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SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES
September 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 septembre National Museum Musee national des sciences of Science and Technology et de la technologic 1 9 9 6 SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES
Ottawa and Montreal, Canada Ottawa et Montreal, Canada
SEPTEMBER 9»10 SEPTEMBRE
National Museum Musee national of Science and Technology des sciences et de la technologic
International Union for the History Union Internationale d'histoire and Philosophy of Science et de philosophic des sciences
Division of the History of Science Division de I'histoire des sciences Scientific Instrument Commission Commission des instruments scientifiques
President: President: Dr. R. G. W. Anderson, Ph, D. R. G. W. Anderson, Ph. D. Director British Museum Directeut, British Museum London, UK, WCIB 3DG Londres, Royaume-Uni WC1B 3DG
Secretary: Secretaire : Professor G, L'E, Turner Professeur G. L'E. Turner History of Science and Technology Group Groupe de I'histoire des sciences Imperial College, Sherfield Building et de la technologic London, UK, SW7 2AZ Imperial College, Sheffield Building Londres, Soyaume-Uni SW7 2A7 1 9 6 SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION »/<*« IUHPS LA COMMISSION DBS INSTRUMENTS SCIENCE & SCIENCES& SCIENTIFIQUES rfeUIHPS TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGIE
PARTICIPANTS
S\\ke ACKERMANN, PhD Karen BALAYAN British Museum AYAS Sea Investigations Club Great Russell Street Komitas 19/8 apt.5 London, Great Britain Yerevan 12 WC1H 3DG Republic of Armenia 375012
: (44) 171 -323-8395/(44) 171 -323-8496 T/F: (3742)221167/(3742)151795
Olov AMELIN Bob BARCLAY Uppsala University Canadian Conservation Institute Lovbergavagen 33 1030 Innes Road 13239 Saltslo-Boo, Sweden Ottawa, Ontario K1A OM5 Canada
T: (46)87479901 T/F: (01)613-998-3721/(01)613-998-4721 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
Robert ANDERSON, PhD Helga BEEZ, PhD Director, British Museum Optical Museum Jena London, UK Ernst-Abbe-Foundation WC1B3DG Cari-Zeiss-Platz 12 D-07743 Jena, Germany T/F: (44) 171 -323-82411(44) 171 -323-8480 T/F: (49)3641 443 165/(49)3641 443 224 William ANDREWES Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments Teodor BLACHUT, PhD Harvard University 61 Rothwell Crescent 1 Oxford Street, Room B-06 Gloucester, Ontario K1J 7G6 Cambridge, MA USA 02138 Canada
T/F: (01)617-495-2779/(01)617-495-3344 T: (01)613-746-1373 E-mail: [email protected]
National Museum of Science and Technology Musee national des sciences et de la technologic P.O. Box 9724, Station T, Ottawa, Ontario K1G 5A3 C.P. 9724, succursale T, Ottawa (Ontario) K1G 5A3 Canada Vasilii BORISOV, PhD Peter de CLERCQ Institute for the History of Science and Museum Boerhaave Technology, Russian Academy of Sciences PO Box 11280 Staropanski per 1/5 2301 EG Leiden, Moscow, Russia 103012 The Netherlands
T/F: (95)921-80-61/(95)925-99-11 T/F: (31)71-521-42247(31)71-512-0344 E-mail: [email protected]
Victoria DICKENSON, PhD Diane BROOKS National Aviation Museum Ottawa, Canada PO Box 9724, Term. T Ottawa ON K1G5A3 Randall BROOKS. PhD Canada National Museum of Science and Technology PO Box 9724, Station T T/F: (01)61 3-990-5881/(01)613-9903655 Ottawa, Ontario K1G5A3 Canada E-mail: [email protected]
T/F: (01)613-990-2804/(01)613-990-3636 Jacalyn DUFFIN, PhD [email protected] History of Medicine Queen's University Frangois CHARETTE Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada Institute for the History of Science University of Frankfurt T/F: (01 )613-565-6580/(01)61 3-565-6330 Robert-Mayer-str. 1 E-mail: [email protected] Frankfurt, Germany D-60054 Rand EVANS, PhD T/F:(49)69-79822338/(49)69-79823275 East Carolina University [email protected] 11 09 Main St. Tarboro, NC Montague COHEN, PhD USA 27886 Physics Department and Rutherford Museum McGill University, 3600 University Street T/F: (01)919-641- 0757/(01)919-641-1855 Montreal, Quebec, Canada E-mail: psevans@ecuvmxfs,eeiLeduT.
T/F: (01)514-398-7498/(01)514-398-8434 Marian FOURNIER, PhD Museum Boerhaave Marie-Claude CORBEIL, PhD PO Box 11 280 Canadian Conservation Institute 2301 EG Leiden 1030 Innes Road The Netherlands Ottawa, Ontario K1A OM5 Canada T/F: (31)71-521-42247(31)71-512-0344 T/F: (01)613-998-3721/(01)613-998-4721 E-mail: [email protected] Dana FREIBURGER Laszlo KOVACS Jr. 824 Orkney Avenue Tate University S2 EGED Santa Clara, California Szombathely Martirok tere 5/C USA 95054 Hungary
T: (01)408-746-3414 T: (36)96714603 [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
Nancy GAHM Laszlo KOVACS, PhD Toronto, Canada Teacher Training College Szombathely/Hungary Jean-Frangois GAUVIN H-9700 Szombathely Universite de Montreal Martirok tere 5/C Hungary 4672 de Bullion Montreal, Quebec H2T 1Y6 T: (36)94717892 Canada E-mail: [email protected]
T/F: (01)514-843-3838/(01)514-582-7748 Svetlana KRIVOBOKOVA, PhD [email protected] Moscow Medical Academy Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Helen P. GRAVES SMITH, PhD 117871 Moscow, Miklukho-Maklay str. 16/10 National Museum of Science and Technology Russia 111871 PO Box 9724, Station T Ottawa, Ontario K1G 5A3 T/F: (07)095-335-18-88/(07)095-336-43-33 Canada Keith J. LAIDLER, PhD T/F: (01)613-991-3086/(01)613-990-3636 University of Ottawa [email protected] 734 Eastbourne, Manor Park Ottawa, Ontario K1KOH7 Julian HOLLAND Canada MacLeay Museum University of Sydney T: (01)613-749-3316 Australia 2006 Roy LAIRD, PhD T/F: (61)2-351-22747(61)2-351-5646 History Department E-mail: [email protected] Carleton University 1125 Colonel By Dr. Prof. John E. KENNEDY Ottawa On K1S 5B6 Canada 1902 - 315 5th Avenue North F: (01)613-520-2819 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7K 5Z8 Canada
T: (01)306-374-4614 Trevor LEVERE, PhD Alison MORRISON-LOW, PhD IHPST, University of Toronto National Museums of Scotland Victoria College Chambers Street Toronto, Ontario M5K 1K7 Edinburgh, Scotland EH1 1JF Canada United Kingdom
T/F: (01)416-978-51597(01)416-978-3003 T/F: (44)131-247-4248/(44)131-247-4312 E-mail: [email protected] E-MAIL: [email protected]
Roberto MANTOVANI, PhD Martha RICHARDSON Urbino University Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments Gabinetto Di Fisica Harvard University Piassa Delia Repbulica 1 Oxford Street, Room B-06 1-61029, Urbino, Italy Cambridge, MA USA 02138 T/F: (39)72-241467(39)72-2327857 E-mail: [email protected] T/F: (01)617-495-2779/(01)617-495-3344 E-mail: [email protected] Anita McCOIMNELL, PhD 46 Defoe House Nadia ROBOTTI, PhD Barbican, University Professor of History of Physics London, EC2Y 8DN UK Dipartimento Di Fisica Via Dodecanese 33 T/F: (44) 171 -638-8742/(44) 1865-267806 1-16100 Geneva [email protected] Italy
John MCKNIGHT, PhD T/F: (39)103536376/(39)10316218 College of William and Mary PO Box 8795 Eileen RUDD Williamsburg, VA Lincoln, NE USA USA 23187 M. Eugene RUDD, PhD T/F: (01)804-221-35217(01)804-221-3540 University of Nebraska E-mial: [email protected] Dept. of Physics and Astronomy 116 Brace Lab, PO Box 880111 Allan A. MILLS, PhD Lincoln, NE Dept. of Geology USA 68588-0111 / University of Leicester J University Road T/F: (01)402-472-2792/(01)402-472-2879 Leicester LE1 7RH United Kingdom
T/F: (44)116-252-3924/(44)116-252-3918 Sara SCHECHNER GENUTH, PhD Robert A. Van GENT, PhD University of Maryland at College Park Museum Boerhaave Fellow Smithsonian Institution PO Box 11280 1142 Loxford Terrace 2301 EG Leiden The Netherlands Silver Spring, MD USA 20901
T/F: (31)71-521-42247(31)71-512-0344 T/F: (01)301-593-7144/(01)301-314-9399 E-mail: [email protected] Anne C. Van HELDEN Museum Boerhaave Nikolai M. SEMENOV, PhD POBox 11280 Russian Academy of Sciences, NET 2301 EG Leiden Flat 52, Block 7, Maslov Street The Netherlands Monino, Moscow Region Russia (N. Federation) 141170 T/F: (31)71-521-42247(31)71-512-0344
T/F: (07)095-928-34-23/(07)095-925-99-11 Peter H. von BITTER, PhD E-mail: DAB@!HST.MSK.SU Department of Palaeobiology Royal Ontario Museum Alexei SHAMIIM, PhD 100 Queens Park Moscow Medical Academy Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6 Canada Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry 117871 Moscow, Miklukho-Maklay str. 16/10 T/F: (01)416-586-5592/(01)416-586-5863 Russia 111871 E-mail: [email protected]
T/F: (07)095-335-18-88/(07)095-336-43-33 Deborah Jean WARNER E-mail: [email protected] NMAH-5128, National Museum of American History, Kiyoshi TAKADA Smithsonian Institution Miyagi Gakuin Women's College Washington, DC 9-1-1, Sakuragaoka USA 20560 Aobaku, Sendai, Japan 981 T/F: (01)202-357-24827(01)202-357-1631 T/F: (81)222776178/(81)222776186 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Garth WILSON Sylvie TOUPIN National Museum of Science and Technology Musee de la civilisation 2380 Lancaster Road 16, rue Saint-Jacques PO Box 9724, Station T CP 155, Succ. B Ottawa, Ontario K1G 5A3 Canada Quebec, Quebec G1K7A6 Canada T/F: (01)613-991-3087/(01)613-990-3636 T/F: (01)418-643-2158/(01)418-692-5206 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Gudrun WOLFSCHMIDT, PhD NMST CURATORIAL DIVISION Deutsches Museum PO Box D-80306 Suzanne BEAUVAIS T/F: (01 )613-991 -1429/(01 )613-990-3636 Munich, Germany Andre DESSAINT T/F: (01 )613-990-3077/101 )613-990-3636 T/F: (49)89-21 7-92777(49)89-21 7-9273 Susan JAMES E-mail: kdqOI [email protected] NMST COLLECTION MANAGEMENT Suzanne ZELLER, PhD DIVISION Associate Professor of History Wilfrid Laurier University T/F: (01)613-991-3233/(01)613-991-6647 Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5 Jim JOHNSTON Canada E-mail: [email protected] Kathleen McCULLOUGH T/F: (01 )51 9-884-071 0/(01 )51 9-746-7908 Heather BAJDIK E-mail: szeller@mach1 .wlu.ca Robert FOSTER Susan JENKINS Judy PATTERSON Bernard ZIOMKIEWICZ Denice WILLIS Physics Dept. Queen's University Stirling Hall Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 NMST CONSERVATION DIVISION Canada T/F: (01)61 3-991-19077(01)613-991-0827
T/F: (01 )6134>6525/(01)61 3-545-6463 Robson SENIOR E-mail: [email protected] Myles BAILEY Patricia McEWAN Tony MISSIO Serge OUELLETTE Gordon PERRAULT Sue WARREN Welcome! Bienvenue!
Welcome to the National Museum Bienvenue au Musee national of Science and Technology des sciences et de la technologic
We are very pleased to be able to host the Scientific Nous sommes heureux d'accueillir ici le XVe Colloque Instrument Commission's XVth Symposium, on what I de la Commission des instruments scientifiques. Je crois understand is only the second such meeting in North comprendre qu'il s'agit seulement de la deuxieme America! reunion de ce genre en Amerique du Nord!
The study and exhibit of scientific instruments at our L'etude et 1'exposition d'instruments scientifiques Museum follows our theme, the "Transformation dans notre musee s'inspirent du theme de of Canada" and its sub-themes, "Canadian Context," « La transformation du Canada » et de ses sous-themes, "Finding New Ways," "How Things Work," and "People, « Le contexte canadien», « A la recherche de nouvelles Science and Technology." On a wider scale, the facons de faire», « Comment ca marche» et evolution of scientific instruments also reflects and has «Les personnes, les sciences et la technologic ». had an immeasurable effect on the transformation Sur une plus grande echelle, 1'evolution des instruments of the world, especially over the last half millennium. scientifiques reflete aussi la transformation du monde, sur laquelle elle a eu un effet incommensurable, surtout In our work at the National Museum of Science and au cours de la derniere moitie de ce millenaire. Technology, we advocate a material history approach in which the objects themselves are understood to contain Au Musee national des sciences et de la technologic, important information essential to our comprehension nous preconisons 1'approche de 1'histoire de la culture of the society within which they were designed, materielle, suivant laquelle les objets eux-memes sont developed and used. It is this approach that we promote considered comme les depositaires d'une information through publication of the Material History Review, importante et essentielle a notre comprehension through our approach to exhibits, our presentation de la societe qui les a concus, developpes et utilises. of information on our Web site and also through C'est cette approche que nous faisons valoir dans conferences like this one. In the course of these la Revue d'histoire de la culture matlrielle, dans notre facon proceedings we hope you will have occasion to reflect d'elaborer les expositions, dans notre presentation on how scientific instruments provide clues to the de 1'information sur notre site Web et aussi dans le cadre transformation of science and society and how that de colloques comme celui-ci. Nous esperons que vous evidence may best be extracted. aurez Poccasion, au cours de vos deliberations, de reflechir sur la facon dont les instruments scientifiques I trust you will enjoy the symposium here in Ottawa, nous ofrrent des indices de 1'evolution des sciences as well as the excursions to Montreal and Quebec City. et de la societe, et de decouvrir comment le plus I hope your discussions will be lively and will leave a efficacement en obtenir la preuve. lasting impression on the way you approach your research and how you present it to your colleagues and J'ai confiance que ce colloque a Ottawa et les visites to the public in the future. a Montreal et Quebec vous apporteront de bons moments. J'espere que vos discussions seront animees Genevieve Sainte-Marie, Ph.D. et qu'elles laisseront des traces dans la facon dont vous Director, aborderez vos recherches a 1'avenir et en presenterez National Museum of Science and Technology les resultats a vos collegues et au public en general! Corporation Le directeur, Societe du Musee national des sciences et de la technologic, Genevieve Sainte-Marie, Ph.D.
SOB*2S& SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGaE TECHNOLOGY REGISTRATION & RECEPTION Sunday, 8 September
Welcome!
1400-1700 Registration National Museum of Science and Technology (NMST), Lobby 1867 St Laurent Blvd
1800-2000 Reception National Arts Centre, The Fountain Room 53 Elgin Street Please join us at the National Arts Centre to renew friendships and to participants of the symposium. Wine and cheese will bj^er^sin!;:^ surroundings of the Fountain Room, overlooking th
SCIENTIFIC INSTKLJMEN^ CoMMissidli XVe Collogue de la Commission des instruments scientifiques INSCRIPTION ET RECEPTION Dhnanche 8 septembre
Bienvenue!
14h-17h Inscription Musee national des sciences et de la technologies!! 1867, boul. Saint-Laurent 111!!
18h-20h Reception Centre national des arts, Salle de la fontaine 53, rue Elgin Rendez-vous au Centre national des arts retrouver djp||rj|;pt rencontrer d'autres participants au colloque. Le vin et le fromage seront If-rvipilans le decor agreable de la Salle de lafontaine ,qu i surplombe le canal ||
COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES j-jnaui. \^\j mi.iiiaajmi.1 v 111 GENERAL INFORMATION National Museum of Science and Technology
Shuttle buses to NMST: Visit to NMST Conservation Division
Buses will leave from the points marked Novotel, Please note: Because of the imminent move of the Quality Inn and Lord Elgin on the map of downtown NMST Conservation Division to 2495 Lancaster Rd, Ottawa. They will depart from the first pickup point at a visit may not be possible during the symposium. the Novotel at 0800 and 0815 and will return from the Museum at the end of each day's sessions. However, if the area is accessible (adjacent to the Museum and marked ^3f on the NMST site plan If you miss the shuttle, take buses numbered 85 or 86 below), participants are invited to visit the conservatio (schedules and route maps are in your registration bay where registration and treatments are being carried package). out for two small upcoming exhibits of computing . equipment and dental artifacts. Taxi fare from downtown hotels to the Museum will be be available to discuss approximately $12 to $14. Time to be determined.
Visit to NMST .Qolleetiori 'Management NMST Site Plan Plalliife du MNS1
NMST mMaps'iBui:.waTX;i.,':Hises::wi!!:,::ZO 000 til? of storage space. Information; oh than 75 000 objects, hundreds of fiSiu&mds Si liki^l||::;:. ; prints, photographs, technical drawings nad rr«Kv : :;: :;;;:;|fl literature are maintained on a PowerHouse database. |;:||
Participants are invited to tour the main 2475 Lancaster Rd (adjacent to the Museum and 1:1111 marked 'ffi> on the NMST site plan at right). ;11 A number of instruments have been assembled for viewing. If you have particular interests, the Collections Management staff will try to assist if possible. However, because of storage constraints, some items may not be easily accessible.
Time for visit: Monday, 9 September 1530-1630 Wednesday, 11 September 1100-1200
Library:
If you wish to visit the Museum's Library, and Rare Book,; and Trade Literature Room, walk across the street to li 2380 Lancaster Rd (see $fg? on site plan, right). ill Due to a recent move, the facilities may be in ,l;i|||| some turmoil! 11:111? XVe Colloque de la Commission des instruments scientifiques RENSEIGNEMENTS GENERAUX Musee national des sciences et de la technologic
Navettes a destination du MNST Visite de la Division de la gestion de la collection du MNST Les autobus quitteront les points marques «Novotel», « Quality Inn» et «Lord Elgin » sur le plan de la region. Le MNST ger^ gua|r^::g||rep6ts:Sr:-i0^1iiri2I La base Us partiront du premier point (Novotel) a 8 h et :: de donnees !"6werHosi5e coKtiei^dea-iftformation sur 8 h 15 et reviendront du Musee chaque jour a la fin plus de 75 000 objets de cqilecttoa et:;Iur emplacement, des seances. sur des centaines de millier|:ae plarisi: de photographies et de dessins techniques et Kt;~ ui|l||iiocumentation Si vous mainquez la navette, prenez les autobus numeros commerciale. : II s : : S's RJ H6*|les horaires et circuits sont dans la pochette avez recue lors de 1'inscription). Les participants sont invks'K y l/^iter I' entrepot principal, au 2475, chemin Lancaster '•,"?;< ijacent au Musee et ;,e* p|bc d'une course en taxi d'un hotel du centre indique par le pictogramine : ? ;$5fc> sur le plan du site). :Vlti:awa au Musee est d'environ 12 a 14 $. Un certain nombre dlinsinuyents y ont etc assembles. Si vous formulez dessi|itfiretS particuliers, le personnel affecte a la la gestion: tie: h; collection essaiera d'y repondre, si c'|sl |S >ss ble. Cependant, en raison de contraintes d'eMri'jKiKage, il se pourrait que certains LEGEND LEGENDE articles ne soient:;!!|pf!6ilement accessibles. 1 Musee Horaire des visiit|;s|||| 1867,boul. Saint-Laurent De ISphil:;! 16 h 30 lundi le 9 septembre Auditorium De::lj|h: S:;12 h le mercredi 11 septembre Exhibits Exposition Bibliotheqiie 2 Cofledion Monogement 1| Gestion de la collection 2475 Lancaster Rd !!!!P475, ch. Lancaster Reserve Collection || Reserve de la collection Si vousjijpirei visiter la bibliotheque et la salle des liyj;j|isiii||gs et de la documentation commerciale 3 Directorate/ du Musee,: traversez au 2380, chemin Lancaster Curatorial Division et Conservation (voiflljjpfsur le plan), oii il pourrait y avoir un certain 2380 Lancaster Rd des|t§j;|:::|h raison d'un demenagement recent ! Ubrary ||||i|| de la Division 4 Conservation J&t 4 Rl|jiwi|ibpl : cJe Ja restauration du MNST 2495 Lancaster Rd "' 2495; afijl&r?;
: lie marque : En raison du demenagement imminent fj|;;Ia Division de la restauration au 2495, chemin Free Parking Stationnement graluit iancaster, il y a des chances que la visite ne puisse avoir |ieu pendant le colloque. Shuttle Bus Stop Arret de la navette Cependant, si le secteur est accessible (adjacent au Musee et indique par le pictogramme ^fiSf sur le plan), les participants sont invites a visiter les lieux ou se font 1'inscription et le traitement des objets en prevision de deux petites expositions prochaines de materiel informatique et d'objets de collection en dentisterie. Les restaurateurs seront a votre disposition pour discuter avec vous de leurs travaux en cours. L'horaire des visites est encore indetermine. Scientific Instrument Commission XVth Symposium PAPER SESSIONS Monday, 9 September
All Paper Sessions are held in the Museum Auditorium. Titles and abstracts are in the language in which they were submitted. 0800-1 200 Registration, NMST Lobby 0900-09 1 0 Welcoming Address, Dr Sainte- Marie 09 1 0-1 230 Session 1 , Chair: Dr Robert Anderson
1.1 Sir William Logan's Petrographic Microscope? Peter H. von Bitter, Royal Ontario Museum
1.2 A Nineteenth Century Surveyor's Compass J. E. Kennedy, and Mark MacKenzie, University of Saskatchewan and Western Development Museum
1.3 Direct and Indirect Methods of Measurements: ..,,,:«:...... :. S.i:::Sillllillll:l;lllI;llIll Invention and Development of the Analytical Plotter in Canada : : ^ll ;3|||iP;;: Dr Teodor J. Blachut, National Research Council of Canada (retired) lllllllIPP
S:X 1 .4 Surveying :in: i.he-Coftl War± :PJ;P "' PillllP :::S:::::::S:: Museum of American History JllllllF
; 2.1 'Spirit -oJ^PJace' i:X7ci?: aphiivd implications of the English Provincial Instrument Trade>; l 850 Alison Morrison -T.nw, HltiQfialMuseums of Scotland Jlli
2.2 A Non-Technicaf Analyst ' ofAk J.'MHJ,K .. J||i||| Anne C. van Helden, 'Muslin:
2.3 Medical Instrument and Medical EjtisteTnoiogy:: Forgotten. Applications o£|||:iipc's Stethoscope Jacalyn M. DufBn, Queen's University,!: Kingston p -;p:||I;p-'
2.4 Measuring Goodness: Eudiometers ^rom Priesifey to Trevor H. Levere, University of Toronto &
1230-1330 Lunch, Museum Train Bay } 330-1 530 Session 2, Chair: Dr. Peter de
3.1 Some Gems _from a Fourteenth Century Syrian : : Francois Charette, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Ur|||fi||fa"t '' ' fI||;p.S;:;:;i • ,; '-;::l|||;g;;;:,
3.2 The Path o/the Moon Engraved: Lunar Mansjps "m Scientific Instruments :&^f9^-ijiiii^ Silke Ackermann, British Museum JllllilllF :;;Psls||::l|ll|||lll|:|
3.3 Sunlight and Shadows: Or, What's the Pjp ?plj% Sundials? :lll||||ll|l Allan A. Mills, The University of Lei||||ip:: : :::'lllllll
4.1 An Early Tychonic Astronomical inm lanzni: The Large Aymuthul Quadrant of the Leiden Observato^j Robert H. van Gent, Museum BriSritaave 1
4.2 Assessing the Optics of an EigferenfitCentury Gregorian Re/lector :||||| Randall C. Brooks, NatiojtRi Museum of Science and Technology
1 530-1 630 ,,;;:,:;Ji^llecrif)n..M^nagement tfiur .,..:; ...... iillill l : 247:51 XVe Collogue de la Commission des instruments scientifiques COMMUNICATIONS Lundi 9 septembre
Toutes les communications sont presentees dans ('auditorium du MNST. Leurs litres et resumes sont dans la langue dans laquelle ils ont ete soumis. 8 h-12 h Inscription, hall d'entree du MNST 9 h-9 h 10 Allocution d'ouverture, Genevieve Sainte-Marie mSfgillllll: 9 h 10-12 h 30 President de la premiere seance : Rober|.^^ei|^:;:|||%fe
1.1 Sir William Logan's Petrographic Microscope? Ilii-: :• :slillf Peter H. von Bitter, Royal Ontario Museum ?l: s !
: :;:;;|;i||i|l|P A Nineteenth Century Surveyor's Compass J||ii||?/ 1 ;; ilgl ; J. E. Kennedy et Mark MacKenzie, Universite de la Saskatchewan et Wesijgrp' Development Museum
||l|: Direct and Indirect Methods of Measurements: JlillllP 11111;, Invention and Development of the Analytical Plotter in Canada ,;Ji ;f;-£. Illllilk Teodor J. Blachut, Conseil national de recherches du Canada (retraic||l||||i
l:if;?::l:;llli;: . Surveying in the Cold War Jlllllllf 'j:M:'Mmm^ijf, Deborah Jean Warner, National Museum of American History ;:;|i||||||f'
irit of Place": Geographical Implications of the English ProvinciaMnpSpent Trade, 1760-1850 :i|Ii;s|::;|;|::::;;; Alison Morrison-Low, National Museums of Scotland Jlllllllf
2.2 '-;lpil;;::: '::C>A .^'^Pi-Technical Analysis of Air Pumps .Illillli" : *llll! "Ai.;.i>,-:: C.X vSii Helden, Museum Boerhaave ::|||1111;|
2.3 v^t^MiVs Instrument and Medical Epistemology: Forgotten Appljjjjti&iris ofLaennec's Stethoscope Jftcalyn M.;E)uffin, Universite Queen's, Kingston illllllff
2.4 Measurm^oodne^Eudwrneters from Priestley to Pepys: 'Silf Trevor H.- Levere,. Universite de Toronto ||||||||
12 h 30-13 h 30 ''f||::;V\DejcitiW'r, 1'ajle des trains du ::: 13 h 30-15 h 30 ||;;lre||Jent;;||;:i|::deuxieme seance:; Peter de Clercq
3.1 Some Gems from a Foi^m^iiky^iVi^j'Sjr^ TreJ|ip:|| Instrumentation Francois Charette,
3.2 The Path of the Moon Engravel^||||||p|||||ppcienti/jc Instruments Silke Ackermann, British
3.3 Sunlight and Shadows: Or, What's the Pomiin "I •'%; Sundials? Allan A. Mills, Universite de Leicester D||||ff
::44, An Early Tychonic Astronomical Instrument: The Large A^imuthul Quadrant of the Leiden Observatory lllllP Robert H. van Gent, Museum Boerhaave
4.2 Assessing the Optics of an Eighteenth Century Gregorian Reflector Randall C. Brooks, Musee national des sciences et de la technologic
15 h 30-16 h 30 Visite de la Division de la gestion de la collection 2475, ch. Lancaster Scientific Instrument Commission XVth Symposium PAPER SESSIONS Tuesday, 10 September
All Paper Sessions are held in the Museum Auditorium. Titles and abstracts are in the language in which they were submitted. 0900-1 230 Session 3, Chair: Dr Paolo Brenni
5.1 The Musschenbroek Trade Catalogues Peter de Clercq, Museum Boerhaave
5.2 Scientific Instruments and Mechanical War Machines in the Ducal Palace of Urbino Roberto Mantovani, Flavio Vetrano, Urbino University
5.3 Topographical and Geological Surveying Instruments Used by Sir William Logan in the Early Exploration of Canada Peter H. von Bitter, Royal Ontario Museum ..
5.4 Exhibition and Collections of the Optical Museum Jena Helga Beez, Optisches Museum
6.1 ... :DeWitt Bristol rfe:r 'i-'rafr-ww, Instrument Maker, Innovator :|;I:J::;:| ': M.; jugene Rudd, University of Nebraska
6.2 Refkction^fM\cjGUiasc;i''fffmi rife-Moon, 1946, Hungary LSszlo
1 230- 1 330 "'::;lt|f h1;|f i iseul 'pin Bay 1330-1630 SessioljphfI|||l|.jIt\;:A. Mills
7.1 Rutherford's Apparatus for the Study ''of ''Rariio/cuwJm.rt 'McGili Montague Cohen, McGill University ^^M^M^Kl^ '«&•••.-. slsf; lif?-
7.2 A Physicist of His Time: Paul Lorrain and His ~&ockrnteW, 7.3 Development of Scientific Instruments \vithin the Sovietf^tijmicjfiwjS Vassili R Boriso, Russian Academy of Science JIlllilllF ^WK^i^^^iKA:, 8.1 Equipping a Colonial L/niversiry: Scientific Instn^n|||pr the (Jniversity Julian Holland, University of Sydney ,;||:||||:F 8.2 Not Too Big, Not Too Small — Just Right £juMejThe Bevalac Story Catherine Westfall, Michigan State Utlivfifity 8.3 Scientific Instruments and Aerospacejjii^iif&: From the Soviet Experience Nikolai Semenov, Russian Acadenif -iSF'Slience 1630 Annual Ivfeoiif of the SIC XVe Colloque de la Commission des instruments scientifiques COMMUNICATIONS Mardi 10 septembre Toutes les communications sont presentees dans ('auditorium du MNST. Leurs titres et resumes sont dans la langue dans laquelle ils one ete soumis. 9 h-12 h 30 President de la troisieme seance : Paolo Brenni 5.1 The Musschenbroek Trade Catalogues ...... ,,,:^m Peter de Clercq, Museum Boerhaave &11111 'llllllll 5.2 Scientific Instruments and Mechanical War Machines in the Ducal Palace of l)||||p Roberto Mantovani, Flavio Vetrano, Universite d'Urbino Illll 1:53 il|| Topographical and Geological Surveying Instruments Used by Sir William Logaf llli llllF m the Early Exploration of Canada .111111 Peter H. von Bitter, Royal Ontario Museum ;|||||||| |;|||l|:, Ex/iiintion and Collections of the Optical Museum W:ilM; Illlllll;;;:,. Jena Helga Beez, Optisches Museum illlllli ;C^t;.:.:PlS::.l|,. DeWitt Bristol Brace: Professor, Instrument Maker, Innovator ,j;l&l|;.'' | .,;, ..;:l;|?li;ll;| II;, M. Eugene Rudd, Universite du Nebraska J||;|;|;;;|:-': 6ii|ll|p|;4:: -lll:E||gccon of Microwaves from the Moon, 1946, Hungary .111111111 ovacs fils, Universite Jozsaf Attila .llWlllf : 12 h 30-1 3 H 30 •-.; ;.;::l|||;:.. Dejeuner, salle des trains du Musee iS;|s 13 h 30-16ri 30 ::113'll| President de la quatrieme seance : AUai |>i;Mills 7.1 i&dwrf 7.2 A Physicist '?);' J n^'Tm^- PsulLonain and his Cockroft-Wfilton- Accelerator at the Universiti'. ilf-:M't:nvraii^W49-l 954 . .11111111 Jean-Francois GauyinpUnreersite de Montreal ;|llll;li: 7.3 Development ofScientijk: ir^.fnimtn^mthin the Sovit^Mmnic Project X^ssili R Boriso, Academk:;di\sVs<4Cflces\:de Russiellllll 8.1 Equipping a Colonial (7nit;er;iS|;$3«rtwwf!Kxsmi|ras3::p:)r the University of Adelaide, 1876-1900 Julian Holland, Universite 8.2 Not Too Big, Not Too Small — JuslRllit^fft'iicIlpie Bevaiac Story Catherine Westfall, Universite 8.3 Scientific Instruments and Aerospace MuseuiSlProm the Soviet Experience Nikolai Semenov, Academic des sciences de Russia 1 1 K 30 Assemblee annuelle de la CIS Scientific Instrument Commission XVth Symposium PAPER SESSIONS Wednesday, 11 September All Paper Sessions are held in the Museum Auditorium Titles and abstracts are in the language in which they were submitted. 0900-1 1 00 Session 5, Chair: Dr Deborah Jean Warner 9.1 Some Historical Standards from the National Physical Laboratory Anita McConnell, London, England 9.2 Physics Teaching with Instruments: A Cataloguing Proposal E Acerenza, G. Boato, N. Robotti, Universita di Geneva 10.1 Tools for Teaching and Research in an Early Nineteenth Century American Academy Sara Schechner Genuth, Smithsonian Institution and University of Maryland (College Park) 10.2 Scientific Instruments in the Context of Colonial Williamsburg ^'S^^&S^SS John L. McKnight, College of William and Mary il;:!i;l!l 10.3 Establishing a New ^ : Glorification or Disney fication? . A; ni. > i in',. ; Uppssir « ||iiy6rsity 10.4 jjjf: v-im -Wf: .( j(/J . T&: itetoration of Scientific Instruments: Problems and Suggeswjjji Paolo Brlrini,Jkmni:re Mus£it;di:::.Storia della Scienza jllllllP*'' 1 100-1200 tour 1 230 Buses deparf ;;|MST|1;1|1II1| 1 230- 1 330 Lunch, Bywarl^llpllll \ 345 Buses depart By ward ;:lv> nrket !;: TOURS: Canadian Conservation :::: : s ; : : or :s:l;::!: ; ' - :A:|*:?X:. S:!:.:iH:::.. Canadian Museum of Civilizatiori;;|||||i||| |l^llllsll See OTTAWA/HULL TOURS 1 630 Bus departs CMC .llilliP" ^VS 1 630 Bus departs CCI JllllF ^^m 1 800- 1 900 Reception .Jllllsll" ' Ottawa Congress C|||ril|f 55 Cobnel By Dr||||llf 1900-2030 Dinner ,;lIll|F Ottawa Cojrt|rB|'C;pntre XVe Collogue de la Commission des instruments scientifiques COMMUNICATIONS Mercredi 11 septembre Toutes les communications sont presentees dans ('auditorium du MNST. Leurs titres et resumes sont dans la langue dans laquelle ils ont ete soumis. 9 h-11 h Presidente de la cinquieme seance : Deborah Jean Warner 9.1 Some Historical Standards from the National Physical Laboratory ...... ,,:.,:. sfiv^llllllllli Anita McConnell, Londres --^^Ki^'-MXS^^MXiiJiJ^' 9.2 Physics Teaching with Instruments: A Cataloguing Proposal 111113111? E Acerenza, G. Boato, N. Robotti, Universita di Genova Ililllllllf |0,l||;s Tools for Teaching and Research in an Early Nineteenth Century American Ac|fp||||l? llllF Sara Schechner Genuth, Smithsonian Institution et Universite du Mary||nd i| College Park ||||| Scientific Instruments in the Context of Colonial Williamsburg 111111111 Itlill; John L. McKnight, College of William and Mary 111111111 t(-31-lll|;i:. Establishing a New Science History Museum: Glori/kation or Disneyfic&Ktfjjj ; l|:i::ip;;|:lil|;ll;:, Olov Amelin, Universite d'Uppsala :|llll:lll Far Can We Go? The Restoration of Scientific Instruments: Protests and Suggestions Brenni, Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza J111I1I1F 11 h-12 H ; I: :|;|y : Visite de la Division de la gestion de laj||||i|||tion : :::: : : 'B||||; :;;;:V-|p' ''- :i 2475, ch. Lancaster :;|;|||||;| 12 h 30 :';S||:<:1:'!-:-'^:\S-f^--:-. Depart par autobus du MNST .Illlillf 12 h 30-13 h 30 :ll|;l||||||S;i!iil)ejeuner, marche By :: ; : 13 h 45 ': ;p.;.::::;V:;:;:;;.::'''Depart par autobus du marche ByM;j;;:,: VISITES : ;;;::iii;;|;|fosti|i:ii| canadien de conservation||||C) : l|:|;l;;^;ii|l||i|::: Illlllf' civilisatioiis:(MCC) OU OTlAlp pour les details 16 h 30 Depa^;f;|;:;St||S; 18 h-19 h Reception ^Illllllilr Centre des congrgSJq^itSpa 55, promenade Coidtigi:i|y J|h-20 h 30 Diner llllf Centre des congres d'Ottawa Scientific Instrument Commission XVth Symposium OTTAWA/HULL TOURS Wednesday, 11 September 1230 Leave NMST by bus The Canadian Conservation Institute 1030 Innes Rd (Ottawa) 1230-1330 Lunch, Byward Market CCI's mandate is to provide conservation support I Following the completion of the morning programme, museums in Canada. It responds to requests for participants will be taken to the Byward Market in treatment of artifacts or testing for a variety of downtown Ottawa, just east of Parliament Hill. You are problems, or questions such as composition or how free to lunch at any of the cafes or small restaurants treat a specific material. It also has an emergency in the area. response team, which is dispatched after a fire, flood or other disaster at any publicly funded muse 1 345 Return to bus pickup in Canada. ,««&$$& Participants have the choice of a visit to: On our visit we will se CCI and its role, followed [By Mlopifsrsdmify to vis Canadian Museum of Civilization the Research and Conse^ation||lB(*rirpfies when or ...... ^fm^^mXf conservators and scientists will '-xplilfftheir work. The Canadian OonseWSi ion lusuimifr '{CQ): " These include: ,J11!!11P" Ethnology || | s: Canadian Museum oBCiyBization Furniture and Wooden |i||ji||p: 100 Laurier St (Hull) Archaeology .ssllllllf Textiles JillllP' ; : This relatively new museum was designed By t^!iad|anl;|: Fine Arts JllilllP : architect, Douglas Cardinal. (He has also justwon they:;:; Works on Papec;:;:;;:t:;.;|;--' contract to design the new National Museum of:tK|:||||| |Analytical Reseafch;;Services American Indian in Washington.) The building and its I ^Conservation/Process Research Great Hall are spectacular! ::!: sSrivijx)nmi:fit;aI arid Deterioration Research Extension Services The icon of the Museum is the "Champlain" astrolabe, the smallest extant mariner's astrolabe, discovered about 100 km from Ottawa in 1867. It has since been 1630 Bus departs CCI associated, though it remains to be conclusively proven, with the French explorer and cartographer, Samuel de Champlain, a pivotal figure in Canadian history. Following a look at the astrolabe, we will be provided with a short guided tour of the Great Hall in which visitors see Pacific coast totem poles and reconstructed aboriginal longhouses. You will then be able to visit the $ exhibits of your choice or the Canadian History Hall. Jl You may wish to take in an OmniMaxR Theatre production. Check upon arrival for ticket availabili||tlli and show times. /MW.-M& 1630 Bus departs CMC XVe Colloque de la Commission des instruments scientifiques VISITES A MONTREAL Jeudi 12 septembre Horaire Nous quitterons Ottawa pour Montreal au point 8h Depart pour Montreal de depart de 1'autocar a 8 h et arrivons a I'lle Sainte- Helene, sur le fleuve Saint-Laurent, vers 10 h 30. Du cafe nous attendra a notre arrivee au Musee Stewart! 10H30 Arrivee au Musee Stewart Le dejeuner sera servi dans les baraqtiernlrlpvoutes lie Sainte-Helene : de la vieille:::forteress&|||::||; f-jjj^jjjjjp" 12H30 Dejeuner au Musee Stewart Apres le dejeuner, nousfcEunrnrfunS :aux autocars pour nous rendre au centre vd< •\.MMtr6al ou vous vous : Depart pour les hotels de Montreal inscrirez a votre hotel. ||||||1|:|' Le Musee Rutherford ei;:!t;::Mus|e MacPherson IIK-17h30 Musee Rutherford et de 1'Universite McGill!|ttaes|tans 1'immeuble Musee MacPherson Rutherford de la physttiifaiSSrbnt ouverts de 15 h a (musees de I'Universite McGill) 17 h 30 environ. CeS;iiGsees- sont plutot petits; vous Immeuble Rutherford de la physique pourrez vous y pronienetl^yotre guise. Vbtre hote aux 3600, rue Sherbrooke ouest musees de rUniverlirCi MeGill sera Montague Cohen. Reception Le Musee Sf|||||i Fondation Stewart i|| 195, rue Sherbrooke ouest Ce musee intSeslnt est situe dans ce qui reste d'une forteresse dus|p!!";stecle. En raison de 1'espace reduit, 20 h nous nous nSparnS|hs en petits groupes pour visiter ;:;.fXfiotS:::libre pour gouter la bibliothK|iiie Hi|' vous pourrez examiner de plus pres ; iGs ifeitces. de la cuisine montrealaise quelques-iHiStltf tresors du Musee. La bibliotheque reunit aGtueiRiaent des ouvrages pour etayer la collection Ntsifet d'appareils scientifiques. Le ftiiusee Rutherford Immeuble Rutherford de la physique Rutherford contient des instruments construits o-Zelandais Ernest Rutherford pendant son ' Universite McGill de 1898 a 1906. C'est la ;:C|ii6e:;:|tutherford a fait plusieurs de ses decouvertes sur la liilpre de la radioactivite et sur I'atome, pour lesquelles llppar la suite obtenu le prix Nobel (1908). Get ltfaipement presente un contraste frappant avec les :frands appareils complexes des laboratoires d'aujourd'hui. Le Musee MacPherson Immeuble Rutherford de la physique Le Musee MacPherson, adjacent au Musee Rutherford, contient une variete d'appareils de physique du XIX" siecle et du debut du XX' siecle utilises au Departement de physique. Scientific Instrument Commission XVth Symposium QUEBEC CITY TOURS — OPTIONAL Friday and Saturday 13, 14, September Friday 13 September Vanier Reserve 476, rue Desrochers, Vanier, Quebec 0800 Depart for Quebec City The reserve, which houses the scientific collection of the Musee de 1'Amerique francaise, is approximately 1100 Arrive at Vanier Reserve 10 km from the Musee de la civilisation. Try to identify the "mystery artifacts." 1230 Lunch downtown The scientific instruments in this collection are physica 1330 Tour, Musee de la civilisation evidence of the changes that took place in the teaching Musee de 1'Amerique francaise of physics in the nineteenth century. At the old Roman Catholic seminary, the Seminaire de Free Evening instruction in this disci new trends from Europei:; established, acquiring the latest sciliiiifilsijspiveries as Saturday 14 September they appeared on the scene. JIllllilF This collection of scientific instjfiaiKir| holds strong Morning:; iffee time 16: tour Quebec City interpretation potential on hiUgfitsK-Scientific and 1400 educational perspectives. The -.srtlfjpts are evidence of various methods used to te|c! science, and various wayi Musee de la civilisation ': : : :: of perceiving the world, it He Instruments, initially used (85, rue 'E%iiKHisie)l- ' ' ;M: ;:1:%:;.:., in classroom demonstrations, pffer a very strong for Montreal^ Mirabel Ainiirt|;; potential in another ;sgi|f|| pany of them would be and Ottawa (Novi|f|| Hufsl) effective in attracting|tHe:attention of museum visitors, llyrid explaining b|sip;§;i;ehtific concepts. 1700 Arrive Montreal (Mira e reserve, return to the heart of ; 1930 Arrive Ottawa (Novotel Hotel) iS junch. Tour the Musee de la civilisatioi starting at 1330. ?|^m gS<:ientific |The scientific 2 627 artifacts (some and 3 280 slides, negatives, and inventoried to date. Mechanics, electricity, fluid physics and all disciplinWiln -l|^|;;-. with classical physics are represented. These" ;i|iH:rSaie?-r measure, observe, understand or demonstrate physical laws or models. 11111111; XVe Colloque de la Commission des instruments scientifiques VISITES A HULL OU OTTAWA Mercredi 11 septembre 1 2 h 30 Depart du MNST par autobus Institut canadien de conservation 1030, chemin Innes, Ottawa 12 h 30-1 3 h 30 Dejeuner, marche By L'ICC a pour mandat d'appuyer les/Qnctions Apres le programme de la matinee, vous visiterez de conservation: prgventiveetcicisstiairation des musees le marche By au centre d'Ottawa, a Test de la Colline du Canada»vll::rcpond;aux. demand.es:de traitement parlementaire. Vous etes libre de prendre le dejeuner d'objets ou de mises al'cDi/cuvfixppur corriger une a n'importe quel cafe ou petit restaurant du secteur. diversite de problemesxpUTaxtf.dre a des questions, en particulier sur la comp cSii'iorji d'un objet ou la facon 13 h: 45 Retour a 1'autobus de traiter tel materiauispc t^'K;ue. II dispose aussi d'une equipe d'intervention;i:(|'ii|ir|||ice qu'il detache sur ;. Lies participants ont le choix de visitor les lieux de tout muset public au Canada apres un incendie, une inoridguoft ou un autre sinistre. le Musee canadien des civilisations (MCC) llttlll:::, °u Au cours de noa^ypteiShous verrons une courte I'lnstituljcanadien de conservation (ICC). presentation vid|f|f||;:il;ICC et de son role, et nous aurons la possihOi t:^ tlekvisiter les laboratoires de recherche et de an nervation preventive, ou des restaurateurs;!e|:i|feS;:scientiflques nous expliqueront leur des civilisations travail, notaffiiSierit::dans les domaines suivants : :;ii| site I Bull Ethnologic X Ce musee:TtJuH:i;wi cnt;nouveau a ete concu par Mobilier es;; objets en hois 1'architecte t4R;^d''uJ >Ai«las Cardinal (qui vient aussi d'obtenir le CGntCiPpout is conception du nouveau Textiles 1 musee national des A a.itifaU^ns "a Washington). Beaux-arts : L'immeuble tout entier et son Grand Hall sont (Euvrej;Siir; papier spectaculaires! Servicesrde la recherche analytique Recherche sur les methodes de conservation Nous y verrons un symbote Nous ferons ensuite une courte visite guidee d Hall ou nous verrons des poteaux totemiques de Is-gdtg du Pacifique et des maisons longues d'aborigenes. \%ip pourrez alors voir des expositions de votre choix ou ";:;!| la salle de 1'histoire du Canada. Vous voudrez peut-etre ''* assister a une representation au theatre OmniMaxR. Verifiez des votre arrivee s'il reste des billets et a quelle se donnent les spectacles. 16H30 Depart du MCC par autobus Scientific Instrument Commission XVth Symposium MONTREAL TOURS Thursday, 12 September Schedule: 0800 Departure to Montreal We will leave for Montreal from the bus pickup points at 0800 and arrive on lie Ste. Helene in the 1030 Arrival at Stewart Museum St Lawrence River at approximately 1030. Coffee will lie Sainte-Helene be served at the Stewart Museum on arrival. Lunch wi be served in the vaulted barracks of the old fortress. 1230 Lunch at Stewart Museum Following lunch, we will return to the buses to carry c to downtown Montreal where you will be dropped off 1400 Departure to Montreal hotels to register at your hotel. 1500-1730 Rutherford Museum and The Rutherford Museum and MacPherson Museum;!! MacPherson Museum (McGill Museums) in the Rutherf^ (McGill Museums) will be open from ap^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ffhe^:; Rutherford Physics Building museums are rather small; you rn;,jDiirit--srip go as yo 3600 Sherbrooke West wish. Your host at the McGill Mu||effiSys::Dr Montagi Cohen. Illllllf 1800-2000 The Stewart Museum|i|||l::'' :;::Stewart'Eoiutdatk)».- This interesting museumf |:|0c:|ted in the remains of £ eighteenth century fbrtn-ss. oecause of limited space, < 2000 Dinner lliOlllfRP&IIIIS;; will split into groups :|c|;^i|tt: the library where a few oi : You are free to tiy:p.itMoi.rtn'alV the Museum's treasured wejrks will be made available f :: famous cuisine. ^MS:^f!iM. closer examination: :TKe: library, in support of the Nol :: :::; Collection of s£jf fi|i|f apparatus, is developing laiollection ofrelated works. The Rutherford Museum V Rutherford Physics Building TljeJCmiierfbrd Mi tseutn houses instruments built by t .3^cw Zsal;iu(ler. Kr;t-:if^il0iherford while he was at |||epf :0S It was here tha l||:::piade many-- %t lasilf«:overif:j « jn the nature of mlioactivity and tHF sfCiE; yrtrj '&;j: which he lliibsequently won the^||^t:;Kt«f:|;i|^||i::This ? equipment contrasts striking.^:: witH;:;tfieii|gf||i,;:,comple2 apparatus of laboratories The MacPherson Museurrii|||p||p||||| Rutherford Physics Building ''::;||||||;;;;i||||| The MacPherson Museum, adjacent to the houses a variety of nineteenth and early n^nt;s?b; century physical apparatus used in the.^fepSrtmeftt;*:::::'::'' of Physics. XVe Colloque de la Commission des instruments scientifiques VISITES OPTIONNELLES A QUEBEC Vendredi 13 et samedi 14 septembre Vendredi 13 septembre Visite de la Reserve 476, rue Desrochers, Vanier (Quebec) 8h Depart pour Quebec La Reserve Vanier, qui abrite:la:cf>!lt:ccSioiJ"ihstruments ; llh Arrivee a la Reserve Vanier scientifique^i^HMusec^de PAnfe-iiase icingaise, est situee a une dizairiilelfcilci^||es:::«ii!?Mi:isl|!le la civilisation. 12H30 Dejeuner en ville Quelques « objets mystferS» vrnis ypttendront. Les instruments scientinqiies la ||; collection temoignent IJIJO Visite du Musee de 1'evolution de I'enseign wiu-iif He la physique au de la civilisation et du XIX* siecle. Au Seminaire te^pbec, 1'enseignement Musee de 1'Amerique francaise livresque de cette disaplitieiseimet alors a 1'heure des nouvelles tendances ($$(.$riftSnnes. Un cabinet de Soiree libre physique se constitu^^itlilpichit selon les dernieres decouvertes scientifi'jftrs ;!$ I'heure. |lll||||;:;14 septembre Cette collection d'instruments scientifiques laisse entrevoir un fbrt;:pg|i:|;i:i|iel d'interpretation historique, scientifique et p«I:t&!:>gique. Temoins des diverses Temps libre pour visiter la ville methodes util.||PCK-jx)ur montrer la science et des facons d'apprehende-r l«|tn(mde, ces objets, s'ils sont mis en 14 Depart du scene, ont Ispguvdir de raconter un chapitre llVtusee de la civilisation passionnan|;|||:;:||Yistoire de notre societe. Initialement ;d5, rue Dalhousie) employes daiis; des demonstrations pedagogiques, ces Hpar autocar pour Montreal instruments possedent egalement un potentiel (a6roport de Mirabel) d'animatiOrijdeS plus interessants. Utilises a des fins • et Qttawa:(hotel Novotel) «museaif-X":j;plusieurs constituent un moyen attrayant et dynatuiqje de capter 1'attention du public du Musee 17h ; a 1'Senport de Mirabel et faire : asnprendre des concepts scientifiques de base. 19K30 A]|f|||||i visite de la Reserve, le groupe pourra revenir de Quebec pour dejeuner et, s'il le desire, visiter le Musee de la civilisation vers 13 h 30. iMusee de la civilisation et !||tusee de 1'Amerique franchise IpS, rue Dalhousie, Quebec La collection d'instruments scientifiaues La collection comprend 2 627 pieces d'instrumentation scientifique (objets et elements d'objets) et 3 280 diapositives, negatifs et transparents sur verre inventories a ce jour. La mecanique, 1'acoustique, 1'astronomie, I'electricite, la physique des fluides et toutes les disciplines de la physique classique s'y trouvent representees. II s'agit d'appareils servant a mesurer, observer, comprendre ou mettre en evidence certaines lois ou certains modeles de la physique. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION o/«*« IUHPS 1.1 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES Title / litre Sir William Logan's Petrographic Microscope? Author / Auteur Peter H. von Bitter Affiliation / Affiliation Department of Palaeobiology, Royal Ontario Museum Address / Adresse 100 Queen's Park Toronto ON M5S 2C6 Canada Abstract / Resume A petrographic microscope with rotating stage signed Nachet, 17 rue St. Saverin, Paris, in the collections of the Geological Survey of Canada, has, in recent years, been identified and publicized as having belonged to and been used by Sir William Logan, the founding director of that organization. This interpretation of ownership and/or use by Logan seems unlikely. 1) Although polarizing features began to be added to microscopes in the 1830 s and 1840s and 2) H. Clifton Sorby, F. E. Zirkel and others pioneered the study of the optical characteristics of minerals in thin rock sections in the mid-1800s and 3) M. Des Cloizeaux developed a polarizing mineralogical microscope as early as 1864, the modern petrographic microscope with a rotating stage was not constructed by R. Fuess of Berlin for H. Rosenbusch until 1873. Jean Alfred Nachet (1831-1908), famous Parisian instrument maker, probably adapted the ideas that were being disseminated by the mineralogical community of Germany and France in the 1870s to develop a petrographic microscope with unique Nachet design features. That this development did not take place until the mid- to late 1870s is shown by the 1876 publication date of Rosenbusch's design, by the earliest published descriptions of Nachet s petrographic microscope dated 1880 and 1881, and by the fact that the earliest available Nachet sales catalogue to show petrographic microscopes was for the year 1881. Sir William Logan resigned from the Geological Survey of Canada in 1869 at the age of 70 and died in 1875. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION «/«« IUHPS 1.2 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES deUOJPS Title / litre A 19th Century Surveyor's Compass Author / Auteur I.E. Kennedy and Mark MacKenzie Affiliation / Affiliation resp.: University of Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan Western Development Museum Address / Adresse Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada Abstract / Resume During the 19th century, surveying in many regions of Canada was carried out with a surveyor's compass (circumferentor) and chain. A number of surveyors could not afford either the more expensive engineer's level or an engineer's transit. Scientists in the latter half of the century became aware of and concerned with the inherent errors associated with the field use of the surveyor's compass. W.B. lack at Fredericton and W.F. King at Ottawa established "standards laboratories" to assist surveyors in overcoming some of the difficulties associated with the use of.the compass in the field. The number of circumferentors to be found today in Canada s museums is not excessive. Prior to 1980, the late Dr. B .W. Currie made a gift to the Physics Department, University of Saskatchewan, of an early 19th century surveyor's compass. A limited conservation treatment is required for this compass before displaying it to the public as an artifact. This circumferentor was designed and manufactured as a practical instrument for use in field surveying. A close examination of this compass yields details of small volume production of utilitarian scientific instruments of the early 19th century. Physical scars and marks may be the result of field repairs. The combination of organic hair in the sighting reticules, as well as the materials used in the degree dial and jewel bearing, broadens the composite materials nature of this artifact and places constraints on the preservative treatments considered feasible. Contamination on the needle in the form of finger print patterns is an example of "patina vile" which should be removed and stabilized. The best process for doing so may jeopardize future field trials of this artifact. Such considerations must be evaluated prior to finalizing conservation treatment. Though relatively simple, the treatment will be decided upon by assessing the academic potential offered by this compass, along with its eventual curatorial exhibit possibilities. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION <>/*« IUHPS 1.3 LA COMMISSION DBS INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES Title / Titre Direct and Indirect Methods of Measurements: Invention and Development of the Analytical Plotter in Canada. Author / Auteur Teodor I. Blachut Affiliation / Affiliation National Research Council of Canada (retired) Address / Mresse 61 Rothwell Dr. Gloucester ON K1)7G7 Canada Abstract / Resume When discussing measurements we usually have in mind direct measurements in "natural space". This means that, using appropriate tools, we perform measurements of the actual object to establish its form and dimensions. In many cases the object may be very complex and direct measurements may not provide a satisfactory answer, e.g. the human body. Precise determination of its shape through direct measurements is almost impossible. Other examples of difficulties in direct measurement includes an object that is changing shape, is in motion, or is inaccessible, e.g. steep mountains, clouds, wave, etc.. Applicability of direct measurements is therefore very limited. Indirect measurements are made when a physical or abstract model of the actual object is submitted to precise measurements. I am referring to techniques and processes that together constitute the discipline of Photogrammetry. The main application of photogrammetry is in mapping. However, the definition of photogrammetry as "the use of aerial photographs for mapping" is wrong and damaging to photogrammetry. Rather, the construction of virtual or physical models is based on the use of photographic images of precisely known geometry. The instruments used for measurements or plotting of the models require very high accuracy, i.e. of the order of single microns (micro- millimetres). Analogue plotters. Characteristics, performance and limitations. Reaching the limit of practical possibility. Analytical photogrammetry. To overcome the limitations of the analogue instruments the historical concept of analogue solutions was abandoned and an analytical plotter, based on computations was developed at the National Research Council (Ottawa). In this instrument the basic inputs are known constants and coordinates of points corresponding in stereo photographs, observed and measured in the instrument. This represented a real breakthrough in photogrammetric technique and marks a new era in further development in the field. Only a few characteristics will be mentioned: use of any images as long as they are geometrically well defined (arbitrary geometric characteristic of cameras), basic operations based on the judgment of an operator are replaced by mathematical computations (partial automation), time of these operations drastically reduced, errorless transfer of parameters, enormous simplification of instruments, unlimited possibility in introducing corrections including corrections for constant instrumental errors, choice of reference surface, type of projection, etc. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION o/nu IUHPS 1.4 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES ifaUIHPS Title / Titre Surveying in the Cold War Author / Auteure Deborah Jean Warner Affiliation / Affiliation National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution Address / Adresse 5128 NMAH, Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC, 20560 USA Abstract / Resume As World War II came to an end, many people became aware that only a small portion of the Earth's landmass had been surveyed with the accuracy needed for economic development, military preparedness, and scientific understanding. The need to know the exact size and shape of the Earth increased with the introduction of intercontinental missiles, artificial satellites, and planned flights to the Moon in the 1960s. Americans responded to this need in many ways, and with massive amounts of funding. The U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey initiated a first-order transcontinental traverse of the United States, agencies in the various states sponsored the control surveys needed for the Interstate Highway Act of 1956, and the U. S. Army Engineers and the Army Map Service conducted and/or sponsored third-order surveys of many remote areas of the globe. At the same time that government leaders were facing this rising demand for ever more precise surveys, even in areas where the terrain was rough or the temperatures extreme, scientists and engineers (often with the help of public funds) were revolutionizing instruments used to accomplish these tasks. One important set of the new ground-based instruments were those which measured distances electronically (that is, with visible light, microwaves, lasers, or infrared radiation). I will discuss these EDMs as both products and tools of the Cold War, suggesting ways in which the technologies were related to other products of the military-industrial complex, and indicating some of the new tasks to which they were applied. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION »/*« IUHPS 2.1 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES ifeUIHPS Title/ Titre 'Spirit of Place': geographical implications of the English provincial instrument trade, 1760-1850 Author / Auteure Alison Morrison-Low Affiliation / Affiliation National Museums of Scotland and the University of York Address / Mresse Chambers Street Edinburgh EH 1 1JF Scotland Abstract / Resume Although London remained the largest and the pre/eminent (and indeed world) centre of the scientific instrument trade during the time of the classic Industrial Revolution and beyond, this period also saw a significant growth in other localities. Birmingham, Liverpool and Sheffield were all to some extent manufacturing centres of these specialized products for topographic and demographic reasons. This paper will examine some aspects of local conditions, and also attempt to explain why some earlier centres of population, such as Bristol and York, failed to develop their trade beyond their immediate markets. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION «/<*« IUHPS 2.2 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES Title / Titre A non-technical analysis of air pumps Author / Auteur Anne C. van Helden Affiliation / Affiliation Museum Boerhaave Address / Adresse Postbus 11280 NL-2301 EG Leiden The Netherlands Abstract / Resume The adage 'form follows function' is likely to apply to the utilitarian kind of objects that scientific instruments are. But nevertheless, the instrument makers had significant freedom in designing the details. Often they will not have been aware of the choices they made. Therefore the non-technical details are likely to reflect, at a subconscious level, the cultural preoccupations and the attitude of the maker toward his instrument. An analysis of non-technical design elements may reveal some of the unconscious input. Seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century air pumps provide a good case-study to give this kind of research a try. After all, the air pump certainly was important culturally, at least in the scientific niche. Moreover, in this case we can confront our data with documentary sources and with a technical analysis of the same objects. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION of the IUHPS 2.3 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES Title / litre Medical Instrument and Medical Epistemology: Forgotten Applications of Laennec's Stethoscope Author / Auteure lacalyn M. Duffin Affiliation / Affiliation History of Medicine, Queen's Univ. Address / Adresse Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada Abstract / Resume It is well known that with the invention of the stethoscope in 1816-1817, Laennec became one of the first physicians to accurately predict organic lesions in the lung and the heart. As many scholars have shown, this achievement made him a "hero" of anatomical pathology, because it was now possible to link all diseases to their accompanying organic changes. The Laennec manuscripts contain unpublished clinical case records and several thousand pages of lecture notes on clinical medicine. These sources make it clear that the inventor himself conceived of a wider application of his stethoscope to an assessment of human physiology, temperament, and nervous make-up. These under-appreciated aspects of Laennec's epistemology led him into the midst of a debate between mechanistic and vitalistic explanations of life. This paper will explore the role of the stethoscope and early 19th century notions concerning physiology and pathophysiology. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION of the IUHPS 2.4 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES Title / litre Measuring Goodness: Eudiometers from Priestley to Pepys Author / Auteur Trevor H. Levere Affiliation / Affiliation Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science & Technology, Univ. of Toronto Address / Mresse 73 Queen's Park Cr. East Toronto ON M5S 1K7 Canada Abstract / Resume Once chemists had arrived at the concept of different kinds of air, they had a chemical basis for interpreting the way in which air varied in its goodness for respiration. Priestley was the pioneer in devising ways to measure differences in goodness, and soon afterwards Landriani gave the name of "eudiometer" to the instrument that he invented for this purpose. Combination with nitrous air was the key to their instruments, as it was of Priestley's. Virtually at the same time, Fontana devised a series of eudiometers, and one of his instruments was for several years the most accurate available. Cavendish produced his own eudiometer as an improvement on Fontana's, but both Fontana and Cavendish obtained results whose accuracy depended at least as much on experimental technique and skill as on the design of their instruments. Early in the nineteenth century, Hope and Pepys both devised eudiometers that would give good results in the hands of less gifted practitioners. In the event, electric spark eudiometers were to become the nineteenth/century standard instruments. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION of the IUHPS 3.1 LA COMMISSION DBS INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES «feUIHPS Title / li Some Gems from a 14th Century Syrian Treatise on Instrumentation Author/ Auteur Francois Charette Affiliation / Affiliation Institut fur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, lohann Wolfgang Goethe-Universits Address / Adresse Robert-Mayer Str, 1 D-60054 Frankfurt am Main Germany Abstract / Resume Shihab al-DTn Ahmad ibn AbT Bakr, known as IBN AL-SARRAJ, was the constructor of the most sophisticated astrolabe ever made before the early modern period (now preserved in the Benaki Museum, Athens). He was active in Aleppo (Syria) during the first half of the fourteenth century. Numerous of his short treatises on specific instruments he invented are known. In 1982, a comprehensive treatise on astronomical instrumentation attributed to him was identified. This text, in which IBN AL-SARRA| describes, in about 120 chapters, the construction of all astrolabes, quadrants and sundials known to him, is currently being investigated and promises to add considerably to our knowledge of medieval astronomical instrumentation. The purpose of this paper is to present preliminary results from the analysis of this important work. After having briefly discussed the sources upon which the author relied, and the context in which he flourished, a few hitherto unknown instruments IBN describes will be presented. For each of them, illustrations from the manuscript as well as an attempted reconstitution will be shown. Specific instruments that will be discuss include: • the azimuthal quadrant called "ai-sukkar al-manbat" (the candied, or silvery, sugar); • some new non-standard astrolabes retes in the manner of S11ZT and BlRfJNT, in particular, a modification of the plate of the "melon-shaped" astrolabe; and • one example of a sophisticated sundial. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION «./<*« IUHPS 3.2 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES de UIHPS Title / Tttre The Path of the Moon Engraved: Lunar Mansions on Scientific Instruments Author / Auteure Silke Ackermann Affiliation / Affiliation Medieval and Later Antiquities, British Museum Address / Adresse Great Russell Street, London WClH 3DG Great Britain Abstract / Resume In the same way as the ecliptic is divided into the twelve zodiacal signs, the lunar orbit can be divided into sections.- the lunar mansions. Usually there are 28 lunar mansions, one for each day of the lunar cycle. As the zodiacal signs are constellations close to the apparent path of the Sun in the sky, so the lunar mansions are formed by groups of stars close to the lunar orbit. The names or shapes of these groups of stars are often to be found on instruments, especially astrolabes, but neither the origin of the underlying concept nor their appearance on instruments has ever been investigated. The paper will discuss the history and use of lunar mansions, based on both European and Islamic instruments and manuscripts. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION o/au IUHPS 3.3 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES ifeUIHPS Title ITiire Sunlight and Shadows: Or, What's the Point of Big Sundials? Author / Auteur Allan A. Mills Affiliation / Affiliation Astronomy Group, The University Address / Adresse University Rd. Leicester, LEI 7RH Great Britain Abstract / Resume The Sun is the only star that does not appear as a point of light in the sky. Instead it presents an obvious disc, subtending approximately 1/2" of arc. Therefore the Sun does not throw sharp shadows, and the longer the 'throw' of a shadow the fuzzier is its edge. Thus, the apex of a tall pillar (or a rod projecting from it) can not be resolved at all in the shadow of such a structure. Nevertheless, monumental sundials and meridian lines have been built by most cultures, e.g. Egyptian, Roman, Chinese and Indian, with the obvious intention of delineating small intervals of time by virtue of the long projection distance from the gnomon. But would not the increasing uncertainty in the 'edge' of its shadow frustrate this intention? If so, why was their expensive construction so often repeated? Quantitative investigations have been made of how the human eye/brain system perceives the edge of a solar shadow - a topic strangely neglected since the 19th century! It has been found that the situation is not as bad as simple geometry would indicate / but is still far from precise. Fortunately, a 12th century Chinese document provides an answer: a clever auxiliary device that acts as a 'shadow sharpener'. This will be demonstrated, for its use has been forgotten over the centuries. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION «./«*« IUHPS 4.1 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES Title / Titre An Early Tychonic Astronomical Instrument: The Large Azimuthal Quadrant of the Leiden Observatory Author/ Auteur Robert H. van Gent Affiliation /Affiliation Museum Boerhaave Address / Adresse Postbus 11280 NL-2301 EG Leiden The Netherlands Abstract / Resume The large azimuthal quadrant (2 meter radius) which the Leiden University acquired in 1632 from the heirs of the Leiden professor of mathematics Willebrord Snel van Royen (Snellius, 1580-1626) forms the basis of the important collection of astronomical instruments of the Leiden Observatory. The quadrant was made sometime between 1598 and 1615 by the well known Amsterdam globe and instrument maker Willem Jansz Blaeu (1571-1638) and it is an almost exact copy of a similar instrument used by Tycho Brahe in Hven. A full description will be given of this unique instrument, now preserved in Museum Boerhaave (Leiden), and the following questions will also be addressed: what was the connection between Tycho Brahe and Blaeu, why and how did Snellius obtain this costly instrument and to what use did he put it, why were the Leiden astronomers keen on acquiring this instrument, and what kind of observations did they perform with it? SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION ofau IUHPS 4.2 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES rfeUlHPS Title / litre Assessing the optics of an 18th century Gregorian reflector Author / Auteur Randall C. Brooks Affiliation / Affiliation National Museum of Science and Technology Address / Mresse PO Box 9724, Term. T Ottawa ON K1G 5A3 Canada Abstract / Resume We know relatively little about the specific grinding or testing methods used by 17th-18th century opticians. It has been presumed that sets of optics were combined until satisfactory performance was achieved. We do know something of the materials used but the surface characteristics of the speculuum mirrors have not been investigated or analyzed with modern equipment. A reflector made between ca. 1740-1760 by Joseph Hurt of London has been analyzed using a Zygo MK 4 interferometer of the Optics Division of the National Research. Council of Canada. The results provide wave front information accurate to better than l/20th wave for the system. The surfaces of the mirrors were also subjected to a scanning electron microscope analysis as well as an analysis of the composition. This paper presents the results of the studies. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION of** IUHPS 5.1 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES Title / litre The Musschenbroek Trade Catalogues Author / Auteur Peter de Clercq Affiliation /Affiliation Museum Boerhaave Address / Adresse Postbus 11280 ML-2301 EG Leiden The Netherlands Abstract / Resume Some 1500 printed trade catalogues of European and American instrument/making companies prior to 1914 were located by R.G.W. Anderson, J. Burnett and B. Gee in their Handlist of Scientific Instrument-Makers Trade Catalogues (1990). For the Musschenbroek workshop in Leiden, they list three catalogues, which were bound with various editions of a physics text/book by one member of the family, Petrus van Musschenbroek (1736, 1739, 1751). My research into the history of this workshop has shown that the workshop issued more catalogues. I know the contents of a further six such documents which survive as manuscripts (1694, 1714), in single printed copies (ca. 1730, 1748) or in transcription in contemporary travel journals (Erndtl 1707, Uffenbach 1711). The series makes it possible to analyze in detail the development of the repertoire of one of the most important instrument/making workshops in Europe. I also found the administration of the Leiden publishers and book-sellers Luchtmans, who printed the Musschenbroek trade catalogues. This allows us to reconstruct the production, number of pages and circulation figures of all the workshop's catalogues, including those of which no copies have as yet been located. As a warning against overconfident use of this type of document, I shall also discuss two deceptive Musschenbroek trade catalogues. One was published by B.M von Valentini in a compilation work Museum museorum in 1714. The other is the 1751 version mentioned in the Handlist, which was in fact printed after the last proprietor of the workshop had died. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION of a* IUHPS 5.2 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES Title / litre Scientific instruments and mechanical war machines in the Ducal Palace of Urbino Authors / Auteurs Roberto Mantovani, Flavio Vetrano Affiliation /Affiliation Gabinetto Di Fisica dell'Universita Address / Mresse Piazza della Repbulica, Universita1 degli Studi 1-61029 Urbino (Ps) Italia Abstract / Resume The age of the Duke of Urbino, Federico da Montefeltro, is famous in Italian Renaissance. His Palace, probably built between 1455 and 1485, is still great evidence of the generous patronage of the Duke in many fields (painting, architecture, sculpture and science). In particular, science in the Palace is well symbolized by a series of marble relief panels of mechanical war machines (the application of the new techniques of the military art) based on designs by Roberto Valturio, Francesco di Giorgio Martini and Mariano di lacomo Taccola, probably realized by Ambrogio Barocci and by some scientific instruments drawn on the walls of the "studiolo" (the duke's study) paneled with marquetry creating perspective illusions. Further, in the hanging palace garden a fountain sundial, an extremely rare type of refractive sundial made between 1574 and 1631 during, therefore, the "della Rovere" dynasty, is still visible. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION »/<*« IUHPS 5.3 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES Title / Titre Topographical and Geological Surveying Instruments Used by Sir William Logan in the Early Exploration of Canada Author / Auteur Peter H. von Bitter Affiliation / Affiliation Department of Palaeobiology, Royal Ontario Museum Address / Adresse 100 Queen's Park Toronto ON M5S 2C6 Canada Abstract / Resume When William Logan returned to Canada in 1842 to found the Geological Survey of Canada, he was faced with the daunting task of surveying a growing country geologically for which few accurate maps existed. As a result, Logan spent as much time in the field mapping the topography as he did examining and recording the geology. He achieved considerable and remarkable accuracy and speed in his topographical and geological surveys, generally using only the most basic equipment. Logan paid for many, or most, of the topographical and geological instruments of the early Geological Survey of Canada out of his own pocket; his methods and choices of instruments varied according to his purpose and the terrain. Most of his long distance traverses involved dialling along coasts or river using a prismatic compass, manually pacing and counting distances and measuring the height of various features with a barometer. Logan also used a Rochon s micrometer telescope and a simple target to effectively and quickly measure long distances; distances between surveyed features such as river systems were measured and tied together by triangulation using mountain or hill tops. Several of the Rochon's micrometer telescopes were apparently supplied to Logan and his staff by Jones of London. On rare occasions when accuracy rather than speed and distance was the main criterion, Logan used a theodolite to determine both bearings and distances; he may also have used the theodolite for differential levelling of elevations. Finally, Logan apparently used both a waywiser and a carriage or buggy-odometer to measure distances. One of each of these, the first with a counting mechanism signed GSC #1, A. Ross, Maker, Montreal, and the second engraved Sir W. E. Logan, G.S. of Ca No. 2, survives. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION ofou IUHPS 5.4 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES Title / litre The Optical Museum in Jena Author / Auteure Helga Beez Affiliation / Affiliation Optisches Museum Carl Zeiss Jena, Ernst - Abbe - Stiftung Address / Mresse Carl - Zeiss - Plate 12 D - 07743 Jena, Germany Abstract / Resume The exhibition shows in a small place, a high concentration of instruments from the 17th century to modern devices. One of Europe's largest collections of spectacles illustrates along with illustrative graphics, the history of eyeglasses. Other main points of the exhibition are microscopes, telescopes, cameras and ophthalmic instruments. There are also optical toys such as magic lantern and peep shows in connection with hand-painted slides and pictures displaying surprising light effects. The remarkable combination of optical instruments and graphic material is quite unique and very valuable for scholars. Furthermore, the museum provides information about the founder of Jena's optical industry and the tradition of the Zeiss company. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION «/<*« IUHPS 6.1 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES «feUIHPS Title / litre DeWitt Bristol Brace: Professor, Instrument Maker, Innovator Author / Auteur M. Eugene Rudd Affiliation / Affiliation University of Nebraska Address / Mresse Lincoln, NE 68588-0111 USA Abstract / Resume After doing graduate work in physics under Rowland at Johns Hopkins and completing his doctoral work with Kirchhoff and Helmholtz at Berlin, DeWitt Bristol Brace came to the University of Nebraska in 1887. Lincoln was still a frontier town with unpaved streets, the university had been open for only 16 years, and many Nebraskans still lived in sod huts. But by the time of his premature death in 1905, he had not only founded the Departments of Physics and Electrical Engineering, he had published twenty research papers, most of them at the forefront of physics at the time. He devised several highly innovative and imaginative instruments and techniques in his research. He was able to answer an important question about the Faraday Effect with clever instrumentation and he developed a widely used spectrophotometer. His greatest achievement was the construction of an apparatus which enabled him to measure the effect of the "ether drift" on double refraction to the unprecedented precision of 7.8 x 10'13 which was over 100 times greater than that of the famous Michelson-Morley experiment which was also designed to measure the ether drift. At the time of Brace's death, Ernest Rutherford, then at McGill University, wrote of "his experimental skill and boldness of attack on the most difficult questions." Some of Brace's instruments will be described and the relationship of his research to the development and verification of Einstein's Theory of Relativity will be briefly discussed. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION of a* IUHPS 6.2 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES .feUIHPS Title / litre Reflection of Microwaves from the Moon, 1946 - Hungary Author / Auteur Laszlo Kovacs, Jr. Affiliation / Affiliation J6zsaf Attila University Szeged Address / Adresse H-9700 Szombathely Martfrok tere 5/C Hungary Abstract / Resume Zoltan Bay (b. Gyuiavari, Hungary, 1900-d. Washington, D.C., 1991) was one of the outstanding Hungarian born experimental physicists. He taught at several universities both in Hungary and in the USA. He led a research group in Hungary and later worked for the National Bureau of Standards in the USA. His most important results were using the electronmultiplier as a particle counting device (1938); developing the first European Moon radar (1946); measuring coincidence in the Compton effect with an accuracy of 10-11 s (1954); creating a new definition of the metre (1983). Bay developed certain technical details that enabled his measurements and which make even recent space radar more effective. The most important of these was the repetition of the 0.06 s long signal for a thousand times, which increased the signal/noise ratio when cumulated by a oxyhydrogen coulometer. Combined with further improvements, Bay opened up the way towards high tech radar astronomy. During, my presentation 1 am going to show pictures of the original apparatus, take a look at its technical details and share information on the whole process of the Hungarian Moon radar experiment. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION of the IUHPS 7.1 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES Title / T/tre Rutherford's apparatus for the study of radioactivity at McGill University Author / Auteur Montague Cohen Affiliation / Affiliation Physics Dept. and Rutherford Museum, McGill University Address / Adresse 3600 University St. Montreal QC H3A2T8 Canada Abstract / Resume Ernest Rutherford was a Professor of Physics at McGill University from 1898 to 1907. During these years he designed and used a large variety of apparatus for investigating the properties and nature of radioactivity. The apparatus was sophisticated in concept but simple in design and could be readily constructed in the machine shop of the Physics Laboratory. Four examples of his equipment will be illustrated and discussed: (1) Apparatus for studying the radiation produced by thorium emanation (1900); (2) Apparatus for determining the molecular weight of radium emanation (radon) (1901); (3) Apparatus for measuring the heating effect of radium and its emanation (1904); and (4) apparatus for measuring the velocity and ratio of charge/mass of the alpha particle (1906). In each case the experiment yielded a quantitative answer to a single question. These instruments are displayed in the Rutherford Museum in the Physics building on the McGill campus. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION of*e IUHPS 7.2 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES Title / Titre A Physicist of His Time: Paul terrain and his Cockroft-Walton Accelerator at the Universite de Montreal, 1949-1954 Author / Auteur Jean-Francois Gauvin Affiliation / Affiliation Universite de Montreal Address / Adresse 4672 de Bullion Montreal QC H2T 1Y6 Canada Abstract / Resume In March 1943 the era of the Big Science began at the Universite de Montreal. Indeed, that year, Montreal—for its cosmopolitan characteristics-became the centre of the Canadian-British top secret project, code named Tube Alloy, to develop an atomic pile and to study the feasibility of an atomic bomb. In parallel to the Los Alamos Manhattan project, the Montreal secret laboratory, though, was never O la hauteur of its American brother. Nevertheless, it gave the necessary impetus and forced the Universite de Montreal into action by putting together, after the war, the Institut de physique directed in the beginning by the French physicist, Marcel Rouault. The latter recruited Paul Lorrain in 1946, a veteran of the Montreal secret lab. Born in the metropole of Quebec in 1916, Lorrain later became one of the best known physicist in the province. He knew at the time that his university was far behind McGill and Laval in the field of physics; but he knew also what had to be done to stop and reverse this situation. Aided by his war experience and a two and a half year stay at Cornell, where he managed to build a linear accelerator, Lorrain, from 1949 to 1954, worked on a pressurized high frequency Cockroft-Walton accelerator for the Institut. By 27 February 1954, Lorrain reached the energy of 510 KeV. The race for the electron-volts had at last begun at the Universite de Montreal. This paper will try to retrace this particular episode focusing on the apparatus Lorrain developed and the numerous technical difficulties he had to solve to make it work. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION o/au IUHPS 7.3 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES deUlHPS Title / litre Development of scientific instruments within the Soviet Atomic Project Author / Auteur Vassili P. Borisov Affiliation / Affiliation Institute of the History of Science and Technology, Russian Academy of Science Address / Adresse Staropanski per. 1/5 103012 Moscow Russia Abstract / Resume Work on creation of nuclear weapons in the USSR stimulated development of various scientific instruments. The following kinds of instruments were made in the early stage of the Atomic Project: 1. For Vacuum techniques: high vacuum diffusion pumps with pumping speed to 20,000 1/s; forevacuum pumps with speed to 40 l/s; and vacuum gauges with a range from 10/5 to 10/7 Pa-, 2. Gas discharge detectors of ionizing radiation for geologic search; and control of work of nuclear reactors; 3. Mass spectrometric technique: leak detectors of high sensitivity; equipment for electromagnetic separation of isotopes; and devices for analysis of residual gas. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION of the IUHPS 8.1 LA COMMISSION DBS INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES ArUIHPS Title / Titre Equipping a Colonial University: Scientific Instruments for the University of Adelaide, 1876-1900 Author / Auteur Julian Holland Affiliation / Affiliation The Macleay Museum, University Of Sydney Address / Adresse Sydney, NSW Australia 2006 Abstract / Resume The University of Adelaide, founded in 1874, was very fortunate in attracting able staff in its early years. The Adelaide careers of three significant figures - Horace Lamb, W.H. Bragg and E.G. Stirling, all of whom were elected FRS - form the basis for documenting the acquisition of scientific apparatus for physics and physiology at a time of rapid scientific change. This study draws on the extensive and detailed archives of the University of Adelaide, supplemented with information from two company archives (Elliott Brothers and the Cambridge Scientific Instrument Co.) in England and other sources. Several points emerge from the study: the capacity of an infant colonial university to overcome the 'tyranny of distance' in attracting leading scholars and providing the resources for equipping them; the relatively minor role of local instrument retailers in meeting institutional requirements; the significance of Cambridge not just as a source of academic appointments but as a continuing source of advice in the purchase of instruments; and the importance of British intermediaries in the supply of continental instruments. The talk is illustrated with overhead transparencies showing orders from several English instrument makers. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION 0/0* IUHPS 8.2 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES Title / litre Not Too Big, Not Too Small - Just Right Science: the Bevalac Story Author / Auteure Catherine Westfail Affiliation / Affiliation Lyman Briggs School, Michigan State University Address / Adresse East Lansing, MI 48824 USA Abstract / Resume Since the term Big Science was coined more than thirty years ago, scholars have focused on the most obvious characteristic of the phenomena — its bigness. The result has been a body of scholarship focused primarily on the examination of what happens when scientific equipment increases in scale. But is the development of big science shaped only by growth? This paper will argue otherwise, citing the example of the Bevalac, which began operation at California's Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in 1974 as the world's largest and most powerful heavy ion accelerator. The history of the Bevalac was shaped as much by the resistance to expansion as it was by the familiar impulse to enhance research potential through increasing scale. These contrary forces arose because the unique high energy, heavy ion beam was produced by joining two existing accelerators with contrasting research traditions, the high energy Bevatron and the heavy ion HILAC. At the Bevatron, one of America's most expensive basic research tools after its construction in 1954, accelerator builders and scientists celebrated the tightly organized, meticulous, large-scale effort that resulted in dozens of elementary particle discoveries and Nobel Prizes. At the HILAC, a machine of relatively modest expense and scale built in 1957, researchers valued the family-style organization and freewheeling atmosphere that led to the creation of many new transuranic elements. Creating the Bevalac required a melding of these traditions so that researchers could work together to make the necessary accelerator innovations, modify detectors, and develop the necessary conceptual framework to understand a new type of physics. The story of how the Bevatron and HILAC traditions arose, side-by-side, and how they were melded as part of the joining of the two accelerators provides a particularly dramatic example of the variety and interaction of forces that shape Big Science. This story also suggests that the biggest challenge for those developing large-scale projects is finding a scale that is just the right — neither too big nor too small — to fit the available funding, the research agenda of users, and the bounds of existing technology. The paper will end with comments on how the insights of Bevalac history can lead to a more complete analysis of large-scale instruments and their role in the development of 20th century science. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION «/<*« IUHPS 83 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES Title / litre Scientific Instruments and Aerospace Museums From the Soviet Experience Author / Auteur Nikolai Semenov Affiliation / Affiliation Russian Academy of Science Address / Adresse Flat 52, Block 7, Maslov Street Monino, Moscow Region, 141170 Russia Abstract / Resume The recent 35th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's first ever human space flight provides a good occasion to discuss the role of modern aerospace museums in collecting, analyzing, preserving and public presentation of corresponding scientific instruments including both the late 20th c ones used in space exploration itself and the earlier ones, taking an important part in creation of space-related sciences and technologies, pioneer cosmonaut training, etc. The variety of such instruments includes small single-user apparatus as well as huge global-scale structures and devices known to nearly everybody as well as still top secret "Black Box" technologies. The variety produces a number of problems for both museums and current instrument owners, while the undoubted importance of space exploration for human progress makes us study the already gathered worldwide experience avoiding mistakes or even losses on this field. The former USSR, now CIS, stands among the principle pioneers of space exploration. It also has vast experience in collecting, preserving and exhibiting of corresponding relics. In only a few decades, under the strongest pressure of extremely orthodox Communist ideology and of accordingly distorted "socialist economics", our country had created a network of aerospace museums and memorials with lots of rare, if not unique, scientific instruments. Founded and currently run by federal authorities, space related companies or groups of enthusiasts at schools, clubs, etc., those museums shows various approaches to exhibits. The museum network provides quite a flexible and effective way in preservation of not only space/related apparatus and instruments, but also of our valuable scientific and technical heritage in general. Unfortunately, some samples from the ex-USSR experience belong more to the past than to the present because of the general crisis in the whole post-Soviet area. But on the other hand, this principally new era opens many hopeful prospects for international cooperation as better living standards for the whole of humanity! SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION «./** IUHPS 9.1 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES Title / litre Preserving the Work of the National Physical Laboratory Author / Auteure Anita McConnell Affiliation / Affiliation Independent scholar Address / Adresse 46 Defoe House, Barbican London, EC2Y 8DN Great Britian Abstract / Resume All measuring instruments base their scales on some agreed standard, be it local, national or international. Britain's National Physical Laboratory, now approaching its centenary, has a rich collection of old primary standards of dimension and weight, temperature, radiation, and time, of illumination, and of the properties of electrical currents. Many high-quality instruments were sent for test and certification by the NPL, to show that their measurements conformed to these standards, and the maintenance of international standards continues to be an important part of the NPL's work. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION o/au IUHPS 9.2 LA COMMISSION DBS INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES Title / Titre Physics Teaching with Instruments: A Cataloguing Proposal Authors / Auteurs F. Acerenza, G. Boato, N. Robotti Affiliation / Affiliation Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Geneva Address / Mresse via Dodecanese, 33 16100Genova Italia Abstract / Resume A census of teaching instruments of historical interest has been initiated in the region of Liguria (Italy) by selecting a number of schools distributed through the entire region. The instruments, which number around 5,000, cover the period from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. We carried out our research as a means of linking the quality of teaching with the state of physical knowledge in the period when the instruments were used, and plan to create a specific data base. In this data base special care will be taken not only in describing the instruments but also in providing illustrations of them using reproductions of the figures in original books. One of our purposes is, in fact, to provide schools and physics teachers with a means of making cataloguing easier as well as the possibility of actually using these instruments. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION of** IUHPS 10.1 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES Title / Titre Tools for Teaching and Research in an Early Nineteenth Century American Academy Author / Auteure Sara Schechner Genuth Affiliation / Affiliation University of Maryland at College Park and Smithsonian Institution Address / Mresse Committee on the History & Philosophy of Science Francis Scott Key 2115 Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-7315 USA Abstract / Resume At the turn of the 19th century, the Deerfield Academy in rural Massachusetts purchased many fine scientific instruments from W. and S. Jones of London with the help of the Reverend Dr. John Prince of Salem. In the first part of this paper, I will shed new light on Prince's business relationship with W. and S. lones, and his role as a vendor of scientific instruments to American colleges and academies. I will also discuss the synergy between Prince's own instrument making activities and his marketing interests. In the second part, I will indicate that the research quality of the apparatus bought by Deerfield was on par with the quality of instruments acquired by New England colleges of the day. Deerfield's purchase represented a considerable investment on the part of the school and one not easily recouped from tuition. This investment reflects the importance the school's trustees placed on the study of natural philosophy and raises questions about the mission of the Academy. These questions will be addressed in the third part of the paper, where I will compare the instructional goals of academies like Deerfield and contemporary colleges. Deerfield's doors were open to both young men and women. It saw itself as a seat of learning for those who could not afford a collegiate course or wanted instruction in the "business of real life." Historians of education have claimed that during the 19th century, the academies put pressure on the colleges to teach more modern, practical disciplines. I will argue, however, that this was not the case with science. Academies were not ahead of the pack when it came to instruction in science, but kept up with the pace being set by the colleges. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION »/*« IUHPS 10.2 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIHQUES Title / Titre Scientific Instruments in the Context of Colonial Williamsburg Author/ Auteur John L. McKnight Affiliation /Affiliation Department of Physics, College of William and Mary Address / Mresse PO Box 8795 Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795 USA Abstract / Resume Since the early 1960's there have been efforts to integrate some science into the presentations given to the public by the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. This has resulted in the collection of relevant scientific instruments and their incorporation in exhibits and in presentations to visitors. Research has uncovered contextual and textual evidence of ownership and use of a variety of scientific instruments in colonial Virginia. From this, given the close connections of the governors and the more wealthy residents with England, it is possible to extrapolate to the range of instruments likely to have been in the colony before 1775. A catalog of the instruments in the Foundation's collections exists, but it was compiled by experts in 18th century material culture, furniture and furnishings. A catalogue of these objects as scientific instruments is being prepared for use as a reference work and as a guide for interpretation. This paper will present highlights from the new catalog and details on the use of scientific instruments in demonstrating the riddle of science in the 18th century to the general public. jflgjfc SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION of*e IUHPS 10.3 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES «fcUIHPS Title / litre Establishing a new science history museum: Glorification or Disneyfication? Author / Auteur Olov Amelin Affiliation /Affiliation Uppsala University Address / Mresse Lovbergavagen 33, 13239Saltsz6-BOO Sweden Abstract / Resume In 1997 a new University museum will be opened in Uppsala, Sweden. It will be situated in a building from 1622 that housed lecture halls and the university library for 300 years. The exhibition will contain manuscripts, works of art, parts of natural history collections, demonstration apparatus and a large number of scientific instruments. In my paper 1 will discuss different ways of building such an exhibition and relate them to our own specific problems and solutions. Two important issues to be discussed will be how artifacts can work as storytellers and how to apply modem technology in combination with museum pieces, especially scientific instruments. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION o/au IUHPS 10.4 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES d«UIHPS Title / litre How Far Can We Go? The restoration of scientific instruments: problems and suggestions Author / Auteur Paolo Brenni Affiliation /Affiliation Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza Address / Mresse Piazza Dei Gudici 1 1-50122 Firenze, Italy Abstract / Resume Restoration is a difficult and dangerous exercise. Even in the field of art, where the tradition is long and the literature very important, the experts" are often in disagreement. Scientific instrument restoration, which is a very young discipline, does not have any internationally recognized standards. Yet, many museums have their own conservation departments, which generally elaborate their own procedures and philosophy of restoration. Sometimes instruments are left almost untouched for preserving the "dust of the past. In other cases they are heavily restored and they look now "better than new". The spectrum of the possibilities is very wide. Scientific instruments, which were used in research, education, industry, etc, were made for performing a precise and defined function. A non/working apparatus is often a mute witness. Therefore the restoration of its functioning has to be a priority. But how far can we go? Should we use original or modern materials? Should we reconstruct the missing parts or simply stop the dilapidation? It is difficult, if not impossible, to give a series of standard rules. Every single artifact is a special case, but our choices have to be guided by a deep knowledge of instruments and by a special sensitiveness. In this paper I will present some of the recent Italian experiences in this field as well as some important examples of instrument restoration. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION o/au IUHPS PP1 LA COMMISSION DBS INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES deUIHPS Title / litre Armenian Astrolabes Author / Auteure Karen L. Balayan Affiliation / Affiliation Independent Scholar Address / Adresse Komitas 19/8 Apt. 5 Yerevan 12, Armenia Poster Paper Abstract / Resume One of the most remarkable instruments used in the ancient times was the astrolabe. In all probability they were invented by the Greeks, later adopted by the Arabs and then, with them, had come back to Europe. The most ancient astrolabes to survive are Arabian. The situation in the medieval Arabian East promoted the development of sciences. Scientists of different nationalities worked in large cities. They were united with a common language - Arabic. Later the Latin astrolabes transliterated the Arabian names in the Latin script. Armenians also used and made astrolabes. Three Armenian astrolabes are known. Two of them are Arab-Armenian. The first is one of the most ancient of that type of instruments that has reached us. It belongs to the late 9th century and was made by the Arab craftsman Khafif. The Armenian inscriptions have been added later. On the back of the astrolabe, the Armenian user added a shadow square with a scale to measure distance and height. The shadow square is generally present on all astrolabes known to us, except this one. There is a very interesting scale on the back of one of the astrolabes instead of the usual shadow square. No other astrolabe known to us has such a scale. It is a non-linear scale for measuring distance and height. This scale made the measuring more precise than a shadow square. The second astrolabe, of the early 10th century, has been partly preserved-only the Spider or the Rete the star map, also made by an Arab craftsman with later Armenian inscriptions, with 12 zodiac constellations and 17 brightest stars of the north part of the sky has survived. The Armenian inscriptions on both astrolabes had been made at the time of the Armenian Civilian Kingdom (11th-14th century) judging by the type of the Armenian inscriptions. Both astrolabes are kept at the Oxford Museum of the History of Science. The third astrolabe, of 17th century, is of Armenian origin. It has been made by Ghukas Vanandetsi and is kept in a private collection in Armenia. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION «/*« IUHPS PP2 LA COMMISSION DBS INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES deUIHPS Title / Tttre The Unique Reflecting Telescope of Wm. Herschel at Tartu Author / Auteur Vladimir Gurikov Affiliation / Affiliation Institut Istorii Estestvozn 1 Techniky, Russian Academy of Sciences Address / Adresse Ran Staropansky per., 1/5 RU-103012 Moscow Russia Poster Paper Abstract / Resume In the Astronomical Observatory of Tartu there is a reflecting telescope made by William Herschel. This instrument was constructed according to the scheme of Isaac Newton. It consists of an 8-sided wood tube with wooden support. The telescope has a construction for vertical adjustment. There is no diagonal mirror, ocular tube and tube grid in the instrument. In Tartu there are also other telescopes made by Herschel. It is possible to reestablish these details by comparing it to similar instruments in other museums of the World (for example in the Museum of Science in London). The paper also presents information about another 10 feet Herschel telescope. This instrument was transported to the Hermitage in St. Petersburg. After the founding of the Observatory at Pulkova in 1839, this telescope was placed there. In the autumn of 1941 during the Second World War, this instrument was destroyed by the Germans along with all of the Pulkova Observatory. It is necessary to do everything possible for its restoration. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION »/«*« IUHPS PP3 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES deUIHPS Title / Titre The Birth of Radar Astronomy 50 years ago in Hungary Author / Auteur Laszlo Kovacs Affiliation / Affiliation Teacher Training College Szombathely Address / Mresse H-9700 Szombathely Mdrtfrok tere 5/C. Hungary Poster Paper Abstract / Resume Though the first Moon radar experiment was achieved by the American John H. DeWitt, recent radar astronomy uses the methods of a Hungarian-born physicist, Zoltan Bay. Z. Bay (b. Gyulavari, Hungary, 1900--d. Washington, D.C., 1991) was a prominent experimental physicist and an outstanding teacher. He was the first person in Europe, and the second in the world, to receive microwave reflections from the Moon (February 6, 1946). Besides several new technical aspects and solutions, he developed the idea of repeating the pulses and integrating them into a visible sign. The poster will show the important periods of Bay's life: particle counting with an electronmultiplier (1938); microwave reflections from the Moon (1946); simultaneity in the Compton effect with 10-11 second accuracy (1954); unified time-length measurement system, the new, universal definition of the meter (accepted in 1983). The poster also contains details of his Moon radar (aerial, switch, coulometer, notebook), photos and facsimile writings. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION »/<** IUHPS PP4 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES «feUTHPS Title / Titre The Collection of Scientific Instruments in Museum of the Moscow Medical Academy Author / Auteur A.N. Shamin and S.S. Krivobokova Affiliation / Affiliation Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry, Moscow Medical Academy Address / Adresse Mikiukho-Maklay Street 16/10 117871 Moscow, Russia Poster Paper Abstract / Resume The collection of medical and associated instruments and many documents amassed by the collective of the newly organized Museum of Moscow Medical Academy are being exhibited at this Museum. The Moscow Medical Academy is the former Medical Faculty of the Moscow University. The building of the old Dean's office of the Faculty has now been placed at Museum s disposal . This poster describes and considers the development of medicine and biology significance of several instruments of professors of Medical Faculty; I.M. Sechenov (the gasometer for blood's gases), M.N. Shaternikov (the analogue of Pettenkofer's apparatus) and others. Now we work on the reconstruction of these instruments and on the faculty's set of devices of 19th century for the lecture demonstrations. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION of the IUHPS PP5 LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES Title / Titre The Instrumentation Or the Einstein Tower in Potsdam Author / Auteure Gudrun Wolfschmidt Affiliation / Affiliation Forschungsinstitut fur Technik-und Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Deutsches Museum Address / Adresse Museumsinsel D-80538 Munchen, Germany Poster Paper Abstract / Resume After World War 1, Germany made considerable effort to regain its former strong position in the field of science. The last impulse for financing a German solar observatory arose from the spectacular result of the English eclipse expedition in October 1919. Already in December 1919, Edwin Finlay- Freundlich (1885-1964) had started a successful fund raising effort ( Einstein-Stiftung ) among German industrialists. The first aim was to test Einstein's general theory of relatively. The company Zeiss in Jena was responsible for the instrumentation of the 20 m solar tower, built in 1920-22: they constructed a solar telescope (lens aperture 60 cm, focal length 14.50 m) with 85 cm coelostat mirrors producing a solar image of 14 cm diameter. Two high resolution spectrographs produced solar spectra from red to violet with a length of 4 m to 12 m. Furthermore, in 1925, they constructed a physical-spectrographical laboratory. The optical design of the Einstein tower, with respect to light intensity, surpassed all other observatories, even the famous Mt. Wilson solar observatory (30 cm lens aperture). SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT COMMISSION of** IUHPS LA COMMISSION DES INSTRUMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES *UIHPS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE COMITE ORGANISATEUR National Museum of Science and Technology Musee national des sciences et de la technolo; Randall C. Brooks Randall C. Brooks Helen Graves Smith Helen Graves Smith Jim Johnson Jim Johnson Michele Reashore Michele Reashore Robson Senior Robson Senior Garth Wilson Garth Wilson Canadian Conservation Institute Institut canadien de conservation Marie-Claire Corbeil Marie-Claire Corbeil Bob Barclay Bob Barclay SPONSORS COMMANDITAIRES Stewart Museum Musee Stewart Musee de la civilisation Musee de la civilisation Regional map Plan de la region National Aviation Museum Musee national de "aviation National Museum Agriculture Science Museum Technology Musee de Musee ('agriculture national des sciences et (16 de la technologie Quality Hotel XI Quality Inn (hotel) 290 Rideau Street 290. rue Ridcau Novotel X2 Novotel (hotel) 3 3 Nicholas Street 33, rue Nicholas Lord Elgin X3 Lord Elgin (hotel) 100 Elgin Street 100. rue Elgin National Arts Centre X4 Centre national des arts 53 Elgin Street 53, rut- Elgin Ottawa Congress Centre X5 Centre des congres d'Ottawa 55 Colonel By Drive 55, promenade Colonel By Byword Market X6 Marche By MU6EE 6TEWADT AU FOQT DE L'lLE SAINTE-HELENE MUSEE DE LA CIVILISATION CANADIAN MUSEUM MUSEE CANADIEN OF CIVILIZATION DES CIVILISATIONS McGill Canadian Heritage Pa;:irnoine canadien Canadian Conservation Institute Institut canadien de conservation SCIENCE & SOLENCES& TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY Canada