible for their impnwement and couple of small mirrors through the an excellent intemati~mal shop window populari~tkm, in fact, his stert~copic radial splits of the stating disk of the for Dub~xscq's apparatus. He had a large daguerrtdypes were amtmg the best ever phenakish~cope. The mirrors were .,~1 display of devices (saccharimeter, hello- made. He developed several different orientated that tww reflected the upper star, cyanotxdarimeter (Fig. 6), arc-light models, such as the pamwamic stert~- image to the right eye, while, with the left apparatus, goniometer, and various other scope and the I~eudt~cope, and, with the eye, it was ix~,,tlble to see the k~wer apparatus for the i~darizatkm phemmn- English inventor Knight, he intrtgttK'ed image of the +.,tert~copic pair, Unh)rtu- ena) which arou,~l the admiration of larger and more luminous k'n.,~Ps.*' For nately, it .~vms that kMav no >tPrd(~arlhl- British as well as foreign visitors. his work in the field of stereoscopy .~'ope has survived m spite of the [act that Dub~cq's physical optics instruments Duh~scq was awarded in 1857 a gold it could be found in Duix~scq's catalo- were ctmsidered the Ix,st of the exhibition medal by the S~rk't,~ d'Encouray,ement de gues until 1885 and he was awarded a Council Medal. I'lndustrie m~tionale?' But the exhibititm al.,~)represented for It would be tmlmmsible in the lim,ted Dub~cq a great opportunity for popu- space of thi+q article to |,resent all the larizing Brewster's stereoscope. The .c~'of Duix~scq, like his father-in-law, was al- optical instruments manufactured and fish ~ientist David Brewster (1781-1868), ways interested in photographic techmd- often mvtmt~l or tmpn)v~t by l)t,hmcq had proposed his ienticular stere~wcope ogy, and he was himself a skilful Almt~t all the leading French ~'ientists.

Bulletin ~ the ~k'ientific ln~rument Society No. 51 (IN~) I! ,A and, in 1868, he invented a colorimeter

• i (Fig. 8), which with a few modifications was u~,~-'d for more than a century. This instrument allowed h,r the compari.,a,n of two coloured solutions of the same substance of different concentrations and whose colour density could be easily varied. Knowing the concentration of a standard .,w,)lution, it was I:n~ssible to determine the concentration of the sec- ond one.'" Lenses, prisms, optical bench~.,s, light sources, and optical de- monstration and pr(~'ction apparatus of every kind (Figs 9 and 10): L spectra- scopes and spectrometers (Fig. ll), photometers, colorimeters, refract- ometers, goniometers, interferometers, polari~opes, polarimeters and sacchari- meters':, phosphom~opes, optical toys were all illustrated and described in Fig.7 l.arge foucault h,'l~,,stat mad,' b.u Duboscq's catalogues: ~ Dul'oscq tn 180.]. cFrom: ]. Duboscq, Hb, torique et catalogue...,op.cit., not," 53, :~:-~'" p. 4~ ~-~ Duba~cq's activity was manifidd. Not only did he own and direct the firm, supen'i~ the production, as well as (.,,uch as L.Pasteur. J.Jamin, C.Babinet, invent new instruments and improve L.13ertin, A.Crova, J.Violle, Ed. Becquer- old ones, he was also a very skilful ell and several foreign ones, required the experimenter and an incomparable de- assistance and the skill of this maker for monstrator. In the latter field, Duboscq the realization of their instruments. Many Fig.8 Duh,scq's coh,rimeh'r. (Fr,,m: ].Du- was an indispen~ble companion of the optical instruments in the physical cabi- h,~cq, Hi.,,torique et catalogue...,op.cit., scientists who were presenting scientific nets from Edinburgh to Naples and from note 53, p. 92t. public lecture-demonstrations during the Harvard to Vienna were manufactured in Second Empire. The omnipresent Abb~ Duba~scq's workshop in rue de I'(kldon. Moigno, editor of Cosmos, carefully A few of them were described by over the one invented by I.~n Foucault reported these events, which were held Duh~.,~zq himself in ~veral articles while (1819-1868). ~ Because of his lamp, Du- at the Con~rvatoire des Arts et Mdtiers, at many others were dt.'scribed by distin- bo~q won in 1856 a gold medal from the the G,lh'¢e de France, at the Sorbonne and guished physicists. ~ And, in fact, from S(~'i(;t,; d'Encoura£ement, in the 18~)s and al.,~ at the court in front of Nal~ddon Ill the correspondence between Dubo.,,cq in the earl,,, 1860s he continued to and the imperial family. Th~.~e events and many .,,cientists'- it is [,~ssible to see improve electric arc-lamps (together with were very successful not only becau~ of the ck~,eness of this collaboration and the Foucault) as well as a pro~-,ction lantern the name of the illustrious speaker, who continous transfer of technological and with several different accessories, which were often the most iml:a~rtant French ~ientific know-how that was taking became a must in the physical cabinet of scientists, but also because of the beauti- place between them and the maker. In the second half of the century. Duboscq ful experiments that were performed. 184~, he prop,~,ed the automatic arc- al~ intr(duced and popularized the use Duboscq, as well as other makers such lamp regulator with fixed arc, which of positive tranparencies. In 1862, he as Heinrich Ruhmkorff (1803-1877), were reprt~,,ented a substantial improvement prop(ysed a very large heliostat (Fig. 7)% always ready to lend their instruments

lip' I Fig.10 Duh,scq~ apparatus for pmjectin R various phenomena of Fig.0 Dul~,sc,l's lantern and arc-lamp with prism and lenses fFn,m: polarization. CFn,m: I. Duboscq, Historique et catalogue...,op.cit. ]. Dub,so, l, Historique et catalogue...,op.cit., note 5.], p. 62J. note 53, p. 84).

12 Bulletin of the Scientific |nstrument Society No. 51 (1996) I ~. i~. Pdlin. IFn,n: N. I~tlt~clnkaff, R,'.h',lctometre Fig.ll Four-prism spectnmu'ter made by Dub~cq. (From: J. h'ntdh" t~mr li,luide, Journal de phv..,ique Dut,~cq, Historique el catalogue...,op.cit.[ note 5.'1, p. 33k thth~rique et applique, II ~:ru', & 18~o, p. 41,3k and to show in front of a laminated engine. At the time, a visit to Dubo,~q's audience, the chromatic phenomena of company was a must for every, ~ientisl Imdarization and interference, the projec- travelling to Paris. tion of l.issajous's figures or the images of a photoelectric micrt~scope .~ Dubo~q's apparatus were constantly and successfully presented at the inter- Because of his practice with arc-light national and univer~l exhibitons. In fact, technology, Dubt~Jcq was, for several only a very, few ~ientific instrument years, resl~msible for the first electric firms so systematically participated in lighting system of the Paris O~ra, all the important Eun~ean and Amer- where electricity was provided by a ican universal exhibitions. ~ series of 480 large Bunsen cells! "~" At the ~me time, he invented a series of A few relatives of Jules Dub~scq were curious devices, which were sometimes also invoh,ed in instrument making. His m(~lified laboratory instruments, for brother Th&~dore (1821-1889?) was for a prt~iucing new and impressive special king time technical director of the firm. effec~ (m the stage. For example, he He was awarded a 'cooperation prize' at proposed an optical apparatus for the 1878 Paris exhibition for 15 years of projecting a rainl:n~w in the theater. Until coilaborati(na. In 1879, Jules Dubtrscq then this meteorological phenomenon formed a partnership with his nephew was simply pnduced by illuminating a and son-in-law, Albert Alexis Dub(~cq Fig.13 Dupr/'s refractometer made" by rainbow painted on a canvas. Further- (1849-1898?) "~ who, in 1873 had married Pellin (Fn~m: Ph. Pellin, "Rt'fractomtre de more, he made a special arc lamp, which Jules's daughter, Marthe Elisa Jos~- M. Duprd', op.cit., note 63, p. 413). proved to be very, gotd for simulating phineP But, for an unknown reason, the flash of lightening, propt~sed a this firm did not last very, k)ng as it was lantern for projecting the effect of dissolved in 1882. In the 188(~s Th&~lore sunrise, and he invented several devices Duboscq and his son Albert Alexis were down. in 1886, a few months befl~re his for pr(ducing luminous fountains and installed as instrument makers at !1, rue death, Jules Dutnw-~-q became Q~cier &" hi other spectacular tricks." des Fos.,~.~-Saint Jacques. They partici- la~gion d'Homleur. pated in the Amsterdam international In the early 1870s, Duboscq, while exhibition of 1883 and in the 1885 Duboscq's successors: Philil~rt Francois keeping the old address at 35, rue de Antwerp exhibition. Albert Alexis was Pellin (1847-1923) and his son F#lix I'Od&m for the shop, transferred the also present in Barcelona in 1885 and in Marie (1877-1940~ workshop a few hundreds yards away Paris four years later. However, it dtx*s to 30, rue Monsieur le Prince. In 1878, not appear that this 'parallel' firm was Philibert Pellin, who was born in 1847, Dutn~cq filled in a form for participating very, successfull and it had quite a short in Paris, represented a new generation in at the third Paris universal exhibitkm. life. Nevertheless, Albert and Th&~ore the firm. In fact, contrary of his From it we have some information about also proposed a few original pr(wction predecessor, he had an academic hack- the organization of his firm. Duboscq and demonstration apparatuses."' ground. He entered the l~coh" d~ Art,~ el then employed .~ men and 3 boys. M,mu.hwtun's, where he became civil Another 20 men were Dubt~cq's sub- In 1881 the S~'iet~ d'Encoumgement yet engineer in 1870. One ~ear later, he contractors, employed outside his work- again honoured Jules Dub(~cq with a ~ined Kriegelstein, who was a piano shop. The value of the instruments sold rappel of a gold medal for his instru- maker, and in 1883 he started his in France was around 60,tXkq francs a ments. In 1885, the (~-year-old maker collaboration with Dub~q. In 188~, he year, while another 120,(X)0 francs of associated with his collaboratnr PhilibcYt formed a partnership with him, and instruments were exported annually. Fran(;ois Pellin, in a new company called finally he became the owner of the firm The workshop seemed to be well J.Dulx~'q et Ph.Pellin, whose trade mark in 1886. Pellin continued Duboscq's equipped with machine h~)ls such as was Maitre Jules Dulx~'q. ~' Dub~cq's tradition and his workshop produced lathes, drills, planing and milling ma- supervision of the firm remained con- some of the best French optical instru- chines, which were driven by a IHP gas stant even if his activity was slowing ments, which he illustrated in several

Bulletin of the Scientific lnL~trument SL~:iety. No. 51 (19~6) 13 articles." The world renowned firm powerful and sux'ce=~ful, was severly hit I'rt~ably the largest ~dlectk~n of them systematically ccmtinued to be present by the defeat and lost part of its can be ~en in the Mu.~ du Con.~,nwlmn~ at the natkmal, intwnati~mal and uni- intemati,mal market. Pellin was keen to des Arts et M/tiers in Paris. versal exhibifi(ms sometime Ir~'s con- profit firom this situatkm and to impnwe cours, and from the end of the century, the performances of his firm. One of his With this paper ! conclude this aries of Philib~rt Pellin and later his s~m, Ftqix, collal~rators was sent to the USA to articles dedk'ated to 19th ctntu~. French played an increasingly important fide as study the new manufacturing techniques instrument makers. In fact, many others a membre du comitd d'installation or as well as the busines~ organization im could have been included in my research, membre du iu~ in organizing these the other side of the Atlantic. At the .same but i do beliet~ that I ha~¢ been able to ~it~ a events." In 18q0, Pellin was awarded a time Pellin tried to establish profitable fi~t otvrview of the deteh~pment of the gold medal fi~r his instruments (refract- deals with some of the rm~t iml~rtanl French pl'vis~m industry durm~ the mamt omet~ (Figs 12 and 13), spectrosc¢~es, American scientific apparatus firms splendid period of its hish~. The SIS is etc.) by the S~-iet~ d'Encouraeement.*' (CENCO, Leeds and Northup, W{.,shm)." plannm¢ to gather these articles (corrected Furthermore, he became a leading and sometimes enlarged;, as u~'ll as a detaih'd member of the coum'il of the ~'i.~td FHix Pellin's activity was largely ab- historical ¢~av, in an illustrated bilmxual frantai~ de Phuis~que, president of the sorbed by a series of official duties h~' t,~dume (French and En,~li~), u,hh'h ! will Sundicat patronal des constructeurs en the Mini~ry of Commerce (in Brazil in comph'fe next year. instruments de pr~'is,m. Chezulier de la 1922, in Germany 1932, in Austria 1933), h~,¢tim d'ltonneur in 1894 and (~cier de as member of several indu~rial commi~ Net~ and Refemnee~ I'lnstruction publique in 1894. At the end sions (Chambre syndicale de I'optique, of the century, Pellin enlarged the field S,~'i*~t~ de t#~ysique), and as a memh'r of I. I publL,d~l a sh~ article a few years ago of production. ~h.,sides the optical instru- the l~ards ~ff diffl,rent institutes (institut ,m ~deil and their sut~rs: 'S~deil l~,b~w~-q- ments which repre~nted almost a d'optique, ~ce national des Recherches et Pellin: a Dynasty t~ Scwntific Instrument century ~dr tradition of the firm, he Inzvntions, C,m.~l de Ptrfecth,nnement du Makers' m the Pn~'erdm,cs of the llth Interml- ta,nal ~'wntr~ic Instrument Symlq~mm. edited h'gan" to manufacture meteorological° CNAM). He became Chezwlier de la L~;¢um by G. l)rag,mi, A. McC, mnell, and G. ['E. magnetic and wireless apparatus. d'Honneur in 1921. In fact in the first Around lqO0 Pellin was publishing l'urner (i~,k~na, Iq~l), pp. 11}'7-111. St~ ahlo decades of the 20th century Phil(bert and the 1~2 unpublished typescript by. R. ,',iher- eltn,'en different catalogues which di- Felix I'ellin's efforts were concentrated ,m man, 'The .%deil Family a l~,'nasty ~dr Instru- vided the finn's output into different politics, management and public rela- merit nn~k~-ts as M~bers of the ~'a'ntific ,~pecialities. [he instruments were pro- ti¢ms, while development and pn~ucti,m Ctnnmunitv' which can be tound (I)~'. ~01)) at fu.,~'lv illustrated. Very often, these l~k- of apparatus were ra~w usually in the the Centre de lh~'umentatmn d'thsh,are des lets repn~uced part of the articles hands of technical directors aM engi- Techmques ¢CDHT) i~ the C'on~'rl~lhnredes Arts d~.,scnbtng these instruments which were neers. In 1927 Felix Pellin became the et M,~twrs Many dl~'un~,nts, letters, ph~to- published in .~'ientific periodicals. Ta- owner of the company who t,a~k his graphs and catalogues related to .~deil, Laurent, Duh~'q amt I'ellin an= kept in CDIIT bles, graphs and drawing enriched the name. Finally anmnd lq41, alter the catalogues, which could be used as art'hives. I have to thank here Mate I)~mninique death of F#li'x Pellin, the firm rm, rged l)eplace for her kindnes.~ dunng my search in tn,ati.,~,s on instrumental physics. with the Sl~'il;td industrMle d'mstrumtnts this art'hivls. de pm-~su~n, which in lqll had become 2. Until 18~0, Franqois .~k'il was .,~metimes At the beginning of the 20th century the succes,,~)rsof the firm of [.)eleuil."7 menti, med as '~h.il tgere", while Jean Baptiste I'ellin also tried to expand the firm~ Franods ~deil was ",~h'il//1~'. A~,r that time, activities, nes:es~rv if the firm was to the history of the firm originally the lam.~ ime wa~ known as ',~h'il p~" and remain iml~rtant. The renown of i'ellin h,unded hy ~h'il y,rand-tere is a magni- his ~m lh,nri 'became' '.~deil t/l~'! In any ca~, in France and abroad was well ¢.,stab- ficent example of the development of the the mvolvemenl ~ Jean l~pti,*4e w~ih the iished, but the gr~wing competition of French precisi~m industry, between the hghthou~ technology was quite hmited. 1"his foreign firms such as the German Fm,'ss, beginning of the Iqth century and the contusion is not rt'cent (such as in the Zei,,s, Franz ffhmidt und llaen~h, and first decath.,s of the 2t)th. ,%deil ,¢rand-pi're Dr tnma~, of ~lenl!~c 14r.Nrald#w~)hut started the l-nglish Adam ltilger was reducing and ~deil pere reprt.,s~t the period ~# in the late IVth century hiographk'al and the opl~,rtt,nity for French instrument rapid developement of ~ientific instru- em'yclol~'dic works suc'h as Val~reau and manufacturers to export, in fact the ment manufacture, when the French [)ul~q era, which Mw the supremacy makers began to be internationally 3. M*~I of the inlormatilm cm',ceming the of French ~-ientific instruments, was known and appreciated, l)uring l)u- ct~perat|on between Fresm,I and F. S~k'/I and over, but, neverthek,ss, I'ellin father and b~cq's and Laun'nt's years, the reputa- their work can be hmnd in: Augustin Frt.,mel, ()euz,n'~ Compli'tes. edited by H i)e .%~narn~mt, ~n succl-,,,tullv continued their activ- tion of the instrun~,nts prnduced in I'aris, E. Verdet and 1.. Fres~,l), ~,'o/3 (Paris, INT0). Ities. In I~I0. l:elix Marie l'ellin (187% which c.,spt,cially in the field Of physics al.,a~ E. Allard, Pharesef fuli~, vol. 5 of les 194()), who had studied at the /c01e and physical optics reached its peak at tra~,au~ pubhque¢ de France, edited by L. t~qut,'=hmque, joined hi,; father in the firm. that time, conqm, red the world market. Reynaud (Paris, tqq3; n,prmt Paris. Iqq=;)~ A sear later hi, became technical director, From the end of the century ¢mwards, an~.| finally the general director in 19(13. French instrument makers had to face 4 It is interesting to note that in the mosaic pavement of thi'; eh,gant shopping art'ade Around I~)q, after many decades at the strong coml~titilm from fon,ign industry Old'ned in 1H26, tl~q~, can still be seen the rue de l'(M~m and rue Monsieur it' (especially German, British and later worti~ 'M" SOl.Ell. ING~NIEUR OPTI- l)rince address,s, the shop, offices and American), m, vertheless men like the ClEN'. I-his adverlis4~lt~t near the dlx~r of a workshop of the firm were moved to a Pellins and Jobin were able to modernize ~p• L~ probably tl~. italy ~urvivmg ~me ,~ a new and larger h~'ation at 5, avenue their companies and to continue a Paris,an instrument maker {~ the early l~th d'()rl6ans. In 1912, Felix l'ellinjoined his hundred-year-old traditrm into the 20th century. century.. lather under the name l~Inhh~rt and F~;lix 5. ~ lib" F': 1021 in the Natitmal Awhiv~ l¥1hn In th," Mine year ]'hi]il'~irtbecame e,f Paris.lhis instrument can Mill be seen in the ( )~cier de la I~;,~,i,m d'lhmneur, l~,cau~, of Today, many instruments made by Sole(l, collectilm of the C0nsen,ahnre des Art.~ tf World War I, the German ~'ientific Dul'n~-q and their successors survive in Metiers. instrument industry, which at the begin- a number of mu~ums and colleetiims An~und ning of the century had I~,n extremely 6. 17142, Aim/, Argand (175~i-IH03) both in Europ~ and in the United States. intmdla~ed a new kind of oil lamp with a

14 Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument ~rk~. No. 5t (i~i~) h~dk~v cylindrical wick, which ImduoPd a 21. Thin devioP, lh~nks Io the phe~m pp. 374-370; "N~' mr hi dllvlltkm du plan de m~we lush, J+ md alm~ ,m~4m~ flame. chnm~atk" ixdarvitkm, made it Immauble to l~darulthm des a~uleur~ msultlnles dam unr 7. The idea was m~ a~nplelely new. In h~l a pnxtuce • very senmtive ninti ol cok~ur Limp de qu~rlz i~,rpendicula:re i l'a~e el Ixdyz~mal kms had been pmlmmed by lhe which suddenly ctlnlled with the sdqlhiesl traverm,e par un /aL.iceau de lumii.~ bla~". French naturalist C~le Louiq Leclerc de n~ilti~m iff the phlrle o# i~lri~ll~m xff light. ibid.. 53 (1~1), pp. K40-~I. Bu~m (1707-171~) m the mid.ll,lth century. See J.B. Soleil. 'Note ~ur un perfe~'tkmnement aplx~t~ au Fx~intagedu ~cch~nm~tre', Comp 30. See "Pnr &wdin Rappcwl sur le omomrs 8. The cq~ratkm was refened h~ is n~u/er/e tes Rendus de I'Acad~ie do ',~'u'n(~, 24 (IIMT), de l'ann~ II~', C,~plrs Remlu~ de l'Aca,lemJe veto'. The~ lerms are k~lay m~ a~mpk, tely pp. 973-975 S

Bulletin of the ~-llmlific hlqlrument ~i¢iety No. 51 (l~i~) I.'I plx~.-u~am', Bulk,~m de I~ faa'a'f(~dEm ~urgcement pp. 33~-~h I. bertm •nd |. Duh~'q, 'No~" ~r 55. G. ]'L~nda.r, "La ~'a~ace au nouvel ~q~era, ~,,ur lIndu.~t.e natam~le (IhSH). pp. 4~-511. hs. mimirs magNues'. }ournM de ph~qw ill La luml~a, ~,ctnque', La Nature i m.m. thdw#que el apphqude. I :~'ie, 9 (11~1), pp. 4411- (1875), pp. i.~)-154. 37. I.. Laurent, "t~ar l'~,nenta~m Pr~-~e ,I la 4(17, I. berlin. 'Rapp~ presen~ •u no• du s~'~m pru~-ipale des nk'~ds darts ks. appart~ls ctma:~ ck~ arts ~'om,m~lues sur k~ inventkm~ 56. The artick~ describing thi.q apparatu~ de lxdan.~tam', Com~es Rendu~ de I'Acaderaie de M. )uk~ l)uh~,~q', Hull,~m de b f~'a~e appt~md m the years II~3-IIq~4 m cossets des ~'a'nces. 86 (1878). pp. t~2-t~l; ai~ [.. d'l:mouragement dr I'lndustra" nmam~le (11'~21, and they finally ha'rand • =q~cial i'~x~l~- Laurent. "Meth~ide pratique ~mr I'e~ecutkm ¢•talogue. ~ J. Duht~'q, Catalogue de des pruan~ de N~d e~ de Foucaul~', Iournal de al~retl.* emF~s~es t~ur bl tm~du,.tam de~ ph.~u~ue thi'or~queet apphqu~', 11 .,~'W. 6 (1887). 47. See the •rchives t~ the CDHT. ph~Nu¢ au thai,re (Paris, 1877~ •nd •isn pp..18-43, and "Methodes pratiques p~mr A. de V•uhbelle and C. ttem.,ntinqua.r. /j I'executi, m d~ *~t~'hf~ destines aux m.~ru- 4~ I. i)ubo,~'q, 'Note sur un ~gulateur ~'iem'e ~u th#atre, f.tude ~ur les pnw#d#s mamts de pr(,ci.,mm', =bid., II s~e, S (Igqh). ei~lrgltm'. Coml,tes Ren,lu~ Je l'A,'adema" des .,a'a'nh~que~ cn u~,0e dans /e th~tre na~lerne pp. 2~-274. The la~ two articles wen. al~ ~,'#en,'es, 31 (1850), pp. m)7-g~m, and I. (P•m, I~1. puhlL~led m the Comptes re,du~ de I'Acad~ie Dubsq, "N~te sur une nouvHle di..~ithm des 10"2 (18~), pp..r,45-.g~ and 11112- fa'wnces. de ha l~mlx- ph~tt~h,ctrique', Comptes Rendus 57. We c-m (•Iv liM here Pare (11,1~.~, 11467, 1014 de I'Ac~wlemie des ~'wn,'es, 54 (11~2). p. 741; E. 1t,17141. I,ond(m (1~51, II,k~2, 1872L New Y~wk ~ "Doss,er du tom:t6 .,~cret du 2 Saint-Fdm¢. "N,mveau regulateur de M. I~m 1953, Vk,nna i1¢73, Phil•delphi, 1876, Am- mwembm IO21', Anchives of the Academi~ R~ault. ¢~mstniit par M.I. l)uh~'q'. C0~a*, sterdam 11~3, but [)uix~,:q al.~ Partk'iplted to des Sc~nct~. 24 (1864), pp. 121-12b: J.A.l.L,;~.ajous, 'Com- miraw t~' sf~'iali.,~,d exhihihom. munic•tion sur le regulateur de lum,t~re .~q Natkmal AR'hive~ m I'am, 'Minutier d~ ~. in fad. the ms, rum,his signed 'Dubs'q- electnque de M. F~'ault n~ilk s par M. Soled' wen" made by Duh~'q m the very. finq I.)uh~cq', Bulletin de la fa~'a't/ d'Encoura~ N~ain,~', (,rude CVI, 1031.2N 7.187~ year~ t~ his Uidt~t /g'tivity. la~ur I'lndustrie n~tam.,ie t l~), pp..~1-~1. .~. Alber~ wnXe • h'w art:cl~: A. l.hlh~cq, 4RI. Ah,ut Dub;~q's .~,rts~-¢~ see "S4er~- "SUpl~Wl univers¢l ~m 0lectmdiapa~m perm~- scope de M, Brewsler, e~ecul~ par M. 4F) J. [:)ul~stq, 'Sur un h~li~tat m~uveau', lant d'inscnm el mamt~r en pn~ti~m les Duhwcq', Gmq,tes R,'ndu.~ de I'A,ademie des G,mp~es Rendu~ de I'Academie des ~'wa,'es, 54 mouvemamt~ vihrah, n~'. }ournal de ph~qm, .~t'k'n¢'es. 31 (18N1), Pp. ~; 'Nouveau (114621, pp, blS-h211 and J. l.)uhx~-q, 'N,~' sur thi~mqueef apphqu/'e. I s4qie. II (187~1. pp. 00-62. stere~'opes de M Juhs. l)uh~'q', Gsna~. I un heliostat de grand, dima,n~i~m', ibid.. ~L~ See also Stiegler, 'L'en~.ignement par les 118~2), Pp. 703-70~; F. Moigno, Stern~,~ne el ses (11~2), pp. (~bl4,4~;. pnqectkms', i~ Nature (187~). II ~,m., pp. eP,i~ menwlleu ;-p~'ud~'opr el .ws e~ elran.oes .~7-371). am! ~a'gler. 'l.'acoustique en pnqe¢- (Paris 1892); I. Duboscq, 'Note sur une 5(I. I. l:)uh~-q and C. M~'ne, 'Nouveau tam', ibid. (1t~11)), I ,~,m., pp..RI3-406 • my,lie dispositttm de stereosCoPes ave(' colorin~tre Fa,ur I'analw.~e des matriSres pnsn~,s re~nngents ,I ankle variable, et lent•lies tinctorials au I~int de" rue commercial', (~1. ~ h~r example Th amt A. I.)uhw4"q, mobih'~', G,mptes Rendus de I'Ac,viemie des C,,mp¢~ Rendu~ de I'A,ademie des ~'wn,'es. 67 .q~x'hanmhtm ~ tranges et ~ lumi~h~ blanche'. ~wm'es, 414 (1857). pp, I.I~I.~1, al.~, m G)sna)s, (1~), pp 13.~-1331, and 'Juhs. l)uh~q }ournal Je ph.~,qla' th~w,que H apphqu~, II stqrk,. I0 118%). Pp. 91-~r2 ~umt.t au lugement ...', Les Mcmdes. 18 $ (11,h~s). pp, 274-277. (I~*~R), pp. 75%757. 41..tee 'Kappa,', fad par M lx,,sap~us, au n~m hi. See Nati~mal Archivts. in Paris, 'Minut~r du ctmrti~ des am t~CcW~|ques sur ks. divers 51. I. Dub~x~'q. 'Appared p~ur la pnq*~'t~m d~ Notair~', Hud¢ CVI. Itl~, .7.198=i. mod#les de stert~sct:pes pn.~-ntes par M des corl~ platx~ h,n,,ontalem~mt', Iournal de Dub~v~-q opticien', Bullet• de la S,wU't# ph~,#que tht~)rHue ~ apphquh', I ~, $ (I 87b), h2. Most of the informati(m concernmg dTncouracem~,t la,ur I'lndu~trw natamal¢. $6 pp. 216-21H; J. Ih,hx,~'q, 'Galvamm~,tm trans- I~hilil'~rt I'ellin and his ~m I~lix can be h~ind (1897), pp. 71~-720 parent .~ provtti,m' , ,hit|., pp. 218-21¢); J. in the fihs. LH 21~7/75 and I.H 2087174 ~ the L,'gam d'h,,nneur in the Natkw~l An'hives ol 42 ~ spectally J.E Bm.rger. Frem'h l)aguer- Dub~,,cq, 'Expera,nces de pn~ecti, m cm I',m Paris. m,tvlvs (Chicago & hmd~m, I~), and |M utilise la pel~l.~tt'l~'e th~ impn.sskms sur I,! n.hne', =bid., I sd,ie, 6 (1877), pp. 219216; Eder. Ill-tory (# l'h,,,~raph u (New York. I'~.15. b.1. Ph, Pelhn, 'R,'fraa'hm~tm de M. Dupe', repnnt I qr'/8) I. L)uh~'q and I'annaud, "Appan.il d~tim~ & I'~tide des inte~sit6 iumineu.,~s, et chnmr~- Ioun~l de i'h¢,,que Iheor~quee/dpphqu~, II .,~rie, 43. ) l)ubo~-q and E RobNuet, 'Note sur it" liques des couleurs spectrahs., et de leur II (18~), pp. 411415, Ph Pellin, 'S~tn~-~e colh~h~ m .,~c'.Coml,tes R,'ndu~ ,I," l'A,ademu, de,; m~langes', ,hid., II serie, 4 (1~;), pp. 271-273 ,~ deviation ti~e°, ibid., III ~ne, II (11,1~1, ~,u~,,e~. 43 (18%1, pp. IIq4-1D~, S~e al.,~ J pp. 314-31~; I'h. Pellin. 'i'olarimitre.~ el l)t,l~-q. 'Note sur h" photograph,re, tee de 52, J. L)ub~-q and It. S~leil, 'N,~" sur un xaccharim~,tns.', ibid., IV ~,¢rie, 2 (1~13), M Chevall,'t'. C'omptes Rendus de I'Acad,'mw nouveau coml~nsaleur i~ur sacchrim~n.', pp. 436-442. In the .,,ante p~urnal i~lix I'rllin des .g,u~,'e~. 64 (1~, pp. 573-574; 'Rapp~,'t C',,ml,tes Ren,lu~ de l'Academw des .~wnces. 31 published with C. "Fis.,~d, 'Correction de sur la piaIl~./hette ph, m~graphiqm, invent,h, par (la'~). p. 24~-2~). I'a~tigmati~me d¢..s prisn~s hirifringents'. ,bid,, %t (h,walla.r. d o~trutte par M. Duboscq', IV sen,, 7 (I~'I), pp. 2N6-28'#; and "R~x~i~m t'omph's R,'ndu~ de /'Acad,'mu. d,'~ Sc wnt'es. 53 ~deil. l)uh~'q and their succes~,rs des signaux horaires radiotelegraphiques', printed .,~,veral catalogues and a large d~id, IV ~ra., 8 (1~)~), pp. 117-118 numh.r ~ sl~,~cial instrtalicm leal]et~ hw their 44 Buerger (opcH. note 42), (,. lurpin, inMrul~k'nts. ~'veral ¢~ them can he found in b4. I'ellin partk'ipah,d in the hdh~wing ex- '['image ammee: |e,~ ann,h, |)ub~,,q', l= Ihe CI)ltT. ()f particular ,nterest i~ |. hihdu~: Antwerp II.~l=i (IogHher with lh,- Cmtmatlwqu¢ Ran, ms.. 19 (1~7), Pp. 10-14 l)uh~q, ihst, mqm" el ,=tal,~ue de t,,u.~ le~ b~'q), le Havre 18~7, lhn-H(ma I~, Pans and 1. Manl'~h'l. lae ,~ratld aH =Jr"la Jlimlerf tt de° #nstrument~ d'~t~que ~uperwure apphquis aux ig'~. M~w~'~v I~I (h,,~ ,',m,,~urs), C'hk'ago I'ombr¢ dr= h,'O/O.~l," all t ilWma (Paris, I'tq4, .~'wnces e~ i) I'mdu~trw (Paris, IN4g) In this II~I (h,~ ccmcuurs), Amsterd•m 18~, Brussels pp. 215-217) catalogue lh,h~'q specified that all the 4M 18~7 (h,,'s torn'ours rnemher o( the jury), I'an.~ Iq~lO (member td the ,re, t# d'mstallahon), St 4q. I-,ter other pr¢~,clx,n apparatu,~ of mov- mcnt~ma.d instruma*n~ wcne made m hi~ own h~uis Iq~14, I.=(lU, I~15. Milan Iq~lh, hmd(m mg ImaKe~. which wen. comph,telv dlth0rent to workshop. 1~08 (h~ws ,,m0vr~). Bru.,~,els IVl0, h*rm 1911, lhih~'q'.., tree. wt.n. h.:ph.~'d 'hi,~,COl~,.~'. .~1..~,e Ior e~ample H. lr~-a, "('ompte r~r~lu (;and 1~13. Ihe pn.,sence •t the ¢~hihitkm,~ 46 .~'v Ior e~ample rh lh, M,mcel. i'role,tam de la ~,,xrt~ ~'lentitiqum du 2~ ,wtobm 11~4 •u ccmtinta~l after W;wld War I. d,'~ phen,mwne, d ,y,tMue tl FaMe des aplureds de C;mservatoire d*.~ Art~ et M~i~t', An~les du bS. See "Medaille d'or JIM. Pellin',/J~l/e~m de M l)uh,,~q (Par,s, I~gg); ). i~,rtm, 'Notwe sur C,m,~n~tmr Imperial des Art~ ef M~'twrs, $ la pn~slrm des eXl~ra.~-e,~ dv l~darisat.m ', 1~ ~(wWl~ d't:moura.~rment pour I'lndu.~tri¢ (18n4), pp. 25~-288 or F. Moigno, "Une nmamale, II~ (18q(I), pp. 543-~4. /ournal de phl/~lque t/utwlque el apphqu~e, I wbrl¢, ¢,mlen.l~'e au Palais ck,s [ulk'nes', I.,~ M, mdes. 4 (1~47~iL pp ~-a4 m~l 111-120; J Pa.rhn, 'Sur I0 (11~7), pp. 361-364. ~ al~, R. I:o~, 'I~'~ 66. S~" ci)~fr, Doc. ~1¢,0. I'appan.il redn.s~.ur de M i)ub~.~q', Comptes ctmlen.nces Ilmmdaines s~m~ le .~i~;md Em- Rendu~ de" I'A~ademw dc~ Scu'n~es. 8 (187t~), pin.', IGwnant,sme. 6~ (I~). 67. ~ Cl)lfr, Lkw. ~)'~.

16 Hulb'~in l~ the t';ck.ntifi¢ Instrument ~¢~ No. 51 (I~) The XVth Scientific Instrument Symposium in Canada: A Report

FIg, I I',t~l ~,t tin ,'d.I,;tr,. .%h'a~urc H I, . ,it tll," X,at,,.,d ,'~l.-,'wu Fi~.2 .";I w,tm, ~,~,t,l~,,,',t, ~,t ,l~.l,/,n/ ,~! th," \,~h,,u,~: .%h,.,I,,u ,,, i1~ ~l'h'll('l' lilld [i'(hll(~lO(!l. ()ttalea, ,%l'll'lh'l' d~l~l li't hlh~lO,~'l/. ( )thlW, I

For the s,cond time since its t.~t°lhlish- trance to tilt. N.~tlon.ll Arts (,'enlR' ~t'rt' lint. |~lO.-t.su~,.lutled a I~l,I a.,,Ironomlcal sent in IqPII, the ,~'~'it,nlilit" Instrtlnlt,rll Irv.itt.d to .l wint' .Ind cht'c~, rc'tt.|~.llon. chwk hv Rlt'lh'r tit Munich and a Irovghl- (fOrlllllission held its annual Syllll'~l~illnl chatting away to lht. sound o| .Ln IILdt~lr on ~ll ~lnlnl*-. tran..ll Iclc..~ot~. datt'd outslde F:un,lx'. Alter the .~milh~lni,ln hlunt.un which c~'ht~.d lhe rain oUlslde ( I~HO Irolll I ~illlltllOR [ }t~,~l.l%,ltorV h)slltulion and Ilan,lrd Univt,rsltV had ht~,h,d the meetml~ in Iq~l, the XVIh L)f the eh'~en pall~'rs delivered on syniposium was held in Canada ill Monday, q September Mond.lv. Ii~t. ~rn' |',rt'~'nh'~| hv L'an.l- .'~.ph,nll~,r l~.~f~. II wa~ hi~h~l by tilt, dl.Ln rt.q.4..irvht.rN il'l .Ln .llllLlSln~ l~.on- National Mum, Llnl of .'4~'i¢,nce and G,ch- nolo~,¢ in ()thlw,I..Lnd lhe lil'~t lhl~'~, d°lVs (~ to ,,,erlous hll~,lnt,~s..~hutlh' bu.,~", blo-lnl~ palx'r, i'eh'r ~.on |hth'r ol lhe KOi.li [)llt.|llO .~i|tl~.¢'llIll ILl hlronIo wt°rt ' nlu.~4.'llm. drove us to Ih' Natlon,II Mil~'unl oI slx'IIt .It this Alter lh.lt. demonstrated that a |~.trt~raphiL ullcn~- lhe ~rliLIp moved norlht'a..lW.lrd b,¢ .~'ience and lechnohi~v at lancaster ~olx' I~..' N.ichet m tl~" col]et'tlons o! tl~' ct~zch lor excursions in Montreal and Road on the outskirts oi town. wl~.rv (;colol(lilr/'~'l//t/,~ IH~,trl¢tlh'tlt., a! ttw t'olh'= tin,, M,m,(x,ot,',t dli'l~,lOtl.

,~t (anada lln,, ap|,aratu,, ~va~.apparently low tit the National Mu~.ums of .%'ot- war machnw~ (Rotx.rto M.mto~.mi. Urhi- a hrcakthn~ugh in photo~ramnwtric tech- land rel~lrted on her ~-urrent ~ork tin the no L'nl~,er,,itv), the Van Mu~,~'henhrt,,,k nl~ltW ~.~lth po'.'.d~le appIncatlon., m development of the lingli,,h In~,lrument- Ir.lde ¢.llalo~ue~ (Peter de (.h,r~q. Mu- medocal di,l~n~tl,;~,, hut ne~,er de~ elol',t,d iI1,1kli1~ mdu~,tr~, out~,ide I.ondon nn the m'um ik~,rh,l,lVe), the t'olJt,ttiorl of nnstrtn- beyond the protot!,pe ~,ta~e. In thc I~th and Iqth centvrn'., |:xan)pl~ of ments developed hv jena's optical d|':.~u,.,,non ~' heard that Hlachut'~, ['~,itlt,nct,culled Irom l)rovint.hlJ nt,ws- indtn..trie~ (I h'l~a Ih'v,,, ()pti~-hes Mu- .IF.p.mltu.. ha.. not ~t't Lx.vn tr.m..h.rred pawr.,, ~ave a ~Inmpm, of the ambitious, ~4,uun Carl /ei~.~ lena) and the dete~'tion to II1,. \~.I~T ..o that..i., luhan ihdl.md ~OlX, of her proiex-t. Anne ~ an lh,lden ol of radar t~,lve,, reflected tram the .Kitten's from ~dnev put nt. R.mdall ha.. ~me- the Mum'urn Ik~.rhaave. I,eiden, adopted thnng to do next ~ve~'k' surface hv Ihm~ari.m ~'ienti..ts (i.a~,,,hS an unu~.ual .mgh. trom which to h~k at Kov,tcs Jrl, Jo/sM Attila University), the early de~elopnwnt of the air pump. I)vlx.rah lean ~%arner of the Nahonal th' argu,x| that the changing external Inh'r~,lwr~4'd were PaWrs de,llln~ nhunlv \lu,,~'um ot ..'~nwrn~-an |in',torv. %mmth,,4,- appt,arance of the,~' Xlhlthillt'~, ,lilt| in- with Iqth .1rid earh." 2q)th-centurV man In',tututnnn. ~%a,,hm~hm. al,,4~h~k u,, Phv.~ic~ deed tit any kind of aPP,m~tu,,, may and tin the piOllL~t,nll~ ,it'hJt'%'tqllt,nts Of Into rt'~.'t,11| hl,,lorv w'lth her F~,lper re~eal, at ,I .~.tlbton~ioLl~. ]evel, mmwthin~ (,',madhm ~,ur~eVor~ and ~'k.ntl,,ts who Y,ur~e~un~ in the (.oM ~.%ar' In her of the cultural pretx~upalions and .Itti- oth,n had to lal;.our under difficult .rod dl'~tl,,,~lon of the ¢1¢'~elo|mwnt of electro- tud '~ of their u~'rs and makers ('losing primlt D.e t'lrc LIi11Nl,,InL't'5. niL dl'.,t,in~.t, 111t'dhtlrlll~ ,t|'~pdr,lttl,~ ,1', the day's .'~'~nion, his colleague Rob van ~omnlx~,,noned b~ Ihe t% Army in the (,vnt rum.lin¢,d on lirmer ~round in his lhe day ended wilh the Plenary ..~..ssion ]~()",. ",,ht' ',tr~',,,~,d th,, II11|~rtdll¢-t, Of di'~unsion o~ ,I ],lr~e i~,choni¢ gu,ldrant of the .~k,ntttJc Instrument Commission, tllldlll~ Otlt h,..,~. ".tlth pr, qeCt,, wen, Irom the I ~.=den (.)b~'r(ator*,', on dn~PI.w t I n ,I I1~, t %| with ]~o['~'rl Ander.,,m dt'till~ hoth as in the Mum.ore ik~.,rh.lave, lit. Iirml~, , I're.~odent and .%.'cretarv. lx'tau~. (;er.lrd ,ltlrihUh.d lht, Inslrtlnlent 1o ~,~,iih.m lumer had |yen unabh, to come. lit. I|w ! urolx,an ",pt'akt'r,, h~*k u,, b,l~ kin Lm,,/txm BI,n'u of Am,,tenlam and dated rv|x~rted on the publication of a new list 11111~' J r,lll~ol'., (. h.zr~.th. Irom the Jn'.,llttll nt |N.'twt't'R ¢. ]'~q8 and Ihl~. ttir ('t"-,.'hl(htt' dt'r ~.ltur~ P...~'n..~-h.dten of makers by VA. K.l...,luin. I)l,tn,mmre dC~, t ollstrll~ h'llr~, &'l.~'cs dlll,,trllltlCll/s .~(ll'tl- in J r.lnkttlrt [.~re~'llh.d .I rt'~on'.truclloll A h.l|-~p%rhour wa'. ~.l~.nl in the ('olh.ctlon O| .I ntllll[~0t.,r ~| dt'..l~fls for horarv Ill"t#w~ (Bros,,els IL~h; 10! PP.) and M.m.ig¢.ment dOyle.ion, where items not ,InntlLlll(.t,d the Inlnlint,n| ,Ip|'~'.lr.luIce of quadrant,, dc~ *'~'d I~ the 14th-~untt=rv ~.vrrentlv mdudt'd in d0,,play,~ ,m, stored (kI.T lumer's c.ltalo~|ne of the levk.r '~srmn ...holar lira ..\l-~.arra I Ihe manu- .rod ~-on~'r~ ed (FOg,, 3 .rod 4). •.~npt nil wh, h tlw..~' nlathvnmto~al ex- Mum,urn apparatus ,rod tit a puhlic,dion by hi~ own Britp.h Mu~.um entith~.| t'rll..~". ,in' [.lid dosvn ~,S,l,, dl~O~t,rt~| II1 Peter .h" t'h'nq 1'~2 m .In Irish hbrar,, b~, I)avid king A~tro,oml/ Before the li'h'~.ope, We we~" yqlke .,'~kx'rm.mn Iron1 Ihe Brlti,,h Mu- hnrther told that the next syml~ium was to l~. held in I.ne~e. Ik'l~mm as a two-day '~.'tllll dl',~ I.l,,',4"d the hl,,torv ,llld tim, o| luesday, I0 ~eptember lull,IF llhlll~,iofl%~roups o| ",tar,, t]o~4' h) nwvtunR durin~ the XXIh Internalion.il the lunar orl~=t ,I,, dcpkted on Iun~|~.,m (-'onRrt.'.',', of the ! tl.~torv of ~'it,nce, 20-2b Jhe ?',¢'~hlt)ll t)f p,l|lq.,r~ W,l~ L'tllllllllll'l.| tin July l~V~7. An invil,ltion w,ls ret'elved and ],,lami< =n,,trtmwnlt,, (v,,|~.~ rally a~,tro- the ~'~ond day of the ~tudervnce. ]hey LiJ~t.,,) ,rod nhHltr.~-rIFq~, AIn'..on Morri~m- Irom ~lr, Academy and the i)ani~h ranged iu'~ ~arietv b,.twet.n late nledit.v.il Ac,ldemv lot the ~'iencl.,~ Io hold the

IH Hulh,tm ot t~. ~wnl,lw 101,,Irun)en! .'~w0elV N~ ~1 (I~PLIe~) Fig.l+ K,aPI,t, III I;t,,~,k. h'll. ,h'h'~,ltc +. ,ll'¢,t+t I h,l,Ptt'l,11,1. ,l.tP,,I,lN" ,It th," ,. ,I..1,h.. %ll,.+'.,u of ('lrlh;attl,.I

Fig.5 (,1n,1,1,1.. t.,,.t tPcu.lttcd ,Itthql." Sch'HtIlic IllstrIHn,'tlt : '('h+im/,/,lIHs astrol, ll~ "r hl, ltrd i~01) ,m .hst,hlv I1| the (-'athhthlll Mll',,ellm Of ('ll'lll~ltl(,tl (()Ill|It'll)

XVIIth svmlxlsium at ,%n,, l)enmark .'gara ~'hech,~,r (h,,nuth of the .~mllh,~+- instrum¢.nl.+ cLirrvnllv in the collet'll1.+n is during 20-2=; July I'+qPl, with 'cabinets' nhln Instilution addle.| to her e.lrher 1++1'12 h'm~ pn.pan.d, and a m.w instrume111 as a nlaplr theme. Finally, Jim i~,nm,tt pui+lisht~.| work .Iboul I)1" Iohn I'ril~.'e ¢1t display will own m the l)e Witt ~,~;,lllat~, had an invitation to h+dd the extended .%ah'm.' b~.' h~+kinl/, at an early lqlh ~allerv in ~o~ember l~t+ Ath,r the Iq~t syml.~.,it,m at the Mum, urn of the centllrv rural Massachli..elt.+ .lc.ldemv deliKhttul video oi an IPqh c¢'1111irv tliston' of ~'ience. l.b, hlrd. for which I)I" l~rlrlt-t, ach'd as .lg~nl |or itilh't.ml let'lun.r's visit to 1.~.'11h.lnlsburg lhe l+ondon relalk.r~ W & .~. ]om'~ in the sh1.1wn tht" prt.~l.-i(+ll.+e~.L'nll1~, the alldl. Rob l~ln (~'tlt l>urcham ' ol .1 SUlh. ol inslrilmenls 1)I" ence could be ~.en pult.u~ t'olonl,|l (~'nulh denlonslrah.d lhal lhc.~, wen. n~11 ~.'lllhlm~.bur~ high ~m tl~.ir llsl., ol pl.ic~-. mert.lv dldaclk" piecem, hilt .Ipparalus to liB+. Wedne,,m:lay, II +',k'plember used in at'live rt'~'.Irch; she, then went ~,; to discuss the historiographlc problem Ihe tmal i,,lr~.r ot the day c.lme Imm I-Ilk'mntlv buss~,| lmm our hob'Is to the o| the standards aimed at by An~erlcan ()hl~..+~111¢,h!1, I1¢) ]ong~.r ba.,~,d at ,~hwk National Mum,tim o| ~'ience anti [is'h- academi¢.~ .is ag.ainsl lh1.~, ot college% al holm (~m'r~ah*rV. bu! |fIr|her norlh at breakfast) nologv (and given a .,,econd this perlod.: l-hn Mcknlght. ot lhe lPl~,ala tm~1..r-,ttv Ih1.'n. I~' ha,, I~,~,n again, th. final m'~sion of the |+.l|~'l'~ was ('olh.~e of William and M.irv+ sl~+kt. given the task ot st,ltin~ Lip a nl.w held on the thin| nloming. Anita McCon- ah+ut 'm+ielltitic Inslrtln1¢.nl~i 111 the con- .u,s,,iJm (1.,pe=l,n~ June l'~,") ,n a nell, now an inde|+endent rt~,archer, h.xt ol ('olonhll Willhln1~bur~'. Willlam+- buildln~ d,ltln~ lrom 11+22 I:¢+(.nded m dt~'ril+t,t| the colh,t'tion of over 700 items btll~ was Jot a limp lhe cal+it.11 1.11 lhe 1477, UPP,,,lla Is n,arthern [ur,,|y,',, .'dill held in the United Kingdom's Vir~iilia ¢olonv. hut alh,r the Amerlcan olde,.t I,Inl~. ersltV. ,Ind has ¢'xlr1..nl1..[~ National I'hvsical I,II~lr.lhlrv at li'dding- R¢'voJlilion the +.Ipltal moved to Rich+ nch. large .rod s.arled colh,t-tlon,, l~,. I'- Ion (manv other earlier items have I~,t,n nlond and 1+¥illhln1,,bt,r~ sl,ign,lted until tolog~., .~1~edP.h anh.le~do1¢v, art hl~ 1.',, transh,rn,d to other instituhons, ,Iotablv Its rvnox,ltion in the lq.~4k by John I) l~m+k+. [xlt.lnX. nahir,ll hi,,h+ty. ~,oti llanlc ~'ience Now ap- l.ondim's Mu~,t,um). l,hkkeh,lh,r l lowexer, the ret'onstructlon ii lherv ant. at It..l,.l .~I(IO lh.m., in lh1.. lmmching centenary', the NH has a its and interl+rt,h|hon ot the bu,khn~,+ ha+ phxsic'+ toilerlion; lhe ¢~+"~l'rv.l|l+rv ~1.+n+ rich collection of old prm+arv standards l'~,en lht, |+rln1,1rv obletllVe , and .~'ientltic lains Aildrt,a,+ (.'cl...ir.'s (.r.lham re~ul.l 1.11 dimension, weight, h'm|~.,rature, ra- artelacts h.lve l~'en obtained Int'relv |or tors. quadrant., by l)anlel Ik..tnml diation, lime, of illumination and of Ihe dt~:oratlve purlxm.~, nlt~.llx .l~quin.d by ~eden's |m,mu,r l11Ntrun11.,n| inak1.,r + olher propertie~ ot eh,ctric c|.irm,nts. I)r pun'ha.~, and w,lhoi,l hw.11 pro~.en.1.~'e alld the hbrar.. 11.1.+ N1.'qlIe lanl.P.h~ Mc('onnell's work in catah~gl.iillK this I'his umph.lsis has changed more n'- I,flot~',," A key IIt,m is tim' k,+l,t,+ hr, l,k colh,clion shlu, ld help to en~+ure ils tInIly. Although Willhlm and Mary O| ~'ielltltit' il1++lrllnlen[,~ ~i'+l'll bV llw survival, and make d more a+,'t't~,,+ible h+ ('olk,lIe now has I"~o IPlth century colle~- CltV ol Au~..l+urg It+ Ikli1~ t',ll'+t,IxIP. inten'~ted parties. Ibm, it had been ¢'~.]IIip|X't| bV WillIam Adolphu~ lh,' buildln~ ilk'It I~ ,I ..4~rt Small. who .~,nt La~] tor .ll+Par.ltus to 1.11 }illPi",l",+lJIPilti~. +IS It has a sundhll on ihe twu pawrs lollowml. I concerned l,ondun: only half hi,, nlanum'riPl list lhe lop of the ~ll41-mt.at anahm+h.ll instrumentation in the United ,";tales: now stlrvive~.' A new cat.lh~ue 1.11 lh. l¢.ttiin, lhe.ltn. (.m idea I~+rn+wed lnsnl

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Ikolh4m id II~, ,~'m'ntllk hldrUll~,Od ~ N'Iv No 51 (I~) ~ I John Newman: A Second Look

Brian Gee

Biographical articles of the 'life and style to be found on Newman's cards and man's son, John Frederick Newman, the work' kind always seem to generate as catalogues, z third contender, was probably not so many queries as are soh,ed, despite the surprised at failingto secure the privilege painstaking research entailed. PLz~siblv Third, the mention of 'fifteenyears' in the held by his father for nearly 40 years. A our chairman, Howard Dawes, found above quotation is interestingbecause it new front in scientific expertise was this to be true with regard to his takes us back to a time prior to his demanded which he may not have been inm~uction to the nineteenth century address at Lisle Street. This is not able to offer; therefore, selling off the instrument maker 'John Frederick(sic) detailed in Clifton's Directo~ of British (possibly struggling) enterprise to Messrs Newman' (Bulh'tin, No.50, September Scioltific Instrument Makers 1550-18517 Negretti and Zambra, respectfully after 1996). Nevertheless, the residual puzzles Thus, another puzzle arises concerning his father'sdeath, was probably the best to be found therein have another value: the whereabouts of Newman's business solution. namely, that of providing me with an at that time. The answer can be found in incentive to provide a second kx~k at an announcement by William Hyde As a rider, it is worth noting that having John Newman. Hopefully, this account Woilaston, chemist and inventor, pub- the patronage of the Royal Institution will complement, rather than duplicate, lished in the Journal of Natural Phih~phy would not necessarily mean the trade that already set down. for June 1807. This ran: was lucrative as this institution was continually concerned about the state of Instrument Maker to the Royal As it has been thought advi~ble to secure its coffers. Nor were invoices always paid Institution an exclusive sale 04 this instrument [camera on time which, for a small trader like lucida] by patent, those who are desirtms 04 Newman, probably gave rise to problems First, let us turn to the business of purchasing it are reformed that Mr New- of cash flow. On one occasion Faraday Newman's altercation with William man (No.24 Soho Square) has at present the himself had to chase up several bills due Payne, laboratory technician at the Royal di.~w, al of it.* for payment (via the Somerset House Pay Institution, in February 1813. Newman Office) which had gone astray, including did not apply for Payne's position, As it happened, Newman did not have one for Newman of £33 9s 6d? Fortu- following the latter's dismissal for strik- the sole rights to produce this particular nately, Newman was paid although not ing Newman; nor, I think, would it have camera lucida. Thus, an editorial correc- perhaps as quickly as he might have interested him to do so. By contrast, tion appeared in the following issue wished! Faraday, who was some seven years which tells us that: 'The camera lucida is younger than Newman was prepared to sold not only by Mr Newman, but also Standard Barometers at the Royal take a sideways step in the trades, from Messrs P. and G. Dolland, St. Paul's Society l~x~kbinder to laboratory assistant, so Church Yard.'~ that he could enter the domain of Howard Dawes makes some remark scientific activity about which he was Incidentally, although Howard Dawes about the Royal St~'ietyrequesting New- passionately idealistic. It took Faraday names the three contenders for succes- man to make a standard barometer, two years to attain a weekly wage of 30 sion to Newman's place tm his retirement quoting the curious date of 1822. l feel shillings; Newman, ! feel sure, would (namely, Mr Newman Jr, Messrs Murray that this must be an error although have considered such a step as being & Heath and Mr Ladd) he does not Taylor, in her Mathematical Practitioners financially retrogressive, in any case, he enlighten us as to whom, in fact, the certainly tells of a Newman barometer had already completed his apprentice- privilege was given. Now, despite Robert being placed in the rooms of the Royal ship and was fully fledged within the Murray's inside knowledge of Newman's Society in 1822 by the Kings' College instrument trade. trade (after all, he had gained a iifetime's professor of chemistry, J. F. Daniell. In experience working under Newman from fact, the accuracy of barometers available Second, there is a notable absence in the time of his apprenticeship in 1822 from the trade was one of Daniell's pet Howard Dawes' article of any informa- until his departure in 1856) the privilege concerns. In his own report on the matter tion of precisely when Newman came to went to William Ladd who, at the time of to the Royal Society he told that 'In the be 'instrument maker to the Royal application, traded at Chancery Lane? shops of the best manufacturers and Institution' although that he held such a Ladd had already made some headway opticians I have (~served that no two position is implicit towards the end. To in the instrument trade, beginning, like barometers agree: and the difference clarify the situation, the following in- nu~st of his contemporaries, by making between the extremes will often amount formation seems relevant. Newman had microscopes and other philosophical to a quarter of an inch ...'."Such a supplied apparatus and chemicals for apparatus but, perhaps more impor- difference was particularly remarkable lecturers at the Royal Institution over tantly, by quickly developing an exper- since 'go~d' barometers often had a the years and, bv the time he was nearly tise in precision and electrical vernier-type arrangement purporting to 40 years old, he felt some 'official' claim engineering. Moreover, Ladd had a offer accuracy to one five-hundredth of on their patronage. The es,~,ntial clue can respectable social and intellectual life an inch! Thus, if it was Daniell's ~nen be found in the Managers Minutes for 7 tOO, first as a member of the Society of barometer (made by Newman in 1821) April 1823. This ran: Arts (in 1857) and then as member of the that was displayed at the Royal Society in Royal Astronomical Society (in 1867) 1822, perhaps as a pn~otype offered in Mr Newman requeststo call himselfon his although the latter membership was some attempt to instil the notion of the Cards 04 business "Instrumentmaker k) the gained only after being accredited as need for standards, I am sure that it was Royal lnstitutilm"as he has the h~mour 04 'instrument-Maker to the Royal Institu- not the one bearing the 122 Regent Street being employed by the [nstituUon for the tion' in March 1861.: Shortly after his address along with the signature illu- last fifteen years) appointment he moved to Beak Street, strated in Figure 4 of Dawes' article, since Soho, from where he was within walking he did not occupy those premises until The request was granted and hence the distance of the Royal Institution. New- some three or four years into the future!

22 Bulletin 04 the Scientific Instrument S(~'iety No. 51 (1996) That a standard banwneter was eventually better judged from the various and made for the Royal Society is in no doubt numerous inventions and improvements and it is worth mentitming a little more to his credit, including the camera iucida, A about this because, again, it adds the blowpipe, a mountain barometer, and CATALOGUE credence to our understanding of New- his own version of Saxton's magneto- aw man as a maker of some repute. How- electric machine (which became known ever, we must shift to the time that as Newman machines on the Conti- ptilofoptital tnYtrumtntd, Newman was definitely at the 122 Regent nent)." But, a further dimension to the Street address, at least,to some I0 years instrument trade was that of acting as after the event of 1822. One should note technician and consultant. particularlythat it was not until 1831 that J. ,~EW3IAN, the newly-established Meteorological It is not surprising, therefore, to find that Committee of the Royal Society prolxw~ed Newman was much sought out by PHILOSOPHICAL L~STRUME);T MAKER. an improved standard barometer for the scientific persons. Even so, l suspect that use of Fellows of the Society. The task of he did hr less for Faraday at the Royal ah'.cv4~TME,~n'. seeing to its commissi~ming, organising a Institution than, say, Faraday's colleague, timetable for its construction,and super- William Brande, becau~ Faraday, in his I'O TR~ ROYALINffrI'tUTIoN' intending its completion was left to lectures to young mechanics on the William Prout and John F. Daniell. On importance of a do-it-yourself approach, O4' oncA? IIFrAIll, the one hand, Daniell was London-hased for which occasional remarks can be • o. 12;L RgGL~T 14TSgtT, LO.'4DO•. and knew Newman well. On the other found in his Chemical Manipulations, hand, Prtmt once had the experience of repeatedly advises the application of making an expensive barometer for ingenuity and self-help rather than himself and so al~ knew intimately of employ the services of expensive instru- the likely difficulties of its construction. It ment makers. Nevertheles,s, he was called is relevant here to note the testimtmy of upon by Faraday to make up a reliable James Forbes who, at the BritishAssocia- form of apparatus to demonstrate elec- , tion meeting for 1831, praised Prout's tromagnetic rotations. Indeed, it is the bannneter as 'one of the finest philoso- Fig.I Title page of the 1845 Newman special knack of instrument makers, like catah~, ue. phical instruments I have ever had the Newman, to transform the scientist's pleasure of seeing.'' mock-up into a reliable, robust, some- times portable and, of course, affordable Thus, with these two eminent Fellows at Messages of this kind, that passed form. and the helm, the commission was given to between maker user during the make-up of non-standard items, must Newman who completed the task in Tangible evidence of the daily life of an 18.36. Brock explains that it was really have been abundant. In this case, the two separate barometers enclosed in a instrument maker in the r61e of techni- Kew observatory did not have any cian-cure-consultant is difficult to find resident instrument maker and thus, single cistern." (Again, this does not although a simple scrap of paper is extant following tradition, the maker was appear to be that illustrated in Figure 4 required to attend the institution and of Dawes's article.) Howard Dawes cites which offers line glimpse into life at the Regent Street shop. it so happened that sometimes deal with a job in situ as well another standard barometer by Newman one of Newman's particular clients was as in his own workshop. being in use at the Radcliffe Observatory shortly afterwards; clearly, then, New- the gentleman amateur-turned-profes- skmal, (Sir) Francis R(malds, who had man's reputation for excellence in this Trade Catalogues dmnain was truly established. become the Director and Superintendent of the Meteorological Observatory at Kew. Ronalds had entrusted Newman Trade catalogues provide a wealth of Apparently, the Royal Society's Council with some pn~-~t during the Summer of insight into the activities of instrument were shocked on receiving Newman's 1843 although the latter had fallen ill. makers and sometimes can be applied to bill which, in total, had reached nearly Faced with completing the task in hand, solve puzzles that arise in the history, of £70. There was little dispute, however, Robert Murray, Newman's right-hand science. The earliest known Newman because Prout, who much admired New- man, had cause to drop Ronalds a line catalogue, a slim tract of 17 pages, is man's skill and integrity, examined the in which he tells:" dated 1822; by 1827 the range of account and told the Council: instruments and apparatus (m offer had I am extremely sorry to say Mr Newrmm more or less doubled and filled a tract of On the whole, I c~mfess, I do ra~t mink the 32 pages This range then appears to charges unreasonable, considering the has been ctmfined to his bed (ever since the length of time the instrument has been in day he was at Kew) with the Rheumatic have remained constant, as witnessed by his hands. The charges thathave been made Fever k last night he was very bad indeed. the 1836 catalogue. Another extant fnnn time to time [Newman had been tube I will do today [.J I think you catalogue (Fig. !) of 1845 (and, curiousl,,; allowed something on account in the said it was to be lined with tin ft~l half way one still in use at the time of the Great previous year];and the great care that has down, the other half vamisbed with shell lac Exhibition)" is only 16 pages king. This been taken to render it as complete as [.J • [su'] brass cap tm the open end with • diminution in range might suggest a wire frtml it touching the tin foil IXmsiblein every ~.n similar scaling down of the busim.,ss. By should I he wnmg you will pn~ably be kind enough to "send me a note saying how this time, Newman was an old man and Newman, As Technician it should be [.l if I do not hear from you I more vigorous establishments had made shall concnude I am right headway in the 1840s. For example, Like most instrument makers of this Edward Palmer and his successors perit~, Newman made a steady income [ wmain Home, Thomthwaite and Wt~l, Watkins from the making and repair of instru- Your oh' se¢ & Hill and their successors, the brothers ments, as well as a trade in second-hand for J. Newman Eiliott, and, eventually, John Joseph instruments. His abilities, however, are Isignedl Rob' Murray Griffin (who moved his business from

Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No, 51 (1996) 23 Glasgow to London in 1847 and, within Newman until 1856, then between 1857- as one may well expect of the maker for three years, had taken over the well- 1860 it was John Newman & S~m and, whom meteorok)gical instruments were established business of J~m Ward) each finally, in 1861, it became (the younger) his forte, the Meteorological Office at provided a greater range of apparatus John Frederick Newman. '~ Thus, the Bracknell retain several examples of his more fitting to the diverse needs of the latter part of Dawes' article,relerring to making. various educatkmal institutitms which, the younger Newman, is correct;the title, just then, were developing courses in however, is in error! science and laboratory work. Acknowledgements and Addendum Retrospect:. Extant Instruments As a simple example of what can be I am grateful to Nell Brown, Science treated as evidence h~r the diffusion of To finish on a less critical note, the Museum (London) for carrying out some scientific knowledge fn~m trade catalo- excellent intrt~luction and illustratitms investigations (m my behalf; likewise, to gues is the appearance, in the catalogue by Howard Dawes together with these Michael Smith at the Westminster City of 1827, of 'chests of chemical amuse- notes allow us to imagine John New- Archives who has confirmed directory menr which Newman offered for as little man's shop as pnwidmg one focal point entries. Also, [ must express a debt of as £1 10s to capture the market of for scientific visitors to the capital. gratitude to Dr J. A. Chaldecott who, children following Faraday's initiative Indeed, Newman was 'much employed', long ago, corresponded with me on the to I~*pularise chemistry to a iuvenile even if Robert Hare, professor of chem- very difficulties of ascribing a second audience. Of course, boxing up a mis- istry at Philadelphia, had taken an forename to John Newman and taught cellany of chemicals was nothing new averskm to him during his own visit to me the need for accuracy when dealing and the tradition goes back much LondonY Perhaps Joseph Henry, who with names and dates. further. '° In hct, Newman offered a received the intelligence from Hare just variety, of chests to suit different needs: prior to leaving Princeton for England in one '~m the plan of Dr Henry' for £10 and Since writing the above article ! have 1837, took Hare ton literally for he received a letter from Howard Dawes another cabinet 'on the plan of Sir H. certainly had little to do with Newman which points to Clifton's Directory as one Davy's plan' for prices ranging between on arriving in London although Francis £25 to £35 or, with added air pump and source of confidence for using the second Watkin5 did entertain him on more than name, another source of error being the electrical machine, for £60." one occasion, z' Nevertheless, Newman, Joseph Henry Papers (vol.3); another from was much valued among the scientific Gloria Clifton who informs me that one John Frederick, Newman's Son! community, both in London and else- source of her error stems from Gerard where, and it is fitting to close naming by Turner's Nineteenth-Century Scientific In- The name 'Frederick',as second name, is just a few extant examples to be found in struments (1983) although, on checking ascribed by Howard Dawes to both the places other than the major national her records, she agrees that the name collections. ~ elder and the younger Newman. There is 'Frederick' does not appear in the a mistaken precedent for using 'John directories of Pigot or Kent, nor does it Frederick' in the secom/ary literature such At the Cuming Museum (Southwark, appear in the records of the Makers of as C,(a~ison's English Barometers?" it is London), and on loan from a Miss Playing Cards Company. In contrast, unfortunate, therefore, that the recently Faraday, is a magneto-electric machine Taylor's Mathematical Practitioners does published Directory of British Scmaific said to have been in use by Faraday not make the mistake and so, I suggest, Instrument Makers should fall into the himself; a thermometer at the Royal this work still retains some value as a same trap as C,o(~ison which is unreli- Botanical Gardens (Kew) was once used valid secondary source. able. '" No instruments in the Science by Sir J. D. H(x)ker in his trip to the Museum (London) or elsewhere bear a Himalayas; a pocket sextant, kept at the signature containing an 'F" or Frederick~ Royal Geographical Society (London), Notes and References al~, none of Newman's trade catalogues accompanied Charles Darwin on his bear that second name. 2' voyage on the Bea~cle; and I am I. RoyalInstitution Archives, Matuzgers Min- particularly interested in the tide gauge, utes VI, Meeting of 7 April 1823,p.384. Some correspondence between the to be found at the Great Western Science Museum (London) and Negretti Railway Museum (Swindon Museum & Zambra (successors to Newman) took and Art Gallery), which Newman made 2. A spurious Minute (Mmute 7, 197 (1828) in the Royal Institution'srecords suggests that place in 19~ which furtherhighlights the for the famous engineer hambard King- conhision: a reply from Negretti and Newman was not made 'instrumentmaker to dom Brunel for use during the erection the Royal Institution'until 1828. However, a Zambra to the mu~um tells of John of the piers in the tidal river Tamar for trade catalogue for 1827, indicates otherwise. Frederick Newman as having occupied the Saltash Royal Albert railway bridge Clarification was achieved by checking all the 122 Regent Street premises (formerly since this construction is close to my Minutes in anti-chronological order until the the premises of Websters, patent gun home. But Newman's instruments are relevant item for 1823 was located. makers) from 1825 or 1826.= It is just dotted around elsewhere ton: the Royal possible, therefore, that tht~e in charge of Institution has several examples of 3. It is presumed that the earlierWindmill records at Negretti & Zambra did not single and double barrel air pump, a Row, Camberwell, address cited in the appreciate that 'John Frederick' from eudiometer, an apparatus for preparing Dzrectory of British Instrument Makers refers to whom they had taken over was the son 'chloride of lime' and, of course, the his home since Camberwell is not a far cry of the more famous maker John New- special apparatus to demonstrate elec- from his south London birthplace in Peckham, man! (Unfortunately, the Negretti and tromagnetic rotations; the National Mu- mentioned by Dawes. Zambra archives were lost during the seum of Photography, Film and Blitz and so the company might be Television at Bradford has an example 4. W.H. Wollaston, 'Description of the forgiven for their lack of knowledge of of Newman's camera lucida bearing the Camera Lucida',I. Nat. Philos.,Chemistry and their own origins.) in any case, successive 24 Soho Square address mentioned the Arts, June 1807, p.5. editions of Kelly's Post Office Directory above; the Royal Dublin Society has a show that the 122 Regent Street address miner's lamp of the Davy type (see also 5. (Editorial)'Correction, ]. Nat. Philos., was in the name of (the elder) John Robert Evans' letter in this Bulletin); and, Chemstry and the Arts, August 1807,p.312.

24 Bulletin of the Scientific instrument Society No. 51 (1996) 6. Clifton, in her Directory provides the usual New Method of Constructing a Portable 21. See, for example, R.G.W. Anderson, J. run of addresses for William Ladd and Barometer', Pep. British Assoc. Adv. .Sci., 1833, Burnett and B. Gee, Handlist of Scient!fic mentions him having sold microscopes, pp.417-8 Instrument-Makers" Trade Catalogues 1600-1914 prisms, barometers and thermometers. His (National Museum o4 Scotland in associathm fame, however, firmly rests in electrical 14. Note to Ronalds dated 122 Regent Stn~, with The Science Museum, 1990), pp.58-9. engineering. 7 July, 1843, Archives of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, SiC Ms~ 3.40 (Ronalds). 7. Royal Institution, Managers' Minutes, 4 22. The Science Museum: file ScM 8891/7/I. I March 1861. am indebted to Neff Brown for examining this 15. Catalogue of 1845 bound into the Royal letter. Commission Prospectuses of the Great Exhibition, 8. A.J.L James (ed.), The Correspondence of 1851, Vol.8 (Mechanics); also bound within is a Michael Faraday, Vol. 2, 1832-1840, Letter 528, Descnptwn of Osler's Registering Anemometer as p.3 and Letter 535, p.8. 23. Again, I am indebted Neff Brown for made by ]dan Neunnan 0840) and a booklet The remarks on trade directories (note 22). These Uniz~rsal Tho'mometcr (made and sold by J. appear to be in accord with tho~ offered tome 9. Quoted in E.G.R. Taylor, Mathematical Newman) (1846) by Charles Coddington. by Dr J.A. Chaldecott (Private correspondence: Practitioners of Hanoverian England 1714-1840 21 Dec. 1982). (Cambridge: CUP, 1966), p.400. 16. B. Gee, 'Amusement Chests and Portable Laboratories: Practical Alternatives to the British Adv. Sci., 24. Letter from Ham to Henry dated 13 I0. Rep. Assoc. I, (1831-1832), (ed.), pp.226-7. Regular Laboratory', in A.J.L. James February 1937, in The Papers of Iom,k Henw, The Depelopment of the Laboratory. (London: Macmillan, IWO), pp.37-59. Vol.3 (ed. N. Reingold), 1979, p.151. 11. A full description of these historical events is reliably given in W.H. Brock, 25. 'William Prout and Barometry', Notes & 17. I am indebted to Mrs Papcake, archivistof B. Gee, 'Joseph Henry's Trade with Records R. S0c. Lond., 24:2 (1970), pp.281-294. the University of Texas, Arizona, for photo- instrument Makers in London and Paris', copying the 1827 Newman catalogue. ScwntiJ~c Instrument Society Bulletin, No.25 (1990), pp.19-24. 12. Quoted in Brock, op cir.(note I1). 18. N ~ison, English Barometers 1680-1860 13. Published accounts of Newman's instru- (London: Cassell, 1969), p.313. 26. M. Hoibrook, with R.G.W. Anderson and ments: 'Account of a New Blow-pipe, Q.I. Sci., D.J. Bryden, Scu'nc¢Preserved (London: HMSO, I (1816), pp.65-6; 2 (1817), pp.379-82; 'Descrip- 19. G. Clifton, Directory of British Scientific 1992), passira. tion of a New Machine to Measure a Ships' Instrument Makers 1550-1851 (London: Zwem- Way by the Log-line', Q.l.Sci.,2 (1817), pp.90- met in association with the National Maritime 1; 'An Account of An Improved Blow-pipe', Museum, 1995), p.199. Author's address: Q.l.Sci.,2 (1817), pp.379-82; 'On a Mountain 18 Barton Close Barometer Constructed with a Cast Iron 20. Information supplied by C.N Brown Landrake-Saltash Cistern', Q.].Sci., 16 (1823), pp.277-9; 'On a (Private correspondence: 14 Oct. 1996). Cornwall PLI2 5BA

Chronology of Makers at the Royal Institution HARVEY & PEAK

For those who wish to know of the future chronology of Sueoeuo~ to W. L.aDO • CO., instrument makers at the Royal Institution, Brian Gee has supplied the following information and accompanying illustration. William 58, CHARING CROSS RD. Ladd gave excellent service to the Royal Institution until his LONDON, W.C. retirement in 1883 whereupon he was bought out by Messrs Harvey & Peak who operated from Ladd's premises at 11 Beak Street, Soho, until they moved to 56 Chafing Cross. Following the demise of this firm, the privilege was then jointly held by Frederick Newton and Adam Hilger from 1891. (See B. Gee, 'The Newtons of Chancery Lane and Reef Street. Part ll: The Fleet Street Business and other Genealogy,', Bulletin, No. 36, pp. 12-14.) CON'~IA~r01I TO THI ~IIL'TOI~INllA[. OF ~Ntl~ FL~ I~A The era of [.add and Harvey & Peak, however, repnesents an TJIi CaOtll ~;[~ FOI THE COO~IB I[O% AL AkAENA[. BOVAL il~rTql% ' A,~ArJ~%' • entirely different age from that in which the celebrated Newman {SINCE AND AIT DIP41T~E .lIT gave admirable service. UJI~'[~II~ OF O~FO~D, CAMII~,g eTL~NB lilLIt~U IrTt)x O~L LE(;r

PART I : Light, i egnetim, Electricit and Heat.

i r .....

Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 51 (1996) 25 Scientific Instn ment Making in Manchester 1870-1940 I: Setting the Scene Jenny Wetton

Introduction ran, its re4,1ti~m.~hip with the fimilv and I~inng the Ilillk and lli~ll~, the trade .~, ~m. Howeve¢, very few exist hlr changed again. ~l~,eiali.~t hu~in~.,~,~ Manche~lvr was an imtxmanl ~,ntre h~ Manchester firms .%ctmdarv soliix~ were ~ up. and el~i.,ilinll I bu.,qnl~..ll~ the Ilnanu{acture ,rod .,iupply of .,iclentifk" include cllmpany cataklgues which pro- .~tx~'iali.~ed. hi ~upply pIrtk-ular i~lm o# in.~trument~ from the mid-nineleenth vide u..~.lul information on pnldllct the market..~uch i.s drawing al~! ~iurvev- ~Yniury I ]'hi, dramatic gn~wth of the city. raflgi.'.'l and prk't.~. ('l!lnh'lln~tary arti- mg in..ltrumenOi, calculahlrl and edt#-li. with it~ ecl~nomv ha..~'d im Ihe cothm cle~ can olten provide detail~l of corn- iional apparatus, and le~tile ti.~ting trade, led hi incr~,a.,ied klcal demand hlr piny hl.~ton/' and d¢.~cri|'ltkln~l of the uistrllmlqlt~l. ~hil was i~lri of ii gerl~ral m.~trumeni.~; maker~ moved to Man- finn at the lime hid am u~uallv hia,,,ed in treml in indu..ilry towards .~tx~-hlli.~tion che~ter hi .~upply this demand. [)tiring favour of the company. New.,,paper which i0ok place at the Ild of the the mid-nim'teenth century, general in- artick.'~ pnwide coverage of I~i.ents. I~,th nim.teenth century. ()ncl. ih~ morn strument make~ ~dd a wide range of g~d and bad. .~t~'iali.~d compink~ were wl up. the in.~lrumenl.~ to private and corl~rate organi.,~ltional .,itructure of the trade cu.,iillme~ lhe demand hlr .,iome lype~ Setting the Sllnl nmlain~! unchanged until I~10 i~ in~tnlment grew and .~p.ciall~l maker~ l'he k~'al trade was .~,n'k'~.| bY a small rhe manulacture of products u.~ing maker~ ~dd in.,,tnlment~ In all pirt~ of electricity was one of the growth the country aM ahn~ld I.l~'al c~,mpanit~ number of maker~. The category of mathematical and phik~ophk'al instru- uldu.,itril.~l of Ihe i~0rkld urKk.r di~icu~ ~ill make a varwtv of il~lni~t~ hlr ~ion in this article, bill Mam'he~.ter .,,cltmtific aM industrial u.'~'. ment maker~ in the trade din~'h~rie~ ctmlain~l I0 make~ in li41~, re~'hed a instrumlmt maker~ were only invoh'~d peak of 14 in II,I~1 and lhen gradllally a.,l retailer.,l. A.Franks I.imited .,iold I-his ariicle will examine the dlwelop- decn~i.~ed over the period, llle category radios and gramophone.,l from the nltmt ill the .~ck'ntl|ic ill..trunlent iMu..itr). I~2(~ Firm.~ making electrk'al in,~tni- in Manchl~h°r dtil'lng the period 11470 to of .~ientific in.~lrument makenl, which replaced it. clmt.iin~t .~,veral makei~l hy Inlqlts. litk'h ,l~ Ihe Ri~mrd Ek'ctrk'al I~lO and will hi. ptihli..htlt in tollr I~ir~. I~RI. The numi~,r i~ optk'ians increa.~,d Compiny in Altrmcham - e~lahlished I~ari I..~ll,i.~ lhr .'41l.m.. ¢ltver~ Ihe general m Pill - .,,pel'iali.,ied in in~trumtm~ to cl'~rach.ri.~til~ ill Ihl. Manche~h.r tr.ide gradlially tn~m Ill in li~i unlil lqlO when it hl'g.in lit incn°a..ie mort. rapidly hi measure eledric current rather than dlinng the I~l.riod. It inchld¢~3 itme reach 125 by 1~40 l he ~mall .~i/e of the other factoni ..tilth a.,l h.ml~.ratun.. (Nhe.r a~pect~ ill Ihe economic and .~wial kick- kwal con)t"lanit.~l. ~llch al Ferranfl. began gnltlnd' |lllll~k, involved in the trade trade ha~ made it difficult to e~tahli~h trends hilt A general pIttern in the to m.ike eh.rlrk'al clln..llimer ilem~ in the were part of a wider ~wietv and did not eark' twentieth lllllliry hill Ihe~e were public their hu,,im.~i~ in ;.~d°llion ]'hi, de~l.h~ment ill the trade can be drawn from the evidei~.. not in.~lrliml111 m.iki.T~i~ I~w.II firms al.~ i,tl~.r p,irt~ will h.atlln, hlMorle5 ill .,.ix .~et Up hil~iill.'N.~l.~i in light t~nlillll.rillll~ Ulll,ori,lnl k,~al tiring: Part II Ihllma~ such ,l~ making i~lrt~ Ior motor car~ and Arm~trclll~ & l~hithcr l.mtM mid (;,~,r~,r General Development of Scientific In- ,lirrratt in..,irument., Fowler & Conl|~anv ('u'.'.ons I.#mlh'll; P01rl II1: lhilltPi i~ (;llrnlqt strument Trlde in Manchester within an did .~lme amount of manutaciumlg tit I illllh'll dill/ /'llll'h'r i~ ('lllnpdlli/ l.#mlh~l: Economic and Social ('onteid car part~ a~ Ihi~ nia V h.ive I~.n more Part IV: I ildhtl'tl li~ ('llnll~an ! I.mlih~! lind pnttitahle than maknq4 cln'lllar calc,la- .4 (; l]lllrnhln l.lmltl~l At the k.linning ill the peril~t, the hlr~ aklne hilt n'~'ol'd., do now .~how ...cientilic in...Irumlml trade in Mam'ht.~ter how much of their hll.,.inl..~ Ihi~ t~ln. lhi' ri~,,inh for lhl~ art,-le i.~ ha,,ed am wa~i underhikcTI hi' maker~i who pnt- sliluted Ilowevl.r. invol~enlent in Ihi,i t, rln)arv and ..~.~,nd.trv ~4,~rce~ l'rm)ar~' dilCil| d wide varielv ill In~.trumenl~ htr an,a wa.~ the i.i.cl.plion as iar as kwal ..inlrcl-i inchidl, the M.inche..ler trade pnth.~.ilnlal, i'dlicalilnl.il and dom~tk" .~'ll.ntific in~lrlmlent illakel~i wel~l• con- ltlriltllrll.~ Ihl.~l. lltti.n pntvldl, a 14en- u~.t.. In Ihe mid-ninl.hl.nlh cillllirv, kwal cerned. i.l.il tranll.wllrk inl'hidlnl~ li..t.tlll inlor- demand |ltr in.~lrlinl¢llt~i hid lntwn anti ln.itilln .il~nlt the illVllkt.nll.nl itt .~itille in~lriimllt maker~ .~.liled in Manche~lh.r. ('(i.~hlmel~i w.lntilll. ~ drAwlllg allll| Nnr- l.iillllv Inl.lnlll.r~ I lltwl.lt.r. Illi.v can if' itlh.n reh~-allnl4 Irom llltrl.i where a li'eylnl~ in~lriinll.nt!i and ed,calional ill.Ill lit.ill, bolll in Ihl. in|lirnlalilln dl.mand htr navii4alional In~.lriimenl~i •Ipl~lralu~ h0id previ..l~ly I~ able hi prinh'lt .and in Ihl' lll~i.illnl~ ill inhtrma- provided ...il..idv t~ll~llle~!i. ()piici.in.i. l}uv them Inlm a h.w elli~llng llll'al lion {l.n.~ll... rl.|urn., i'tntvllll, in|itrm0itiitn who..e main hii.Miltll h01d been in the inNIrtlment Indl~rrll, Ilowever. mt~t in- lln iI.ltl, and place it| hirlh -manv nl.nliit.ichire alt ...liptd !, of e lll'l~l.l~.-4.~l. Mrtlnll.nl~ were available Irom t~ltah- in.ll~l.r., t~l.rl, inllnll~l°inl~. Ill M.il~he~t..r hall i.~t~.indi.d into in.,druml,ni makillg tit li.~ht~! m.iki.r~ in IAinlllm who olh.n~t iI tnlm llilll.r part., it| Iht. iltlinlry and •..Upl~lv Ihe gnlwliltI inarket. Ihe ilewk' wide ranlile ill Ill,~lrument~l Ih.ms t'otlh| .li~rll.ill . .lllll fill. inl'llkl.rni.Til lit I0inllk' arrlvi.t| in..Irlilnllll m.lker~ aM i.M.~llll 1 hi. orderl~l I..v t~.l Inlm catiiJill~llt~l aM litl.nll~.r., in lill. hll..inl.~.~..i~, well .I,. h~-al lllllil'10in~l 0il.~lt iii~lk livi.r the .~upph' di~pahh.~t by lr.im Ihlring thl. INTll~. 11% ill~ .~liltll. inlhl.itllln itt ~,'1.tl ~.hilu.. Itt il0irllnll,h,r~, H~tfltnlt,h,r In.iker.i. nl¢i~il the ntlnlhl.f of kwal i.-i.i.titlinil.r~l Ilir llillllle Vhl lhl' .i~l~lr.'~..lnd nilnlIN.r ill ~.rv.lnt.. it| whitm wi.re Ihlli.ln. had eilhi,r chan- lyrl'~ of intilrilml.nl illl're.l!il~l~ r.Ipidlv i.niphl)l.~t |hlwl.vi.r. thl. rt..~lnl-llltn Itt 14ed Iht. li.iillrl, ll| tlll.ir hil~lnl..~l.i - htr and Ihey re,iv have h,md it more itl'hllh'd li'll~ll~ ii.ihl lilt III11 Vl.0i~ int..in~ i.l~.inll~h., lit deal in hnl. and del'llr.ltive ¢'¢mvenx.nt tit |~ilV in M.nldl.~h.r For Ih01t Ihl. ll~ql ll.n~ll~ I.~ Iht. nlll.q n'~i'lrlt arl.. - ill ~ttilil' till| it# llll~illl~i.l M.lkt.r~ t.ll.llnple. Ihe ntlln|ll.r lit arl'hih~'|.l and °il.iil.ildl' R.ih. t~litil~ i0in 1~1%'1' an .~upIdil'd I.roll'~..illnal and titlnnlerl ial .~,rveyor~ li~h~l in Ille trade dlrel'loril.-i IIIl|llllhlill lit lilt' '~l/l' Id till' I'lrl'ml..l'~ n~i.r~ Nilch .ll Niir%.e!.lir~i, hrewl.r!l and Illi'h.a~il~ll |ntllrl ~ll in II~l In ~7H in llll41. .inil il,' il~l' hi whllll Iht'v were irliil i.~t i~1. ottil i.r~. i~tl.l., inh.rl-.h.d In k'am- lhere wa~ al~o a growth in large liii..int.~...inll I.iliillv litllrl|~ h.ive Ihl. ,114 alioill .~Cll.llll.. piihlic k~-Iiln.r~ and engineering lirm~ which emphwed nllt..l lXlh.nii.il till llllllldllll.~ lh.hnlt.d hw~l .~ilellli~l% .l*i well ~ dln~ tie .~upply- dralighl~n~-n (l:ig.I) wh~l u.~,d drawing inllilnhlhlin lin Ililw II~e tlll.~llll.~ WAt i11~ ¢LI.ttlilnil.l'~l iAthlt nl~dt.iI .~p.l'hl¢'ll~. inlltrumlqlt~ and slide rtili,~, lhe ~l~d,~

2h Hullrlm i~ iht..~Wnll|k" l~Irllntrllt .~'irty No. %1 (I~) iPml~ I !i Tit :'-,+:;i

; "" -'." . -. aC;

I:ig 2 |/I,' +%l,lm lic,f,., ~lil I, t ,iu,;/ liu,tl, +l,li,t,li, fit,, ill Ill,-+',i,,'+ Fill. I I'~rt il~llll i'll%,illt tilfilli,ti ill lqltl II ,4 .~ l%'~l.~ht ~ tli~ liar I~tli~bl ('liliill+llt t ltl~llll'l ~|jlh-h~*iill+t t'llllllfl ~l+lliril 1~i1'1 ° t i'~li • I'''l + 141il'lill.f?l I~l,~l t'~.. /llllllhltiilP tiltinil~ltliltl,P~ i~ t~llrtllll. ~lllllllhl'~tcr |+hi' liitliIPli+r ill hlr%'l" i'li~lli~'l'rili~ Pl,li~ i'tiillli,VIli~ llrilll.t, tit~ltl¢ll Illl r~l~4"lil ~lt~'r Itlt i~',l~i illilJrl ~ludl# t'l~i,%,h! Alii~'iiPn ll~ .t~litlil.¢ ,l~hl Illlhl~tri II1 ~lllllllbl~,ltl'l • (ill~llllr lilltlt II1",t~ I#t+f/' I~,~l Ill-.pro. llll. J~.l.i~,m. II~. llull+ul ~il tli.llltll.ltlUrllll.~ llldtl.~tr%' l.~ll.14' dui' Ii+ lh+" nl,lrkl,I woi.~ ,li.~ r,ll+illk, i,~l~,lnllinl4 ,it llk'l'll%lNlllli~ tl'il + 11| nt.lt~i l+i~lu~ti~m h~h thi~ Ilnll, I'hl~ iik'l~i~il, in h~,ll ltl'ill,lnl| l'~ill|~lllsllr%' t+rinl,itv ,ll~l, ,illl,lid,liltt, llrllliltl,il llu~inl,.,i+~ hit ihl, ~l~,~.i,lll~l I llll+l,% I,r. S'll,illl, ,lllll ll,l'hnil'll i,illll~l II~, urn' +~I sl.u~l,lrd.~,d l~.~rt~ lilln ~iilh,n'~t II-i~ill I h~w .,~i,il +l,ilus. ll+rli~ul,irk ' ii! 141rl~' ~'llt~+l~ .llllllll, II. I)~'rIptllm ol the. I.~al I'rad~, I+lm ' llrl+~'tll ill Ihl, ilUlll|lt,l ll| luNlilllil,l'~ ll'nll~t ~t++l~ ni,llh, Ill ,ill~tl'l,~s Ihl~ i+'llh Itll, ImmiKrltllm: ~l,~.l ,,t~'Ullh~* lll~,Irillli,.11| I~ii%illlP, Inslluiill,nts tl',i~ dill' I,itl41,k ll~ llill I:Ju~ ,ilillll +~l~'l. tlhilh hi,Jill, ~,lll,lkl, IIl,llt, l'lJ~ ~.lllkl +' hi ~|,tlli, lhl"%|l,lp ll~.ll I,lllll'lP Ihl' liltl~i~'lh ill ih~, lllV ,inll Ihl, dixl'r~iliql+ ,ukl nl,ilili,il Ir,liilinl~ lll~lit;olll~/T I;i,,Ir lit Illlll lit Ils iniltlslrll~ ,illtl ~i,rx'it~-~ Ihl, illllll~'liti~ln Irl~iil IN,Ill,/i~lllt,ill,d iIl~rl~ tllllilll inllll~lrv ts,is +lillllll,lthlnl~ it+ lill%l-~ ,il~i~lJ t~l,l~ll,ltll~l I,illlll% ill,ill #l,nlth ,in+t Ihl, lill+jI i,t-linlllllV llolil ,ll~l,l~i Ill,it ,i l lllll,l~l, lit sllll~ll i,ihil ,llilln i, xi+l,til,n~-l,d illliPi ~ lllr ll,~ illllllllllllllS l+lliillt illllil~ll,llll,lll llll-lh~, i~lt+ Ii,iilliii I lllll~rl.ll+l lil,lk,'l~ ~,l.ll+li~li~'~l III |~'11 I~i~lt~'lh Ihrlllil4h~lul Ihl, llllll,h,l,lllh il,n- Ihl, khlilll t+l,itllil-,ill, ltt,l~ i~,l,ll+h~hl,~l lur% Ih,lltl,l,n Ih~' 114f11~ ,iilll ll41i~. ill I+17 I~ l~i'ilil~ i-li lll~lill,lhlln tli i,xtl,ill,iI l,+~'l,h t ,1,,,Irlrlh ,lUJ 111 I ~,m,~'r h,+,l 1.111111+ I11 ~|+Itil. h.'..h'r Ir;i111 I 111111+i..111 ,%,l,lilihl~,h't+. ~ i~lriil,ilil+n in~rl,,i,+l~l I~x' i,%,1111~ Illl~ illdiid~,d ,~lli,lltl, mid nl,llll~ i1+lll111111'++. h.lxllSl.~ ..4.1 LllS lllli'll+li%ll.lll. lillil~i, Ih,iil Jllll.lltlll ,inll Illl, oll~,~i lit Ihl + ~lit~l~l~ I~ul iI~ll iiillfl ~ %l~,llll~n,il. 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I1~' ~llhi,P, llill, i++,I', .III .II~1~11'1111~I'III lh,' ll.ld,' I~ |II~ h I~'iilil Ihl, I iillll,~t .~t,ill,~ ,ill~l I,l,lill,inl lltlldiitl~ llli" Ihl, h,~lill, it,lltl, Ihi~ I~, Llh,l h~lhu~ ~,d ~ll lu~ ~,~ u .1~ ~,uul Ilrili~ll t lllll|S,lllil,~ ~,l~lllhl lll,w liioili~l,l~ Ill %il~llfttil~ 14r~'lil ill,iil,llllll,l| illlll~, +~lil %.t,%.lll'N, ,il~'hit~t~ ,inil dt,lul411t~nll,il lilll'~llthlill~l t+,lrl~ ill I1,' I~'~rl~l lllll il~. l,il~'ili,m: ~l,-.l u1~llum,'nl ili,lk,'t-. 1,i~" I~llllllilllV tl'lil%l ht',l% ik' ~ll hlll'li~n Itmh, h'rn~l h~ h~olh' 111,',, ,,h~p~ ,u~J -h~ Ihl ° I'iP+l l~,',HJ i~',lr ttl-~ll~vt'll Ihl' ~lt+ ill llllill1~ I11 lh,' 111.1111~h,~l,l~1,~l~ ,i,.,,1~ ~I lh+. In Ihl, I,lh, niil~,tl~lllll dntl i~ltk' lt~'l,ulil,lh illl~,~lnlllll~ lliillt Ull llv Ihi~ II,llll, mid. t+l' ~llv ll.i~;.l) ~uLh ,i~ ,~l,.k,.l ~,lli.i,l il'lllillli.~l. Ihl, lllllilt+l,l ill .~11~1+ mid I~III4. IhPl~, t,',l~ ,I tllll+hll~idl , i~l-lllltllllk ' llllll'141'~ ll'+iiililitl .~ i1,11~'1, ,init hl-hlluhlly t'/i~i~. Mulh lit Ill+ili~h Inlhl~lll' h,lll IIII'D I~,1'11° I~lh'll |lll~,lll' IIId1% hlll.ll'~ ill i~n'w +is ,1 rl .~ull ill i,Ililrl,i hi illiliPlt%.l, Ilil, IN,lllllll, llll~lill,ll, inll ilit,th~il,nl Ihi~ |llllh'~hll.ll AIId t lllllllll'l'~l.ll i Il,~llllllI,P~ sl,iilll,irtt ill i~llill~illlln Alll ill I~,llh,lnll,nl ~, II~1 i hl~'~' Ihl'll IIl'~lllllilt'lll,~ III I1~" ',h~ I, I~+.~l~l lll.twllql 11tTii +llllt II~i h~l i~l Illl' ill+i,ira Ulll,lilllhivtillllt i~.hii-h Iol~ll~l linlll ,%111111'. htt1%'1"%I'I ~I .Ih'~l I1~'11 ,,1~,1", +'1,~" "

-- -- " ='-- i

:,IE MECHANISM Of l~)," l, ltVlltOrl ru.llvllrlll .np.*i.:IU~ wt'll(;fl his lull arrived It I Mltllltltlf il. ,let's. The Instrument celts about ~ lllJ~la'l, F~g.3 .4,u ,~.i,~F/, ,,~ a ,~'t=~ .h,'l, :~I til," ,,1,t I,~.~¢~....1 C. t; /ranks a~'r; nlcmt~,'rs of a hm.k'-e..tabh~h,'d /I.|an¢ h,'st,'r hlmth/ ,'t instrument .i,ik,'r. Fr, in/~ t, ltnllv archli,rs ib/ir print n,'.¢,. 14.24[ 17L

Fig.4 A,,I,r~ Fnmks i,us one of the tirst l~'=~ph, m M,mch,~tvr tl, ~'11 when,, such as Flatters and (,arnett t,'h'z,ist,,n aplur, itus itl the lat," 1920~. This t,hot,,~,nll,h acc,,ml,anled Imuh,d wh=ch had its shop near lhe an artich" m the Manchi.'ster Evening News ab,~ut a detni,nstnltion L'nivt,rsitv and thus ea.~il'¢ accessible to of the at,panltus at In~ sh,, I, m arol, nd 193¢1. tnluks /amil y an'ttiz~ a~adt, mic customers, t;t'x~rge C'u~,.~)ns ¢b,~1, print ne,¢. 1.1.24./31. and Fowler & Company were also t, xct,pti¢)rl~. (-'u',~n'~ had premix.-, on (;reat Clo~e~ Street lust outside the CltV ['|ere customers could see and use unable to vi:;il a shop. Centenaw book- centre: and Fowler hx.'ated in .%de. a shorl different instruments and consult directly lets and arlick~ in local magazint.% such train ride from .Manchu,,let. ~th lhe~, with company staff. Makers could al.~ as M,mch,~h,r ,z'a('=~ and l)lace~, hellx,d to ciirnpanit,~ Nlld to corporate customers demon.~Irate new equipment in their rai.~" the company's profile in favourable and t,~,d publications to market their ,,,hops. Auhrev Franks gave the first text and picturt.~. Newspaper artich~ pr¢~lucts, as ~ill be .,,hown in later parts. demonstrationof Edi.,~,n'.5 cinematoKraph .~)metim,.,s apl~,ared about companies 5ome maker,,, including Arm~,trong, in the north of England in IPlq7 and, ~) but not usually in favourable circum- Cu,,~,on,, and llalden, lah, r acquired years later, arrangecl h)r Manchester's stanct.,s, l~,ph Ca.~irtelli u~,d printed branch ~,hops in l.~,ndon and other citll'~ first television picture to be recei~ed at media in other ways: he ~,nt reRular in llritain llalden had live bra|'|ch,-,, bv hi,, shop (Fig.4). Records indicate that rainfall summaril.,s tl~ the h~'al prl,,ss for I~120 .~hop,, olten had ~mall work~hop~ Fowk, r did not have a .showr~m of an,.' many years and wrote a l'reatL~" ()n the at the back, or in r~,~n)~ alcove, and a kind but the lamilv adverti~,d in its own ~iye which was published together with a certain amount ol ",torage .,pace. Makers publications - -lh,' M,'cham,',d/:n~m,',,r and catalogue in l~. alqlllrt~.'l ,Iddlth)nal prt,rnl,,¢~, hlr work- the l,,a,l,'r's I',~k,'t B,~s - and in other ,hop~ and ~arehou,,ing in the cheat~,r. instrument makers' catah)~ue~. I)re~um - 111anl|latttlrln~ Jrea'~ o| the i-llV el'flirt, ably, customer5 purcha~,d the cak'ulator5 ManchL~ter instrument makers joined until the eark li~i'nlieth ~enlurv From by i,ail order proh,.,,sional organi.,~ltions to improve around l~lll. ,,~,mi' a~qu~red additional. their knowledge and to make business larger i~ ork,,hop,, in lh,, ,,ul~urb,,. lo,,~'ph contacts..";4,veral makers wen, member~ tt,|ld~'n & ( ompan~ ~',,labh,,h~t a work,, All the makers u.,,ed prmtt~.[, media to of the Manchester I.iterary and I'hih~- in ",h~kport ad~erti~, them~4,1v,.~ and the, r pn~|ucts. phical ~x'iety. lhe .'~'i,:'tv'5 mem~.,rs l hev paid for li.,,tings in the trade included many of the cit;,"s mL~t im- dir~,'lorie*, and ~me placed adverts in M, arketing: ln,,trum~,nl maker,, u.,~'d a I~rtant manufactun, rs and l~,ople from ~l~'~iah',t iournals ~uch as the (he,'ns the legal and financial prole~sions. Abra- ~arl¢,t~, =H technique,, in selhng and C,,Ih'.~',' ('ah'ndar A,h,,'rtls,,r. Mo~t prow loark~'hng their pn~luct,, .M~,I had a ham Flatter~ and Chark.,~ (;amett met duccd catah~gue~ which enabh,d custo- through the hxal Micn~'opical ~x'ietv. ,,hop or ~,ho~n~m. ~4~n~, inon, than ime. mers to buy items by I~t if they wen., W.II. Fowler was a member of ll~e

2~ Hulh.lm ol the .~It'ntltic In.~trumenl .~iet~' No 51 (INqt~) Institutes of both Civil and Mechanical the 1920s indicate that the company's railway cLnnpanies and sch~ads. Engineers. Records do not show whether pn~uction costs for hand-made drawing other makers pined national 'profes- instruments were increasing. Profits were After the IHTUs, the custon~m of Man- sional' organi~tions. also beginning to drop becau~ of chester instrument makers no hmger competition tnma gt~d quality, cheap included pe~)ple who were carrying out Production: Records do m+t indicate how instruments made by Can'man firms. It advanced scientific research, in the mid- much of their stock Manchester instru- therefore inm~duced standardi,~d and nineteenth century, J.B. Dancer had made ment makers actually made. Some cer- interchangeable parts for instruments, to a travelling microscope, therm~nneters tainly bought in items to provide a local allow more mechani,~fi~m of the produc- and other apparatus fi~" J.P. Joule to u+ supply. The decisit-m whether to retail or tion pn~:ess. As part of the increa.~d in carrying out experiments to determine manufacture depended on k~cal demand, mechanisati~m, it used specialised tools the mechanical equivalent of heat. the company's pn~uction capacity at the for specific parts of pngiuction, most of time, the costs of t(xding up and acquiring which were made in-hour. However, fnnn the late nineteenth cen- the necessary materials, and the amount tury, advanced research increasingly of profit likely to be made. In the absence Patents illustrate the research and devel- required specialist equipment which of company records, it is useful to opment work being carried out by had to be made as a one-off. As examine the organi~tion and equipment instrument makers, usually to improve mentioned earlier, makers used more of makers' workshops, and patents taken their pn~ucts and keep an edge over standardi.',~,d parts and specially-made out by instrument companies. competitors. Not all makers patented tools in order to keep pnxtuction costs new designs, however George Cus,~ms down. Fewer instrument makers could All the companies were small firms: most Limited devekT~ed several new designs afford to pn~uce highly specialised employed less than a hundred people; c~ apparatus for individual orders but equipment on an individual order basis. records indicate that A.G. Thornton did not patent all of them. Patents were Where there was sufficient local demand, Limited was the largestwith 220 employ- often taken out ~mtly in the name of the some companies were able to suppl~' ees. ]hose companies for which records company and of the member of staffwho such equipment - the Cambridge Scien- exist organised the manufacturing work had been involved in de~'eloping the firic Instrument Company was one. so that an instrument maker made the design, such as the works manager. Presumably, such demand in Manchester whole instrument or concentrated on was not iarge enough to attract an making the whole of a certain type of J. Halden & Company Limited and A.G. instrument maker on this basis. The prt~uct. At Jt~eph Casartelli & Son Thomton Limited were the most agsid- Department of Chemistry at Owen's Limited, an instrument maker would utms patentees, taking out 39 and 37 College under Pro~n" Roscoe became produce an entire instrument fnnn draw- respectively. Halden's were mainly fi~r an imFa~rtant centre for experimental mg up the initialdesign on receipt of an drawing instruments between 1900 and research but extant records show that order to finishingthe item. Workers used 1920 but thereafter were increasingly for most equipment and apparatus was specially designed machines where ne- processes and equipment for copying purcha:~,d in Lxmclon.2 cessary, many pn~uced in-house. An ex- drawings. Thornton's were all for survey- Some makers kx~k advantage of the employee remembers that the workshop ing and drawing instruments. The Fow- growing world market for capital gt~ls had fix)t-operated lathes and other ma- .lees tta~k out five patents, all for circular chinery, run by electric motors in the cakulators. and lx,gan to export instruments in the 19~h. The firm empk~yed a hoxmaker to IHq(h. in many countries, especially the British colonies, these gtxds could not yet make instrument cases on the premises. Cualomerl: There were differences in the be produced in quantiV., and had to be The company became well kra~wn for its customers supplied by Manchester in- pick counters but is believed to have imptnled from Britain. Joseph Ca~rtelli strument makem The established, gen- adverti~d that he exported to the begun manufacturing them only when its eral makers sold spectacles, domestic supplier was no longer able to deliver 'colonies and foreign countries'; A.G banm~eters, microscopes and telesctT~,s Thornton [x~asted of an exlx~rt business them. Flatters & Gannett Limited ar- to private individuals through their high ranged the production of different to 'all parts of the world' and pn~luced a street shops. A lot of customers were catalogue h~r the China market in 1916 pngiucts into different departments: referred to Armstrongs from the Royal microslide, photographic (for the pn~uc- Jc~T~h italden had branches in Berlin and Eye Hospital. A. FranLs Limited retailed Paris by 1920 Cu.,~ams advertised that he tion of lantern slides) and chemical radio and televisicm as stun as it became departments and a separate workshop sold apparatus to cohmial technical available in the 192(h. ~ makers ai~ colleges in Africa. Australia and India for the pn~uction of instruments such as supplied professional and corporate micropro~:tors. customers such as surveyors, textiles in order to make ctmtact with customers and engineering companies, hx:al and abn~d, several makers t(~+k stands at Fowler & Company was a very small central government. international commercial exhibitions, company. Harold R~wler used a nx)m in winning medals fimr their pn~lucts. This his father's house as a workshop in The specialist instrument makers tended gave higher status to their instrurnents around 1908. Photographs show a to sell ma)re to corporate customers. G. Cu,~ams (Fig.5) exhibited and received treadle-~erated lathe and a foot pre~ Cussons Limited and Flatters & Gannett medals at the Health Exhibition in 11484. on one side of the room and an supplied sch~ds, colleges and universi- the New Zealand Intennati~mal Exhibi- assembling table on the other. A later ties, although amateur hotanists al~ tion of 1~16-7, and the Brussels Interna. workshop, in his own house, had sepa- I~)ught microsc~c~e apparatus and speci- ti~mal Exhibition in 1910 rate machining and assembly harms, the mens fn~n Flatters & Gamett. Fowler, former containing belt-driven machinery. Halden and Thornton all supplied com- Family Farina: Many firms making By 1929, he had several belt-driven panies or people who worked for scientific instruments in Manchester were machines at the Station Works. A family companies such as draughtsmen, engi- run by family members, usually male. friend believes that the 'slide rule cases neers, textile buyers, architects and Founding members would bnng their were bought in ~mn a watch maker. surveyors. Thornton also sold instru- ~ms, nephews and grands~ms rata the ments to shipbuilders, k~cal authohties firm, sm~tinmq to k~m their trade there, Records of A.G. Thornton Limited from and central government departments, mm~times after they had received train.

Bulk.tin of the Scientific Imarument S~,~/ No. 51 (1996) 2~ women family members as direct(~. be assembled. Research has been carried out ~m the trade in L~md(m and Sco41and G. (,USS()NS. LIMI'FED. The social status of instrument makers at and work Ls now under way to examine AWARDS. this time can be inferred from where tbey activity in other parts of Britain. These lived and the number of servants they studies should contribute towards a empIo,ved, inh~rmation tm the former is nati(mal picture o4 the instrument in- availabh, in directnries but the latter is dustry with which h~cal industries can found usually in census returns which be ctnnpared. are only avaihble unhl 18Ol. Records do AwI~ M@Olll H~ll'tft E~" O ',,On I~1~4 .',~w that the makers who could afford Next to come: Thomas Armstnmg & Brother to employ servants hired two, (me of Ltd. and G~wte Cussons Ltd. whnn might be a nurse if there were children in the hm.,~. Makers often lived Notes and Re~erentes in the city centre over their shops in the mid-nme'toenth centurv. However, the Items have been m~ed separately ~mly when specialist makers who'arrived in Man- they do not appear in references given in the chester m the 1870s and 1880s iwed in the Bibliography. innt~ suburbs, often th~e nearer the 1. A descrlpti(m ~ the instrument trade rivers where pmwrty was cheaper - prior to this pen~| is gwen m Jenny Wetkm, and the air p~n)rer. Once they could '~-~enttfic Instrument Making In ManchesteT afford to do .,~, families moved to 17~)-1871)', Manc/u~ter Menunrs. 1310, {Iq~q-ql ), suburbs such as Higher Broughton, pp.37-08 and re-published separately by the where the air way cleaner. Some later Mu~,um ~ Science and Industry in Manche- n~)ved out to the southern towns of Sale .~, I~3. and Bramhall. Sale became a very 2. ()wens Coik.ge lrust Minutes, 20 Febru- popular commuter town by the turn of ary 18~I - 26 July II,~6,held at John Rvlands the twentieth centum.; well.served by University [Jbrary Mancha~er. rush-h~ur trains into Manchester.

I., %w "" "c ln~tr*,~-.l~ and %Pma,~.. f,w ||,¢%tr Bibliography az~d |¢tn.*¢,*! | ducats* Conclusions I. Sir Eric Ashby, 'Edta-ah~m fiw an Age (d FIg5 I~,r>Y C,.s~,ns l.td ;~'.: ,me W tit,. The Pam, rn of deselopment in the trade To.hra~hgy', in A "thsh,rv Of Tech,ologv. edm,d ,,,,nlunto. ;,~lwll c', kzbtt~! and a~m m~tal, between 1870 and 194(t shows some by C. Singer et al, Vol. 5 (Oxflwd. I~1). distinct /eatures. General instrument makers, were established in Manchester 2. Gk~riaClithm, Dtrectorv @¢Bnhsh fwwntdic ,',;~':~t held hi d Cu.-~,n, ttd' Instrument Makem 15.~)-i851 (Lond~m, IN¢#=;). and .~*ld a wide range of instruments to pnvate individuals and corporate custo- 3. lq.J.Dyos and M. Wolff (eds), The Va'hwmn mg cl..e, here For .~me companies. mers. By the 18~)s. local demand for Cffu: Images and Reahtie~. vol~. ! and 2 lllh~,rn~,illon o[1 the ins ~% ¢,fll~rlt ~W tamlb," ~me typ~.'s of instruments had grown (hmdon, 1'476). nwml~,~ L~ extn'nwlv hnuted due to the and .,,}~cialist in.,,tniment makers ,,4.t up 4. EJ. Fh~sbawn, lndu.,trv And £mplre: from Lkk of a~ aflabh, ,-t~t-us data and tom- busme,,,,.~,s" to supply surveying and lT~l hi the pn~'nt dau (Penguin Ec~ma)mic Fans r~,cords ttos~eser the h~klet drawing mstrun~,nts, circular slide rules History l~ Britain), Vld 3 damdon, l~qO). s~hlch Flatters. & Garra,, pubh~ed m and educational apparatus. A small fi. R Kargon, Scunwe m VictorlanManchester lot,1 detail.,, tPa, male tamdv members numh'r of customers of tht.,se busine~,~.,s v= ha~ '*s orko,1 in the" ttrl~ {Manchester, 1977). s~en., individuals, often students, but most were busim~s customers. Most 6. David Lavhm. Edta-atv~n m lndus~- lhe actt~ ~tx Ol v, on~n m~bers of the makeTs had sharps and u..~st a variety of li~'d Sqw*eties; in A Hasto~. ()f Te~hm)hNv. by C. Singer rf meth~ts to adverti,,~, their busint~,,s cdihs.| al. v~d. 6:1 [(hh~d, d~k-un~'nted - the~ art" olten excludt~] i~)). and pn~lucts /he,,' wen, small, family hrms and undert~a)k their pn~tuction in 7. Manch,'~h.r And Its R,'.~wn: A Sun~. a trad~ti~mal way with an in.,4rument i'r,'lured fi~r the A|eetm,~ Iwld m ,%tamhesh'r. 20 ar~i the hu~bat~i- dts,n~i t~ be head ¢~t maker pn~tucing a whole ln~trtiment. August - 5 S'ptemher !~2. publt:,dted fiw the the t,lrn.tb, and ¢kca~q~xalh .~n.,~ m- British A~,,a'iati~m {Manchester. 1~2) N~n~ hrms Intn~hwed mass-production techmq~a,s laler in the l~,ri~at to rt,duce ~ (iS Me~,smger.Ala,,h'ster in The Va'h~n tt~.-xr ~,~rt'~h, Lc~.-tz~. rt~turns ',L'-I V~p,,es pn~luctson c(~.,ts.,~mw conIp,ini~.,sdevel- ,.I.¢r: the tlalt Anoa,n ('ltv [.Manch, ster. 1ql4¢;) ar~t daughter-, but ~*i~ ,~.'cupat~r~s oped their pnxiucts and pn~tected m,w an" u.-ualh h" blank and unmarried q AD Morrlson-l.ow. Th" .'~u'n0fw lnstru- de~,gns by patent au'nt l~a,le In I'mv.wlal l)%,land during the daught~-r~ i~..,ted a~ .-tu~,nt~ Prior tO In,lu~trrat Rcvolufa~n'. ~*minar paper gl%en at ~-~ .~,n~" ~ ~s es h~k os er the I bu.,qr~.~-~ Am~r the :'~,~ond World War. Ill,, n,d,in. the N,il**nhll Maritime Museum. 21 June lq~)g. at1~'.r tha" dt,ath tW tha-tr hu~,dx~rkt.~ ortt'~n ,~ the trade l~.g,in Io ,'h,inge. New lirin,, Ill l%itnoa l'hdhl~. 1he .,~-a-,mfic Lade: A r'dl'oht~g it tot n~n% s t'a~ ||oss es er ~ere set tip bv In,lker~ who tl*~e¢| .',~ml lhst,vv ,# iV,,,nens fww.trfk" Interes~ from the Llte Ilff~'tct-nth ,~elllllr~- I,s onset eh~:tronlcs II1 Inl'dMirlltg InNJnlnlent% in 1520 la18 (14.~lon. l~i0~ d,d r~ take ,uch a b~gh protde tot exainph,, Fiehh,n I!l,'~ ln.,c~ I.m.ted ~Li".H'~='~'~ the'% I"lhl% ha& e I11't~&t%| Into s~hlch ~.up|q.~,| pr, xt-,s ~o.trol lnMru- II PII .%de.ham Mea.urm.¢ Instruna'nls: a,.',.:~,"untll~.£ or other ss ork \ ictorlan rnenl.~ to indu.,Ir%' tinhl lq7g I,~'/. ,~ kn,,u'hdo" and ¢',mtn~ damd~m. 1°79). att~p,=dt~, dklatvd that tt ~ a- unh'ntlnll~, .4uth,r ~ addre~< h,r ~..,nw~ h~ do m.mual or Intelhs'tual lhe pwtun, outhned ala,ve sh,.thl I~' t'urahw ~f Science It tNk a=~l~ 0,tte'n h'~tlnd It dtttwult '~ t~q~t"~ |'~l,hed wllhln a IhlhOIhll ionh,~|, |0 Ill," Mu~',m 0t ~w,ce and Indust~ t~, a.kn,,~iedee th~'Ir msohement in t'nabh, tttllIp,trl,,~tng to IN' dr,twn with the In.~trtllnt,ltt II,lde In other |OWIt~ ,111d Castlefa'ld ~W dzrt,ct~,~r',ar~| .,,h.m'hokler,, h-t ~'~ eral clhe., in Brdain and a I,o.hh.r p, bin 0 Io Mancta, ster M3 4IP

lhdl,.tm .t lh,, ~.,.Im~ hv,tru.~' ~w~v No .it (Iq~61 Book Review ()piman~ e~pr,~ed bv. rcz,U'u~,rsare their au,n, and da nat tux',~rilv n'tlect the z,gtws ,# the Ed~tar ar the S~'u'ttl

Seats of the "Gabinetto di Fisica"' (with Giorl~io Mancini), 'The Genesis of the Nineteenth Century's Collection of the "Gabinetto di Fisica"', and '(,eneral Statements' on how the cataloKue is arranKed (with Roberto Mantovani). which to~ether with a two palce biblio- graphy, runs to some 85 pa~es of text, while the Catalogue has beam compiled by Roberto Mantovani. This, in spin, ,;f ¢~'ca.~ional quaint and amusinl¢ anomalie~ in the translation, is a most vahlable backl¢round to the colh,ction, which first came to~ether in lH32 in the Pala~,/o Ekmaventura, recently acquired by the University of Urbino for its lah,rato'rit,,s

The introduction and oriKins, trace the history of Urbino and the University from the mid 13th century to the l~reat and glorious tlowerin~ of the cltv under F¢~ierico da Montefeltro in the Renais- sance. His court attracted .~n',t, of the fim,'st mathematicians of the age epito- mi,,~d by Piero della France~-o and I.uca Pat|oil, but in lb3| the last .,,urvivtng inheritor, Duke |:rance~'o Maria della Fig.1 Induction call u'ith slurk gap and Foucault cantact-bn',~k,'r s(~,,n,'d 'Seen,tan Rovere, a feudal lord of the Pope, had ,~ l'aris' ~.,~'e F~,.80 in the catah~ue). died and the Lh, kedom of Urbino passed to the Holy ,~,e. By 16~7 Duke Federico's famous iibran,, had been taken to Rome /f and decline .,~emed inevitable. However the Albani tamih,' became the ft~'us of new hope h~r the Univer.~ity and thin~s improved until the bt,Rinninl¢ of the lgth century when the exploit~ of Napoleon virtual~h ' ch~,d the colh,~e. It was alter Nal~deon that AIh.~mdro .'~rpieri (it423- 18~4% took hold of affairs and his initiativt.~ put L'rbino's L;niver~itv tirmlv back on its suMained court,. It was durin~ this peri¢~i that the collections of physical apparatus were made, and this contlnu¢'d into the 20th century, lhe quaintly named .,~'ction, "[he .'~,at~ of the "Gabinetto di I'hvsica"' over the tinte, ~iVt,'~ a deliKhtfui pictorial rt.,sume of the pala/,.os, convents and ..~.mmarlt,. that have played hi~t to the activittt~ of the Unis er~itv over the vear~.

l'he remaining 174 page~ are given over to Fig.2 A wry fine hzt; 18th centu~ Mus~'henbn~'k tutt,'rn pynmu.ter, s~ned the finely illustrated and tully detailed 'Lana ,~ Turin' (~'e F(~,.21 in the catah~,ue}. de~'ripti0n of the instruments by Roberto Mantovani. lhe photographs art, large enough to .,~,e important details and as il Gabinetto di Fisica deil'UniversitA di parable l'iero della Franct~'o in the 15th well as the usual and necl .,~.,,arv catalogue Urbino: la sua Storia, il suo Mu~eo - The century. To di,,~'over that there is a cabinet details of maker, date, material,, and site-, old "Gab|he|to di Fisica" of the Uni- of physical scientific instruments in the in ram. etc., the lunctlon of each instru- vemity: its History, its Museum University which has now been catalo- ment is briefly de~'nbed I was inten'Mtxi by Fhwi,, V,'tnma and catal,~c,ue ,'ntrie~ by gued and beautifull,,, illustrated is indeed to note thatin addition, a~ one ml~,ht Raberto Mant,n,ani. i'ublished, with th; a bonus. For English slx, aking p~ple exl~'ct, to findin~ many in.,,truments by supt~rt of Academia Nazumah' de| Lmcei, then., is more as this work is pr~.,sented in Italian maker~, there i.,, a large mlmber ol I~ istituta Pal~c,rafico e Zecca d,'lh~ Stata - both Italian and EnKlish. In addition to the instruments by .%x-re|an,~ i'arv, (Figs I and Rame 1990. Env,lish translatian by Manuela detailed and well illustratt~l full colour 2). ]'his volume is a worthy addition to the Bruscolmi, Urbma. 203 pp. Na price stated. catalogue of the Mu.,~,um's I~th century fine catalo~ut~ of instruments that an' instruments, there is a Foreword and pre~'ntly becomin~ availabh, tnm', na- For me the mere mention of Urbino ~everal intr~3uctory .~'ctions by Flavio tional collections in Italy. immediately conjur~..s up imag¢.'s of Fed- Vetrano entitled 'OriKins and I~.,velop- erico Montefeltro's Palace and the incom- men| of the "Gabinetto di Fisica",' 'The HAl. l)au~'~

Bulletin of tl~ ~-wntific In.~trument ~'iety No. 51 (1~) 31 Market Place

Aid. J. Klut

Fig.l A fine bn~ss n'cordmg planimeter by. /uh's" Richard of Paris. Fig.2 t-/(,-c-u/, (!t ttw dldl~ athl ,~'~'atq.

Autumn is generally a good time to His collection of about ten such gl(~es by the real theodolite collector. One of the review the market which is being k~ked Jean Fortin is very special. At Patric, Continental dealers had a complete at this time through Continental eyes. gk~,s, in this case by Adams, are the microscope compendium in its sharkskin The Paris fair which usually takes place main item as well. There I also saw a box (Fig. 4), unsigned, but undoubtedly lust one week before Lond(;n reappeared charming slim French drum micnvscope by Benjamin Martin. It drew quite a lot of after a year's silence, and in a different in a green veh'et box, priced at Frs 15,000. attention fiw its price tag of £12,000. This k~'ation" which I found better. All the To my great surprise a large Brunner was a nice fair with, in my opinion, more dealers were in one hall instead of being the~xt~lite was still present over a )'ear serious visitors, and with more Con- .~pread over five or so different rooms. later at La fille du Pirate, priced at Frs tinental collectors taking just a davtrip Per~mallv, 1 like the Paris fair, not so 39,t~0, which is not at all bad. as air fares are down, which is g(~l for much for its quality items but for the the trade as well. many surprises that can be found there. These invariabh" make you puzzle about At the London fair almost everyone was the item's [x~s~ible use" and how it was there to admire, chatter, and buy. Of Several auction houses in The Nether- manutactured. Generally speaking, there cour~ there were surpri~s. Just to lands have in the course of this year are no maior French dealers trading, mention a few: Thiebaut brought a rare organised so-called 'Maritime Auctions', apart from Mine Brieux, although they fimr-draw tek~ope which was sold even in which everything instrumental is do come to buy. The fair was, however, befiwe he could park it on the table. That categorized as 'being nautical'. As a given ~omething of an international and .,~me nice brass planetaria and an consequence the descriptions in most flavour thanks to the presence of Peter intriguing hygrometer drew a lot of ca.,~es are shameful, in fact the items are Lkqehar with his .,,trong French connec- attention. His neighbour had for sale a rarely very special, paintings being the tions, two (.;em~an dealers and myself. I beautiful L~x with 22 ~dished glass exception. Even Christie's of Amsterdam wa~ ~urpr~,d bv a .,,mall seism~graph, mlxtels of crystal which was quickly had such a sale recently, attended bv a un~=gned but undoubtedly Italian, .,,napped up in the first few minutes. large crowd, paying ~metimes very which had suffered .,~me wat;.,r damage The large Royal type Crouch micn~:ope gt~ prk'es for quite normal items. For I~,rhap,~ in the di~,a,,trous Amo fl,~ at in its glass showca~ on Nick Webster's instance, how about £1,~) fiw a standard florence m the late .~ixties?), and by an .qand was an untouched beauty, among pocket sextant? An early 18th century \-,haped .qandard metre bar in a other beautie~ that surrounded" Nick. A brass horary quadrant dated 1729 sold magnificent r~,wtx~ boy 1 was in- rare Troughton and Simms theodolite on for £3,0(X), which i thought was very trigued by its reddish colour and a large polished ba,~,plate on [X,rek worthwhile as it was the best item in the ~ondered ~vhat the material could be. Howard's ~tand did not remain there ~ale having its sights and plumb bob Perhap,, there is a reader who knows the very hmg. At the end of the day his table complete (Fig. 5). answer? A beautifully ornamentalh,' It~ked empty with I~,rek sho~'ing a big tum~.t i~orv thermom~;ter stand ~igne(t ,,mile. Peter l)elehar had a magnificent A rather neglected Spencer, Browning by l.ong oi [.ondon fetched Frs 2000, rare rtx'ording planimeter by Jules Ri- and Rust (RSB) octant had an extra ivory Which was a reasonable price for its chard (Figs 1 and 2) in mini condition, plate on which was stated that it was qual,t,,'. My impre~,~,ion is that this fair priced at £2,~X). It was rl.~servt~ by one 'made for W. Sl:~.,ncer Bn)wning 2.3 ,~mth had more vL,,itors lnot buyers) than two of the Continental mu.,~,ums. His'large Ca. St. Liver[~)ol', which rather intrigued years ago. spectacular ~pectn~cope by Dubo.,~'q as me. At another auction house in Am- described by Comte de Gramont in 18~ sterdam some fifteen instruments came was ~n .~)ld to a US colk~'tor - a fine under the hammer in a midsummer sale. in Paris there is not a ~ingle dealer who in,trument indeed. A box with a French These included several telescopes, a d¢~e~ not have on their premises thorpe version of Napier bones (Fig. 3) invented Delebarre microscope, a very special characteristicalh' decorative French by Henri (henaille in 1885, drew a lot of sundial, and a dirty box containing an gh~s and planetaria with their central attention as well. Stuart Talbot had some anamorphic cylinder and 32 original ~tands. I would give Bertrand Thiebaut nice items, including a very early French platt..s. It was the end of a busy day for first prize for both qualih' and quantity. circle the~tolite of circa 1750 - an item for the auctioneer who, despite his 79 years,

32 Bulletin of the .~ientific In.~trun~,nt ~.'iely No. 51 (IL~6) • 7.

. P:

& l

Fig.4 Unstg,m'd mtcr,,..,,,l,e c, mtp,'ndtum, t,rob,lbh/ bl~ t¢,'ntamm Martin. Fig.3 Henri G,'nailh"s verst,,n of the Napi,'r bones.

Fig.5 ttor,try quadr,mt stgm'd 'M L~ 17292 Fig.6 Magnificent optical bench by, Secretan of Paris.

is still very alert. Even so, he nearly gave kaleid{~cope was another special find at tivities and the like. Your correspondent up as only six people stayed for these £80. is the national representative for the rural final lots. To his surprise all these items industrial heritage items. Eh~ I still have fetched rather good prices, but the last On the whole, 1996 was not a bad year in time for instruments? But of course! item - the anamorphic cylinder - broke all The Netherlands for ,scientific instrument Things are getting worse so that pre- records. The estimate was £100, but it lovers. Not only did two of our specialist sentations and courses give me the made in fact approximately £1,200 under museums reopen after extensive enlarge- opportunity to underline the iml~rtance the hammer. One of the Dutch dealers, J. ment of their premises, three special of instruments, and to explain such Mennink, managed to lay his hands on a books were launched: (1) Eye and Instru- details as why instruments were made few items from a collection, including a ments by Den Tonkelaar, E. Henkes and of brass. Ninety-nine percent of my magnificent optical bench in mint condi- K. van Leersum, which describes a Dutch audience have no idea. I exclude SIS tion signed 'Secretan ~ Paris', together collection of ophthalmic instruments; (2) members from this figure of court'. with its Ruhmkofff needle galvanometer The Practice of Science in the Nineh~.nth ~'cause of industrial Heritage Year an (Fig. 6). Priced at £5,~)0 it did not remain Century, by Gerard UE. Turner on the fine important Restoration Fair was held in hmg in his shop window. collection at the Teylers Museum; and (3) Amsterdam in October which attracted The Fabric of L!~' by Marian Foumier. All many overseas visitors and exhibitors. Once a year there is a huge Dutch have English texts. These books together Afterwards, one I~ndon dealer specialls- collectors' fair with some 10 km of table with the new catalogue of instruments in ing in tin*Is told me that he had never had front. There are always some surprises. the Brussels Observatory (French text) a better fair. lndt~, r~toration draws a For instance, how about finding an have made it a gt~cl year instrumentally lot of attention in The Netherlands. English pumping station venturi type for the Benelux - a year appropriately watermeter by Geo. Kent of [xmdon named in Holland 'The Industrial Heri- Author's address: which sold for a mere £200? These tage Year'. This venture has turned out to 1 Harmemanszoeg meters were used in the old beam be very successful, what with full prbss 2011 AZ ttaarh'm engine pumping stations. A Dub(~scq coverage, television features, tourist ac- The Netherlands

Replacing Lacquer on Bra~ - A Lost Technology?

C,ordon Busseyis anxious to replace the lacquer on some early 20th century brass parts but the task is pnwing very difficult. Can any member of the Scientific Instrument Society supply information on where the correct pale/deep gold lacquer can be obtained and the correct method of application? His address is" 64 Pampisford Road, Purley, Surrey CR8 2NE, tel./fax: 0181-6~ 2240. i Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 51 (1996) 33 Current and Future Events

Until 11 May 19q7, Leiden 6 Ma~¢h - 27 April 1997, Madrid optics and of light-sensitive materials. The Maxische Opt(ca exhibition at Museum Pt~ter y Tecnoi,~m end 5i~1o XVI: I,mwina former produced improvements in the Boerhaave on magic lanterns, including como centre de difusa~n 4e los mstrumentos camera obscura (the first device to cast an the one from's Gravesande's cabinet made cient~cos (Pouw and Terhm~lolo/ in the With image on a screen) and the latter the by the Musachenbroek workshop dated c. Century: Laumin as the centre of dLffusion of knowledge to make it pcmsible to reproduce 1720 and probably the oldest still in scientific instruments). An exhibitkm at the this image chemically. The story will be bdd existence. Also on show peep-shows, Real Diputaci6n San Andros de Los by means of the Museum's fine collectkm of optical prints, stert~ho0,~graphy, zoetn)pes Flan~mcos, Fundaci6n Carlos de Amben~, antique cameras and early photographs. and other optical anage devices including c/ Claudio Coello 99, 28006 Madrid. event is scheduled for Saturday 15 early film and Plateau's apparatus ~nn the Several scientific b~x)~, engravings and March from 2.30 to 4.00 pro. Ghent University Museum. The exhibition manuscripts will ham the environment for is described in a 32 page booklet with about 60 Flemish and Spanish scientific 27 April 199'/, London colour illustratior~. instruments frt~n the Ibth and the hegin- ]'he 22nd Scientific & Medical Instrument Fair nmg of the 17th centuries. A catak~gue will will be held at the Radi,~am SAS Pot(man 18 January - 16 March Iqq?, ChicaRo be available in Spanish. An English transla- Hotel, London. Details: 0181-866 8659. Au~truck by. the Malty ,~ the Hem~,ns: ~m is envi~ged but this will depend on Artistic Perspect/ves .~nn "the'Adler Planetar- public or private sponsorship. For further 22 May 199'7, Annual Thomas Harttol ium's Histo~. of Astranonn/ Coilecta,n - an inh~rmation telephone: 00 34 1 4~2201, or Lecture at Oxford exhibition organized by tl~ Adler's History fax: 00 34 I 5781(gr2. The 1997 Th~nnas Hamot Lecture will be of Astronomy Department at the Chicago given in Oriel College, Oxhwd, at 5 pm on 14 - 23 March 1997, Greenwich Cultural Centre situated at 77 East Ran- Thu "rsday 22 May. The lecturer will be There will be a full programme of special dolph Street. On display will be ablaut sixW Prok..ssor ~dm North of the University of events at the Old Royal Observatory for pieces from the Adler's collectkm of work~q Groningen, who will speak on 'Stars and of art on paper ranging in age from the late SET97 ('Science, Engineering and Technob At(~Lq'. 15th century, to the mid l~th century, tgy Week' under the auspices of the British arranged bv Anna Felicity Friedman of the A~ciati(m for the Advancement of Science This is the seventh annual Harriot Lecture. Adler Plat~etarium and Astronomy Mu- - see also the other events listed bek~w). Copies of four prevkms lectures, by David s~'unll. These include the first public opportunity Quinn, Can'd(m Bath(), Hilary Gatti, and for mawe than a decade to view the stars Stephen Clucas, are available ~m Preform( 21 January - 2# March 199'/, Oxford through the UK's hrgest refracting tele- Robert Fox, M,~em History Faculty, Broad The N~h" Dane: Ima(es of Twko Brahe. An scope, and a practical dermmstration under Street, Oxford OXI 3BD. For further details, exhibition at the Mu.,~,um of the History of the rubric Time in our Hands showing the plea~ ctmtact Pn(Yssor Fox at this address Science at Oxford occasioned by the skills needed to repair and rt~tore clocks or by e-mail at [email protected]. restora~m of a painting of a scene in the and watches. The latter event is c(mrdinated li~e t~ the Ibth centu~, astronomer. by The Worshipful Company of Clock- 26 October 1997, london makers in conjunction with the British The 23rd Strait!tic & Medical Instrument Fair 7 February until further notice, Chicago H(~gical Institute. For details contact will be held at the Radis,.~m SAS Portman The exhibiti~m at the Adler Plan~anum and H(~el, London. Details: 0181-866 86,r~. Mu,~um Conwts throu.¢h the A,ces: 400 Years the Pre~s Office on 0181-312 0745/6790. ~f Wonders will open tm 7 February in 14, 17 to 21 March 1997, Greenwich 19 - 26 July 1988, Brighton preparati,m for the arrival of Comet Hale- Spottin¢ SUn~l~,ts. Make sail"( "~bservations of FIG (the Interest((real Federation of Sur- I~)pp. ]he twenty-five works on paper from the sun with the Observatory's Victor/an veyors) ad hit Commission tm Surveying Adler's History of Astronomy Collectkm photo heliograph (a special projecting are organizing an exhihitkm deal with thewhole gamut of ema~ti,ms The Art of telescope) in the Altazimuth Ek)me. rimes: Sun.L~in¢. and a tree-.day symposium to from fear to simple curiosity amu.,~t by the 2.00 to 2.30 pm. This is a free event for coincide with the 21st FIG Congregs in amval of corn~ as reflects'st in rare I~'a~ks, which the Observatory's admix.~ion tick(~t is Brighton. bn~adsides, and other pnnts from the 16th not required. to the 19th centuries. As has become Summer 1~, Nolle( Exhibition, CNAM comm(m over the last tow years the Adler 20 and 21 March 19e7, Greenwich Paris Planetarium and Mu~um has a vigorous Conserving the Collection. As the Nati(mal Maritime prepan~ to open its C(~k and A circular entitled Bulh'tin de I'Ahb/Nollef programme of events. For details ctmsult originating from the David M. Stewart their rra,dia contacts Terry Shaffer (m 00 l Endeavour exhibition (24 March - 21 Mu~um has recently arrived with new 312 322 t)'~24 or Joyce Parker-John.,~m (m iX) ."k~ptemher), the ct~n.,~,'rvati(m studi(~ are informatiim concerning the Nolk't Exhibi- I 312 322 0328 opem,d to the public to ~ ctm~rvationists at work. The dates are as hdlows: 14 and 17 tion first listed in this column in Bulletin No. 4 - 9 March 19q7, 'SIS Annual Visit', Rome March for oil paintings; 18 and 19 March for 46. ['he exhibition entitk~l i.'Art des Exf~ri- l'he ,~l,g Annual Vb,it is planned for Rome. paper artefacts; and 20 and 21 March for t'nc,.'s ('The Noble Art of Expenmentmg') i~ Con,,ult the end~,d fiver for details. All scientific instruments, starting at 2.30 pm intended to open in the Conservatoire indication., art" that thi', will be a moq Advance h~oklngs truly (m 0181-312 6('1(18 National dt.,sarts d Metiers (CNAM), Paris, exerting trip. in the summer (d 1~8 and then move to 18 and 19, and 20 and 21 March 19e7, other venues: I.ihrarv of the University of Spring 1~7, Greenwich Greenwich Pavia (autumn I~X); Mu~.um of'the Accord,~g to a i'rt~,~. Reh'a~, issued by the C,~c~ Vaya.~es. The (X')serVatorV curators History of &'(once, Florence (winter it~q); Natltm.iI Maritime Mu,.eum, (;ret.nwich, a will explain the history and u.,~es of the Mu..~.um (~ the it(story of Science and tull-.,ize working replica of Captain Ct~k's ~ientific m~truments which accompanied Fechnolog~; Gem,va (spring I~'~); Museum JIM l~ark l.,tca~s,,~r, trill arrlte in the UK Ct~)k im his historic journeys around the lh~erhaave, h, iden (sumn~,r I~); Mu.,~,um on 2~, March I~m7 t,dc,w~,ur will be world C(~)k's chrln~meters will be de- of the llistory of Science, OxS~rd (autumn berthed at (.rt'entsich I'wr from 28 March .~'nbed on 18 and Iq March and hi~ other I~); Mu~,um venues in North America - 13 Aprd, where ,,he will be open to the in~truraents on 20 and 21 March, from 1.05 (winter and spring 2(XXl); David M Stewart to 1.4=; pm. public b~.tort, b~'ginnmg a 15-port tour Mu~um, MontNal (summer 2tXlO); and ar,,und the LK Full details of this tour IS March 199'7, Oxford National Mu,,eum of ~ience and Technol- anti opportunttie~ to apply for crew or The l)('~'lopin¢, hna.~,,e: Earl=/ Chenlistrv in ogy, Ottawa (spring 2(NH). Details from pa,,.,~'ngerberths on the voyage around the I'hat~,~ral,h v - is the Oxford Mu~.um of the Guy Vadeboncoeur, Canada H,'K" 2Yg. It is LK can be obtalm,d from the National tlistorV of ,~'ience's contribution to SET97 still intended to publish an illustrated Marltin~t, Mu~'um I're~ t)ffice Tch'phone by Wilh.m i|ackmann. I'hotographv is in catalogue of the Nollet colh.ction. Michael Barrett or ,%mdie Mead on 0181-312 equal measures due to developn~ats in ~74~ / h7q~l. Details of fidun, ,ns'nts, tm'etin(s, exhibitions phy~,ics and chemistry, that is the study of etc. ~muht be .~'nt hi the Editor.

.34 Bulletin of tl~, ~entific Instrument ,~x'ietv No. 5l (19t~) Letters to the Editor

Arsenius' ballestilla in Madrid papers and p)umals and Stephen.am was O'Sh~a, 'Nolt~ ¢m the l|isk~ry t4 the .~tetv moved to wnte a letter in which he referred Lamp', Tran,~tams ,# t~ Insht,t~,n ~# Mmmi¢ in a recent article c(mcemed with the 'eye to Davy '...who has an tvportunity of e~'nw' of the cn~ staff = I mentkmed a having his ideas brought tmnwdiately to radms astnmomicus in the collecti, ms of the the test of expenment for that Museo Nail,real de Ciencia y Tec~logia at and purpose Stourl~,rt on ~"t~"r~,l, Won's (an advantage all others) Madrid. This instrument (MNCT 85/4/78) heyond can the L,t complete, whereas the transversals an" command as,,~istanceof such an arti~n as Mr Nt-wman'. ~ unfl~rtunately mi.~,ing ~)m an instrument Fahrenheit vers=s Celsius in the British Musuem (1886, b-30.|) Only the staff, k~.aring the legend N~ ~mmne As an ordinary tin,tuber of SIS may I take Prisy h,mnii ~'cit afro 1.517 remains (my Fig. this opportunity of congratulating all I0). It was thought that the Madrid corK'erned with the preparahon/pn~iuc- instrument was unsigned, but l)ra. Am- titm of the ~Ttemher 1~ ~)th Commem- pan~ .~,bastian2~ (Directtw tdr the above orative edititm. Fxcelk'nt m both quality Mum'urn) has writtt-n say that it does and ctmtent 51.~ Bulletins an, (to n~,) indeed bear the in~'rlptitm N~7~n C,emm~ virtually in the categxwv of 'cxnnpul~wv /nsu hmantl fi'cit I.%.1 GAl.. Walter Ar- n'adlng'. Perhaps the .%~'zetv shouki ad- senuis is therefore shown to he the maker vt,rti~ in order to tra-rea.~, n~mbership of both instruments, preh, rring at this [~int fn,m the pn~,nt 5F94 to .~v at least Ill00! to en)phasi~ his relatiemship to (~,mma .";uggt.'st:A/IS, BttL Cl,~ks Frisius by repn'~,nting his own name sin)ply by the monogram '(,AI.' - (;ualter- As lhls =s a k'tter. I sympathe<, with the ttts Ar~,nius, l.ouanv. view,~ expn's.~.| by John P Dwkin.~m "? lh'nnessv wgarding Fahrenheit v ('elsius Note~ llowever the 'batth" ts k~t! SI [~nlts wt'R' I. A.A. Mills. 'The 'Eye Error' of the Cro~ finally adopted by the h'nth Ct;I'M Staff, with a Method for CalculatinR the (C,m~'n'nce t~'m'rah" des I',,ul~ el M,,,urr~) OriRinal Dimensions of Modified or Missing in 19¢q and now 'enshrined' in the latest Parts', (1~), 15-18 Bull..qlS. No. 48 pp. Bnhsh Standard, 55~: lqq3, B.%t7h3 of 2 A .*';ebaMtan, 'l~'t.'~ de mdentlfk'a~m Iq~h.4/ Iq7b and ~w displaced/wdhdrawn de autor de un lm[~rtante a.,,toh~io tlametwo en el Mt|~t~) National de ('wncia y lecnologia', I agree that the centigrade - mttiallv I v,m - 11111.1 (Rev#~ta de la .~u'dad l:.~luph,la dc .~ah' adopted in 1743 bv Jean I'wrre /h~t,,rm de la C#enc~s .V de la~ /hnu'ask IR Christm (1(~3-175~) ts mow logical, parti- (I~). pp ~-017. cularh' as the .~ale of Anders Celsius ( ! 701- 3. ]. Jlmenez, M. Martlne/and A .%'haitian, 1744) 'prol~,,d" m 1~72 was not 'corn'ctlv" ']he Royal Academy of Mathematics and the wver~,d until athq" hi~ death bv Carl san Im|a,nai College in the Natiemal Mu~4,um of Linnt~ (l.innaeus) in 174~. Ntl~retti and ~ience and lechnology ol Madnd', Nuncms. Zambra I.td 'map~,d' in the ~-wm'e of 10 (IWg), pp. 17q-I~L leml~,ratun" mea.~un'n~,nt In 18~7 they incorl~nated much data in their publics- A.A. Mills Fig.I Mm,'r~ .,ati,ty hmq, s~¢ned iw turn A lmlt#.,~' on Meh~m~Nu'M In,trumenl~ Lh'l~rtment ~ Physics and Astnm,,mv Newman ( Pri~zh' Colh'ction l. and mon" recenth' (Iqr~) published an UmR'rsitV (~ l.eh'eyter mtere~ting .,,ummation with the tlth" ,4 h'ic~t~r LE1 7RH .~torv ~# lemlvratur~ Mrasun'ment I Iowever, in their pal~,r of Iqlb ~ to mark the the fir~t n'hahle thermometers of (;abrlel- Newman's Miners Safety Lamp centenary of the invention of the .,,stele I)anlel Fahwnheit (l~k~-17.'~), ekxted a Further to H.A.L. Dawt,~' biography of lamp, I;mfl.,s.~r tlardwick and ()'~hea Fellow of the Royal .%~'k'tv in 1724) wdl refern'd to Newman as having made lamps t.t:ntlnue to exist i| only bt~'atl~ Ot the [.trot, ! h~hn Newman in SIS Bulh'tm No. ~1, may I otter the hallowing nok,,~ on Newman's for Sir |tumphry Davy Newman is cred- nllm~.,r,, o# Fahn,nht-it therntometer~ that contribution to the early development of ited with impnwmg the l)avv lamp by the adorn countless thou~andN ot exIMlng and the miners ~fetv lamp intn~duction of a .,~'ond gauze surround- olten valuable ban~me~ers, the kilter nor- mg the top of the first and also applying a malls' cahhrated in mche~, limp) I Ig whilst John Newman was instrument maker at glas~ lens to the lamp so as to impnwe the later t:tirot'~,an ¢ontll)t'nt,|l barometer,, the Royal insfitutitm when Sir tlumph~ light (the light output of a l)avy lamp was adopted mm IIg Addzt,,nallv, for atmo- Davy carried out his expenments with the one ~,venth the I~)wer Of a lighted candle). spl~,ric pw~ure tl~, $1 Lint ts the 'un- ~fety lamp. wwldv" I'a,~'al. although mdhbar ~ ah,e~ .in' ]'he lamp illustrated (Fig. I) bears a bra.~s normally used ha,~xi on .~tandard atmo- (k's~r[~ Stephen.~)n tned out a safety lamp label stamped 'J Newman/l,isle St./hm- spheric pn.'~,~ure: I atm -- 1.0132~ bar = underground in Novemher 1815, a h'w don' and ha.~ the doubh, gauze and 1013.25 I'a,~alsf weeks before similar experiments wen. 'bull~,ye' glass reh,rn'd to hv Hardwick carried out with two lamps sent for testing and O'Shea. AI~, as SIS is a Rclostens.t Chardv. the by l)avy |. ]he evidence i~.nts to tht~, intn~.tuction/issue O# ¢ovt'nants, t|lrt'~'t lamps having been made by Newman, Notes debds .~hould be pLlr~Ut'~.| ~ that tax tan ['~' r~'lalmt~l,.~wn that I wa.,, =~ available In 181b a long and heated argument raged I. [h~.'~P lam[~ art, now in the ~'tence Mu.~,um. to attend the A( ;M ()nh,' tm~, mil'H)r ern~r: as to the merits o# Stephen~m and Davy as my advarK'e wntten at~dogv is h~ted m the 2. ~mual Smiles, The .~torv ~ the Ia~" of the inventor of the safety lamp (a c~m- nan.. of 'J. i~rn~t' m~ as Bartlam' tmversy that has continued to the pn.~,nt G~wee ShTdwn~m. Radu~ v l.n.~m~w ([.¢md~m. p. day). Numen~us letters fn)m supporters of I~2, abridged editi~m), 93. IN Ik~rtlam both camps wen" published in the news- 3. (and ne4e i). F.W }lardwk'k and I..T. Waterh~n,dh'. llaml~h#re

Bulk.tin of the ~'itmtific Instrument ~'iety No. 51 (19qh) 35 Classified

Ad~ erti,.ing Charges ~'ANTEI~. VFRY O1.1) TEI.E(,RAPII.~ and rvlated =tt'm- Who el,e collectq. hole page (r-$ C~mtad Ftm- \andt,n lh,rghen, lewnmk Half ~rter Pa~ Lr~ ,,,',tt,t~c¢ 4o2 22 B-I'~tl Ilalh'. lh'l- t tghth PaRt. glum t~mall h,~ abt',~tlvltndu,+ [~' ('hls,.i fie(I t,0.20 per wo~, rain Lt tLt~itlcd Bot %uml~t Qualih Medical in.,,trumenl~ ~santvd ~.Wb'X'~lt~,% (.t~,~ iOMIIIOll anti tOlll|~h'h' riO0 ~t"t- Mu-t 1"~." prt" 1'020 (oml~t,tltlXt, FIv~r. lbuble ~4 (125 ~\~l ~M~rn'n 77 (.sin- Olht~' Adt em.t~t pn,v- Pr IXs~ti artf~,n ~st'nut" I'ort,,mouth I'~ 2Ai; ~v~cwl~ d nequm~d At txt~l L k I'hon¢ 01"1 ;7+~18 F-marl: lallt~ tdl~o~-n at~ ~ ~amera rt.,id~ alq- 10.1-~'" 2"~, ~,mru,,t,n c corn " .//,,,,,/.'/;,//,t " wodu A 10% dt*o~un! apphe~ on booking hw 4 m mo~ (~-utts'¢ =,.sm~ ['lk,tatk.d {.ai~I a~atLIbie on tt.qve~ BR(.)kE% OPTICAl LENSES OR Lo~ Dalt' no Li41't than 4 ttt,~k~ ~ IIo pl~lt(~on i.e. end Jantutn April luls • .MIRROR~? At la~.t a rule rvpl.kt'rrk'nt ,.t'~ ice i'. m~w Iot %umN, r ~rltt,~ Io the ~d~¢rh~ing ax atlabk. Matching glass anti .,Is h' madv Man~ts.r ~ L~lo~ lXq" arts pt'nod I e*t~ ~,lodtllt'~ In[ ig, ium, Pasment W~ adsertt~ng ~$ due m ~dsaun~ae h ors Bra~- etc. bt'~ke made .~ptxlallx tanntM and d~txt .',hagrven and lash hkm Wanted: I've I -vals t. brt.adboard w irelt,.~,., t.'Ctark~ c~,s~ng a -pt,~-iah h- in tradt- rt'tcivcr model 2 I0 of 1'+2~ to complete a tkq'xal (ok~ur~ I?~lrt. (olourx tanned to the ~ on cvmm¢~ con~t.~J~n. colh'dlon In vxchange I ,2an offer a All im~menls and ¢op dkL~hlllh~- -P~ul or&-r ALL SCIENTIFIC. MEDI- sin)liar bn'adN~wd ~ of another make lain. Imd¢~ invtrmsmee~d ~. CAl A%D OTHER INSTRUMFNTS or v,IrJotlS t erv rare Nt-tt,ntllJC in.,,|nl- t~ ~ Physics..tt~ettt-tMmesu~ PERFECTL~r RESTORED. TEl= COOKF ment~ If any member can kindly help ICONSL'LTANT RESTORER) 014S.'¢ pk'am, contact (kwdon Bu,~*,eA,'. tel/tax: Tel: Ol-l-e~l $110 fat: 01~1-4~1 $4~1 0181-¢~) 2240

NINETEENTH CENTURY SCIENTIFIC DEMONSTRATION MOTORS. 2nd Annual So. California ELECTRO-MAGN ETIC Scientific & Technical AND PHILOSOPHICAL - Antique &Collectible INSTRUMENTS SO[GHT BY COLLECTOR Show .~.~~ I ab~*atoo.. M~/k'al. Nauacal. dstronomt,'al. Sur~ryinS. DeafimX. "~ ('al,'datingWights, Meatures,

other llem (~ t,'n~lur I,,¢rr~t ] " f~ I Sponsoredby j , The Rational Pas ~,~m,rd 9' 3anuary lOto4 25,i 99es ~ The Antique Guild !t 3225 llelms Ave. W. Los A.iel L Peter l'homashow For Informatio,: AI L, Bobbic Rt~'~fl$ 164 ('ongrcss Street lh¢ Ratio.at Past (310)476-O277 Brookh. n, N.Y.. [ SA Phone & Fat 718-79"-1024

H~il~zn ~ the '~~'nttlk In..tru,~.n! ~. ,'t~ ~o rq (l~m) CHRISTIES

Forthcoming Sale of

Exceptional Scientific Instruments and Engineering Works of Art Wednesday 9th April 1997

will ,wltide

"I 7.' :';.h,.a .X h.;'-,,l III .+.,il,l,',l l.',t+s ,,rod ,Ol,l,,'r ,~rmilklr}, .,I,t+,'r,'. l),,.+.~il,I),.lh,m Ih," I I i,rk. .d,, !, 0./" ( ;¢r, mt 3 I,'r,,~h,r ( "ir,',~ 15#q).

F.,trics arc still bt'iilg .ic,.im.d fi)r thi~ sale. (:h)shg d,m' l:rid,lv 7th Fcbru.lry 1()~17.

For htrther information regarding the sale please contact Jeremy p. Collins F.S.V.A. Tel: 0171-32| 3149

Pnwisiond prugranlme Ibr I Q~7 131h M.mh SLleuuti¢ .rod Medt~.d hl,,lrUltlt'Ul~. Ibul,, ,rod L )lht'l Al'~pat.llu*. ')th Al,rll I'.xlt'l'~ltott.II .%',ICtlltti~ III++IIIIIIWIII~. Jib| l'll~lllt't'l'Ill~ ~L,'olk*. o| All 2'1111 M.Iv IIIR' ,~ I¢111111~ In,+lllllll¢lll,+ 3tllh M.Iv Medl~,ll Iil~lllllll¢°lll~, IiOlll .I IJrlV,lh ' ('olin IIo1! 5,h J.,." ~<~l¢llllli¢ 0|lid Me&,al Ill~trlitlt+:nl,+, h~ol, ,rod ()tlwr Al~p,u,itu,, 2.~th Itlll(" ( ;h,b~'~ ,rod Iq,uwl.ma 13th Nm'cmi~('r .%¢ I~.'lllltl¢" .llltl Med,.ll hi~.llUllll'lll~. Ibul~ ~,,d t )lh~'r AI,I,...Iv., 2~lh Nm'¢ull~'r (;lub¢~ Jml I'hweiJrt~ 271h Novl, lllbtr .%flt'lllltlf and I!ll~lllt'¢rlll~ ~orlo. o|" ~rl. hlsIllllllt'lllS .llld M~h'l~

( ~1 IR ISTIF.'S .~( )UIi ! K I!N.~IN( ;r( )N I'15()ILl llmmlmm lhud, l.ml&m ,%WT 31 I) li,l: iul711 51~l 7{,lI l:~x:I, II171l 321 3~21 -X r.ur¢ j,,~cl~h S|,,~,,n I(o~.d l~'¢~-nt.tllon Ix~ k¢l ~hd~' In ~lhcl Illoulzlcd t.l~', dc,.or,ltcd ~ lIb Ilk" Ill~qh~gl,llll

I~'tlm k~in.t}:vv, ctt~..mu,,cunl. ~a, Pl¢~'nlCd b~ (~)tlct'l| ,.151111t"o| (I1¢.1| Hll|,llft 10 irlcdr,¢h I. | II\ Itm ,tl |(I.IIl~|¢'nhlll~h ~11,,I KIII~ ol |=llls~l;I | ~11111.11¢ t.~I).IlIN) II}.INH)

SAI, E ()F INSTRL:.~IENTS ()F SCIENCE AND TF,('ltN()I,()GY 16()()- ! 95() L()NI)()N. 7 MARCH 1997 AT I()..t()AM

S()THEBYS

i,,= further Inh,rm.imm pk',l,¢ ~L~nl,l~'l Jon H,iddclc~. on (()171) 4(l~ ~2()~. IMPORTANT ARTIFACTS FROM THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE, SURGERY & SCIENCE

ALEX I)ECK ANTIQUE SCIENTIFICA

Featuring Medical Antiques of tbe American Civil War Era. Send a self-addressed stamped envelope for further information. Please advise your interests and wants.

P.O. Box 710-S Charleston, IL 61920 U.S.A. 217.348.1009

mr mmnnr G ~LO~Krm~.~ 3rd Ne.. A,..~,d ~pecldlst ," \ ,\'"1'1(.JL "1!', ~ t "1 I,: ,\~"1"] 1,"It ' ] \'s'H,~, ...... ' ' Clock, tWatch, t[~aromet~, NFW BELL;NSWK'K. NFW JFRSFY U..~.A. ~clenti.pc Clnstrument~airs Ik,.~ II,q,.I. Sunday January Sth Crawley Leisure Centre, W. SIJSSF.X ~unday Janu-ry 19rE The Henry Gotch School, KETI'ERING

Sunday February 9th • t .,L' od,um(• I .oh.,,,~,.~ • N.a~u~m • ,rod ,.¢k,-, ,, l,u,,d .o(~t~,,.om, *

The Palace, LUTON E~hibi0~ tam throul~mo d~" t I.S. a,~l Fn0~hnd Sunday March 2nd The Federation Brewery, NFWCASTI.E l ,,~ .,-.I ;~ ..k. t~,,,. NI W Ti ~k tl IT ~', .,,h.. t,,,,. I'1111 AI)t I Pill A. "', ,,.k.. h,,n, NI ~.AIIK I,%'1I.IINAI IleAl AIHI'; lit I .~,* Sunday March 16th Meadowbank Stadium, EDINBURGH Sunday April 13th tlenry Gotch School, KETTERING

Ca,~Da,va2~,$~6~v 0193J 2256Z4 RO~ MOm,'~ 01536 ~F07776

Ih011,,t.~ ol Ifw .~u,nhlK In~trun.'nl ~'t,'t,.' No .M (1~) .t,J Scientific Glass Blowing & Repairs We can now offer in-house specialist scientific glass replacements and some repanrs,copies of old glass instruments,experiments,one offs or small quantnties Experimental & reproduction instruments apparatus. PIo.so wilo or tolo~oeo witll roq00iroanoateto: I'bo Oloooklnoe,lloroawoOo~ Wodd,Quiahilvoe Iora,Mortoa,Ohhoa~ton,Povoa,|X20 3D$ Tel : 01805 603443 Fax : 01805 603344 Aaoroid & Morevrial Baromolors Ropoirod

I Scientific Instrument Society k Tie Farlx .~.-,ent,h,. ln.,tmments Polyester. Golden Yellowon Dark Blue. £10.00 Catalogues plus £1.IX) L'.K. D~slage. f3(IO clsev, hcre. TESSERAC'T issued quarterly Send your order~ to. I~,~ I'll lhe ~eienlif'l¢ nn~runl~nl Socielv, tla~.tLn¢, ,ha Hud.~m 31 High Street. Stanford in the Vale. Nc~ Y,,rk I d7~ Farinl~don. Oxon SN7 8LH. ~,a14~ 4;'S 2~o4 ('hcqm'.~ parahh, to "The .%ientific instrument S~:iety'.

LYNN HARDING LIBRAIRIE ALAIN BRIEUX ANTIQUE INSTRUMENTS ot tht' I ' rl '~t"*'lO,'~l '. .]rid K~I¢I'lt.'C~,

48 rue Jacob, 75006 Paris. lel. +33 (I)42 60 21 98 Fax. +3.t (I) 42 60 55 24 Ilisto~ of Medicine & Science. Rare Books. i"'3 ~,--,: -L:,v .~.'r,~.0 L',u~Cai!'..~ u;~,:; At,It)graphs. Rare Scientilic. Medical & Surgical Inslrun~cnts, Fh~ks of I)~:umentation. S.%,V 0~" i:)~t .".. I,,' 5 ~ 'r_ :x,.-% Fn&', ,~,:~,-~ .%~&~ Bought - Sold - Appraised

I Ihdl.'hn td Ih.. '.~ u'uhlh h~'.htmm,.a~t'~N I,'t~ ~.o 5| {1~} aOGEaS va.Nt . aooKs SIS BULLETIN BINDERS Scholarly & Antiquarian Books

22 Nelson Road, Greenwich, London SEI0 9JB 10 - 6 dilly. Tel. & Fax. 0111-853 5271 Par~ o0~c¢ 24 Rue du Buisson Richard, 78600 I.,¢ Mcsnil-I¢-Roi, Frmc¢. Tel. 1-3912 I I 91 Fax. 1-3962 07 22

Jean-Antoine Nollet 1700 - 1770 We have for sale an almost complete collection of Nollet's works, in contemporary french calf gt., similar, though not matching bindings. Each work is for sale individually. Full details on application. Nollet was probably the most successful 18thC demonstrator of In Dark Blue PVC with Gold Lettering, holding up physical experiment, using up to 350 to 10 issues, t6.00 each. plus postage different instruments, virtually all of Orders to The Scientific Instrument Society, which are illustrated in his works. 31 High Street. Stanford in the Vale. I-anngdon, Oxon SN7 81.H

~lllt~ue Eighteenth and nineteenth century mathematical, philosophical and optical instruments of all kinds - c.,.ipnt.lo~[~l, including microscopes, telescopes, globes, I orreries, sundials, compasses, surveying, navigating, drawing, calculating, IllStrltlllglltS medicaland laboratory apparatus. Send $5.00 for current illustrated catalog

O~ Historically important books for collectors; beautifully illustrated and practical reference books for everyone are including astronomy, mathematics, computing, chemistry, physics," engineering, microscopy, "t'°' nk.°(l~f'~Off"e navigation, surveying, history of science and antique scientific instruments~ Send $2.00 for current catalog "B"

Catalogs online at: bttp:flwww.gemmary.com/rcb/ E-maih [email protected]

P~.0~']~ox'-~2"560~Fal~-~br~o'ok~CA92088. 6=-~-'~'~9728-3321 * 728-3322 Ans & FAX Table of Contents A~e mmm~l roll be ~ in ~

Ed:wmal ...... I Co~.Thel~dymd)be~ ...... A. V. Simcock 2 Important SIS Events RelX~ o# SiS ~ at Oxford ...... S~irt Talbot 3 SIS Vmd to Old Royal Observatory, C,menwu~ 26 ~ lqq6 ...... ~ Johnmm 4J sis ~ m Gemv.. 7.8 ~ iqq~ Vmt to the Mmtte d'Hmot~ des Scwnc~ ...... "l'nwor WaW,mwt 5 Vmt to the Geneva Clock Mmeum ...... VII C.owham 6 19tk Ctmtur~/:me,~ Scwnt~" im~'qqmu~ A4dm~ xm so ...... 7 The XVm ~ immuner~ .~/mpmmmm in Canada: A Report ...... 17 Jo~n l~,wnum: A Smond Look ...... Brum G~ 22 ~mt .~ Immmf A4d~ m A4mtck,s~ 1870-1940

Cuur~nt and F-utu~ Events ...... 34 L(mmm to tbe Ed~or ...... Advertmemen~ ...... 36

The Scientific Instrument Society Membership The Somufic Uwtnunmnt Soamy (sis) wu ~ un AprU :V~ to ~ tot~,U~ ix.o~ w~ - q~cUUm imm~ m mmtmc unstruments. ~ from ~ ant~lues to ekectmm~ devices only. I~'c,ntly out o/I~mCl~. Condom. the antZques trade, mum,urn ~taff. ~1 ~ and ~ enthmumts will fi~l tbe varied ~ od SiS muted to thmr tamtes. The S~cwty haman unternational ~ Activities Regular evt,nu~ meeun~ are beid m London, as weft ~m occmicmal om,-dav and week-end confemrKw in a~ pmvu~ul kxatmm Six,akeqrs are usually experts in their fiekl, but all members aR w~ to fpve talks. Specml 'bt,4tmd-ttw-K,m~' ~ to musexum are • useful ~e.tur~. Above all, the Society's pthenngs are eqoyabk, mcml occammu, pmvidi~ oppertumt~ to meet others with sU~iar mte~sts

The SIS Bulletin TI~ m the Socu~'s ioumal, publmi~d four tunes • y~r and ~ free to members, it m attractively produced and ilJmtm~l, and contains urO~wutwe art~ies about • wide rau~ of ~ as well as book and exh~tUm reviews, m,ws ~ SIS activities, and meetm~ c~ rdaued socwtws There us • hvely k,tten page, and 'mysUery oi~s' are presented. Another bmu~ ie • advertmenwnt colmrm, and antKpa, dealers and auctmn houmm regularly take advertum 8 q~ce, m that coilecton may find the BulJt'tm • means oC adding to their collection.

How to join The annual subsC-nl~Onus due on I January. New memlx~ receive back ~ of the Bu/ktm for the year m which they jolm. Current Sub~'fiptioe rate. S~-nptiom

~t m UK f.~O0

i~s~k.nt ebewhen. I 500 !

~ that hil~t,~ cot of oveta,cB me~h, nhip m due to Idditiontl pul rales.

Pleme contact: The E~ecu,ve O~icer (Wing Cmdr. Geom~ ih.nncm) 31 High Street. Stanford m the Vale. Farmgdon. Oxon SN7 81.1"!. Tel 01~7 710223 Fax: 01367 718q~3